CN104539965B - A kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark insertion and extracting method - Google Patents
A kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark insertion and extracting method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark insertion and extracting method, watermarking images are subjected to binaryzation, then binary system watermark information is obtained through Arnold conversion；Coding is compressed to original video using H.264/AVC encoder, to the macro block brightness data of I-frame video, 16 4x4 luminance blocks of each macro block are extracted according to H.264/AVC video encoding standard, integral discrete cosine transform is carried out to each 4x4 luminance blocks respectively；According to the coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, each 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into texture block and non-grain block；According to binary system watermark information, the Local energy difference of each macro block is modulated；By the 4x4 luminance block entropy codes after embedded binary system watermark, video flowing containing watermark is obtained.The present invention takes into full account video information (texture, energy), improves watermark robustness and invisibility；Computational complexity is low, is selected without complicated parameter, with higher real-time；Extract watermark and do not need original video, belong to blind watermark method.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of digital watermarking of video compress domain, more particularly to a kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video
Watermark insertion and extracting method.
Background technology
Digital Video Watermarking Techniques are one of key technologies of multi-media information security, are Investigation of Information Hiding Technology fields
An important branch.The release of a large amount of consumer digital video products so that using digital watermarking as the number of important component
The market demand of word product property right protection technology is more urgent.Digitlization, the video monitoring system Large scale construction of networking, such as
What protection monitoring information, which is exempted from, distorts, leaks, palming off so that video digital watermark turns into the study hotspot of public safety field.
H.264/AVC it is the video compression coding standard of new generation formulated by ISO/IEC and ITU-T, no matter in compression
Efficiency, or be all significantly improved than conventional video code model in terms of network adaptability.H.264/AVC standard regarding
Frequency compression field is compression efficiency highest, the most widely used coded system.
The video digital watermark method having pointed out at present has：
Jing Zhang et al. propose Robust video watermarking of, and H.264/AVC (one kind is H.264/
AVC robust video watermark process), IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II:Express
Briefs,2007,54(2)：205-209.This method to the modification of a certain intermediate frequency DCT coefficient by being embedded in watermark.This method
It is difficult to modulation parameter is determined, and after re-quantization operation, decoding is difficult to be accurately positioned watermark embedded location.
Ersin Esen et al. propose Robust Video Data Hiding Using Forbidden Zone
(a kind of robust video data based on immutable region hides side to Data Hiding and Selective Embedding
Method).IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2011,21
(8):1130-1137.This method delimit watermark by the selection of control parameter combination quantitative map and block and is embedded in region, introduce
RA coding resistance erasings.This method has preferable robustness and invisibility, but does not account for the characteristic of frame of video in itself.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark
Embedded and extracting method, provides reliable watermark insertion for H.264/AVC digital product and extracts.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions, and a kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark of the invention is embedding
Enter method, comprise the following steps：
(1) watermarking images are subjected to binaryzation, then binary system watermark information w is obtained through Arnold conversion；
(2) coding is compressed to original video using H.264/AVC encoder, to the macro block brightness data of I-frame video,
16 4x4 luminance blocks of each macro block are extracted according to H.264/AVC video encoding standard, according to from left to right, from upper
And under order arrangement, and be designated as d successively0,d1,…,d15, integral discrete cosine transform is carried out to each 4x4 luminance blocks respectively；
(3) according to the coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, each 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into texture
Block and non-grain block；
(4) according to binary system watermark information w, the Local energy difference of each macro block is modulated；
(5) by the 4x4 luminance block entropy codes after embedded binary system watermark, video flowing containing watermark is obtained.
The step (3), the method that each 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into texture block and non-grain block is comprised the following steps：
(3.1) to ac coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, its quadratic sum and DC coefficient are calculated
Square difference E：
In formula, i, j=0,1,2,3, C (i, j) are that the i-th row jth that 4x4 luminance blocks are obtained through integral discrete cosine transform is arranged
The coefficient value at place, C (0,0) is the coefficient value at the row of the 0th row the 0th that 4x4 luminance blocks are obtained through integral discrete cosine transform；
(3.2) if E<0, then the 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, if E >=0, and the 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks.
