CN103608208B - 用于控制混合驱动系的方法和这种混合驱动系中的蓄电池装置 - Google Patents

用于控制混合驱动系的方法和这种混合驱动系中的蓄电池装置 Download PDF

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CN103608208B
CN103608208B CN201280016518.3A CN201280016518A CN103608208B CN 103608208 B CN103608208 B CN 103608208B CN 201280016518 A CN201280016518 A CN 201280016518A CN 103608208 B CN103608208 B CN 103608208B
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C·昂里克
M·格拉曼
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Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于控制机动车中的混合驱动系的方法，所述机动车具有一带有曲轴的内燃机并且具有一能够作为电动机和发电机运行的电机，所述电机具有一与曲轴处于有效连接的转子、一与所述曲轴有效连接的扭转振动减振器、一用于与所述电机交换电能的蓄电池装置以及一用于控制所述蓄电池装置和所述电机的控制器，本发明还涉及一种相应的蓄电池装置。为了能够在不损坏蓄电池装置的情况下使电机以快速交替的电动机使用和发电机使用运行，所述电机与所述蓄电池装置的至少两个蓄电池有效连接，其中，至少有时以所述扭转振动减振器的出现的剩余振动的节拍使所述蓄电池中的一个充电，而使所述蓄电池中的另一个放电。

Description

用于控制混合驱动系的方法和这种混合驱动系中的蓄电池 装置
本发明涉及一种用于控制机动车中的混合驱动系的方法，所述机动车具有一带有曲轴的内燃机并且具有一能够作为电动机和发电机运行的电机，所述电机具有一与曲轴处于有效连接的转子、一与所述曲轴有效连接的扭转振动减振器、一用于与所述电机交换电能的蓄电池装置以及一用于控制所述蓄电池装置和所述电机的控制器，本发明还涉及一种相应的蓄电池装置。
混合驱动系从机动车中的系列应用中已知。在混合驱动系中，使用电机作为电动机和发电机，其例如用作内燃机的起动器、用作附加的和有时唯一的驱动装置并且用于回收机动车的动能，其中，电机与储存和输出电能的蓄电池单元处于有效连接。
此外，DE19709299A1中公开一种用于降低内燃机的旋转不均匀性的装置，其中，处于内燃机的平均力矩以上的半波由转换成发电机运行的电机阻尼并且将变得自由的能量储存在蓄电池单元中，为了补充处于平均力矩以下的半波，电机被驱动，其中，从蓄电池装置提取电能。在这里，总体上在蓄电池装置上以内燃机的旋转不均匀性的节拍进行的充电电流和放电电流是高的，从而该蓄电池装置可能没有足够的再充电能力并且由于再充电而对寿命有损害。
此外，旋转不均匀性如扭转振动在现代内燃机中尤其由于减小尺寸(Downsizing)和诸如此类的情况而如此高，使得传统上使用的扭转振动减振器对它的容量不满意。
因此，本发明的任务在于，如此运行混合驱动系，使得一方面以令人满意的方式阻尼内燃机的扭转振动并且另一方面保护蓄电池装置。此外，本发明的任务在于，如此设计相应的蓄电池装置，使得具有更长时间和更好的功能能力，尤其在充电与放电之间的高频再充电过程的情况下。
该任务通过一种用于控制机动车中的混合驱动系的方法解决，所述机动车具有一带有曲轴的内燃机并且具有一能够作为电动机和发电机运行的电机，所述电机具有一与曲轴处于有效连接的转子、一与所述曲轴有效连接的扭转振动减振器、一用于与所述电机交换电能的蓄电池装置以及一用于控制所述蓄电池装置和所述电机的控制器，其中，电机与蓄电池装置的至少两个蓄电池处于有效连接，并且，至少有时以扭转振动减振器的出现的剩余振动的节拍使所述蓄电池中的一个充电，而使所述蓄电池中的另一个放电。尤其为了通过电机以电动机和发电机运行的交替运行来阻尼扭转振动减振器的剩余振动，能够如此控制在蓄电池装置上以高频率出现的再充电电流，使得一个蓄电池仅充电并且另一个蓄电池仅放电。这种类型的运行方式对蓄电池装置的蓄电池比较有保护，从而能够延长其使用寿命。
