CN103471932B - The stress-strain curve of metal material is measured and application process - Google Patents
The stress-strain curve of metal material is measured and application process Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a kind of metal material flow stress curve measuring method, comprise step: the variable quantity of strain rate in the high temperature metallic material homogeneous compaction experiment that A, detection experiment machine carry out; B, build comprise x-axis to true strain curve, y-axis to strain rate curve and z-axis to the three-dimensional curve function of trus stress curve; C, interpolation is carried out to the three-dimensional curve function in step B, generate stress-strain fair curve.In addition, a kind of application process of metal material stress-strain curve is also provided.By upper, under being structured in logarithmic strain speed, the three-dimensional curve of trus stress, true strain, further, eliminate the impact of strain rate by interpolation, generate stress-strain fair curve, thus realize under the condition of existing testing machine precision and control system, reduce the impact of the corresponding force-strain curve warpage of increase of strain rate in compression process, make material stress strain curve closer to truth.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to material and hot-working field physical simulation techniques, be specifically related to a kind of metal material stress-strain curve and measure and application process.
Background technology
In the high temperature forging of metal is produced, understand the high temperature deformation rule of metal material in advance, i.e. its stress-strain curve, correct Forging Technology can be worked out, process according to different distortion conditional request, forge high-precision product.
On the other hand, when the product made for metal material is for special-purpose, such as the bearing, engine etc. of bullet train, its duty is high temperature, heavily stressed state, therefore, how to select the metal material making this series products, also need to understand its stress-strain curve, after the stress-strain curve understanding material, correctly could choose the product that corresponding material is made.
Visible, how obtaining the stress-strain curve of the metal material under specified temp, namely how to obtain the deformation rule under the high temperature of metal material, is in high temperature forging technique, or one of the important evidence of chosen material in special-purpose.
For the numerical simulation of metal material thermal deformation process, material model particularly material stress-strain curve accuracy for final analog result accuracy impact most important.Theoretically, the universal law of Metal Hot Forming and Microstructural Evolution is: when metal is in pure dynamic recovery state, and the stress value that distortion starts increases rapidly with strain, after exceeding certain deflection, stress reduces, until stress reaches its steady-state value gradually with the rate of rise of strain.When metal is in dynamic recrystallization state, the stress that distortion starts increases sharply with strain, then reduces gradually after reaching peak stress, and reduction speed reduces, gradually until reach dynamic recrystallization stable state stress value and remain unchanged.When metal is in dynamic grain growth state, stress-strain curve is multimodal, increases stress concussion and eases up gradually, and be tending towards stable state with strain.As from the foregoing, in metal material (sample) be no matter that occurrence dynamics is replied, dynamic recrystallization or dynamic grain growth, as long as strain enough large, its stress all goes to zero with the rate of change of strain, stress numerical then tends to its stable state and remains unchanged, and thus theoretical stress-strain curve afterbody should not occur warpage.
But the stress-strain curve under the high temperature chosen arbitrarily in an experiment as shown in Figure 1, there is not the warpage situation of curve tail in none, represent that stress increases with strain, and its strain rate also increases simultaneously thereupon.Obviously, afterbody warpage is not inconsistent with theoretical curve, in order to the error of the true curve and theoretical curve of explaining experiment measuring, is normally attributed to the load caused because of friction at present and strengthens, and remove close theoretical curve by the correcting mode of friction factor.
But this error being considered as friction reason and bringing, the not main cause of above-mentioned afterbody warpage, and this interpretation procedure can not solve the curve tail warpage issues in high temperature experiment, also material microstructure and property Changing Pattern in hot procedure has been misled, namely the error parameter of mistake is adopted to remove to revise the true stress-true strain curve of experiment acquisition, and then can cause choosing the mistake of material in engineering, or technological parameter wrong in processing technology.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of metal material stress-strain curve to measure and application process, under the condition of existing testing machine precision and control system, reduce the impact of the corresponding force-strain curve warpage of increase of strain rate in compression process, make material stress strain curve closer to truth, thus actively impact is produced on the numerical simulation of metal material.
The metal material stress-strain curve measuring method that the application provides comprises step:
The variable quantity of strain rate in the high temperature metallic material homogeneous compaction experiment that A, detection experiment machine carry out;
B, build comprise x-axis to true strain curve, y-axis to strain rate curve and z-axis to the three-dimensional curve function of trus stress curve;
C, interpolation is carried out to the three-dimensional curve function in step B, generate stress-strain fair curve.
