CN103279567A - Web data collection method and system both based on AJAX (asynchronous javascript and extensible markup language) - Google Patents
Web data collection method and system both based on AJAX (asynchronous javascript and extensible markup language) Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103279567A CN103279567A CN2013102412726A CN201310241272A CN103279567A CN 103279567 A CN103279567 A CN 103279567A CN 2013102412726 A CN2013102412726 A CN 2013102412726A CN 201310241272 A CN201310241272 A CN 201310241272A CN 103279567 A CN103279567 A CN 103279567A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- html
- node tree
- module
- ajax
- data acquisition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Images
Landscapes
- Information Transfer Between Computers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a web data collection system both based on AJAX (asynchronous javascript and extensible markup language), and relates to an internet data collection technology. Through a JS probe code deployed on a target website, a page clicking event is monitored; an HTML (hypertext markup language) resolver maps label elements in a whole document (HTML) into a node tree formed by hierarchic nodes; after the node tree is generated, a filter is needed to further filter out redundant labels in the HTML node tree; unnecessary content in the HTML node tree is filtered out, and a final collected result includes irrelevant information as few as possible; a collector traverses labels in the HTML node tree, and text content corresponding to the labels in the HTML node tree is collected at the front end of a web; finally, the collected data is packaged by the aid of an AJAX technology, and asynchronous transmission between the collected data and a database is performed. By the web data collection system, message posted by users and comments can be collected timely and accurately, and web data collection is realized efficiently.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to relate to the internet data acquisition technique, specifically be based on AJAX Technology in Web collecting method and system.
Background technology
Along with the develop rapidly of Internet technology, the webpage on the internet and website quantity is with volatile trend growth, thereby makes the internet become huge, a widely distributed data source.The Web data acquisition is widely used in search engine retrieving, content safety detection, user interest excavation, and customized information obtains etc. in the middle of multiple service and the research, therefore, how to obtain effectively and integrated Web data, for further data analysis and excavation provide support, have important application and realistic meaning.
In recent years, Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) has become the hot technology of paying close attention in the Web exploitation, and various Ajax frameworks have developed rapidly.At present, all main browser platform are all supported Ajax, and Ajax has become the main flow development technique that Web uses.In this acquisition system, utilize AJAX need not refresh the characteristics that whole webpage can carry out communication with server, realize the asynchronous transmission of data between Web front end and the background server.
The method that is used for the Web data acquisition at present mainly contains three kinds:
Method one: web crawlers, according to certain rule, from the URL of one or several Initial pages, obtain the URL on the Initial page, in the process that grasps webpage, constantly extract new URL from current page and put into formation, up to satisfying certain condition, system stops to gather webpage.Web crawlers can comprehensively be gathered internet data, but data collection cycle is long, and the data of gathering are not accurate, image data comprises " noise " contents such as navigation bar, advertising message, copyright information and questionnaire mostly, need carry out a series of processing such as webpage denoising to gathering the web page files of returning.
Method two: mirror port, the packet of one or several port of switch is copied to the port of an appointment, connect mirror port by analyser and accept data.Because on multiport traffic mirroring to a port with switch, can cause buffer memory overload and packet loss phenomenon, and the data mirror port can filter out irregular packet mostly.
Method three: shunt TAP, shunt TAP is inserted in the 10/100/1000M network link of half/full duplex, can make the total data information reproduction of this link to analyser.Shunt can guarantee catching of data 100% and not have packet loss, still needs extra cost to buy shunt TAP, and once can only check a link.
Summary of the invention
At above deficiency of the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of image data is accurate, data security is transmitted Web collecting method and system based on AJAX.For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of Web data acquisition system (DAS) based on AJAX is characterized in that: comprise client monitoring module, data acquisition module, data transmission module and centre data library module;
Described client monitoring module is arranged between client and the data acquisition module to be monitored the client click event;
Described data acquisition module comprises html parser, filtrator and collector; Wherein, described html parser is mapped as the HTML node tree of being made up of the level node to the tag element in the html document information of client user's submission; Described filtrator filters to prune to the redundant label in the HTML node tree according to filtering rule and obtains pruning the HTML node tree; Described collector is gathered the content of text of pruning label correspondence in the HTML node tree;
Described data transmission module encapsulates and deposits in the centre data library module with the content of text of the collector collection of described data acquisition module;
Described centre data library module is used for the content of text that the store data transport module sends.
Further, described client is monitored module by implant the click event that the JS probe identification code is realized monitor client in the targeted website.