In the step (4), according to binary system watermark information w, modulating the method for the Local energy difference of each macro block includes
Following steps：
(4.1) if watermark information w=1, the method for modulating the DCT coefficient after each macroblock quantisation is as follows：
(4.1a) is for 4x4 luminance blocks d0,d1,d2,d3If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, by quantified and
The amplitude increase by 1 of the 9th coefficient and the 15th coefficient after Zigzag scannings；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, through amount
Change the amplitude increase by 1 of the 15th coefficient after being scanned with Zigzag；
(4.1b) is for 4x4 luminance blocks d12,d13,d14,d15If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, by quantified and
The 9th coefficient and the 15th coefficient zero setting after Zigzag scannings；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, by quantified and
The 15th coefficient zero setting after Zigzag scannings；
(4.2) if watermark information w=0, the method for modulating the DCT coefficient after each macroblock quantisation is as follows：
(4.2a) is for 4x4 luminance blocks d0,d1,d2,d3If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, by quantified and
The 9th coefficient and the 15th coefficient zero setting after Zigzag scannings；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, by quantified and
The 15th coefficient zero setting after Zigzag scannings；
(4.2b) is for 4x4 luminance blocks d12,d13,d14,d15If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, by quantified and
The amplitude increase by 1 of the 9th coefficient and the 15th coefficient after Zigzag scannings；, will be through if 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks
Quantify the amplitude increase by 1 of the 15th coefficient after being scanned with Zigzag.
A kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark extracting method, comprises the following steps：
1) it is bright to the macro block of I-frame video using H.264/AVC decoder to containing watermark, H.264/AVC video code flow is decoded
Degrees of data, extracts 16 4x4 luminance blocks of each macro block according to H.264/AVC video encoding standard, according to from a left side to
Right, top-down order arrangement, and d is designated as successively0,d1,…,d15, and 16 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into part A and B portions
Point, wherein, part A includes d0,d1,…,d7, part B include d8,d9,…,d15, integer is carried out to each 4x4 luminance blocks respectively
Discrete cosine transform；
2) according to the coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, each 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into texture block
With non-grain block；
3) according to 4x4 luminance blocks whether texture block and quantify after DCT coefficient, calculate 4x4 luminance blocks local energy Ei：
If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture block, Ei=u (9) × u (9)+u (15) × u (15)；
If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture block, Ei=u (15) × u (15)；
Wherein, u (9) and u (15) are respectively the 9th and the 15th DCT after the quantified scanning with Zigzag of 4x4 luminance blocks
Coefficient, i ∈ { 0,1 ..., 15 }；
4) according to the local energy E of the 16 of each macro block 4x4 luminance blocksi, calculate the local energy of part A and part B
Poor D：
D=(E0+E1+E2+E3+E4+E5+E6+E7)-(E8+E9+E10+E11+E12+E13+E14+E15)；
If 5) D >=0, the watermark information w'=1 extracted；If D<0, the watermark information w'=0 extracted；
6) the watermark w' of extraction is reduced using Arnold inverse transformations, recovery obtains image watermark.
The present invention has advantages below compared with prior art：The present invention takes into full account video information (texture, energy), improves
Watermark robustness and invisibility；Computational complexity is low, is selected without complicated parameter, with higher real-time；Extract water
Print does not need original video, belongs to blind watermark method.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the watermark insertion of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the flow chart of the watermark extracting of the present invention.
Embodiment
Embodiments of the invention are elaborated below, the present embodiment is carried out lower premised on technical solution of the present invention
Implement, give detailed embodiment and specific operating process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following implementations
Example.