By upper, under being structured in logarithmic strain speed, the three-dimensional curve of trus stress, true strain, further, eliminate the impact of strain rate by interpolation, generate stress-strain fair curve, thus realize under the condition of existing testing machine precision and control system, reduce the impact of the corresponding force-strain curve warpage of increase of strain rate in compression process, make material stress strain curve closer to truth.
Optionally, described strain rate
wherein V represents ram movement speed, the L of testing machine
0represent that initial length, the ε of metal material represent true strain.
By upper, obtain the curve of strain rate with strain variation by this expression formula, intuitively can draw the variable quantity of strain rate in homogeneous compaction experiment, provide Data support to produce warpage to strain rate counter stress-strain curve afterbody.
Optionally, described true strain curve
in formula, L represents instantaneous length, the L of metal material
0represent the initial length of metal material;
Trus stress curve
wherein,
in formula, F represents load suffered by metal material, A represents metal material stress surface instantaneous cross-sectional area, A
0represent that the initial cross sectional of metal material stress surface is amassed, L represents that metal material is subject to load and by instantaneous length, the L after compressing
0represent the initial length of metal material.
Optionally, in step C, comprising:
Step C1: linear interpolation is carried out to x-axis;
Step C2: surface interpolation is carried out to y-axis.
By upper, by carrying out interpolation arithmetic respectively to x-axis, y-axis, eliminate strain rate parameter in 3-D view, to draw the stress-strain curve of equi-strain rate, to realize the impact of the afterbody warpage alleviating the corresponding force-strain curve of strain rate.
Optionally, during described high temperature refers to test higher than metal material recrystallization temperature, and lower than the temperature of solidus.
By upper, by arranging sufficiently high temperature, metal material is made to have comparatively suitable compression experiment environment.
Optionally, obtain the stress-strain curve of tested metal material according to above-mentioned metal material stress-strain curve measuring method, the stress-strain curve according to measured metal material is simulated metal forming numerical value.
Further, the application also provides a kind of application process of metal material stress-strain curve,
The stress-strain curve of tested metal material is obtained according to above-mentioned metal material stress-strain curve measuring method, simulate metal forming numerical value according to the measured stress-strain curve of a metal material of giving, the result according to simulation formulates Technology for Heating Processing.
By upper, by the stress-strain curve to eliminate Warping Effect, be applied to metal forming numerical simulation, the degree of accuracy of this curve directly can affect the correctness of numerical simulation result, thus produces actively impact to the numerical simulation of metal material.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is stress-strain curve afterbody warpage schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is stress-strain curve schematic diagram under differentiated friction power;
Fig. 3 is flow stress curve measuring method schematic flow sheet;
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of strain rate in homogeneous compaction experiment;
Fig. 5 is the schematic three dimensional views of flow stress curve;
Fig. 6 is stress-strain fair curve correction schematic diagram.
Embodiment
Based on the stress-strain curve afterbody warpage situation found in the simulated experiment under current existing high temperature, prior art is attributed to the load caused because of friction and is strengthened.And accordingly, applicant is testing and assessing to friction factor in great many of experiments process, following wherein partial test of only illustrating, its objective is, under low volume data be do not go out rule, the present invention is the rule drawn through great many of experiments, just for convenience of description, after based on the rule drawn, use following low volume data as checking conversely.Here it should be noted that, the simulation under high temperature is often referred to higher than metal material recrystallization temperature, and lower than the temperature of solidus, such as, aluminium alloy is temperature required be greater than 500 DEG C, steel temperature required be greater than 900 DEG C, steel alloy is temperature required is greater than 1200 DEG C.
Specifically, according to general knowledge, the friction factor of metal is in 0.1 ~ 0.3 scope, accordingly, as shown in Figure 2, in Numerical Experiment, respectively friction factor is set to 0,0.1 and 0.3, drawn by the stress-strain curve of observation experiment result, when the stress-strain curve homomorphosis that different coefficients of friction is corresponding, deflection are identical, friction factor is larger, and stress is larger, and the closer to curve tail, friction factor impact is larger.Experiment proves, friction force has contribution to load, but friction force is not fairly obvious to load contribution in most of deformation process.
