CN103035354B - A kind of naked superconducting magnet - Google Patents
A kind of naked superconducting magnet Download PDFInfo
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- CN103035354B CN103035354B CN201210569277.7A CN201210569277A CN103035354B CN 103035354 B CN103035354 B CN 103035354B CN 201210569277 A CN201210569277 A CN 201210569277A CN 103035354 B CN103035354 B CN 103035354B
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Abstract
The invention belongs to superconductor technology field, be specifically related to a kind of naked superconducting magnet.The naked superconducting magnet of the present invention, including coil rack and the superconducting line being wound on coil rack, described superconducting line surface naked layer or the insulating barrier of parcel are incomplete, be filled with the mixture of conductive material, Heat Conduction Material, curing materials and wet material at superconducting line turn-to-turn, turn-to-turn resistance is between 0.1 ohm 100 kilohms；Wherein each several part material by volume percentage ratio is: conductive material 0.01 99.9%, Heat Conduction Material 0 99.99%, curing materials 0 99%, 0 5% wet material.The naked superconducting magnet of the present invention is filled with conductive compositions between each circle superconducting coil, makes the resistance that turn-to-turn maintenance is higher, had both played the charging excitation of turn-to-turn naked feature, the most beneficially superconducting magnet and quenched protection.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to superconductor technology field, be specifically related to a kind of naked superconducting magnet.
Background technology
Superconducting magnet is one of main aspect of superconductor technology application, according to the difference of working forms, can be divided into cryogenic magnet and high-temperature superconducting magnet.Cryogenic magnet typically refers to be operated under liquid helium temperature the superconducting magnet of (4.2K), and high-temperature superconducting magnet is then usually operated at more than liquid helium temperature, and general work temperature is 10-100K.Superconducting magnet usually uses NbTi, Nb3Sn, Bi system, MgB2, the superconducting line such as YBCO or band coiling, superconducting line, band appearance wherein used in overwhelming majority superconducting magnet will wrap up insulant, it is typically the material such as Kapton tape and insullac, the superconducting magnet completed with the superconducting line coiling being enclosed with insulating barrier, typically also to be filled up in the space within superconducting magnet through the filling technique such as waxdip or epoxy resin dipping, packing material to have the characteristics such as low temperature resistant, heat conduction is good.Insulation and the main purpose filled are to make superconducting magnet turn-to-turn good insulation.The magnetic field, in general of superconducting magnet is 0.5T-20T, and the another object being filled with magnet is to ensure that the superconducting line within superconducting magnet is fixed firmly, it is to avoid be subjected to displacement under powerful magnetic field force effect, reduces the risk that superconductor quenches.
During general cryogenic magnet work in liquid helium to be immersed in.Can be immersed in liquid nitrogen during high-temperature superconducting magnet work, it is also possible to be immersed in liquid helium.In the conduction cooling liquid bigger owing to being immersed in liquid helium, these colds of liquid nitrogen, superconducting magnet temperature the most all can be cooled to the boiling temperature of cryogenic liquid.In superconducting magnet, slightly temperature raises, and will evaporate a large amount of cryogenic liquid and heat is taken away to keep temperature constant.Along with the development of cryogenic technique, in recent years occur that operating temperature reaches the Cryo Refrigerator of 4.2K or 20K.Superconducting magnet being connected with refrigeration machine with conduction cooling material, superconducting magnet drops to operating temperature, this working method is referred to as conduction cooling.Either cryogenic magnet or high-temperature superconducting magnet, owing to the capacity of heat transmission is limited, the conduction type of cooling shortcoming that is difficult to overcome is non-uniform temperature everywhere in superconducting magnet.Because heat conduction is bad, when the disturbance of heat, electricity, magnetic occurs in superconducting magnet inside, easily causing local temperature too high, the risk also ratio quenching propagation is more serious.
The diameter of general superconducting line is in 1 millimeter, the thickness of superconducting tape is typically in 0.5 millimeter, width 5 millimeter, stranded superconductive filament is generally had inside superconducting line and band, number of filaments several to several ten thousand, superconduction filament (superconduction filament outside occasional parcel barrier layer metal) is embedded in the metallic matrix that the heat conduction such as the copper as temperature stabilization body or silver is good.Under stable working condition, superconducting magnet internal current only flows in as the superconduction filament of superconductor, the copper, silver equitemperature liptinite of parcel superconductor do not flow, under operating current stablizes permanence condition, outside superconducting line, band, the insulant of parcel is entirely without effect, only magnetize at magnet, when demagnetizing, insulant just plays a role.Additionally when superconducting magnet breaks down, need superconducting magnet is taked protective measure, insulant can about beam electronic current, superconducting magnet is had a negative impact.
2011, external new development goes out a kind of naked superconducting magnet technology, i.e. when coiling superconducting magnet, insulant is not used between superconducting line, band, or directly use the conductive metal band such as stainless steel band or Hastelloy band (Hastelloy) as the interval insulant between superconducting line, band, it is conduction, shorted contacts between every circle superconducting line within winding, band, turn-to-turn contact resistance is typically smaller than 0.01 ohm, and this causes than more serious difficulty for superconducting magnet excitation of charging.For naked superconducting magnet in superconducting magnet work process, once superconductor occurs local to quench, and superconducting line, carries and occurs in certain section that resistance, electric current can be divided on adjacent superconducting line, advantageous for superconducting magnet protection ratio.The superconducting line, the band that quench will not be by big operating current continuous heatings; can avoid damaging superconducting magnet; and existing parcel insulant; once occur in the magnet of turn-to-turn insulation quenching; then need protection circuit to work at once; in several seconds of zero point or several seconds time, superconducting magnet electric current being dropped to harmless level, therefore naked superconducting magnet technology can be greatly lowered the risk damaging superconducting magnet.So-called naked, the most completely conductive contact in current this up-to-date naked technology.Coil turn-to-turn resistance is minimum, is unfavorable for that magnet charges normal excitation.
Compared with the filling technique such as traditional waxdip or epoxy resin dipping, the heat conductivility using the superconducting magnet of naked technology is more preferable, beneficially superconducting magnet internal temperature equilibrium, it is to avoid occur inside magnet that superconducting magnet work is endangered in the too high region of local temperature.Refrigeration machine conduction cooling magnet for receiving much concern at present has prior meaning.According to current current paper, abroad the research to naked superconducting magnet technology is at the early-stage, is also limited to transit directly to turn-to-turn resistance from high-insulation and only has the simple naked state of a few milliohm.
The at present external naked superconducting magnet developed, between superconducting line or band, direct contact is not done and is insulated, or simple uses metal to do interval insulant, its advantage be heat conductivility very well, shortcoming is that electric conductivity is too strong, turn-to-turn resistance almost without.So it is completely free of the iris action of original insulating barrier, extremely it is unfavorable for the charging excitation of superconducting magnet, for magnet inside close to the extremely low resistance of micro-ohm, inductance is the large-scale naked superconducting magnet of Henry magnitude, charging excitation time needs more than tens days, is unacceptable in actual application.
Summary of the invention
The deficiency existed for prior art, the present invention provides a kind of naked superconducting magnet, purpose is while strengthening the internal capacity of heat transmission of superconducting magnet, controlling emphatically the turn-to-turn resistance within superconducting magnet will not be too small, obtain thermal conductivity and temperature stability is high, and the naked superconducting magnet that turn-to-turn resistance ratio is higher.
The naked superconducting magnet of the present invention, including coil rack and the superconducting line being wound on coil rack, described superconducting line surface naked layer or the insulating barrier of parcel are incomplete, being filled with conductive material, Heat Conduction Material, curing materials and wet material at superconducting line turn-to-turn, turn-to-turn resistance is between 0.1 ohm-100 kilohms；Wherein each several part material by volume percentage ratio is: conductive material 0.01-100%, Heat Conduction Material 0-99.99%, curing materials 0-99%, 0-5% wet material.
Described Heat Conduction Material is aluminium nitride, boron nitride, aluminium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum chloride, carborundum or aluminium carbide；Silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, arsenic, boron or carbon, or the compound that above-mentioned quasiconductor chemical combination is formed；Stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium, hydrargyrum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel or copper, and alloy, oxide, sulfide, nitride, fluoride, chloride, carbide.
Wherein said conductive material is stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium or hydrargyrum, or the alloy that above-mentioned metal compound is formed；Or carbon, silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium or arsenic, or the compound that above-mentioned quasiconductor chemical combination is formed；Or the compound of above-mentioned alloy and above-mentioned quasiconductor.
Described curing materials is Lac, paint, wax, epoxy resin, Colophonium, oil, water, glass dust, glass fibre or asbestos.
Described wet material is Indium sesquioxide., stannum oxide, stannic chloride, Palladous chloride., boric acid or sodium stearate.
The invention have the characteristics that there is the structure being different from any conventional magnet, give full play to superconductor conduction, the feature of transmission electric current, eliminate coil turn-to-turn high-insulation or the contact form conducted electricity completely, replace with Ohmic contact.This has given full play to the feature of superconductor technology, is that conventional magnet structure is greatly improved.
The naked superconducting magnet of the present invention is to add conductive material at superconducting magnet turn-to-turn, keep turn-to-turn uniform low resistance naked state, by adjusting the proportion shared by conductive material, make turn-to-turn resistance far above the contact resistance between conductor, be beneficial to reduce magnet charging excitation difficulty；The most a large amount of highly heat-conductive materials used contribute to the homogeneous temperature of magnet, improve temperature stability, and the usage amount increasing material contributes to increasing overall thermal capacity, improves magnet low-temperature stability；Increase solidification, wet material are favorably improved the microcosmic binding ability of conductive material and Heat Conduction Material, increase the overall capacity of heat transmission of magnet and mechanical property.
The naked superconducting magnet of the present invention, compared with traditional superconducting magnet, does not use insulating barrier in superconducting line appearance or uses incomplete insulating barrier, improves the integrated electronic performance of superconducting magnet.By filling the Heat Conduction Material that under low temperature, heat conductivility is excellent between each circle superconducting coil; improve the comprehensive capacity of heat transmission and the thermal capacitance of superconducting magnet; reach to improve the purpose of magnet cryogenic temperature stability; the naked superconducting magnet of the present invention is filled with conductive compositions between each circle superconducting coil; make the resistance that turn-to-turn maintenance is higher; both played the charging excitation of turn-to-turn naked feature, the most beneficially superconducting magnet and quenched protection.
The concrete advantage of the naked superconducting magnet of the present invention includes the following aspects:
(1) certain turn-to-turn resistance is kept, high temperature rise, high-temperature gradient and the danger of thermal stress damage when reducing magnet quenching；
(2) the turn-to-turn resistance that holding is higher, the superconducting magnet quick charge excitation that beneficially inductance is bigger；
(3) improve the internal capacity of heat transmission of superconducting magnet, improve temperature stability；
(4) improve the overall thermal capacitance of superconducting magnet, make the resistance to ability being heated with electromagnetic distu of superconducting magnet improve；
(5) technology maturation is easily fabricated.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is typical case's superconducting magnet winding structure schematic diagram of the prior art；
Fig. 2 is the partial enlarged drawing of part A in Fig. 1；
Fig. 3 is the structural representation after typical case's superconducting magnet of the prior art fills solidification；
Fig. 4 is the partial enlarged drawing of part B in Fig. 3；
Fig. 5 be the present invention be the naked superconducting magnet microstructure schematic diagram of embodiment 1-3；
Fig. 6 is the naked superconducting magnet structure schematic diagram in the embodiment of the present invention 4；
Fig. 7 is the schematic equivalent circuit that the naked superconducting magnet microstructure of the present invention is corresponding；
Fig. 8 is the equivalent circuit structure schematic diagram of the superconducting magnet of the present invention；
Fig. 9 is the equivalent circuit diagram of the superconducting magnet of the present invention；
Figure 10 is the equivalent circuit data of the superconducting magnet of the present invention: all-in resistance is with coil number of plies change trend curve；
In figure: 1: coil rack；2: superconducting line；3: insulating barrier；4: superconduction filament；5: metal temperature liptinite；6: heat conduction curing materials；7: Heat Conduction Material；8: curing materials；9: conductive material；10: imperfect insulating barrier；11: the total equivalent resistance of coil；12: total number of plies is the coil all-in resistance data point of odd number；13: total number of plies is the coil all-in resistance data point of even number.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with Figure of description and embodiment, technical scheme is described further.
Superconducting magnet structure of the prior art is as Figure 1-Figure 4, also coil rack (1) and superconducting line (2) are included, wherein superconducting line (2) is made up of superconduction filament (4) and metal temperature liptinite (5), and outside superconducting line, it is coated with complete insulating barrier (3), to reach the purpose of coil turn-to-turn insulation, for fixing superconducting line, at coil turn-to-turn epoxy curing agent to be filled, in firming agent, the powder particle of usual mixed aluminium oxides or aluminium nitride etc good heat conductivity is to increase the heat conductivility of curing materials, heat conduction curing materials (6) as shown in Figure 4.
nullThe naked superconducting magnet of the present invention includes coil rack (1) and superconducting line (2) equally，Wherein superconducting line (2) is made up of superconduction filament (4) and metal temperature liptinite (5)，What difference was the outside cladding of superconducting line is incomplete insulating barrier (10) is as shown in Figure 6，Or naked layer，As shown in Figure 5，Turn-to-turn at superconducting line (2) is filled with Heat Conduction Material (7)、Conductive material (9)、The mixture of curing materials (8)，Coil is filled and is generally required in solidification process and uses the wet material improving powder with superconducting line surface activity，So that the cavity in minimizing solidification process，Improve uniformity and the solidification quality of curing component，As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6，Its structure is outer surface parcel sheet metal conductive material (9) of Heat Conduction Material (7) granule in aluminium oxide one class，Nonconducting insulated particle originally is made to become the granule of conduction，Substantial amounts of conductive particle is mixed in conduction or the nonconducting curing materials of epoxy resin (8)，Make materials conductive ability wide variation，The electric conductivity and the consumption that change conductive particle just can adjust turn-to-turn resistance the most easily，The various ways naked magnet structure including imperfect insulation can be formed，The turn-to-turn of superconducting coil is nonisulated contact，Turn-to-turn resistance can be on purpose changed by the percent by volume adjusting each composition material，Make up to 0.1 ohm-100 kilohms.
Calculate excursion by volume: Heat Conduction Material 0.01-99.99%, conductive material 0.01-99.9%, curing materials 0-99%, 0-5% wet material.
nullThe internal turn-to-turn structure of the superconducting line of the naked superconducting magnet of the present invention can be decomposed into circuit structure as shown in Figure 7，Each circle superconducting line can be stated with a small inductor，Resistance between every circle is exactly the turn-to-turn resistance in naked technology，Circuit structure within superconducting coil can use the inductance shown in Fig. 8、Resistor network describes，The circuit parameter of complex network is difficult to calculate，The coil winding number of plies、Total number of plies is odd number、Total number of plies is that the factors such as even number all can significantly affect overall resistance，The integrated circuit characteristic of naked magnet coil is described according to the circuit shown in Fig. 9，It is to there is the resistance less with the resistance of magnet inductance in parallel with the conventional significantly different part of superconducting magnet，Utilize the resistor network shown in Fig. 8 can obtain the all-in resistance with naked magnet coil inductance in parallel with coil winding number of plies Changing Pattern，As shown in Figure 10，Calculated relationship clearly is there is between coil turn-to-turn resistance and the all-in resistance in parallel of coil.
The coil rack face shaping of the present invention not only includes the cylindrical shape shown in accompanying drawing, also include the various existing coil rack shape such as the shape of a saddle and racetrack, the winding mode of superconducting magnet not only includes the spiral form shown in accompanying drawing, also includes the multiple winding mode such as existing pair of cheese formula, single cheese formula, racetrack, saddle-shape.
The manufacture process of naked superconducting magnet of the present invention is similar with traditional method, specifically described below.
Embodiment 1
Coiling superconducting line on coil rack, micron or nano-alumina powder end through surface active is spread to coil turn-to-turn with the form of dry powder or moistening powder simultaneously, in the vacuum chamber of 1-100Pa, the superconducting coil that superconducting line coiling completes is immersed in the metallic tin liquid of 150-300 DEG C, then vacuum is removed, rely on atmospheric pressure, or apply the pressure of 0.1-10MPa simultaneously, metallic tin liquid is made to be immersed in superconducting coil turn-to-turn, structure naked superconducting magnet as shown in Figure 5 is i.e. obtained after metal cools, by volume percentage ratio, superconducting magnet is filled with the alumina type Heat Conduction Material of 1%-99%, filling has 0.1%-99%'s to have solidification concurrently, the metallic tin class material of electric action, simple inorganic solidified material usage is 0%.
The described micron through surface active or nano-alumina powder end refer to use before use of the prior art either physically or chemically to alumina powder particle surface coated metal, or directly use stannic chloride or the surface of palladium chloride solution wetting powder granule, or use sodium stearate or boric acid to make the composition good wet such as alumina powder particle surface and the metal as conductive material；Described micron or nano-alumina powder end are the finest and closely woven, by regulation superconducting magnet internal oxidation aluminium powder volume ratio, reduce the internal slight void amount of magnet, so that the volume of the metallic tin within immersion magnet reaches 2%-10%, turn-to-turn average resistivity so can be made to reach tens times of simple metal stannum resistivity, making direct contact resistance between turn-to-turn resistance ratio metal improve more than ten times, for big coil diameter, the magnet of little circle gap ratio, turn-to-turn resistance can reach 0.1 ohm；For little coil diameter, big turn-to-turn away from magnet, turn-to-turn resistance can reach more than 1 ohm.
Can also directly select metallic lead, zinc, or the alloy replacement simple metal stannum that metallic tin, lead, zinc etc. are made with aluminum, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium or hydrargyrum, it is filled into superconducting line turn-to-turn as conductive material, different turn-to-turn resistance can also be formed, the constantan wherein using high resistivity is filled with, turn-to-turn resistance can be made to improve further, reach 1 ohm to 10 ohm.
Wherein when increasing lead in metallic tin and reducing cost, vacuum must be improved and fill operating temperature when soaking metal, the consumption increasing the metals such as aluminum, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel in immersing alloy can significantly alter the resistivity filling leaching metal, and relatively pure metallic tin is greatly improved turn-to-turn resistance；Gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium or the consumption of hydrargyrum is increased, it is possible to reduce operating temperature during magnet immersion alloy in immersing alloy；Use containing different proportion lead, stannum, bismuth, cadmium, the Wood's metal type low-melting-point metal of indium, it is possible to operating temperature when making magnet immerse alloy drops to 47 DEG C-200 DEG C.
The heat conduction under palpus enhancing magnet cryogenic conditions, heat storage performance while meeting conductive characteristic, the inorganic material that the multiple low temperature heat conduction such as aluminium nitride, beryllium oxide, boron nitride, carborundum, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide are good can also be used to replace aluminium oxide to play similar heat-conducting effect, zinc oxide, aluminum chloride or aluminium carbide, or silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, arsenic, boron, carbon quasiconductor and compound thereof；Or the oxide of stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium, hydrargyrum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, copper, sulfide, nitride, fluoride, chloride and carbide can serve as substituting the Heat Conduction Material of aluminium oxide, although the low temperature thermal conduction characteristic of these materials is not as the material such as aluminium oxide, aluminium nitride, beryllium oxide, boron nitride, carborundum, but still can be as heat conduction, materials'use that accumulation of heat comprehensive comparison is good under the temperature conditions that more than 100K is the highest.
Owing to the granularity of alumina-based powder is the least, in the case of consumption is smaller, can also be mixed in liquid metals conductive material, disposably fill in magnet by vacuum or pressure application, to simplify magnet manufacture process, use this filling mode, the volume ratio that in final magnet, conducting metal accounts for is bigger, the proportion that non-conductive Heat Conduction Material accounts for is on the low side, it is not easily formed higher turn-to-turn resistance, being applicable to the magnet that turn-to-turn resistance is relatively low, the volume ratio that wherein Heat Conduction Material accounts for can reduce to 1%-30%, and the volume ratio that conductive material accounts for can reach 70%-99%.
Metal can be used in a large number outside magnet, the high heat capacity such as alloy or alchlor, the Heat Conduction Material of thermal conductance is to increase magnet overall thermal capacity, contribute to increasing low-temperature stability, use beryllium oxide in a large number, aluminium nitride, boron nitride, carborundum, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, the aluminium oxide in above-mentioned magnet replaced by the material such as aluminum chloride or aluminium carbide, optimal Low-temperature Heat Capacities and heat conductivility can be adjusted, to adapt to corresponding superconduction operating temperature, for improving magnet heat conduction and dynamic performance of ice storage, Heat Conduction Material is used in a large number in magnet superconducting line periphery, the Heat Conduction Material volume ratio that magnet can be made totally to use is up to 99%.
Embodiment 2
First the moistening in stannic chloride liquid by micron or nanoscale aluminium nitride powder, air-dry, make the powder with surface activity, use electrochemical method by argent conductive layer the thinnest for powder particle surface parcel, form the conductive fine powder with conductive capability, the volume ratio consumption of conductive fine powder is at 1%-50%, owing to conductive metallic material is adhered merely to aluminium nitride powder particle exterior surface a thin layer, the relative volume proportion of the biggest surface metal of aluminium nitride powder granule is the least, conductive material volume ratio in final coil turn-to-turn packing material is at 0.1%-1%, remaining is epoxy resin curing materials, volume ratio accounts for 50%-99%.
On coil rack while winding superconducting coil, conductive fine powder is applied between superconducting coil, magnet coiling completed puts into Dewar vessel, control vacuum 1 Pa-100Pa, remove the air of magnet turn-to-turn, superconducting coil is immersed in epoxy resin liquid, then vacuum is removed, rely on atmospheric pressure, or apply the air pressure of 0.1-10MPa pressure simultaneously, epoxy resin liquid is made to penetrate into whole turn-to-turn spaces, it is cooled to room temperature, structure naked superconducting magnet as shown in Figure 5 is i.e. obtained after epoxy resin cure, because there being the aluminium nitride powder granule that exhibiting high surface conducts electricity, epoxy resin after solidification has obvious electric conductivity, bigger turn-to-turn resistance can be formed, adjust consumption and the bulk specific gravity of conductive nitride aluminium powder particle, turn-to-turn resistance is between 1 ohm-100 kilohms.
Copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, Indium sesquioxide. can also be selected as conductive material, substitute silver parcel aluminium nitride powder granule, reduce the cost of raw material；Aluminium oxide can be selected, beryllium oxide, boron nitride, carborundum, silicon oxide, the inorganic material that magnesium oxide class low temperature heat conduction is good replaces aluminium nitride, play same heat-conducting effect, or selection zinc oxide, aluminum chloride or aluminium carbide, silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, arsenic, boron, carbon quasiconductor and compound thereof, stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium, hydrargyrum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, the oxide of copper, sulfide, nitride, fluoride, the Heat Conduction Material of chloride and carbide aluminium nitride as an alternative.Metal dust or the semiconductor powder with electric conductivity can be provided simultaneously with conduction and heat conductivility without coated metal.
Carbon dust or stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, the metal or alloy powder of indium it is directly mixed with in liquid-state epoxy resin；Or other conductive powders such as silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, arsenic quasiconductor or its compound, equally reach to allow the epoxy resin after solidification have the purpose of electric conductivity.
Lac, paint, wax, Colophonium, oil, water class can also be selected to condense into the material substitution epoxy resin of harder solid at low temperatures.
For this kind of magnet superconducting magnet, in the case of the requirement of the less stress intensity in magnetic field is relatively low, can lack with even without curing materials, in the case of without curing materials, the volume ratio consumption of aluminium nitride class powder particle can reach 99.99%, the volume ratio of aluminium nitride class powder particle coating metal weighs 0.01%, and turn-to-turn resistance can reach 100 ohm-100 kilohms.The metal that can be made aluminium nitride class powder particle top layer by high-temperature process magnet is merged into each other, and plays certain solidification effect, increases electric conductivity simultaneously, makes turn-to-turn resistance be greatly lowered 10 ohm-1 kilohm.
Embodiment 3
With water or Lac, silicon carbide powder is reconciled into pasty state, woven fiberglass tape is saturated with carborundum heat conduction and the metallic lead conductive powder of pasty state, the glass fibre bandlet being attached with powder is turned to superconduction list cake or the coil of double cheese formula side by side with superconduction bandlet, magnet coiling completed puts into Dewar vessel, control vacuum at 1-10Pa, utilize high-temperature heating, woven fiberglass tape metallic lead is made to melt, merge with carborundum heat conduction powder, form, at turn-to-turn, the interlayer that conductive resistance is higher, obtain naked superconducting magnet.
Only being soaked with a small amount of conduction, Heat Conduction Material in thin woven fiberglass tape, contribute to forming relatively low turn-to-turn resistance, the glass fibre conductive strips thickness being usually made is less than superconductive tape thickness.Glass fibre is conduction, the attachment of Heat Conduction Material, turn-to-turn resistance can be controlled by the thickness of regulation fiber woven belt and the consumption of immersion conductive compositions, the carborundum of volume ratio 10%-50% and the lead mixing of 10%-50% can be used to immerse volume ratio and account for the woven fiberglass tape of 40%-80%, and the turn-to-turn resistance preparing coil can be controlled between 1 ohm-100 kilohms.
Non-woven glass fibre and asbestos can also be selected to substitute woven fiberglass tape；Conductive material as described in Example 1 and 2 and Heat Conduction Material can be selected to be mixed and made into electric conductivity under cryogenic conditions and to meet requirement, the mixed-powder that heat conductivility is good；The Lac using 5%-10% contributes to conductive and heat-conductive powder and is preferably attached on glass fiber tape, reduces Lac usage amount and is favorably improved the conduction of naked magnet, the capacity of heat transmission.Replace Lac with stickers such as paint, wax, epoxy resin, Colophonium, oil and can get different effects.
Single cake, double cake or the racetrack coil completed with the conductive strips of molding and superconductive tape coiling, it is also possible to immersing conducting metal metal and solidify further, final turn-to-turn resistance is relatively low, can be controlled between 0.1 ohm-100 ohm.In the conductive strips of molding, add other low melting materials such as glass dust, make glass micropowder melt through heating furnace heating, magnet can be sintered into one by the entirety of glass solidification, be favorably improved the intensity of magnet.
Embodiment 4
First by wire outer surface, i.e. metal temperature liptinite surface oxidation, form nonconducting thin metal oxide layer, superconducting line sheet resistance is the biggest.Along with thickening of surface oxide layer, sheet resistance can be close to semi-insulating state.Afterwards at inertia conductive protecting layers such as superconducting line surface attachment Indium sesquioxide .s.Superconducting magnet is turned to surface treated superconducting coil.Dewar vessel put into by coil coiling completed, control vacuum 1-100Pa, remove the air of turn-to-turn, it is dipped in the metallic lead liquid of 250-500 DEG C, rear removal vacuum, relies on atmospheric pressure, or applies the air pressure of 0.1-10MPa pressure simultaneously, make metal liquid be immersed in turn-to-turn, obtain naked superconducting magnet.Turn-to-turn resistance can be regulated by controlling superconductor surface resistive layer thickness, turn-to-turn resistance can be made to reach 1 ohm-1 megohm.Removing small amounts indium, the volume ratio of turn-to-turn conductive metallic material is up to 99.9%.
This method uses metal as turn-to-turn packing material in a large number, and naked magnet overall conductive, heat conductivility are relatively good, and proof stress intensity is the highest.This mode is with alternate manner difference, and the key controlling turn-to-turn resistance in naked magnet concentrates on superconducting line surface.Manufacturing process requires higher, and film layer is easily being scraped off during magnet, affects the uniformity of turn-to-turn resistance.During it addition, the resistive layer on superconducting line surface is thicker, magnet heat conductivility there is bigger adverse effect.
The resistive layer on superconducting line surface both can utilize thin layer of metal oxide to obtain, can also obtain with the thin not exclusively sulfide of insulation, nitride, fluoride, chloride, carbide thin layer, can also be obtained, as long as sheet resistance state can be realized by coating semi-conductor electricity resistance coating.Superconducting line surface first can also be wrapped up conventional insulating layer, then the partial insulative layer on surface is peeled off with regular pattern such as helixes, expose the conductive surface of superconducting line by a certain percentage, see Fig. 6.The area adjusting conductive surface exposure is used for being formed different average surface resistance, and then forms the naked structure with turn-to-turn difference electric conductivity.Use the traditional insulator materials parcel superconducting line being mixed with conductive metal powder granule, it is also possible to realize the nonisulated effect in superconducting line surface.
In this naked superconducting magnet structure, stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium or hydrargyrum, or the alloy that above-mentioned metal compound is formed can be used；Or carbon, silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium or arsenic, or above-mentioned semiconductor transformation and the compound of formation；Or the compound of above-mentioned alloy and above-mentioned quasiconductor makees conductive material, replace metallic lead and carry out solidification and fill.
In this naked superconducting magnet structure, aluminium oxide, aluminium nitride, beryllium oxide, boron nitride, carborundum, zinc oxide, aluminum chloride or the aluminium carbide of increased thermal conductivity energy, or silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, arsenic, boron, carbon quasiconductor and compound thereof can be filled in conductive material；Or the oxide of stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium, hydrargyrum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, copper, sulfide, nitride, fluoride, chloride and carbide are as Heat Conduction Material.Heat Conduction Material generally adds with attritive powder particle form, uses front powder particle outer surface need to carry out metallizing, Alloying Treatment to be to increase the wettability with metal.In final turn-to-turn material, bulk specific gravity shared by Heat Conduction Material reaches 1%-70%, and bulk specific gravity shared by conductive material reaches 30%-99%, and turn-to-turn resistance controls between 1 ohm-100 kilohms.
Claims (4)
1. a naked superconducting magnet, including coil rack and the superconducting line being wound on coil rack, superconducting line is made up of superconduction filament and metal temperature liptinite, it is characterized in that the insulating barrier that described superconducting line surface is wrapped up is incomplete or naked layer parcel, being filled with Heat Conduction Material, conductive material, curing materials and wet material at superconducting line turn-to-turn, the resistance between every circle is between 0.1 ohm-100 kilohms；Wherein each several part material by volume percentage ratio is: conductive material 0.01-99.9%, Heat Conduction Material 0.01-99.99%, curing materials 0-99%, and curing materials volume fraction is not 0%, 0-5% wet material, and four sums are absolutely；Described conductive material is stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium or hydrargyrum, or the alloy that above-mentioned metal compound is formed；Or the compound that between carbon, silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium or arsenic, or carbon, silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium or arsenic, combination reaction is formed；Or above-mentioned alloy and carbon, silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium or the compound of arsenic；Its concrete filling mode is the outer surface parcel sheet metal conductive material formation conductive particle at Heat Conduction Material granule; when curing materials volume fraction is not 0%; substantial amounts of conductive particle is mixed in conduction or nonconducting curing materials; make materials conductive ability wide variation; the resistance between every circle is adjusted by the electric conductivity and consumption changing conductive particle; change the resistance between the every circle of superconducting coil by the percent by volume adjusting each composition material, make up to 0.1 ohm-100 kilohms.
A kind of naked superconducting magnet the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Heat Conduction Material is aluminium nitride, boron nitride, aluminium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum chloride, carborundum or aluminium carbide；The compound that between silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, arsenic, boron or carbon, or silicon, germanium, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, arsenic, boron or carbon, chemical combination is formed；Stannum, lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, gallium, indium, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium, hydrargyrum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel or copper, and alloy, oxide, sulfide, nitride, fluoride, chloride, carbide.
A kind of naked superconducting magnet the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described curing materials is Lac, paint, wax, epoxy resin, Colophonium, oil, water, glass dust, glass fibre or asbestos.
A kind of naked superconducting magnet the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described wet material is Indium sesquioxide., stannum oxide, stannic chloride, Palladous chloride., boric acid or sodium stearate.
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