CN101909230A - Broadband underwater acoustic transducer using composite material of metal, piezoelectric ceramics and polymer - Google Patents
Broadband underwater acoustic transducer using composite material of metal, piezoelectric ceramics and polymer Download PDFInfo
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- CN101909230A CN101909230A CN2010102265776A CN201010226577A CN101909230A CN 101909230 A CN101909230 A CN 101909230A CN 2010102265776 A CN2010102265776 A CN 2010102265776A CN 201010226577 A CN201010226577 A CN 201010226577A CN 101909230 A CN101909230 A CN 101909230A
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Abstract
The invention provides a broadband underwater acoustic transducer using a composite material of metal, piezoelectric ceramics and a polymer, which comprises the composite material, a decoupling rubber, a seal acoustically transparent rubber, a metal shell and a water-proof cable, wherein the decoupling rubber is packed on the lateral surface and the bottom surface of the composite material; the seal acoustically transparent rubber is positioned on the upper surface of the composite material; the metal shell and the water-proof cable are packed outside the decoupling rubber; the composite material comprises a polymeric material, a compound column of the metal and piezoelectric ceramics and an electrode; and the compound column of the metal and the piezoelectric ceramics are evenly distributed in the polymeric material, and the electrode is plated on the upper and lower surfaces of the composite material. The invention can be applied to the fields of underwater sound communication sonar and water sound imaging sonar, is easy to be conformal, has good water pressure resistance and low acoustic impedance, and can realize the radiance with middle and high frequency, wide band and large power.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of underwater acoustic transducer, particularly relates to a kind of medium-high frequency broadband underwater acoustic transducer, and this transducer can be applied to fields such as underwater sound communication sonar, underwater sound imaging sonar.
Background technology
In the known various forms of radiation of people, be the best with the propagation of sound wave in seawater.Therefore, utilizing and developing in the marine cause, people utilize the underwater sound widely.The application of the underwater sound has constituted the engineering discipline of sonar, and utilizes the system of the underwater sound to be called sonar system with this or the sort of form.Underwater acoustic transducer is the important component part of sonar system.Transducer generally all is meant electroacoustic transducer, and all transducers of changing mutually between electric energy and acoustic energy of realizing all are called electroacoustic transducer, are used for launching the transducer of sound wave reflector.Transducer converts electric energy to mechanical energy when emission state, be converted to acoustic energy again.Be used for receiving the transducer of sound wave receiver.Transducer is converted into mechanical energy with acoustic energy when accepting state, convert electric energy again to.Generally speaking, transducer can be used for launching, and also can be used for receiving.
Along with the development of underwater acoustic transducer, constantly require the transductive material of development of new, the sixties in 20th century people to develop with lead zirconate titanate (PZT) be the piezoelectric ceramic of representative, it is good that this class material has a piezoelectric property, characteristics such as electromechanical coupling factor height.But its impedance height is difficult to and empty G﹠W coupling, and density is big, frangible, processing difficulties.Be that the high polymer piezoelectric material compliance of representative good with Kynoar (PVDF) seventies in 20th century, can be made into big and film uniformly, and impedance and air, skin and water mate, but its piezoelectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor are less.To early 1980s, people are in order to develop various underwater acoustic transducers, attempt to seek a kind ofly to have pottery and polymer advantage concurrently, and can suppress the new material of shortcoming separately, thereby begun the research of ceramics polymer piezo-electricity composite material.1978, Newnham has proposed the notion of the connectedness between each component in the composite material, people study the composite material of successful 1-3 type, 3-1 type, 3-2 type, 3-3 type, 0-3 type, 2-2 type and crescent moon and cap-like structure in succession on this basis, make piezoelectric property increase substantially.
Piezo-electricity composite material is meant piezoelectric ceramic and polymer by certain mode of communicating, certain volume or mass ratio, and certain space geometry material of distributing and being composited.In piezo-electricity composite material, piezoelectric ceramic is as the piezoelectric activity material, and general piezoelectric ceramic of selecting to have high tension performance provides and suppresses electrical effect.Polymer is generally selected macromolecular materials such as epoxy resin, and this class material acoustics impedance is low, flexible good, carries out compound acoustic impedance, density and the dielectric constant that reduces material with piezoelectric ceramic, increases the elastomeric compliance of material.
1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material is that the piezoelectric ceramic post by one dimension connect is parallel in the polymeric matrix of three-dimensional communication and the two-phase piezo-electricity composite material that constitutes, its polarised direction is identical with piezoelectric ceramic post short transverse, as shown in Figure 1, material 1 and 4 is an electrode, material 2 is a piezoelectric ceramic, and material 3 is a polymer.The working mechanism of 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material is as follows: under the incident sound field action, matrix produces strain and strain is passed on the ceramic rod, this strain produces voltage difference by the piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric ceramic rod between the upper and lower surface electrode of 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material; On the contrary,, between two electrodes, add an alternating voltage, can produce sound field by reverse piezoelectric effect.
The reflector that utilizes 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material to make has lot of advantages: cost of manufacture is low; Because polymer is soft, can be conformal; Because it is polymer has elasticity, thereby can under high pressure work, shock-resistant and anti-Zhang Nengli is strong; Pressure stability and temperature stability are good; Acoustic impedance is low, makes it be easy to be complementary with medium, thereby makes broader bandwidth.
The transducer in broadband has a lot of advantages.At first, transmission has very important influence to the bandwidth of transducer to signal.At frequency domain, the frequency spectrum of influence transmission acoustical signal; In time domain, influence the waveform of signal.It is fine that the signal of wide-band transducer keeps, and frequency spectrum is very wide, and the waveform of the transducer signal of arrowband seriously distorts, and frequency spectrum is very narrow, and therefore the meeting loss of information uses wide-band transducer having very big advantage aspect the transmission of signal.Secondly, transducer can broadband emission, and making transmits is not limited to pure-tone pulse, can also launch FM signal.Especially for communication sonar and underwater robot, wide-band transducer can improve the transmission rate of signal, the reliability that improves communication and confidentiality, the reduction error rate.The bandwidth that increases transducer in the image sonar also can increase substantially the amount of information of echo, improves resolving power and picture quality, helps target identification, parameter Estimation.The broadband battle array that the utilization wide-band transducer constitutes in the hydroacoustic electronic warfare is received and dispatched at a plurality of Frequency points, can improve antijamming capability, and hit rate is improved greatly.In addition, for whole transmitting-receiving transducer system, the increase of transducer bandwidth of operation can also improve the gain of battle array.
Make medium-high frequency broadband emission transducer and be numerous sonar systems to one of requirement of transducer.But for the high-frequency emission transducer, be made into wide-band transducer and have certain degree of difficulty, because the mechanical dimension of transducer resonance frequency common and transducer is inversely proportional to, that is to say when the transducer resonance frequency is high more, the mechanical dimension of transducer is more little, is difficult to like this method of medium and low frequency transducer expansion bandwidth is applied to high-frequency transducer.
1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material is fit to be applied to the medium-high frequency transducer.The usual method of widening 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material transducer bandwidth is for adding matching layer before piezo-electricity composite material, can produce two resonance peaks like this, thereby reach purpose (the I.Ceren Elmash that widens bandwidth, Hayrettin Koymen, " A wideband and a wide-beamwidth acoustic transducer design for underwater acoustic communications " OCEANS 2006-Asia pacific, 1-5,2006; S.Cochran, M.Parker, and P.Marin-Franch, " Ultrabroadband single crystal composite transducers for underwater ultrasound " Proc.IEEE Ultrason.Sym.231-234,2005).Yet As time goes on, the performance of matching layer can change, and can cause the instability of transducer performance like this.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of be easy to conformal, the water pressure resistance performance is good, acoustic impedance is low, can realize metal and the piezoelectric ceramic and the polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer of medium-high frequency, broadband, powerful radiance.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
Metal and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer comprise composite material, are wrapped in the decoupling rubber of composite material side and bottom surface, be positioned at the composite material upper surface the sealing sound transmitting rubber, be wrapped in decoupling rubber outer metal shell and water-proof cable, described composite material comprises polymeric material, be uniformly distributed in metal and piezoelectric ceramic combined column in the polymeric material, be coated on the electrode of composite material upper and lower surface.
The present invention can also comprise:
1, described metal carries out bonding be communicated with one section piezoelectric ceramic post by conducting resinl by one section metal column with the piezoelectric ceramic combined column and forms.
2, described metal carries out bonding be communicated with two sections piezoelectric ceramic posts by conducting resinl by one section metal column with the piezoelectric ceramic combined column and forms, and one section metal column is clipped between two sections piezoelectric ceramic posts.
3, described metal is aluminium, steel or brass.
4, described polymeric material is epoxy resin, polyurethane or polyurethane.
5, described piezoelectric ceramic post polarizes in short transverse.
Major advantage of the present invention is:
(a) the present invention is incorporated into the principle of single end driver in the 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material transducer, a kind of novel 1-3 type structures of piezoelectric composite (being metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites) has been proposed, be made into underwater acoustic transducer, thereby a kind of broadband emission method of medium-high frequency transducer is provided, has especially solved the problem of high-frequency transducer (frequency is greater than 100kHz) broadband emission.
(b) transducer of the present invention is that metal, piezoelectric ceramic and polymer are composited, and therefore compares with traditional transducers, and acoustic impedance is low, is easy to mate with aqueous medium.
(c) transducer of the present invention is because filler is soft polymeric material, so the advanced composite material (ACM) transducer conveniently is made into curved surface, is easier to conformal.
(d) transducer of the present invention is owing to be the solid material that metal, piezoelectric ceramic and polymer are composited, so the water pressure resistance ability of this transducer is stronger.
(e) transducer of the present invention is owing to compact conformation, and weight is lighter, therefore is fit to the demand of structuring the formation.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a 1-3 type structures of piezoelectric composite schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is the composite structure schematic diagram of first kind of execution mode of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the composite structure schematic diagram of first kind of execution mode of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is metal of the present invention and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer structural representation.
Fig. 5 is the transmitting voltage response curve synoptic diagram of metal of the present invention and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer.
Embodiment
For example the present invention is done description in more detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing:
In conjunction with Fig. 2 and Fig. 4, the composite material 9 of first kind of execution mode of the present invention is composited by material 6, material 7 and material 8, and material 5 is the electrodes in the plating of composite material upper and lower surface.Wherein material 6,7 and 8 has constituted the matrix of advanced composite material (ACM), and material 5 is attached to the upper and lower surface of advanced composite material (ACM).
Wherein, material 6 is a metal material, and for example: duralumin, steel, brass, its mode of communicating are one dimension connect.Material 7 is a piezoelectric ceramic, and its mode of communicating is an one dimension connect.Material 8 is a polymeric material, for example: epoxy resin, polyurethane, polyurethane, its mode of communicating is a three-dimensional communication, material 5 is for evenly covering the electrode material of material 6,8 end faces and material 7,8 end faces (being the upper and lower surface among Fig. 2 and Fig. 3), and electrode material can use gold, silver, copper and mickel.
In the technique scheme, the material 7 of vibration pillar is below material 6, as shown in Figure 2.
In the technique scheme, described material 7 is when using piezoelectric ceramic, and the piezoelectric ceramic post needs to polarize in short transverse.
In the technique scheme, described material 6 and 7 can adopt the form of square column, also can adopt the form of cylinder.
In the technique scheme, described material 7 can also use various transductive materials with piezoelectric effect, for example: piezoelectric single crystal, relaxor ferroelectric monocrystal (PZNT and PMNT) except using piezoelectric ceramic.
In the technique scheme, described material 6 and material 7 need to carry out bonding with conducting resinl.
Metal-piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention-polymer composites preparation method may further comprise the steps:
(1) preparation flat column or columned material 6 and material 7.
(2) material 7 being carried out electric polarization handles.
(3) utilize conducting resinl binding material 6 and material 7.
(4) the compound pillar of arrangement material 6 and material 7 in sequence.
(5) packing material 8 in the good compound pillar battle array of above-mentioned arrangement.
(6) evenly lay electrode 5 at material 6,8 end faces and material 7,8 end faces.
Wherein, the preparation method of material 6 is the line cutting in the step (1), and the preparation method of material 7 is cutting or extrusion modling.
The method of packing material 8 can be used the method for perfusion in the step (5).
The method that step (6) is laid electrode 5 can adopt injection, sputter, chemical plating, plating etc.
Metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites wide-band transducer is taked following technical scheme:
Metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer, comprise metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites (material 9), sealing sound transmitting rubber (material 10), decoupling rubber (material 12), metal shell (material 11) and water-proof cable (material 13), as shown in Figure 4.
In the technique scheme, need material 6,8 end faces (metal-polymer end face) as the acoustic energy radiating surface, as shown in Figure 4.
In the technique scheme, material 10 is the water-proof sound-transmitting layer, can adopt polyurethane, polyurethane or epoxy resin.The main effect of water-proof sound-transmitting layer is waterproof, entrant sound, avoids the inner damage that causes energy transducer owing to water inlet, short circuit of transducer.The characteristic impedance of material 10 simultaneously needs and the water coupling, and acoustic attenuation coefficient is low, and guarantees good acoustic energy transmission between transducer and the aqueous medium.
In the technique scheme, material 12 is a cork-rubber, and it is a kind of decoupling material, with adjacent both sides medium () characteristic impedance mismatch for example: piezoelectric ceramic, metal, polymer etc., its attenuation coefficient is bigger, has played the sound insulation effect, it is very big to insert loss, and sound wave can not pass through.Guaranteed that like this sound wave can only be radiated the aqueous medium from upper surface.
In conjunction with Fig. 3, second kind of execution mode of the present invention is on the basis of first kind of execution mode, the vibration pillar adopts following form: material 7 is clipped in the centre of material 6, and the material 6 of material 7 tops can use identical metal material with the material 6 of material 7 belows, also can use different metal materials.
In this technical scheme, with material upper surface (being the long one sides of material 6 pillars) as the acoustic energy radiating surface.
Operation principle of the present invention is the single end driver principle, usually, is connected in parallel between the piezoelectric ceramic of the PZT (piezoelectric transducer) heap, if two parts about it is divided into, its vibration is a homophase, and just therefore expansion simultaneously or contraction claim that this energisation mode is left and right sides cophase detector.Because cophase detector can only motivate the odd-order extensional vibration mode of displacement symmetry, can't motivate even-order mode.Therefore, very little in the displacement of the resonance frequency place end face of the 2nd rank extensional vibration mode, a very dark trench has appearred on the transmitting voltage response curve.In order to motivate the 2nd rank extensional vibration mode, must adopt the anti-phase excitation in the left and right sides.Just become single end driver if two kinds of excitations are superimposed, at this moment, first three rank extensional vibration mode all is energized out, and transmitting voltage response is more smooth, has widened the bandwidth of transducer effectively.
The principle of single end driver has obtained good application on composite bar energy converter.The present invention is incorporated into the principle of single end driver in the 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material transmitting transducer first, a kind of novel 1-3 type structures of piezoelectric composite has been proposed, it is metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites (as shown in Figures 2 and 3), be made into underwater acoustic transducer, provide a kind of medium-high frequency transducer to realize the method in broadband.
The transmitting voltage response curve of this metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer as shown in Figure 5.The transmitting voltage response curve of this transducer generally comprises three resonance peaks, and first resonance peak is the single order extensional vibration of the compound pillar of metal-piezoelectric ceramic, and frequency is f
1Second the second order extensional vibration that resonance peak is the compound pillar of metal-piezoelectric ceramic, frequency is f
2The 3rd resonance peak is three rank extensional vibrations of the compound pillar of metal-piezoelectric ceramic, and frequency is f
3
Composite material in the above-mentioned execution mode is the disk shape, and its diameter is 50mm, and thickness is 12mm.
When making metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites, polarization piezoelectric ceramic piece to be cut earlier; Cut rectangular build piezoelectric ceramic pillar 7 with diamond tool, utilize the method cutting brass pillar 6 of line cutting; Utilize conductive adhesive piezoelectric ceramic pillar 7 and brass pillar 6; Arrange piezoelectric ceramic, the compound pillar battle array of brass in order; Utilize perfusion that epoxy resin 8 is filled into compound pillar gap; At last, evenly lay nickel electrode 5 in the advanced composite material (ACM) upper and lower surface.
Metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites 9 of making is packed among the metal shell 11 by method shown in Figure 3, at brass-thick epoxy resin layer of epoxy resin end face embedding 2mm, constitute water-proof sound-transmitting layer 10, finally finished the making of metal-piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites high-frequency wideband transducer.
Claims (10)
1. a metal and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer, comprise composite material, be wrapped in the decoupling rubber of composite material side and bottom surface, be positioned at the composite material upper surface the sealing sound transmitting rubber, be wrapped in decoupling rubber outer metal shell and water-proof cable, it is characterized in that: described composite material comprises polymeric material, be uniformly distributed in metal and piezoelectric ceramic combined column in the polymeric material, be coated on the electrode of composite material upper and lower surface.
2. metal according to claim 1 and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer is characterized in that: described metal carries out bonding be communicated with one section piezoelectric ceramic post by conducting resinl by one section metal column with the piezoelectric ceramic combined column and forms.
3. metal according to claim 1 and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer, it is characterized in that: described metal carries out bonding be communicated with two sections piezoelectric ceramic posts by conducting resinl by one section metal column with the piezoelectric ceramic combined column to be formed, and one section metal column is clipped between two sections piezoelectric ceramic posts.
4. according to claim 1,2 or 3 described metals and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer, it is characterized in that: described metal is aluminium, steel or brass.
5. according to claim 1,2 or 3 described metals and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer, it is characterized in that: described polymeric material is epoxy resin, polyurethane or polyurethane.
6. metal according to claim 4 and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer is characterized in that: described polymeric material is epoxy resin, polyurethane or polyurethane.
7. according to claim 1,2 or 3 described metals and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer, it is characterized in that: described piezoelectric ceramic post polarizes in short transverse.
8. metal according to claim 4 and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer is characterized in that: described piezoelectric ceramic post polarizes in short transverse.
9. metal according to claim 5 and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer is characterized in that: described piezoelectric ceramic post polarizes in short transverse.
10. metal according to claim 6 and piezoelectric ceramic and polymer composites broadband underwater acoustic transducer is characterized in that: described piezoelectric ceramic post polarizes in short transverse.
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| CN102169685A (en) * | 2011-03-29 | 2011-08-31 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Small sized deepwater underwater sound energy transducer with low frequency and broad band |
| CN102572641A (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-07-11 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | High-frequency transducer |
| CN102594278A (en) * | 2011-01-05 | 2012-07-18 | 香港理工大学 | Combined piezoelectric vibrator and preparation method thereof |
| CN102702724A (en) * | 2012-05-23 | 2012-10-03 | 北京信息科技大学 | Multiphase composite decoupling material and preparation method thereof |
| CN103195626A (en) * | 2013-03-26 | 2013-07-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Redundancy electromagnet and piezoelectricity combined bivalve device |
| CN103400574A (en) * | 2013-07-26 | 2013-11-20 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | Transmit-receive sharing broadband inlaying annular transducer and preparation method thereof |
| CN103646642A (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2014-03-19 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | A multi-liquid-chamber low-frequency broadband underwater acoustic transducer |
| CN104538547A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2015-04-22 | 西安工业大学 | Piezoelectric ceramic sensor oscillator |
| CN106782474A (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2017-05-31 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Deep-sea broadband mosaic annulus transducer |
| CN109633614A (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2019-04-16 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | A kind of low rear radiation high-frequency transducer linear array |
| CN109939912A (en) * | 2019-02-13 | 2019-06-28 | 中国舰船研究设计中心 | A kind of acoustic equipment energy converter protective device |
| CN110012402A (en) * | 2019-03-25 | 2019-07-12 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | A kind of extensional vibration composite transducers |
| CN110619863A (en) * | 2019-09-19 | 2019-12-27 | 陕西师范大学 | Low-frequency narrow-beam underwater acoustic transducer |
| US10788461B2 (en) | 2015-11-27 | 2020-09-29 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Method and apparatus for measuring hydrogen-induced cracking |
| CN112221917A (en) * | 2020-09-04 | 2021-01-15 | 北京信息科技大学 | High-power high-frequency directional emission underwater acoustic transducer and preparation method thereof |
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| CN102594278B (en) * | 2011-01-05 | 2014-12-31 | 香港理工大学 | Combined piezoelectric vibrator and preparation method thereof |
| CN102169685A (en) * | 2011-03-29 | 2011-08-31 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Small sized deepwater underwater sound energy transducer with low frequency and broad band |
| CN102572641A (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-07-11 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | High-frequency transducer |
| CN102572641B (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2014-09-17 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | High-frequency transducer |
| CN102702724A (en) * | 2012-05-23 | 2012-10-03 | 北京信息科技大学 | Multiphase composite decoupling material and preparation method thereof |
| CN102702724B (en) * | 2012-05-23 | 2014-02-26 | 北京信息科技大学 | Multiphase composite decoupling material and preparation method thereof |
| CN103195626A (en) * | 2013-03-26 | 2013-07-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Redundancy electromagnet and piezoelectricity combined bivalve device |
| CN103400574B (en) * | 2013-07-26 | 2016-01-20 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | Edge annulus transducer and preparation method thereof spelled by a kind of transmit-receive sharing molded breadth band |
| CN103400574A (en) * | 2013-07-26 | 2013-11-20 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | Transmit-receive sharing broadband inlaying annular transducer and preparation method thereof |
| CN103646642B (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2016-03-09 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Many sap cavities broad band low frequency underwater acoustic transducer |
| CN103646642A (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2014-03-19 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | A multi-liquid-chamber low-frequency broadband underwater acoustic transducer |
| CN104538547B (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2017-06-30 | 西安工业大学 | Piezoceramic transducer oscillator |
| CN104538547A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2015-04-22 | 西安工业大学 | Piezoelectric ceramic sensor oscillator |
| EP3382387B1 (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2021-02-17 | JFE Steel Corporation | Method and device for measuring hydrogen-induced cracking |
| US10788461B2 (en) | 2015-11-27 | 2020-09-29 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Method and apparatus for measuring hydrogen-induced cracking |
| CN106782474A (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2017-05-31 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Deep-sea broadband mosaic annulus transducer |
| CN109633614A (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2019-04-16 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | A kind of low rear radiation high-frequency transducer linear array |
| CN109633614B (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2023-08-01 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Low-post-radiation high-frequency transducer linear array |
| CN109939912A (en) * | 2019-02-13 | 2019-06-28 | 中国舰船研究设计中心 | A kind of acoustic equipment energy converter protective device |
| CN110012402A (en) * | 2019-03-25 | 2019-07-12 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一五研究所 | A kind of extensional vibration composite transducers |
| CN110619863A (en) * | 2019-09-19 | 2019-12-27 | 陕西师范大学 | Low-frequency narrow-beam underwater acoustic transducer |
| CN112221917A (en) * | 2020-09-04 | 2021-01-15 | 北京信息科技大学 | High-power high-frequency directional emission underwater acoustic transducer and preparation method thereof |
| CN112221917B (en) * | 2020-09-04 | 2022-02-18 | 北京信息科技大学 | High-power high-frequency directional emission underwater acoustic transducer and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20101208 |