CN103455433A - Memory management method and system - Google Patents
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- CN103455433A CN103455433A CN2013103645174A CN201310364517A CN103455433A CN 103455433 A CN103455433 A CN 103455433A CN 2013103645174 A CN2013103645174 A CN 2013103645174A CN 201310364517 A CN201310364517 A CN 201310364517A CN 103455433 A CN103455433 A CN 103455433A
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Abstract
The invention provides a memory management method and a system. The memory management method comprises the following steps of after an operating system starts up, pre-allocating a continuous memory space; dividing the continuous memory space into user memory space blocks for users to use and memory space management blocks for managing the user memory space blocks, with one user memory space block corresponding to one memory space management block; establishing a memory space manager list and an applied memory space list, and placing in pointers which respectively point to each memory space management block and each user memory space block, wherein the digital block pointer of a memory space management block points to the corresponding user memory space block, the pointer of the next block points to the next memory space management block, and the pointer of the current allocable memory space management block points to the current allocable memory space management block. The memory space application efficiency is effectively improved, and the system stability is increased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to EMS memory management process and system.
Background technology
Internal memory is one of parts important in computing machine, and it is the bridge of being linked up with CPU.In computing machine, the operation of all programs is all carried out in internal memory, so the performance of internal memory is very large on the impact of computing machine.Internal memory (Memory) is also referred to as internal storage, and its effect is for temporarily depositing the operational data of CPU, and with the data of the external memory storage such as hard disk exchange.As long as computing machine is in operation, CPU will be transferred to the data that need computing in internal memory and carry out computing, and after computing completes, CPU sends out result again, and the operation of internal memory has also determined the stable operation of computing machine.
Therefore, the program of a large amount of operations needs often to use memory headroom.The required memory headroom of each program must be by obtaining to the system kernel application.But, if apply for continually that in real time memory headroom will cause following problem:
The first, program operation speed slows down.Usually, operating system has a chained list that records the free memory address.When system is received the memory headroom application of a program, can travel through this chained list, find the heap node that first space is greater than applied for memory headroom, then this node is deleted from idle node chained list, and given this program by the allocation of space of this node.For most systems, the size of the first address place minute book sub-distribution of meeting in this piece memory headroom, like this, the delete statement in code could correctly discharge this memory headroom.Yet, due to the not of uniform size fixed size that just in time equals applied for memory headroom of the heap node found, system can automatically be reentered into unnecessary part in idle chained list.Therefore, to the operation more complicated of system application memory headroom, and apply for that the time that internal memory need consume also is far longer than the time to internal memory operation.If program is frequently applied in real time memory headroom in operational process, will cause program efficiency low.
The second, the fragment memory problem is serious." fragment internal memory " refers to all disabled free memories in a system.Why these resources still are not used, and are because be responsible for the divider of storage allocation, these internal memories to be used.This problem all can occur usually, and reason is that free memory appears at different positions in little and discontinuous mode.If apply in real time memory headroom in program operation process, must be to need specifically the How much memory space just to apply for the How much memory space.Because the program of operation simultaneously is a lot, may will exist a plurality of programs simultaneously at the application memory headroom.If kernel carrys out the order-assigned memory headroom according to the mode of page, memory headroom is most of when just starting shooting so is blank upstate.But, along with the growth of working time, the memory headroom that uses can covering backward slowly go over, the memory headroom discharged after front uses may be fritter, but the memory headroom of follow-up other program applications is larger than this piece, the memory headroom of these fritters just distributes and does not go out so.Therefore, although for example system shows the free memory space of 1G, if but now have a program to start up the contiguous memory space of wanting disposable application 500MB, and may also can point out the memory headroom deficiency, the contiguous memory space that therefore is not greater than 500MB can be distributed.Obviously, in fact this caused the decline of memory headroom waste and executing efficiency.A system that constantly produces memory fragmentation, no matter how little the memory fragmentation produced is, as long as the time long enough will be finished internal memory.This situation, in many embedded systems, is particularly unacceptable in highly available system.
In view of above various reasons, the memory headroom that the system of a large amount of memory headrooms of the frequent use of needs should obtain the system application carries out unified management, and the memory headroom of having applied for is reused.And, when system just starts, just allocate substantially abundant internal memory in advance for later use, and, the number of times of Memory Allocation reduced as far as possible.
Fig. 1 shows current a kind of Memory Allocation technology commonly used.In the use procedure of memory block, be mainly concerned with following two kinds of operations:
(1) use and abandon using memory block.When system just starts, some memory headroom pieces of first to file, and whole memory block pointer or sign are put into to " but usage space list ", when system needs memory block, certain memory block sign is removed from " but usage space list ", put into " usage space list ".When system does not need certain memory block, the sign of this memory block is put back to again.
(2) memory block dilatation.When the memory block of having applied for has all been used, need to again apply for that memory block is for use in system.At this moment, need at first apply for a memory headroom larger than existing memory headroom.Then, the data in the piece used are all copied in new piece.Finally, discharge old memory headroom.
In Fig. 1, the left and right arrow of top shows above-mentioned the first situation,, when needs are used certain memory headroom piece, certain block pointer or sign is moved right, and from " but usage space list ", moves to " usage space list "; When not needing to use certain memory headroom piece, certain block pointer or sign are moved to the left, move to " but usage space list " from " usage space list ".The arrow up and down on right side shows above-mentioned the second situation,, when the memory headroom piece is not enough, certain block pointer or sign is moved right, and minute three steps complete dilatation: the larger memory block of (1) application; (2) data of copy old data block are to new larger memory block; (3) discharge old data block.
There is following problem in above-mentioned prior art:
(1) when memory block is not enough, need to again apply for a larger contiguous memory piece.Along with the operation of system, more and more difficult the going of contiguous memory piece that may be larger applied for.
(2), when application is to larger memory block, need to copy the data of old memory block to new memory block.This needs the temporary transient use of interrupting each memory block.Sometimes, copy the data of memory block to new address, may cause present procedure can't continue access data address in the past, cause abnormal.
(3) reuse continually, while abandoning using memory block, all need " but usage space list ", " the usage space list again lock and open, and find this memory block from list, remove from list or put into.And, while opening list continually, will cause performance to reduce.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the problems referred to above, proposed a kind of EMS memory management process and system, it can overcome the defect of above-mentioned prior art, the efficiency while effectively improving the application memory headroom, and increase system stability.
In one aspect, the invention provides a kind of EMS memory management process, it comprises step:
After os starting, contiguous memory space of predistribution;
By the contiguous memory spatial division, be for user's user memory space piece and the memory headroom management block that user memory space piece is managed, a corresponding memory headroom management block of user memory space piece;
Set up the memory headroom manager list and applied for the memory headroom list, put into respectively the pointer that points to each memory headroom management block and each user memory space piece;
User memory space piece corresponding to the data block pointed of memory headroom management block wherein, next block pointer points to next memory headroom management block, but the current assignable memory headroom management block of the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece.
In yet another aspect, the present invention also provides a kind of internal storage management system, and it comprises:
Memory headroom predistribution module, for contiguous memory space of predistribution after os starting;
Memory headroom is divided module, for being the user memory space piece for the user and a memory headroom management block of a user memory space piece correspondence of memory headroom management block that user memory space piece is managed by the contiguous memory spatial division;
Module is set up in list, for setting up the memory headroom manager list and having applied for the memory headroom list, puts into respectively the pointer that points to each memory headroom management block and each user memory space piece;
User memory space piece corresponding to the data block pointed of memory headroom management block wherein, next block pointer points to next memory headroom management block, but the current assignable memory headroom management block of the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece.
The present invention, by optimizing the allocation manager to memory headroom, has effectively improved the efficiency while applying for memory headroom, and has increased the stability of system.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Specific embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 shows a kind of Memory Allocation technology of prior art;
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram according to the structure of memory headroom of the present invention;
Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram according to just sub-distribution of memory headroom of the present invention;
Fig. 4 shows the schematic diagram that obtains the available memory space piece according to of the present invention;
Fig. 5 shows the schematic diagram of giving back the memory headroom piece according to of the present invention; And
Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram according to dilatation memory headroom piece of the present invention.
Embodiment
In order to make technical scheme of the present invention and advantage clearer, below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described in more detail, obviously, described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the present invention, rather than all embodiment's is exhaustive.
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram according to the structure of memory headroom of the present invention.As shown in Figure 2, the memory headroom piece is divided into to two kinds: user memory space piece (hereinafter, also referred to as the memory headroom piece) and memory headroom management block.User memory space piece is to give the memory headroom that the user uses fully, and the memory headroom management block is for the management to user memory space piece.A corresponding memory headroom management block of user memory space piece.These two kinds of memory headroom pieces are not once only from system, to apply for a piece, but apply for a continuous memory headroom from system, more continuous memory headroom cuts into piece one by one by this.In use, mainly these two kinds of memory headroom pieces are operated.
The structure of memory headroom management block is the NodeMgr structure shown in Fig. 2, and what wherein NodeMgr->pData pointed to is user memory space piece, and what NodeMgr->pNext pointed to is next memory headroom management block, to facilitate management.Namely, its block structure can be expressed as:
Struct?NodeMgr
{ void*pData; // point to real data block
Void*pNext; // point to next management block
}
As shown in Figure 2, memory headroom can be managed with two lists, and one is the memory headroom manager list, and another is to have applied for the memory headroom list.These two lists are all that its purpose is exactly for when system is out of service for managing the pointer in the contiguous memory space of having applied for, discharge the full memory space of having applied for.
Below introduce in detail the concrete use that utilizes this memory headroom:
(1) original allocation:
When system just starts, will allocate the memory headroom of some in advance, while for system, processing business, use.Pre-assigned memory headroom is a continuous memory headroom, and just by this, continuous memory headroom is divided into memory block one by one.These memory blocks will be assigned to the memory headroom management block of some and the user memory space piece of equal amount, and put into respectively in corresponding managing listings (that is, memory headroom manager list and applied for the memory headroom list), and code is as follows:
void*pNodeMgrBlock＝new?NodeMgr[nNum]；
void*pDataBlock＝new?Data[nNum]；
vector<NodeMgr*>vecNodeMgrBlock；
vector<Data*>vecDataBlock；
vecNodeMgrBlock.push_back(pNodeMgrBlock)；
vecDataBlock.push_back(pDataBlock)；
Simultaneously, the variable of managing internal memory piece is set, the graph of a relation of formation as shown in Figure 3.Graph of a relation when Fig. 3 has clearly showed original allocation, wherein the pData of each managing internal memory piece all points to a memory block of having applied in the memory headroom list, and each pNext all points to next managing internal memory piece.The pNext of last managing internal memory piece does not point to any managing internal memory piece (NULL), and this illustrates that this memory block is last managing internal memory piece.
After original allocation, this internal memory just possesses the ability that service outwards is provided.An available memory headroom piece can be filed an application to obtain to this internal memory in outside.So this internal memory also needs to preserve a variable, represent the address of current assignable memory headroom management block.Following variable:
NodeMgr*pCurAviableNode＝&pNodeMgrBlock[0]；
When initial distribution, for this variable is given an initial value, this value is generally the address (zero) of first memory headroom management block.
pCurAviableNode＝&pNodeMgrBlock[0]；
(2) obtain the available memory space piece:
When outside obtains available memory headroom piece to this internal memory application, be generally " current assignable memory headroom management block " to be returned to the user for it, use.The relationship conversion that this process occurs as shown in Figure 4.
Fig. 4 shows and obtains continuously 2 memory headroom pieces graph of a relation afterwards.Now, " current assignable memory headroom management block " pointed to pNodeMgrBlock[2] (the memory headroom management block is numbered since 0 serial number, so pNodeMgrBlock[2] be the 3rd memory headroom management block, referring to Fig. 4).In Fig. 4, the first two user memory space block identification be assigned with away is dark fine and closely woven grid, and it is constant all the time to manage their the pData pointer of memory management piece, still points to corresponding user memory space piece.But the pNext pointer of correspondence memory space management piece no longer points to next memory headroom management block, but be set to sky (NULL).
Therefore, one be obtained can the memory headroom piece time, following a few step need to be done:
(1) " current assignable memory headroom management block " being returned to the user uses for it.
(2) pointer movement of " current assignable memory headroom management block " is arrived to next available memory headroom management block.
(3) pNext that returns to user's memory headroom management block is set to NULL.
(3) give back the memory headroom piece:
When the user does not need to use the memory headroom got, need this memory headroom is given back.Otherwise this memory headroom can not be utilized again.Otherwise, if be application memory headroom and always do not give back the memory headroom piece always, will exhaust the memory headroom of having applied for, and exhaust at last the internal memory of whole operating system.
Give back the graph of a relation of memory headroom piece as shown in Figure 5.As shown in the first half in Fig. 5, when giving back first memory headroom piece, this memory headroom piece is set to the next one of last memory headroom piece, the pNext pointer that is about to last memory headroom piece is changed into and is pointed to first memory headroom management block by NULL, and the pData pointer of first memory headroom management block still points to first memory headroom piece.So, first memory headroom piece just becomes last of this memory headroom piece list.Give back the class of operation of second memory headroom piece seemingly, the pNext pointer of first memory headroom management block is changed into to second memory headroom management block of sensing by NULL and get final product.But, it is pointed out that in the process of giving back, " current assignable memory headroom management block " is impregnable.
(4) dilatation memory headroom piece:
Operation along with system, the memory headroom piece of possible initial application all dispenses, there is no now available free memory space piece, now, just need to apply for again a continuous memory headroom as new memory headroom piece for distribution, need the dilatation of memory headroom piece, as shown in Figure 6, first row memory headroom piece is used up, and needs dilatation.The grid that sparse point is filled means " but usage space piece ", " the available memory space piece " namely newly increased.Now, " current assignable memory headroom management block " points to the first address that newly increases the space piece, i.e. first in secondary series memory headroom management block.The memory headroom management block that newly increases piece is linked in sequence equally, and their pData all points to one " but usage space piece ".So, just, realized the dilatation of Installed System Memory.
(5) capacity reducing of memory headroom piece:
System, in operational process, often there will be peak and low ebb period of business.When business slowly is converted into peak from low ebb, system will need very many memory headrooms, and at this time, the memory consumption of system is huge.But, when peak time of business mistake, will no longer need so much memory headroom, at this time, unwanted memory headroom can be discharged to a part to operating system, so that operating system can be distributed to other program, increase the utilization factor of system.When the memory headroom of releasing idling, should be noted that following some:
(1) the memory headroom management block memory headroom piece corresponding with it must together with discharge.
(2) memory headroom management block and memory headroom piece divide timing, be all that what to distribute is a continuous memory headroom, then this contiguous memory space is divided into to several pieces.So, when discharging, must just can discharge during all in idle condition until whole pieces in this contiguous memory space.
(3) pointer of continuous memory headroom piece must be removed from corresponding list.
Thus, the invention provides a kind of EMS memory management process, it comprises step:
After os starting, contiguous memory space of predistribution;
By the contiguous memory spatial division, be for user's user memory space piece and the memory headroom management block that user memory space piece is managed, a corresponding memory headroom management block of user memory space piece;
Set up the memory headroom manager list and applied for the memory headroom list, put into respectively the pointer that points to each memory headroom management block and each user memory space piece;
User memory space piece corresponding to the data block pointed of memory headroom management block wherein, next block pointer points to next memory headroom management block, but the current assignable memory headroom management block of the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece.
This EMS memory management process also can be included in the contiguous memory space receive the request n memory headroom piece application the time, but the pointer of current storage allocation space management piece is returned for use, but and by the pointer of current storage allocation space management piece mobile n user memory space piece backward.
This EMS memory management process also can be included in while giving back the memory headroom piece, and the memory headroom piece is set to the next one of last the memory headroom piece in the contiguous memory space.
When this EMS memory management process also can be included in dilatation memory headroom piece, but the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece is newly increased to first in the memory headroom piece, and will newly increase the memory headroom piece and be linked in sequence.
Whole pieces that this EMS memory management process also can be included in the contiguous memory space are all when idle condition, and the pointer by will point to whole pieces is from the memory headroom manager list and applied for the memory headroom list deleting to discharge the contiguous memory space.
The present invention also provides a kind of internal storage management system, and it comprises:
Memory headroom predistribution module, for contiguous memory space of predistribution after os starting;
Memory headroom is divided module, for by the contiguous memory spatial division for for user's user memory space piece and the memory headroom management block that user memory space piece is managed, a memory headroom management block of a user memory space piece correspondence;
Module is set up in list, for setting up the memory headroom manager list and having applied for the memory headroom list, puts into respectively the pointer that points to each memory headroom management block and each user memory space piece;
User memory space piece corresponding to the data block pointed of memory headroom management block wherein, next block pointer points to next memory headroom management block, but the current assignable memory headroom management block of the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece.
This internal storage management system also can comprise the memory headroom distribution module, while being used for receiving the application of n memory headroom piece of request in the contiguous memory space, but the pointer of current storage allocation space management piece is returned for use, but and by the pointer of current storage allocation space management piece mobile n user memory space piece backward.
This internal storage management system also can comprise that memory headroom gives back module, and for when giving back the memory headroom piece, the memory headroom piece is set to the next one of last the memory headroom piece in the contiguous memory space.
This internal storage management system also can comprise memory headroom dilatation module, for when dilatation memory headroom piece, but the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece is newly increased to first in the memory headroom piece, and will newly increase the memory headroom piece and be linked in sequence.
This internal storage management system also can comprise the memory headroom release module, for at whole pieces in contiguous memory space during all in idle condition, the pointer by will point to whole pieces is from the memory headroom manager list and applied for the memory headroom list that deletion is with release contiguous memory space.
By above EMS memory management process and system, the invention solves the several problems that exist in the solution of present technology, be described below respectively:
(1) solve the larger problem of memory block application difficulty continuously.In the solution of prior art, in the Insufficient memory used time, need to again apply for a larger contiguous memory piece.Therefore, along with the operation of system, may the more and more difficult application of larger memory block continuously arrive.And, in solution of the present invention, do not need the continuous memory headroom that application is larger, apply for that a better suited or less memory headroom is also passable.Thereby increased the stability of system.This characteristic is when the very large contiguous memory of needs space, especially outstanding.Such as the contiguous memory space of a 500M of application, large not always so easily application of memory headroom that it happens frequently, and also the software of system operation is more, and the time is longer, more and more is difficult to application and arrives.
(2) data that solve to need the copy old data block are to the problem in new data block.In the solution of prior art, after new larger memory block, need to copy the data of old memory block to new memory block in application, this just needs the temporary transient use of interrupting each memory block.Sometimes, copy the data of memory block to new address, may cause present procedure can't continue access data address in the past, thereby cause abnormal.And, in solution of the present invention, do not need copies data, and both saved the time, also do not introduce new trouble.
(3) solved the problem that repeats to open list.In the solution of prior art, when obtaining and abandoning using memory block, all need by " but usage space list " and " usage space list " again release open, and find this memory block from list, and remove from list or put into.Now, need to open 2 lists, if carry out very continually these operations in multithreading, open list and will expend the plenty of time.Yet, in solution of the present invention, do not need to open list, only need to do several simple pointer assignment actions and get final product, thereby greatly saved the time.
Above embodiment is only in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described, but not is limited.Therefore, in the situation that do not deviate from spirit of the present invention and essence thereof, those skilled in the art can make various changes, replacement and modification.Obviously, but within these changes, replacement and modification all should be covered by the protection domain of the claims in the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. an EMS memory management process is characterized in that comprising step:
After os starting, contiguous memory space of predistribution;
By described contiguous memory spatial division, be for user's user memory space piece and the memory headroom management block that user memory space piece is managed, a corresponding memory headroom management block of user memory space piece;
Set up the memory headroom manager list and applied for the memory headroom list, put into respectively the pointer that points to each memory headroom management block and each user memory space piece;
The user memory space piece that the data block pointed of wherein said memory headroom management block is corresponding, next block pointer points to next memory headroom management block, but the current assignable memory headroom management block of the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece.
2. EMS memory management process as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, also be included in described contiguous memory space receive the request n memory headroom piece application the time, but the pointer of current storage allocation space management piece is returned for use, but and by the pointer of current storage allocation space management piece mobile n user memory space piece backward.
3. EMS memory management process as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, also is included in while giving back the memory headroom piece, and described memory headroom piece is set to the next one of last the memory headroom piece in described contiguous memory space.
4. EMS memory management process as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, while also being included in dilatation memory headroom piece, but the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece is newly increased to first in the memory headroom piece, and will newly increase the memory headroom piece and be linked in sequence.
5. EMS memory management process as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the whole pieces that also are included in described contiguous memory space are all when idle condition, and the pointer by will point to whole pieces is from described memory headroom manager list and applied for deleting to discharge described contiguous memory space the memory headroom list.
6. an internal storage management system is characterized in that comprising:
Memory headroom predistribution module, for contiguous memory space of predistribution after os starting;
Memory headroom is divided module, for by described contiguous memory spatial division for for user's user memory space piece and the memory headroom management block that user memory space piece is managed, a memory headroom management block of a user memory space piece correspondence;
Module is set up in list, for setting up the memory headroom manager list and having applied for the memory headroom list, puts into respectively the pointer that points to each memory headroom management block and each user memory space piece;
The user memory space piece that the data block pointed of wherein said memory headroom management block is corresponding, next block pointer points to next memory headroom management block, but the current assignable memory headroom management block of the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece.
7. internal storage management system as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that, also comprise the memory headroom distribution module, while being used for receiving the application of n memory headroom piece of request in described contiguous memory space, but the pointer of current storage allocation space management piece is returned for use, but and by the pointer of current storage allocation space management piece mobile n user memory space piece backward.
8. internal storage management system as claimed in claim 6, is characterized in that, also comprises that memory headroom gives back module, and for when giving back the memory headroom piece, described memory headroom piece is set to the next one of last the memory headroom piece in described contiguous memory space.
9. internal storage management system as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that, also comprise memory headroom dilatation module, for when dilatation memory headroom piece, but the pointed of current storage allocation space management piece is newly increased to first in the memory headroom piece, and will newly increase the memory headroom piece and be linked in sequence.
10. internal storage management system as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that, also comprise the memory headroom release module, for at whole pieces in described contiguous memory space during all in idle condition, the pointer by will point to whole pieces is from described memory headroom manager list and applied for the memory headroom list that deletion is to discharge described contiguous memory space.
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| CN103631930A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-03-12 | 北京京东尚科信息技术有限公司 | Statistical method and statistical system for search engine space occupation |
| CN103678172A (en) * | 2013-12-25 | 2014-03-26 | Tcl集团股份有限公司 | Local data cache management method and device |
| CN103678172B (en) * | 2013-12-25 | 2017-05-03 | Tcl集团股份有限公司 | Local data cache management method and device |
| CN103942150A (en) * | 2014-04-01 | 2014-07-23 | 上海网达软件股份有限公司 | Memory management method for real-time streaming media transmission system |
| CN104268093A (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2015-01-07 | 可牛网络技术（北京）有限公司 | Memory allocation method and device |
| CN105808219A (en) * | 2014-12-29 | 2016-07-27 | 中国移动通信集团公司 | Memory space allocation method and apparatus |
| CN105808219B (en) * | 2014-12-29 | 2019-06-25 | 中国移动通信集团公司 | A kind of memory headroom distribution method and device |
| CN110209489A (en) * | 2018-02-28 | 2019-09-06 | 贵州白山云科技股份有限公司 | A kind of EMS memory management process and device suitable for memory page structure |
| CN110209595A (en) * | 2018-02-28 | 2019-09-06 | 贵州白山云科技股份有限公司 | A kind of method and device for managing internal memory page |
| CN110209489B (en) * | 2018-02-28 | 2020-07-31 | 贵州白山云科技股份有限公司 | Memory management method and device suitable for memory page structure |
| WO2022120522A1 (en) * | 2020-12-07 | 2022-06-16 | 深圳市大疆创新科技有限公司 | Memory space allocation method and device, and storage medium |
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