CN103516441B - Capacitive touch screen anti-noise method and touch chip - Google Patents

Capacitive touch screen anti-noise method and touch chip Download PDF

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CN103516441B
CN103516441B CN201210214484.0A CN201210214484A CN103516441B CN 103516441 B CN103516441 B CN 103516441B CN 201210214484 A CN201210214484 A CN 201210214484A CN 103516441 B CN103516441 B CN 103516441B
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CN103516441A (en
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赵同炜
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Shanghai Eastsoft Microelectronics Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention provides a kind of capacitive touch screen anti-noise method and touch chip, by periodic detection noise environment; And by judging, when a upper sense cycle detect in described noise circumstance there is impulsive noise and the frequency of described impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, and when a upper sense cycle detect in described noise circumstance there is not described impulsive noise or detect there is described impulsive noise but the frequency of described impulsive noise is less than described predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals.Meanwhile, present invention also offers the changing method driving frequency of capacitive touch screen being switched under linear filtering unoccupied frequency.The present invention effectively suppresses various noise to the interference of capacitive touch screen by technique scheme.

Description

Capacitive touch screen anti-noise method and touch chip
Technical field
The embodiment of the present invention relates to touch screen technology, particularly relates to a kind of capacitive touch screen anti-noise method and touch chip.
Background technology
Capacitive touch screen is widely used in portable set, as mobile phone, in panel computer etc.Capacitive touch screen is a system utilizing capacitive measuring principle to carry out work in essence, and the conventional capacitance measurement mode of industry is mainly based on the metering system sending signal-Received signal strength.The noise component(s) of a part in capacitive touch screen working band can cause serious co-channel interference, affects the precision of capacitive touch screen to contact, even causes wrong report, have a strong impact on the normal work of capacitive touch screen.
In existing Anti-noise Technique scheme, most scheme is all avoid noise to the interference of TP chip from external environment condition, as certain scheme is: find out the less frequency field of common mode disturbances intensity with frequency spectrograph, then the scanning frequency of capacitive touch screen is set to this frequency field, reach the object controlling interference, if but full frequency range has interference, then the program is by inapplicable.As can be seen here, prior art not can solve if coloured noise and impulsive noise etc. are to the interference of capacitive touch screen.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is the touch chip providing a kind of capacitive touch screen anti-noise method and apply it, in order to effectively to suppress various noise to the interference of capacitive touch screen.
The invention provides a kind of capacitive touch screen anti-noise method, comprising:
Periodic detection noise environment;
If a upper sense cycle detects in described noise circumstance to there is impulsive noise, and the frequency of described impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, described touch signals comprise user perform contact action produce signal and described noise circumstance in noise;
If a upper sense cycle detects in described noise circumstance to there is not described impulsive noise or detect to there is described impulsive noise but the frequency of described impulsive noise is less than described predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals.
Present invention also offers a kind of antinoise touch chip, comprising:
Detection module, for periodic detection noise environment;
Filtration module, for detecting in described noise circumstance to there is impulsive noise at described detection module in a upper sense cycle, and the frequency of described impulsive noise is when being more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, or described detection module a upper sense cycle detect in described noise circumstance there is not described impulsive noise or detect there is described impulsive noise but the frequency of described impulsive noise is less than described predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals,
Wherein, described touch signals comprise user perform contact action produce signal and described noise circumstance in noise.
Capacitive touch screen anti-noise method provided by the invention and touch chip, by periodic detection noise environment; And by judging, when a upper sense cycle detect in described noise circumstance there is impulsive noise and the frequency of described impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, and when a upper sense cycle detect in described noise circumstance there is not described impulsive noise or detect there is described impulsive noise but the frequency of described impulsive noise is less than described predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals.The present invention effectively suppresses various noise to the interference of capacitive touch screen by technique scheme.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The schematic flow sheet of the capacitive touch screen anti-noise method that Fig. 1 provides for the embodiment of the present invention one;
The schematic flow sheet of the driving frequency of capacitive touch screen is adjusted in the anti-noise method that Fig. 2 provides for the embodiment of the present invention one;
The structural representation of a kind of antinoise touch chip that Fig. 3 provides for the embodiment of the present invention two.
Embodiment
Embodiment one
The schematic flow sheet of the capacitive touch screen anti-noise method that Fig. 1 provides for the embodiment of the present invention one, as shown in Figure 1, embodiments provides a kind of capacitive touch screen anti-noise method, comprising:
Step 11: periodically detection noise environment.Noise component(s) in capacitive touch screen working band can cause serious co-channel interference, affects the precision of capacitive touch screen to contact, even causes wrong report, has a strong impact on the normal work of capacitive touch screen.For the impact of noise in the present embodiment, carry out periodic detection noise environment.Concrete sense cycle can set according to the working condition of the capacitive touch screen of reality, such as 2ms.In addition, under normal circumstances, the noise type affecting capacitive touch screen has coloured noise and impulsive noise two kinds.And two kinds of noises are removed with different filtering modes respectively, just can reach better filter effect.So just can realize the adaptive filtering of capacitive touch screen.Filtering process specifically for the dissimilar noise detected is realized by step 12.
Step 12: if a upper sense cycle detects in noise circumstance to there is impulsive noise, and the frequency of impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, touch signals comprise user perform contact action produce signal and noise circumstance in noise; If a upper sense cycle detects in noise circumstance to there is not impulsive noise or detect to there is impulsive noise but the frequency of impulsive noise is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to touch signals.Adopt the noise situations in the noise circumstance of a upper sense cycle to carry out corresponding filtering operation in the present embodiment, main cause is that the cycle of sense cycle is short, and the detection case of a upper sense cycle can as the filtering foundation in this cycle.Concrete is, a upper cycle detection to noise circumstance in detect that the noise type of existence is impulsive noise, simultaneously, the frequency of this kind of impulsive noise appearance has been more than or equal to the situation of predeterminated frequency threshold value, show that this kind of impulsive noise can have an impact to signal, then carry out nonlinear filtering process, main filtering impulsive noise.The frequency that concrete impulsive noise when can have an impact to signal occurs is as predeterminated frequency threshold value, such as when the frequency of the appearance of impulsive noise is greater than 50HZ, produce serious interference cannot accept, so using this frequency as predeterminated frequency threshold value.Nonlinear filtering process in the present embodiment can be selected as medium filtering.
When there is not impulsive noise in noise circumstance, can think and only have coloured noise, can carry out linear filtering process to signal, concrete linear filtering process can be high pass, low pass or bandpass filtering, and concrete filtering mode is corresponding according to the actual needs to be chosen.Even if impulsive noise detected in noise circumstance in addition, but the frequency that this impulsive noise occurs in sense cycle is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value, namely show that this kind of impulsive noise is the glitch noise accidentally occurred, if now carry out nonlinear filtering to it, hardware exchange can be caused too frequent, so filtering mode or select linear filtering mode when the frequency of impulsive noise is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value.
The capacitive touch screen anti-noise method that the present embodiment provides, by periodic detection noise environment; And by judging, when a upper sense cycle detect in noise circumstance there is impulsive noise and the frequency of impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, and when a upper sense cycle detect in noise circumstance there is not impulsive noise or detect there is impulsive noise but the frequency of impulsive noise is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to touch signals.The present invention effectively suppresses various noise to the interference of capacitive touch screen by technique scheme.
Preferred as technique scheme, step 11: periodically detection noise environment comprises:
In each sense cycle, according to default acquisition frequency, obtain the noise level in adjacent three detection moment, if the difference of adjacent three differences and noise level thereafter detecting the noise level in intermediate examination and measurement moment and the noise level before it in the moment presets noise threshold all at least greatly, then judge to there is impulsive noise in noise circumstance, and the time interval that adjacent twice impulsive noise occurs, judge whether the frequency of impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value.
In sense cycle, preset acquisition frequency and can set according to the working condition of capacitive touch screen, as obtained a noise level every 1ms.During for the noise level process got, that selects is adjacent three and detects the noise level in moment.Because impulsive noise waveform is pulse form under normal circumstances, so by comparing adjacent three noise levels detecting the moment, if the difference of the noise level in intermediate examination and measurement moment and the noise level before it presets noise threshold all at least greatly with the difference of noise level thereafter, illustrate that the noise in intermediate examination and measurement moment is an impulsive noise.In addition, because the impulsive noise accidentally occurred can't produce unacceptable impact to signal, so if the impulsive noise accidentally occurred does not carry out filtering process.But in a sense cycle, when the frequency that impulsive noise occurs is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value, illustrates that impulsive noise creates impact to signal, now need paired pulses noise to carry out filtering removal.Concrete predeterminated frequency threshold value can by presetting, specifically based on experience value or theoretical value design.
Preferred as technique scheme, this method also comprises:
If a upper sense cycle detects in noise circumstance to there is not impulsive noise or detect to there is impulsive noise but the frequency of impulsive noise is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value, linear filtering is filtered into now to noise, when using linear filtering, obtain current signal, judge whether described current signal is more than or equal to default snr threshold, if judged result is no, then adjust the driving frequency of capacitive touch screen.
Concrete reason is, when being in linear filtering, noise type is mainly coloured noise, for coloured noise, except use linear filtering carries out except filtering to it, in order to ensure signal to noise ratio (signal-to-noiseratio; Signaltonoiseratio, SNR) further optimization, can by the driving frequency of adjustment capacitive touch screen to unoccupied frequency, outside the spectral range being namely switched to coloured noise.And above-mentioned unoccupied frequency mainly refers to the driving frequency that capacitive touch screen works, the signal to noise ratio obtained meets default signal to noise ratio requirement.
The schematic flow sheet of the driving frequency of capacitive touch screen is adjusted in the anti-noise method that Fig. 2 provides for the embodiment of the present invention one, as shown in Figure 2, preferred as technique scheme, the driving frequency of adjustment capacitive touch screen comprises:
Step 21: obtain the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency is more than or equal to default snr threshold, then using recommended frequency as driving frequency.
Above-mentioned recommended frequency can be capacitive touch screen before used driving frequency, and it is large compared with the signal to noise ratio obtained under other driving frequencies to obtain signal to noise ratio, and record storage is carried out to this driving frequency, as recommended frequency, when the signal to noise ratio having new driving frequency to obtain again is larger than the signal to noise ratio under this driving frequency, recommended frequency is updated to above-mentioned new driving frequency, to call when adjusting the driving frequency of capacitive touch screen.
For recommended frequency, duration that can be certain by the current drive frequency directly this recommended frequency being set to capacitive touch screen, such as 5ms, then by detection to received signal, obtain the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency, if now using the signal to noise ratio that produces of recommended frequency to be more than or equal to default snr threshold such as default snr threshold is 80dB, then using recommended frequency as driving frequency.
Step 22: if the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency is less than default snr threshold, obtains the signal to noise ratio under default frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under default frequency is more than or equal to default snr threshold, using default frequency as driving frequency.That is, when the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency cannot meet the requirement to default snr threshold, then need again to choose suitable driving frequency, make signal to noise ratio meet the requirement of default snr threshold.Environment residing for capacitive touch screen is as Current Temperatures, and in residing field intensity, the differences such as electromagnetic signal interference such as electric current and voltage, cause in different operating mode situations, and the signal to noise ratio that driving frequency produces can change.Even if so the used driving frequency with better signal to noise ratio also cannot ensure that, when current use, the signal to noise ratio of generation is greater than default snr threshold before.So when the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency does not meet the demands, need further to select to driving frequency.In this step 22, choose default frequency as driving frequency.The original frequency of the frequency that default frequency can be arranged by user or capacitive touch screen, as frequency during Default Value, in this step to the test process of this default frequency with identical to the process of recommended frequency in above-mentioned steps 21, do not repeat them here.
Step 23: if the signal to noise ratio under default frequency is less than default snr threshold, then in the driving frequency range preset, obtain multiple Frequency point according to default step, obtain the signal to noise ratio under each Frequency point, obtain Frequency point corresponding to maximum signal to noise ratio as driving frequency.When recommended frequency meter default frequency all cannot meet the requirement of signal to noise ratio, optimum driving frequency can be found by the method for scanning.Concrete, to all scanning can carrying out default step as the frequency values of driving frequency, concrete scanning step can be chosen by setting.For the multiple Frequency points obtained by scanning, successively it is tested, obtain Frequency point corresponding to maximum signal to noise ratio as driving frequency.
Preferred as technique scheme, nonlinear filtering is treated to medium filtering.Nonlinear filtering process in the present embodiment uses medium filtering, as intermediate value 128 filtering, can certainly select the nonlinear filtering process of other kinds, as maximum filtering etc.Preferred nonlinear filtering mode is medium filtering, and its effect preferably and information loss minimum.
The capacitive touch screen anti-noise method that the present embodiment provides, by periodic detection noise environment; And by judging, when a upper sense cycle detect in noise circumstance there is impulsive noise and the frequency of impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, and when a upper sense cycle detect in noise circumstance there is not impulsive noise or detect there is impulsive noise but the frequency of impulsive noise is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to touch signals.In addition when linear filtering, adjustment driving frequency, improves signal to noise ratio further.The present invention can suppress various noise to the interference of capacitive touch screen by technique scheme effectively.
Embodiment two
The structural representation of a kind of antinoise touch chip that Fig. 3 provides for the embodiment of the present invention two; As shown in Figure 3, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides a kind of antinoise touch chip, comprising:
Detection module 31, for periodic detection noise environment;
Filtration module 32, for detecting in noise circumstance to there is pulse sound at detection module in a upper sense cycle, and the frequency of impulsive noise is when being more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, or detection module a upper sense cycle detect in noise circumstance there is not impulsive noise or detect there is impulsive noise but the frequency of impulsive noise is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to touch signals;
Wherein, touch signals comprise user perform contact action produce signal and noise circumstance in noise.
The antinoise touch chip that the present embodiment provides, by the periodic detection noise environment of detection module; And judged by filtration module, when a upper sense cycle detect in noise circumstance there is impulsive noise and the frequency of impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, and when a upper sense cycle detect in noise circumstance there is not impulsive noise or detect there is impulsive noise but the frequency of impulsive noise is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to touch signals.The present invention can suppress various noise to the interference of capacitive touch screen by technique scheme effectively.
The realization that in the present embodiment, antinoise touch chip is concrete suppresses various noise identical to the method flow implementation procedure that its process disturbed and above-described embodiment are a kind of, does not repeat them here.
Preferred as technique scheme, detection module is specifically in each sense cycle, according to default acquisition frequency, obtain the noise level in adjacent three detection moment, if the difference of adjacent three differences and noise level thereafter detecting the noise level in intermediate examination and measurement moment and the noise level before it in the moment presets noise threshold all at least greatly, then judge to there is impulsive noise in noise circumstance, and according to the time interval that adjacent twice impulsive noise occurs, judge whether the frequency of impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value.
Preferred as technique scheme, also comprises:
Adjusting module, for detection module a upper sense cycle detect in noise circumstance there is not impulsive noise or detect there is impulsive noise but the frequency of impulsive noise is less than predeterminated frequency threshold value time, within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals, and obtain current signal, judge whether described current signal is more than or equal to default snr threshold, if judged result is no, then adjust the driving frequency of capacitive touch screen.
Preferred as technique scheme, adjusting module is specifically for obtaining the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency is more than or equal to default snr threshold, then using recommended frequency as driving frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency is less than default snr threshold, obtain the signal to noise ratio under default frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under default frequency is more than or equal to default snr threshold, using default frequency as driving frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under default frequency is less than default snr threshold, then in the driving frequency range preset, obtain multiple Frequency point according to default step, obtain the signal to noise ratio under each Frequency point, obtain Frequency point corresponding to maximum signal to noise ratio as driving frequency.
Preferred as technique scheme, nonlinear filtering is treated to medium filtering.
One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that: all or part of step realizing above-mentioned each embodiment of the method can have been come by the hardware that program command is relevant.Aforesaid program can be stored in a computer read/write memory medium.This program, when performing, performs the step comprising above-mentioned each embodiment of the method; And aforesaid storage medium comprises: ROM, RAM, magnetic disc or CD etc. various can be program code stored medium.
Last it is noted that above each embodiment is only in order to illustrate technical scheme of the present invention, be not intended to limit; Although with reference to foregoing embodiments to invention has been detailed description, those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that: it still can be modified to the technical scheme described in foregoing embodiments, or carries out equivalent replacement to wherein some or all of technical characteristic; And these amendments or replacement, do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution depart from the scope of various embodiments of the present invention technical scheme.

Claims (10)

1. a capacitive touch screen anti-noise method, is characterized in that, comprising:
Periodic detection noise environment;
If a upper sense cycle detects in described noise circumstance to there is impulsive noise, and the frequency of described impulsive noise is more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, described touch signals comprise user perform contact action produce signal and described noise circumstance in noise;
If a upper sense cycle detects in described noise circumstance to there is not described impulsive noise or detect to there is described impulsive noise but the frequency of described impulsive noise is less than described predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals.
2. capacitive touch screen anti-noise method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described periodic detection noise environment comprises:
In each sense cycle, according to default acquisition frequency, obtain the noise level in adjacent three detection moment, if the difference of adjacent three differences and the noise level in intermediate examination and measurement moment and noise level thereafter detecting the noise level in intermediate examination and measurement moment and the noise level before it in the moment is all at least greater than default noise threshold, then judge to there is described impulsive noise in described noise circumstance, and according to the time interval that adjacent twice impulsive noise occurs, judge whether the frequency of described impulsive noise is more than or equal to described predeterminated frequency threshold value.
3. capacitive touch screen anti-noise method according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, also comprise:
If a upper sense cycle detects in described noise circumstance to there is not described impulsive noise or detect to there is described impulsive noise but the frequency of described impulsive noise is less than described predeterminated frequency threshold value, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals, and obtain current signal, judge whether described current signal is more than or equal to default snr threshold, if judged result is no, then adjust the driving frequency of capacitive touch screen.
4. capacitive touch screen anti-noise method according to claim 3, is characterized in that, the driving frequency of described adjustment capacitive touch screen comprises:
Obtain the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under described recommended frequency is more than or equal to default snr threshold, then using described recommended frequency as described driving frequency, wherein, described recommended frequency used and driving frequency that signal to noise ratio is large compared with the signal to noise ratio obtained under other driving frequencies before being capacitive touch screen;
If the signal to noise ratio under described recommended frequency is less than described default snr threshold, then obtain the signal to noise ratio under default frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under described default frequency is more than or equal to described default snr threshold, then using described default frequency as described driving frequency, wherein, described default frequency is the original frequency of frequency or the capacitive touch screen arranged by user;
If the signal to noise ratio under described default frequency is less than described default snr threshold, then in the driving frequency range preset, obtain multiple Frequency point according to default step, obtain the signal to noise ratio under each Frequency point, obtain Frequency point corresponding to maximum signal to noise ratio as described driving frequency.
5. capacitive touch screen anti-noise method according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, described nonlinear filtering is treated to medium filtering.
6. an antinoise touch chip, is characterized in that, comprising:
Detection module, for periodic detection noise environment;
Filtration module, for detecting in described noise circumstance to there is impulsive noise at described detection module in a upper sense cycle, and the frequency of described impulsive noise is when being more than or equal to predeterminated frequency threshold value, within the current detection cycle, nonlinear filtering process is carried out to touch signals, or described detection module a upper sense cycle detect in described noise circumstance there is not described impulsive noise or detect there is described impulsive noise but the frequency of described impulsive noise is less than described predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals,
Wherein, described touch signals comprise user perform contact action produce signal and described noise circumstance in noise.
7. antinoise touch chip according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, described detection module is specifically in each sense cycle, according to default acquisition frequency, obtain the noise level in adjacent three detection moment, if the difference of adjacent three differences and the noise level in intermediate examination and measurement moment and noise level thereafter detecting the noise level in intermediate examination and measurement moment and the noise level before it in the moment is all at least greater than default noise threshold, then judge to there is described impulsive noise in described noise circumstance, and according to the time interval that adjacent twice impulsive noise occurs, judge whether the frequency of described impulsive noise is more than or equal to described predeterminated frequency threshold value.
8. the antinoise touch chip according to claim 6 or 7, is characterized in that, also comprise:
Adjusting module, for described detection module a upper sense cycle detect in described noise circumstance there is not described impulsive noise or detect there is described impulsive noise but the frequency of described impulsive noise is less than described predeterminated frequency threshold value time, then within the current detection cycle, linear filtering process is carried out to described touch signals, and obtain current signal, judge whether described current signal is more than or equal to default snr threshold, if judged result is no, then adjust the driving frequency of capacitive touch screen.
9. antinoise touch chip according to claim 8, it is characterized in that, described adjusting module is specifically for obtaining the signal to noise ratio under recommended frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under described recommended frequency is more than or equal to default snr threshold, then using described recommended frequency as described driving frequency, wherein, described recommended frequency used and driving frequency that signal to noise ratio is large compared with the signal to noise ratio obtained under other driving frequencies before being capacitive touch screen;
If the signal to noise ratio under described recommended frequency is less than described default snr threshold, then obtain the signal to noise ratio under default frequency, if the signal to noise ratio under described default frequency is more than or equal to described default snr threshold, then using described default frequency as described driving frequency, wherein, described default frequency is the original frequency of frequency or the capacitive touch screen arranged by user;
If the signal to noise ratio under described default frequency is less than described default snr threshold, then in the driving frequency range preset, obtain multiple Frequency point according to default step, obtain the signal to noise ratio under each Frequency point, obtain Frequency point corresponding to maximum signal to noise ratio as described driving frequency.
10. the antinoise touch chip according to claim 6 or 7, is characterized in that, described nonlinear filtering is treated to medium filtering.
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