Generalized case be it has been generally acknowledged that strain rate does not change in process of the test, and using initial strain rate as unique strain rate.But most metals material is all comparatively responsive to strain rate at high operating temperatures, strain can increase with the increase of strain rate, therefore, in simulation process, the rising of strain rate can cause the increase of stress, can determine further thus, strain rate is the important factor in order affecting stress-strain curve afterbody warpage.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the embodiment of metal material flow stress curve under high temperature of the present invention (i.e. stress-strain curve under high temperature) measuring method is described in detail.Be described for the experiment under 1200 DEG C of high temperature below.Be understood that, the present invention is not confined to this temperature.Higher than used metal material recrystallization temperature, and lower than the solidus temperature of used metal material.
As shown in Figure 3, metal material flow stress curve measuring method comprises:
Step 10: detect in homogeneous compaction experiment, the variable quantity of strain rate.
For the metal material under high temperature, usually adopt Material Testing Machine to carry out hot simulation compression test, homogeneous compaction experiment strain rate formula is:
true strain formula is
In formula, L represents the instantaneous length of metal material (sample), and unit is mm, L
0the initial length of expression sample, V represent the speed of pressure head of testing machine, and unit is mm/s.
By converting above-mentioned formula, the expression formula of strain rate to the function of true strain can be obtained
strain rate-true strain schematic diagram can be drawn by this expression formula.Suppose compression experiment sample initial length L
0for 15mm, test head movement velocity V is 0.15mm/s, according to the function expression of rate of stressing to true strain, can obtain the curve of strain rate with strain variation.As shown in Figure 4, as seen in homogeneous compaction process of the test, along with the carrying out of true strain ε, strain rate
continuous growth, at the end of homogeneous compaction experiment, strain rate
amplification exceedes twice.
Owing to determining that strain rate is the main cause affecting stress-strain curve afterbody warpage, and the object of step 10 is, calculate the actual change amount of strain rate in an experiment, for analyzing hereinafter and reducing strain rate, Data support is carried out on the impact of warpage.
Step 20: the three-dimensional curve function building flow stress curve.
The three-dimensional curve function of flow stress curve comprises trus stress, true strain and strain rate curve.Wherein, the formula of trus stress is:
wherein,
in trus stress formula, F represents load, and unit is the instantaneous cross-sectional area that N, A represent sample stress surface, and unit is mm
2, A
0represent that the initial cross sectional of sample stress surface is amassed, unit is mm
2.
In addition, true strain ε and strain rate
formula identical with described in step 10, repeat no more.
Image represents the trus stress σ corresponding to Test Point Data as shown in Figure 5, the strain rate in true strain ε and this moment
Try to achieve the actual change amount of strain rate in experiment in step 10, and in this step, as shown in Figure 5, constructed under this strain rate, the three-dimensional curve function of trus stress, true strain.Intuitively can draw the impact of strain rate corresponding force-strain curve afterbody warpage.
Step 30: do interpolation to the three-dimensional curve function in step 20, generates stress-strain fair curve.
Adopt data method process data, first linear interpolation is carried out to x-axis (strain), afterwards surface interpolation is carried out to y-axis (strain rate), comprising trus stress σ, true strain ε, strain rate
three-dimensional stress space in set up the test figure curved surface of this high temperature deformation material, obtained the data of arbitrfary point afterwards by the method for interpolation, thus obtain the stress-strain curve of equi-strain rate.Wherein, according to each obtained data, carry out interpolation and obtain corresponding curve, be common method, therefore repeat no more.
As shown in Figure 6, the fair curve represented by dotted line and the original experimentation curve comparison represented by solid line can be found out, said method has good correction effect for curve warpage.With deformation temperature 1200 DEG C, strain rate 0.05S
-1and 0.01S
-1for example carries out quantitative comparison, curve tail warpage have modified 19.2% and 18.4% respectively, and correction effect is obvious.
In this step, owing to successively carrying out surface interpolation to x-axis (strain) and y-axis (strain rate) in three-dimensional curve function, namely eliminate the impact of the corresponding force-strain curve of strain rate.Be the main cause affecting stress-strain curve afterbody warpage owing to analyzing strain rate before, and after eliminating the impact of strain rate, can find, stress-strain curve afterbody warpage is no longer obvious.And be the main cause affecting stress-strain curve afterbody warpage by this method strain rate of also having given counterevidence.
Based on revised data, fully and accurately expose and announcement material mechanical property Changing Pattern in hot procedure, evaluation material produced problem when hot-working, provide theoretical direction and technical basis for formulating rational processing technology and developing new material.
By upper, of the present inventionly to focus on, current industry is thought the afterbody warpage reason of the stress-strain curve of metal material is attributed to primarily of friction force institute Producing reason under high temperature, through inventor's experiment and analysis, except friction force produces the afterbody warpage of stress-strain curve, the strain rate that under high temperature, the mobility of metal material produces is similarly the important factor in order of the afterbody warpage of stress-strain curve, and based on herein is provided the measuring method of stress-strain curve, to revise curve obtained.
The application also provides a kind of application process to metal material stress-strain curve, carries out metal forming numerical simulation according to revised stress-strain curve.
The thermal treatment of metal material, as the subsequent process of material processing, plays an important role to the Performance and quality of part.But due in heat treatment process, the interior temperature distribution of part is uneven, structural transformation is uneven and produce the nonaffine deformation that unrelieved stress can cause part, reduces counter-bending, torsional strength and the fatigue strength of part, increases fracture-sensitive.Under same selection condition, if the Technology for Heating Processing chosen, just can produce rational stress distribution, reduce nonaffine deformation, increase the service life.Therefore, rational technique is concerning most important thermal treatment.
The object of numerical simulation discloses the transient state temperature field of inside parts in heat treatment process, tissue change, internal stress or infiltration layer concentration change etc., and then Instructing manufacture practice.In heat treatment process, the change of inside parts temperature causes phase transformation, and latent heat of phase change affects Part temperature field conversely; Temperature variation and phase transformation also cause inside parts stress field simultaneously.Therefore the numerical simulation of heat treatment process must adopt the algorithm of temperature-phase transformation-stress/strain three coupling.Numerical simulation due to metal forming belongs to the common technology in commercial production, therefore the application no longer repeats it.By upper, input in the relational expression of numerical simulation using carrying out revised stress-strain curve by preceding method as known conditions, the degree of accuracy of this curve directly can affect the correctness of numerical simulation result.And metal forming numerical simulation is the foundation of working out technique in actual industrial production.
In addition, revised stress-strain curve also can be applicable to commercial production and formulates technique, can judge as shaping load with stress-strain curve, the technological parameters such as heating-up temperature.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention all, any amendment done, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a metal material stress-strain curve measuring method, comprises step:
The variable quantity of strain rate in the high temperature metallic material homogeneous compaction experiment that A, detection experiment machine carry out;
B, build comprise x-axis to true strain curve, y-axis to strain rate curve and z-axis to the three-dimensional curve function of trus stress curve;
C, interpolation is carried out to the three-dimensional curve function in step B, generate stress-strain fair curve;
During described high temperature refers to test higher than metal material recrystallization temperature, and lower than the temperature of solidus.
2. metal material stress-strain curve measuring method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described strain rate
wherein V represents ram movement speed, the L of testing machine
0represent that initial length, the ε of metal material represent true strain.
3. metal material stress-strain curve measuring method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described true strain curve
in formula, L represents instantaneous length, the L of metal material
0represent the initial length of metal material;
Trus stress curve
wherein,
in formula, F represents load suffered by metal material, A represents metal material stress surface instantaneous cross-sectional area, A
0represent that the initial cross sectional of metal material stress surface is amassed, L represents that metal material is subject to load and by instantaneous length, the L after compressing
0represent the initial length of metal material.
4. metal material stress-strain curve measuring method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step C, comprising:
Step C1: linear interpolation is carried out to x-axis;
Step C2: surface interpolation is carried out to y-axis.
5. the application process of a metal material stress-strain curve, it is characterized in that, obtain the stress-strain curve of tested metal material according to the arbitrary described metal material stress-strain curve measuring method of Claims 1 to 5, the stress-strain curve according to measured metal material is simulated metal forming numerical value.
6. the application process of metal material stress-strain curve according to claim 5, is characterized in that, the result according to simulation formulates Technology for Heating Processing.
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