Further, described html document comprises tag element, attribute and text.
Further, described redundant label comprises＜style 〉,＜script 〉.
Further, the collector of described data acquisition module adopts the getElementsByTagName method, and the text data of label correspondence in the HTML node tree is gathered.
A kind of Web collecting method based on AJAX is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, at targeted website deploy JS probe identification code, monitor page click event;
HMTL node tree after step 5, traversal are pruned, the content of text of tag element correspondence in the acquisition node tree;
Step 6, carry out asynchronous transmission with image data encapsulation and with server.
Advantage of the present invention and beneficial effect are as follows:
The invention provides a kind of method and system of carrying out data acquisition at the Web front end, utilize system provided by the invention, can gather the user fast and accurately and post in websites such as forum, blogs and comment on multidate informations such as content, realize the Web data acquisition efficiently.Adopt the system and method among the present invention, the data of collection are accurate, the transmission data security.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of Web data acquisition system (DAS) structured flowcharts based on AJAX of the preferred embodiments of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a kind of Web data acquisition flow figure based on AJAX;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of HTML node tree;
Fig. 4 is the data transmission synoptic diagram;
The format chart of database centered by Fig. 5.
Embodiment
The invention will be further elaborated to provide the embodiment of an indefiniteness below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Be illustrated in figure 1 as based on AJAX Technology in Web data acquisition system (DAS) architectural schematic, this system is mainly by forming with lower module: client is monitored module, data acquisition module, data transmission module, centre data library module.
Client is monitored module, the interface of user and system interaction, and major function is to monitor client onclick event.By implant JS probe identification code, the click event of monitor client in the targeted website.Each user and each target are gathered unique identifier uid of website distribution and web_id, and a user can apply for a plurality of web_uid, is used for disposing different websites.The probe identification code form is as follows:＜scriptsrc=" http: // 118.123.206.8/stat.php uid=4521753﹠amp; Web_id=4521753 " language=" JavaScript "〉＜/script 〉
Data acquisition module is finished data acquisition function jointly by html parser, filtrator, collector three parts.Client is monitored the click behavior that module listens to the user, and the trigger data acquisition module is carried out data acquisition.Entire document (HTML) is regarded as by tag element, attribute and text and is constituted, html parser is mapped as a node tree of being made up of the level node with the tag element in the document, node is the tag element of representing HTML, as "＜table〉", "＜tr〉", "＜div〉", "＜textarea〉" etc.
Utilize the regular expression among the Javascript to realize structure HTML node tree, its false code is as follows:
While (read data and do not arrive end-of-file)
Obtain the label in the html document
If (obtaining the label success) { returning bookmark name and tag types }
If (obtaining the label success)
If (label is the beginning label)
If (root node is empty)
Create root node according to tag name
Current node points to root node
continue?}
else{
If (label belongs to the label that does not have end-tag)
Create new node according to tag name, and be this node assignment,
Current node points to the father node of current node }
else{
Create new node according to obtaining label, current node points to new node
}}}
else{
If (node name of current node is not equal to the end-tag name)
Current node is to each the ancestors' node between the corresponding node of end-tag,
If this ancestors' node can not get coupling, then its deletion, and adjust the HTML node tree }
Current node points to the corresponding node of this end-tag
If (current node is leafy node)
The current node assignment is the content between this end-tag and the beginning label
}}}}
The HTML node tree that generates as shown in Figure 3.
Filtrator, generated the HTML node tree after, the content that further filter the HTML node tree.＜style 〉,＜script etc. the content of label be nonsensical, filtrator is deleted the redundant tag element node in the HTML node tree by calling the filtering rule configuration file.The filtering rule configuration file comprises the redundant tag element that filters out.If this URL gathers for the first time, then with the HTML node tree that generates, URL and the acquisition time of gathering webpage are kept in the database.Unnecessary tag element by in the filtrator filtration HTML node tree can make last collection result comprise the least possible irrelevant information.
The collector major function is traversal HTML node tree, obtains the tag element in the webpage, utilizes getElementsByTagName method among the Javascript to obtain the textual value of tag element correspondence.