为了考虑蓄电池的充电或放电状态，此外提出，所述蓄电池根据其充电状态由控制器转换到充电状态或放电状态中，该控制器的功能能够设置在一个或多个物理的控制器和控制单元中。在这里，技术上公知的、例如已经在蓄电池中以对每个单个电池单元有利的方式存在的用于确定充电状态的装置能够被用于控制器，该控制器尤其控制用于运行阻尼剩余振动的电机的充电电流和放电电流。不言而喻，在电机的运行状态期间，例如在起动、回收或诸如此类期间，两个蓄电池也能够同时充电或放电。此外，如果蓄电池的充电状态或运行状态例如在非常低的温度、长时间在电机支持下行驶或诸如此类的情况下而低于预先规定的剩余电量或剩余容量，可以停止借助于电机来阻尼剩余振动。
在这里，通过控制器除了控制蓄电池单元之外，还进行电机的控制，其中，转换到充电状态的蓄电池借助于处于剩余振动的平均力矩以上、通过驱动电机而转换成电能的半波来充电，转换到放电状态的蓄电池在处于剩余振动平均力矩以下的半波期间为了剩余振动的补偿而驱动电机。在此，用于控制电机和蓄电池装置的运行数据，由用于检测旋转特征值的相应传感器装置提供，所述旋转特征值例如为轴(如内燃机的曲轴、变速器的变速器输入轴、电机的转子轴)的旋转角度和其时间导数、内燃机的发动机的控制装置的内部参量如发动机特性曲线族、上止点和诸如此类。
此外，该任务通过一种用于在混合驱动系中实施提出的方法的蓄电池装置解决，该蓄电池装置包含两个能够交替借助于对电流方向敏感的开关接线的蓄电池和一个用于控制所述开关的控制器以及一个逆变器。在这里，优选负极接地并且正极借助于开关接线。替代地，蓄电池的地线能够借助于提出的开关接线。为此，控制器以优选的方式输出控制信号到两个交替接通的逻辑开关上，所述逻辑开关转换所述开关本身，其中，在一有利的实施方式中，在蓄电池的每个正极上设置一用于充电电流的开关和一用于放电电流的开关并且所述开关分别彼此交替地接通。为了阻尼扭转振动减振器的剩余振动，在这里，开关关于蓄电池交替地接通，从而使仅一个蓄电池充电并且使另一个放电。如果电机要在电动机运行中起动内燃机或在增压运行中提供附加的驱动力矩，则能够接通两个蓄电池的放电开关并且断开充电开关。如果在机动车惯性运行中进行回收，则相反地能够接通蓄电池的两个充电开关并且断开放电开关。不言而喻，开关的接线能够如此设计，使得例如为了两个蓄电池的同时放电或同时充电能够相应地转换开关，例如同时接通充电开关和同时接通放电开关。
在蓄电池装置的有利的实施方式中，在蓄电池中分别设置用于测定充电状态的装置，所述装置与控制器处于信号连接并且通知蓄电池的当前充电状态直到蓄电池电池单元的单个充电状态。控制器检测充电状态并且求得用于机动车的不同运行状态的、尤其用于借助于电机来阻尼扭转振动减振器的剩余振动的充电方案。为此，控制器检测和／或获得用于判断运行状态(例如内燃机的起动、变速器的换挡、机动车的惯性运行和牵引运行和诸如此类)的数据。
开关例如能够由主动的电子构件、如场效应晶体管(MOSFETS，Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter-Feldeffekttransistor)构成。但是，证明特别有利的是具有绝缘栅极的双极晶体管(IGBT，insulated-gate bipolar transistor)，所述双极晶体管由于与MOSFETS相比缺少续流二极管而逆着接通方向完全截止。
作为蓄电池例如能够使用铅蓄电池和诸如此类。但是，锂离子蓄电池由于其有利的功率重量比、与时间相关的充电情况和放电情况而证明是特别有利的。在此，锂离子蓄电池借助于所述开关接线防止尤其通过以在借助于电机阻尼剩余振动时所需的微循环加载锂离子蓄电池而损坏。在此，通过经由逆变器和开关仅在一个流动方向上进入相应的蓄电池中的电流产生长的充电循环，所述充电循环能够作为宏循环对从每个蓄电池从低充电状态调整到预先规定的充电状态。在此，在设计具有相同容量的蓄电池的情况下，每个蓄电池能够交替地充电到最大容量。
以下借助于在附图1至4中示出的实施例详细解释本发明进行。在此示出：
图1用于控制蓄电池装置的蓄电池的充电状态的电路图；
图2具有蓄电池的传统蓄电池装置和提出的蓄电池装置的充电过程的关于时间的视图；
图3在混合驱动系中在补偿扭转振动减振器的剩余振动期间在传统的和提出的蓄电池装置上出现的电流的关于时间的视图；和
图4相对于图1的电路图类似的、用于控制蓄电池装置的蓄电池的充电状态的电路图。
图1示出蓄电池装置1的电路图2，所述蓄电池装置具有两个相同或不同容量的蓄电池3、4、具有控制器5和借助于地线7相互连接的逆变器6。逆变器6形成与未示出的电机的接口并且将蓄电池3、4的直流电流转化成优选多个交流电流相用于驱动电机，所述交流电流相中在这里仅仅一个相w用符号表示。