As shown in figure 1, the present embodiment video watermark Embedded step is as follows：
Step 1, N × N watermarking images W is subjected to binaryzation, produces matrix WN×N, binary system water is obtained through Arnold conversion
Official seal ceases w, and number of transitions is m, and one time Arnold conversion step is as follows：
I '=(i+j) mod N
J'=(i+2i) mod N
In formula, i, j is matrix WN×NElement subscript, i ', j ' for the new subscript of matrix after Arnold conversion, i, j=0,
1 ..., N-1, mod are complementation.
Step 2, coding is compressed to original video using H.264/AVC encoder, to the macro block brightness number of I-frame video
According to, 16 4x4 luminance blocks of each macro block are extracted according to H.264/AVC video encoding standard, according to from left to right, from
Order arrangement under above, and d is designated as successively0,d1,…,d15, integral discrete cosine change is carried out to each 4x4 luminance blocks respectively
Change.
Step 3, according to the coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, each 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into line
Block and non-grain block are managed, is comprised the following steps that：
The quadratic sum of ac coefficient and putting down for DC coefficient after the 3.1 each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transforms of calculating
The difference E of side：
In formula, i, j=0,1,2,3, C (i, j) are that the i-th row jth that 4x4 luminance blocks are obtained through integral discrete cosine transform is arranged
The coefficient value at place, C (0,0) is the coefficient value at the row of the 0th row the 0th that 4x4 luminance blocks are obtained through integral discrete cosine transform；
If 3.2 E<0, the 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, if E >=0, and the 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks.
Step 4, according to binary system watermark information w, the Local energy difference of each macro block is modulated, is comprised the following steps that：
If 4.1 watermark information w=1, modulate the DCT coefficient after each macroblock quantisation as follows：
4.1.1 for 4x4 luminance blocks d0,d1,d2,d3If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, by 4x4 luminance blocks through amount
Change the amplitude increase of the 9th DCT coefficient after being scanned with Zigzag and the 15th DCT coefficient after quantified and Zigzag scannings
1；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, by the 15th DCT coefficient after the quantified scanning with Zigzag of 4x4 luminance blocks
Amplitude increase by 1；
4.1.2 for 4x4 luminance blocks d12,d13,d14,d15If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, and 4x4 luminance blocks are passed through
Quantify the 9th DCT coefficient after being scanned with Zigzag and the 15th DCT coefficient zero setting after quantified and Zigzag scannings；Such as
Fruit 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, then by the 15th DCT coefficient zero setting after the quantified scanning with Zigzag of 4x4 luminance blocks；
If 4.2 watermark information w=0, modulate the DCT coefficient after each macroblock quantisation as follows：
4.2.1 for 4x4 luminance blocks d0,d1,d2,d3If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, by 4x4 luminance blocks through amount
Change the 9th DCT coefficient after being scanned with Zigzag and the 15th DCT coefficient zero setting after quantified and Zigzag scannings；If
4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, then by the 15th DCT coefficient zero setting after the quantified scanning with Zigzag of 4x4 luminance blocks；
4.2.2 for 4x4 luminance blocks d12,d13,d14,d15If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, and 4x4 luminance blocks are passed through
The amplitude for quantifying the 9th DCT coefficient after being scanned with Zigzag and the 15th DCT coefficient after quantified and Zigzag scannings increases
Plus 1；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, by the 15th DCT coefficient after the quantified scanning with Zigzag of 4x4 luminance blocks
Amplitude increase by 1.
Step 5, by the 4x4 luminance block entropy codes after embedded binary system watermark, video flowing containing watermark is obtained.
As shown in Fig. 2 the video watermark extracting method step of the present embodiment is as follows：
Step 1: using H.264/AVC decoder to containing watermark, H.264/AVC video code flow is decoded, to the grand of I-frame video
Block Brightness data, extract 16 4x4 luminance blocks of each macro block according to H.264/AVC video encoding standard, according to from
Left-to-right, top-down order arrangement, and d is designated as successively0,d1,…,d15, it is divided into part A and part B, wherein, part A bag
Include d0,d1,…,d7, part B include d8,d9,…,d15, integral discrete cosine transform is carried out to each 4x4 luminance blocks respectively；
Step 2: according to the coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, each 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into
Texture block and non-grain block, are comprised the following steps that：
The quadratic sum of ac coefficient and putting down for DC coefficient after the 2.1 each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transforms of calculating
The difference E of side：
In formula, i, j=0,1,2,3, C (i, j) are that the i-th row jth that 4x4 luminance blocks are obtained through integral discrete cosine transform is arranged
The coefficient value at place, C (0,0) is the coefficient value at the row of the 0th row the 0th that integral discrete cosine transform is obtained；
If 2.2 E<0,4x4 luminance block is non-texture block, if E >=0,4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks.