Data transmission synoptic diagram as shown in Figure 4, data transmission module encapsulates image data according to the XML form, and utilizes the XMLHTTP object in the AJAX technology to realize carrying out the batch data transmission between client and the server.XMLHTTP is the HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) that transmits the XML formatted data, and it is based on the HTTP protocol, the data of being transmitted with the XML formal definition.：
The centre data library module has Uid, Web_id in the client-side information form, the Uid field is major key, is used for the user is carried out unique differentiation, and the Web_id field is the website numbering, is used for that each is gathered the website and carries out unique differentiation.Can comprise a plurality of Web_id under the Customs Assigned Number Uid.Data are preserved in the form mission number, URL, client ip, acquisition time, collection content.The mission number field is major key, be used for task is carried out unique differentiation, the client ip field represents to carry out the client ip address of this task, the web webpage URL address of url field for visiting, the acquisition time field is for carrying out the time of image data, and just the set content field is used for preserving image data.Be illustrated in figure 5 as the form accompanying drawing of central database.
Figure 2 shows that a kind of Web collecting method process flow diagram based on AJAX, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, at targeted website deploy JS probe identification code, monitor page click event;
HMTL node tree after step 5, traversal are pruned, the content of text of tag element correspondence in the acquisition node tree;
Step 6, carry out asynchronous transmission with image data encapsulation and with server.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
1, carry out data acquisition at the Web front end, it is that the triggering collection module is gathered that the user submits information to, and the promptness of data acquisition obtains definitely;
2, distributed way is convenient to portal management, and the data of collection are also more comprehensive;
3, based on the html tag extracted data, the accuracy rate of data acquisition is higher;
4, system adopts AJAX technology and server to carry out asynchronous communication, have exchanges data do not have refresh, webpage flicker free, data transmission efficiency height.
More than these embodiment only be interpreted as being used for explanation the present invention and being not used in restriction protection scope of the present invention.After the content of having read record of the present invention, the technician can make various changes or modifications the present invention, and these equivalences change and modify and fall into claim of the present invention institute restricted portion equally.
Claims (6)
1. the Web data acquisition system (DAS) based on AJAX is characterized in that: comprise client monitoring module (1), data acquisition module (2), data transmission module (3) and centre data library module (4);
Described client monitoring module (1) is arranged between client and the data acquisition module (2) to be monitored the client click event;
Described data acquisition module (2) comprises html parser (5), filtrator (6) and collector (7); Wherein, described html parser (5) is mapped as the HTML node tree of being made up of the level node to the tag element in the html document information of client user's submission; Described filtrator (6) filters to prune to the redundant label in the HTML node tree according to filtering rule and obtains pruning the HTML node tree; Described collector (7) is gathered the content of text of pruning label correspondence in the HTML node tree;
The content of text that described data transmission module (3) is gathered the collector (7) of described data acquisition module (2) encapsulates and deposits in centre data library module (4);
Described centre data library module (4) is used for the content of text that store data transport module (3) sends.
2. the Web data acquisition system (DAS) based on AJAX according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described client is monitored module (1) by implant the click event that the JS probe identification code is realized monitor client in the targeted website.
3. the Web data acquisition system (DAS) based on AJAX according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described html document comprises tag element, attribute and text.
4. the Web data acquisition system (DAS) based on AJAX according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described redundant label comprises＜style 〉,＜script 〉.
5. the Web data acquisition system (DAS) based on AJAX according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the collector (7) of described data acquisition module (2) adopts the getElementsByTagName method, and the text data of label correspondence in the HTML node tree is gathered.