在逆变器6和蓄电池3、4之间分别布置两个并联的、就其开关位置而言颠倒接线的呈IGBT形式的开关8、9、10、11，从而在开关8、9、10、11的门通过逻辑开关12、13分别以相同的信号电平接线的情况下，蓄电池3、4各一个开关接通而另一个开关截止。在这里，这些门如此接线，使得例如在蓄电池3上当在控制器5的输出端Out1上施加正电平时蓄电池3的开关8和蓄电池4的开关11接通，从而当在接入导线14上施加交流电流信号时，仅仅蓄电池3通过闭合的开关8接收充电电流，而对蓄电池4的充电电流负责的开关10保持打开。在放电电流方面，蓄电池3的开关9被打开并且通过闭合的开关11能够从蓄电池4中流出放电电流。
如果将输出端Out1上的电平调到低，则相反连接的逻辑开关12、13输出电平到开关9、10的门上，从而通过开关9接通来自蓄电池3的放电电流和用于蓄电池4的充电电流，而开关8、11保持打开。
控制器5的输出端Out1的接线根据在蓄电池3、4中由装置15、16测定的充电状态实现，所述充电状态由单个电池单元的充电状态形成并且借助于信号导线17、18输送到控制器5的输入端In1、In2。
图2示出曲线图19，其中，曲线20、21、22相对于例如几分钟到几小时范围内的时间描绘出蓄电池的充电状态，在那里充电时间能够改变并且此外与蓄电池的容量和蓄电池的电极动力性能相关。处于驱动系中的扭转振动减振器不能充分减振驱动系的真正激励，该激励在逆变器后面的直流电压部分中引起大约100Hz范围内的小波。长时间的充电过程的图示和所述激励的交流电压分量的图示在曲线图19中夸张地表示，以解释这种效果。
用符号“+”标出的曲线22示出在借助于与蓄电池装置的唯一蓄电池连接的电机补偿扭转振动减振器的剩余振动期间具有大约30％的充电状态的传统蓄电池装置。在这里，蓄电池以微循环充电和放电，所述微循环能够处于扭转振动减振器的出现的剩余振动的频率的范围内。通过这种微循环，蓄电池会受到损坏并且具有短的寿命。
用符号“o”或“x”标出的曲线20、21描绘出图1的蓄电池装置1的充电状态，其中，两个蓄电池3、4(如从图2可见)具有不同的容量。通过相应于电路图2给蓄电池3、4接线，蓄电池的均匀充电和放电通过宏循环产生，所述宏循环能够接近由制造者推荐的充电和放电过程。在这里，具有曲线20的蓄电池有较小的容量，从而该蓄电池确定能够在几分钟到几小时范围内持续的宏循环。充电状态在蓄电池上测量并且由控制器5检测，该控制器控制开关8、9、10、11的开关以调节宏循环。在示出的实施例中，使具有曲线20的蓄电池充电到总容量的80％的充电状态并且放电到总容量的20％，由此对于具有较大容量的蓄电池得出它的总充电容量的20％和32％之间的再充电。
图3示出曲线图23，该曲线图具有在借助于与蓄电池装置的蓄电池连接的电机补偿扭转振动减振器的剩余振动期间，经历一定时间在蓄电池装置上循环出现的电流。在这里，用符号“x”标示的曲线24示出具有唯一蓄电池的传统蓄电池装置的电流，所述唯一蓄电池以交流电流的频率微循环地再充电。与此相反地，使根据图1的电路图2接线的蓄电池分别仅充电或放电，也就是通过较长时间的宏循环仅仅经受正的或负的电流循环，如从用符号“o”或“+”标出的、分别描绘一个蓄电池的电流的曲线25、26可看出的那样。
图4示出电路图2a，具有两个具有相同或不同容量的蓄电池3a、4a、具有控制器5a和借助于地线7a和接入导线14a相互连接的逆变器6a。逆变器6a形成与电机27的接口并且将蓄电池3a、4a的直流电流转化成优选多个交流电流相u、v、w用于驱动电机27。在这里，相位选择地输出100Hz至1kHz范围内的整流电流或整流电压，而为了驱动系的振动减振而由电机27回收的电压调制处于大约60至100Hz范围内，所述电压调制通过逆变器6a传递到直流电压网上、也就是通过接入导线14a和地线7a传递到蓄电池上。开关8a、9a、10a、11a直接借助于控制导线28、29、30、31由控制器5a控制进而被置于接通或打开状态中。
通过由控制器5a自由构造开关8a、9a、10a、11a的接线，能够使一个蓄电池3a、4a充电，而使另一个蓄电池放电。为此，例如开关8a向蓄电池3a的方向接通并且开关11a向逆变器6a的方向接通，而开关9a、10a打开。由此，使蓄电池3a充电并且使蓄电池4a放电。通过同向闭合开关8a、10a，使两个蓄电池3a、4a例如在机动车的惯性运行中驱动系的回收期间都充电，通过开关9a、11a的同向闭合使两个蓄电池3a、4a同时放电，例如在起动内燃机期间或在驱动系增压运行时。
控制器5a借助于信号导线17a、18a、32与蓄电池3a、4a以及逆变器6a处于信号连接进而控制蓄电池的充电和电机27的整流。
附图标记列表
1 蓄电池装置
2 电路图
2a 电路图
3 蓄电池
3a 蓄电池
4 蓄电池
4a 蓄电池
5 控制器
5a 控制器
6 逆变器
6a 逆变器
7 地线
7a 地线
8 开关
8a 开关
9 开关
9a 开关
10 开关
10a 开关
11 开关
11a 开关
12 逻辑开关
13 逻辑开关
14 接入导线
14a 接入导线
15 装置
16 装置
17 信号导线
17a 信号导线
18 信号导线
18a 信号导线
19 曲线图
20 曲线
21 曲线
22 曲线
23 曲线图
24 曲线
25 曲线
26 曲线
27 电机
28 控制导线
29 控制导线
30 控制导线
31 控制导线
32 信号导线
In1 输入端
In2 输入端
Out1 输出端
u 相
v 相
w 相

Claims (11)

1.一种用于控制机动车中的混合驱动系的方法，所述机动车具有一带有曲轴的内燃机并且具有一能够作为电动机和发电机运行的电机(27)，所述电机具有一与曲轴处于有效连接的转子、一与所述曲轴有效连接的扭转振动减振器、一用于与所述电机(27)交换电能的蓄电池装置(1)以及一用于控制所述蓄电池装置(1)和所述电机(27)的控制器(5，5a)，其特征在于，所述电机(27)与所述蓄电池装置(1)的至少两个蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)处于有效连接，并且，至少有时以所述扭转振动减振器的出现的剩余振动的节拍使所述蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)中的一个充电，而使所述蓄电池中的另一个放电。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)根据其充电状态由所述控制器(5，5a)转换到充电状态或放电状态中。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，使转换到充电状态中的蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)借助于处于所述剩余振动的平均力矩以上的、通过驱动所述电机(27)转化成电能的半波充电，并且，使转换到放电状态中的蓄电池(4，4a，3，3a)在处于所述剩余振动的平均力矩以下的半波期间为了所述剩余振动的补偿而驱动所述电机。
4.一种用于实施根据权利要求1至3所述的方法的蓄电池装置(1)，具有两个能够借助于对电流方向敏感的开关(8，8a，9，9a，10，10a，11，11a)接线的蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)和一用于控制所述开关(8，8a，9，9a，10，10a，11，11a)的控制器(5，5a)以及一逆变器(6，6a)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的蓄电池装置(1)，其特征在于，在所述蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)中分别设置一用于测定充电状态的装置(15，16)，所述装置与所述控制器(5，5a)处于信号连接。
6.根据权利要求4所述的蓄电池装置(1)，其特征在于，每个蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)分别借助于一开关(8，8a，11，11a，9，9a，10，10a)进行充电和放电并且所述开关(8，8a，11，11a，9，9a，10，10a)能够交替地由所述控制器(5，5a)操纵。
7.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的蓄电池装置(1)，其特征在于，所述开关(8，8a，9，9a，10，10a，11，11a)是由所述控制器(5，5a)转换的、具有绝缘栅极的双极晶体管。
8.根据权利要求7所述的蓄电池装置(1)，其特征在于，在分别一个开关(9，10)与所述控制器(5)的一输出端(Out1)之间布置一相反的逻辑开关(12，13)并且另外两个开关(8，11)直接与一输出端(Out1)连接。
9.根据权利要求7所述的蓄电池装置(1)，其特征在于，所述开关(8a，9a，10a，11a)能够单独响应地由所述控制器(5a)控制。
10.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的蓄电池装置(1)，其特征在于，所述蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)是锂离子蓄电池。
11.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的蓄电池装置(1)，其特征在于，所述蓄电池(3，3a，4，4a)具有不同的容量。
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