Step 3: according to 4x4 luminance blocks whether texture block and quantify after DCT coefficient, calculate 4x4 luminance blocks local energy
Measure Ei:
If 3.1 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks
Ei=u (9) × u (9)+u (15) × u (15)；
If 3.2 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks
Ei=u (15) × u (15)；
In formula, u (9) and u (15) be respectively the 9th DCT coefficient after the quantified and Zigzag scannings of 4x4 luminance blocks and
The 15th DCT coefficient after quantified and Zigzag scannings, i ∈ { 0,1 ..., 15 }.
Step 4: according to the local energy E of the 16 of each macro block 4x4 luminance blocksi, calculate the part of part A and part B
Energy difference D：
D=(E0+E1+E2+E3+E4+E5+E6+E7)-(E8+E9+E10+E11+E12+E13+E14+E15)
If Step 5: D >=0, the watermark information w'=1 extracted；If D<0, the watermark information w'=0 extracted.
Step 6: being reduced the watermark w' of extraction using Arnold inverse transformations, recovery obtains image watermark.
Compared with other watermark modes, the present invention makes full use of the visual characteristic of human eye, compares non-grain in texture region
Watermark embedment strength in region is big, will not cause obvious image fault；Selectively it is embedded in using the Local energy difference in macro block
Watermark, with stronger robustness；Watermark extraction process does not need original video, belongs to blind watermatking；Pass through integral discrete cosine
Conversion judges texture block and selectively modification medium-high frequency coefficient process is simple in macro block, and computation complexity is low, it is not necessary to join
Number selection and setting.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all essences in the present invention
Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within refreshing and principle etc., should be included in the scope of the protection.
Claims (3)
1. a kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark embedding method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
(1) watermarking images are subjected to binaryzation, then binary system watermark information w is obtained through Arnold conversion；
(2) coding is compressed to original video using H.264/AVC encoder, to the macro block brightness data of I-frame video, according to
H.264/AVC video encoding standard extracts 16 4x4 luminance blocks of each macro block, according to from left to right, from top to bottom
Order arrangement, and be designated as d successively0,d1,…,d15, integral discrete cosine transform is carried out to each 4x4 luminance blocks respectively；
(3) according to the coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, by each 4x4 luminance blocks be divided into texture block and
Non-grain block；
(4) according to binary system watermark information w, the Local energy difference of each macro block is modulated；
(5) by the 4x4 luminance block entropy codes after embedded binary system watermark, video flowing containing watermark is obtained；
In the step (4), according to binary system watermark information w, the method for Local energy difference of each macro block is modulated including following
Step：
(4.1) if watermark information w=1, the method for modulating the DCT coefficient after each macroblock quantisation is as follows：
(4.1a) is for 4x4 luminance blocks d0,d1,d2,d3If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, quantified and Zigzag is scanned
The amplitude increase by 1 of the 9th coefficient and the 15th coefficient afterwards；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, quantified and Zigzag
The amplitude increase by 1 of the 15th coefficient after scanning；
(4.1b) is for 4x4 luminance blocks d12,d13,d14,d15If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, by quantified and Zigzag
The 9th coefficient and the 15th coefficient zero setting after scanning；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, by quantified and Zigzag
The 15th coefficient zero setting after scanning；
(4.2) if watermark information w=0, the method for modulating the DCT coefficient after each macroblock quantisation is as follows：
(4.2a) is for 4x4 luminance blocks d0,d1,d2,d3If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, quantified and Zigzag is scanned
The 9th coefficient afterwards and the 15th coefficient zero setting；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, quantified and Zigzag is scanned
The 15th coefficient zero setting afterwards；
(4.2b) is for 4x4 luminance blocks d12,d13,d14,d15If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks, by quantified and Zigzag
The amplitude increase by 1 of the 9th coefficient and the 15th coefficient after scanning；If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, by quantified and
The amplitude increase by 1 of the 15th coefficient after Zigzag scannings.
2. a kind of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark embedding method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described
Step (3), the method that each 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into texture block and non-grain block is comprised the following steps：
(3.1) to ac coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, the flat of its quadratic sum and DC coefficient is calculated
The difference E of side：
In formula, i, j=0,1,2,3, C (i, j) are at the i-th row jth row that 4x4 luminance blocks are obtained through integral discrete cosine transform
Coefficient value, C (0,0) is the coefficient value at the row of the 0th row the 0th that 4x4 luminance blocks are obtained through integral discrete cosine transform；
(3.2) if E ＜ 0, the 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture blocks, if E >=0, and the 4x4 luminance blocks are texture blocks.
3. a kind of extracting method of H.264/AVC compressed domain video watermark for described in claim 1, it is characterised in that bag
Include following steps：
1) using H.264/AVC decoder to containing watermark, H.264/AVC video code flow is decoded, to the macro block brightness number of I-frame video
According to, 16 4x4 luminance blocks of each macro block are extracted according to H.264/AVC video encoding standard, according to from left to right, from
Order arrangement under above, and d is designated as successively0,d1,…,d15, and 16 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into part A and part B, its
In, part A includes d0,d1,…,d7, part B include d8,d9,…,d15, integer is carried out to each 4x4 luminance blocks respectively discrete remaining
String is converted；
2) according to the coefficient after each 4x4 luminance blocks integral discrete cosine transform, each 4x4 luminance blocks are divided into texture block and non-
Texture block；
3) according to 4x4 luminance blocks whether texture block and quantify after DCT coefficient, calculate 4x4 luminance blocks local energy Ei：
If 4x4 luminance blocks are texture block, Ei=u (9) × u (9)+u (15) × u (15)；
If 4x4 luminance blocks are non-texture block, Ei=u (15) × u (15)；
Wherein, u (9) and u (15) are respectively the 9th and the 15th DCT system after the quantified scanning with Zigzag of 4x4 luminance blocks
Number, i ∈ { 0,1 ..., 15 }；
4) according to the local energy E of the 16 of each macro block 4x4 luminance blocksi, calculate the Local energy difference D of part A and part B：
D=(E0+E1+E2+E3+E4+E5+E6+E7)-(E8+E9+E10+E11+E12+E13+E14+E15)；
If 5) D >=0, the watermark information w'=1 extracted；If D ＜ 0, the watermark information w'=0 extracted；
6) the watermark w' of extraction is reduced using Arnold inverse transformations, recovery obtains image watermark.
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| CN106101714B (en) * | 2016-07-14 | 2019-06-04 | 中国科学院信息工程研究所 | A kind of and tightly coupled H.264 video information hiding method of compression encoding process |
| CN107222750A (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2017-09-29 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of frequency domain parallax towards three-dimensional video-frequency is concerned with water mark method |
| CN107105275B (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2019-05-21 | 郑州师范学院 | A kind of information concealing method based on H.265 video pixel domain |
| CN107358571A (en) * | 2017-07-13 | 2017-11-17 | 司马大大（北京）智能系统有限公司 | Watermark embedding method and device |
| CN111182365B (en) * | 2020-01-15 | 2020-10-27 | 中南民族大学 | Compressed domain video watermark embedding and extracting method based on visual sensitive block |
| CN113179407B (en) * | 2021-04-23 | 2022-08-12 | 山东大学 | Video watermark embedding and extracting method and system based on interframe DCT coefficient correlation |
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