6. Web collecting method based on AJAX is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, at targeted website deploy JS probe identification code, monitor page click event;
Step 2, check this page URL whether exist gather historical, as exist gather historical, direct execution in step step 5 then, otherwise execution in step 3;
Step 3, the html tag element of this page is extracted, generating with the html tag element is the HTML node tree of node, stores the html tag element on this page;
Step 4, the HTML node tree is pruned, removing does not need the redundant tag element of gathering, and the pruning HTML node tree that generates of storage;
HMTL node tree after step 5, traversal are pruned, the content of text of tag element correspondence in the acquisition node tree;
Step 6, carry out asynchronous transmission with image data encapsulation and with server.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2013102412726A CN103279567A (en) | 2013-06-18 | 2013-06-18 | Web data collection method and system both based on AJAX (asynchronous javascript and extensible markup language) |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2013102412726A CN103279567A (en) | 2013-06-18 | 2013-06-18 | Web data collection method and system both based on AJAX (asynchronous javascript and extensible markup language) |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103279567A true CN103279567A (en) | 2013-09-04 |
Family
ID=49062085
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2013102412726A Pending CN103279567A (en) | 2013-06-18 | 2013-06-18 | Web data collection method and system both based on AJAX (asynchronous javascript and extensible markup language) |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN103279567A (en) |
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104092761A (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2014-10-08 | 山东超越数控电子有限公司 | Damage prevention method for cloud-model-type WEB server system |
| CN104361022A (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2015-02-18 | 浪潮软件集团有限公司 | Method based on collected data statistics and foreground display |
| CN104598378A (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2015-05-06 | 天津橙子科技有限公司 | Automatic test probe of WEB engineering |
| CN104778226A (en) * | 2015-03-26 | 2015-07-15 | 小米科技有限责任公司 | Webpage content item shielding method and webpage content item shielding device |
| CN105760545A (en) * | 2016-03-17 | 2016-07-13 | 湖南中周至尚信息技术有限公司 | Configuration rule based website data search method |
| CN107092632A (en) * | 2017-02-09 | 2017-08-25 | 北京小度信息科技有限公司 | Data processing method and device |
| CN107153681A (en) * | 2017-04-19 | 2017-09-12 | 畅捷通信息技术股份有限公司 | A kind of user's registration conversion method and system |
| CN107622015A (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2018-01-23 | 北京因特睿软件有限公司 | A kind of dataflow analysis method, device, equipment and medium |
| CN108108440A (en) * | 2017-12-21 | 2018-06-01 | 北京慧数科技有限公司 | The acquisition method of proxy server and internet data |
| CN108959572A (en) * | 2018-07-04 | 2018-12-07 | 北京知道创宇信息技术有限公司 | A kind of network source tracing method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
| CN109800343A (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2019-05-24 | 四川商通实业有限公司 | A kind of method and its system carrying out data acquisition based on PHP custom rule |
| CN110119484A (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2019-08-13 | 湖南星汉数智科技有限公司 | Homepage Publishing decimation in time method, apparatus, computer installation and computer readable storage medium |
| CN111459365A (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2020-07-28 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | Method for managing user-defined consultation help application |
| CN111680200A (en) * | 2020-04-27 | 2020-09-18 | 平安国际智慧城市科技股份有限公司 | Method, device and equipment for collecting user behavior data and storage medium |
| CN111913862A (en) * | 2020-08-05 | 2020-11-10 | 北京控制与电子技术研究所 | User behavior safety monitoring method oriented to application system |
| WO2021062996A1 (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2021-04-08 | 厦门邑通软件科技有限公司 | Method for accurately collecting interactive webpage data |
| CN115510352A (en) * | 2022-11-15 | 2022-12-23 | 中国外运股份有限公司 | User behavior acquisition method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20020143659A1 (en) * | 2001-02-27 | 2002-10-03 | Paula Keezer | Rules-based identification of items represented on web pages |
| CN101290624A (en) * | 2008-06-11 | 2008-10-22 | 华东师范大学 | News web page metadata automatic extraction method |
| CN101582075A (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2009-11-18 | 大连海事大学 | Web information extraction system |
| US7669119B1 (en) * | 2005-07-20 | 2010-02-23 | Alexa Internet | Correlation-based information extraction from markup language documents |
| CN101702160A (en) * | 2009-10-28 | 2010-05-05 | 深圳市同洲电子股份有限公司 | Method for acquiring internet subject information and device thereof |
| CN102880607A (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-16 | 舆情（香港）有限公司 | Dynamic network content grabbing method and dynamic network content crawler system |
-
2013
- 2013-06-18 CN CN2013102412726A patent/CN103279567A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20020143659A1 (en) * | 2001-02-27 | 2002-10-03 | Paula Keezer | Rules-based identification of items represented on web pages |
| US7669119B1 (en) * | 2005-07-20 | 2010-02-23 | Alexa Internet | Correlation-based information extraction from markup language documents |
| CN101290624A (en) * | 2008-06-11 | 2008-10-22 | 华东师范大学 | News web page metadata automatic extraction method |
| CN101582075A (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2009-11-18 | 大连海事大学 | Web information extraction system |
| CN101702160A (en) * | 2009-10-28 | 2010-05-05 | 深圳市同洲电子股份有限公司 | Method for acquiring internet subject information and device thereof |
| CN102880607A (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-16 | 舆情（香港）有限公司 | Dynamic network content grabbing method and dynamic network content crawler system |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 张媚: "AJAX友好的网络爬虫设计与实现", 《中国优秀硕士学士论文全文数据库信息科技辑》, no. 11, 15 November 2011 (2011-11-15), pages 138 - 894 * |
Cited By (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104092761A (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2014-10-08 | 山东超越数控电子有限公司 | Damage prevention method for cloud-model-type WEB server system |
| CN104361022A (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2015-02-18 | 浪潮软件集团有限公司 | Method based on collected data statistics and foreground display |
| CN104598378A (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2015-05-06 | 天津橙子科技有限公司 | Automatic test probe of WEB engineering |
| CN104778226A (en) * | 2015-03-26 | 2015-07-15 | 小米科技有限责任公司 | Webpage content item shielding method and webpage content item shielding device |
| CN105760545A (en) * | 2016-03-17 | 2016-07-13 | 湖南中周至尚信息技术有限公司 | Configuration rule based website data search method |
| CN107092632A (en) * | 2017-02-09 | 2017-08-25 | 北京小度信息科技有限公司 | Data processing method and device |
| CN107153681A (en) * | 2017-04-19 | 2017-09-12 | 畅捷通信息技术股份有限公司 | A kind of user's registration conversion method and system |
| CN107622015A (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2018-01-23 | 北京因特睿软件有限公司 | A kind of dataflow analysis method, device, equipment and medium |
| CN108108440A (en) * | 2017-12-21 | 2018-06-01 | 北京慧数科技有限公司 | The acquisition method of proxy server and internet data |
| CN108959572A (en) * | 2018-07-04 | 2018-12-07 | 北京知道创宇信息技术有限公司 | A kind of network source tracing method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
| CN109800343A (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2019-05-24 | 四川商通实业有限公司 | A kind of method and its system carrying out data acquisition based on PHP custom rule |
| CN109800343B (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2022-11-22 | 四川商通实业有限公司 | PHP self-defined rule based data acquisition method and system |
| CN110119484A (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2019-08-13 | 湖南星汉数智科技有限公司 | Homepage Publishing decimation in time method, apparatus, computer installation and computer readable storage medium |
| WO2021062996A1 (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2021-04-08 | 厦门邑通软件科技有限公司 | Method for accurately collecting interactive webpage data |
| CN111459365A (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2020-07-28 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | Method for managing user-defined consultation help application |
| CN111680200A (en) * | 2020-04-27 | 2020-09-18 | 平安国际智慧城市科技股份有限公司 | Method, device and equipment for collecting user behavior data and storage medium |
| CN111913862A (en) * | 2020-08-05 | 2020-11-10 | 北京控制与电子技术研究所 | User behavior safety monitoring method oriented to application system |
| CN115510352A (en) * | 2022-11-15 | 2022-12-23 | 中国外运股份有限公司 | User behavior acquisition method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103279567A (en) | Web data collection method and system both based on AJAX (asynchronous javascript and extensible markup language) | |
| CN107895009A (en) | One kind is based on distributed internet data acquisition method and system | |
| CN107943838B (en) | Method and system for automatically acquiring xpath generated crawler script | |
| CN102567407B (en) | Method and system for collecting forum reply increment | |
| CN102930059B (en) | Method for designing focused crawler | |
| CN103546326B (en) | Website traffic statistic method | |
| CN103927370B (en) | Network information batch acquisition method of combined text and picture information | |
| CN103023714B (en) | The liveness of topic Network Based and cluster topology analytical system and method | |
| CN106096056A (en) | A kind of based on distributed public sentiment data real-time collecting method and system | |
| CN103678511B (en) | The method and device of webpage content extraction is carried out according to visual template | |
| CN105243159A (en) | Visual script editor-based distributed web crawler system | |
| CN105490854A (en) | Real-time log collection method and system, and application server cluster | |
| CN103605738A (en) | Webpage access data statistical method and webpage access data statistical device | |
| CN101561802A (en) | Web page structural data extraction method and system | |
| CN103136358B (en) | A kind of method of Automatic Extraction forum data | |
| CN106484828A (en) | A kind of distributed interconnection data Fast Acquisition System and acquisition method | |
| CN102970348B (en) | Network application method for pushing, system and network application server | |
| CN104869009A (en) | Website data statistics system and method | |
| CN103530429B (en) | Webpage content extracting method | |
| CN104391978B (en) | Web page storage processing method and processing device for browser | |
| CN104182482B (en) | A kind of news list page determination methods and the method for screening news list page | |
| CN104933168B (en) | A kind of web page contents automatic acquiring method | |
| CN101441629A (en) | Automatic acquiring method of non-structured web page information | |
| CN110222251A (en) | A kind of Service encapsulating method based on Web-page segmentation and searching algorithm | |
| CN103246675B (en) | A kind of method and apparatus for being used to capture website data |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20130904 |
|
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |