CN101553163A - Apparatus and method for non-invasive thoracic radio interrogation - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for non-invasive thoracic radio interrogation Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A radio apparatus and method for non-invasive, thoracic radio interrogation of a subject for the collection of hemodynamic, respiratory and/or other cardiopulmonary related data from the subject includes a antenna positionable proximally to the subject, a radio transmitter transmitting an unmodulator radio interrogation signal of a predetermined fixed frequency at a safe level of about 1 milliwattor less from the antenna into the subject and a radio receiver capturing through the antenna, reflections of the transmitted radio interrogation signal returned from the subject. A Doppler componentof the reflections contains the data that can be extracted from the captured reflections.
Description
The cross reference of related application
The application required to be filed in JIUYUE in 2006 21, by name " being used for the method and apparatus that the non-intruding bio-impedance is determined " the 60/846th, No. 403 U.S. Patent applications, be filed in JIUYUE in 2006 21, by name " making the radiofrequency signal of returning from the chest assembly be suitable for extracting the method for cardiopulmonary data " the 60/846th, No. 402 U.S. Provisional Patent Application, be filed in JIUYUE in 2007 20, by name " apparatus and method that are used for non-invasive thoracic radio interrogation " the 60/973rd, No. 985 U.S. Provisional Patent Application, be filed in JIUYUE in 2006 21, by name " pick off-antenna-probe that is used for thoracic radio interrogation " the 60/846th, No. 408 U.S. Provisional Patent Application, with be filed on April 5th, 2007, by name " antenna that is used for thoracic radio interrogation " the 60/910th, No. 394 U.S. Provisional Patent Application, and be filed in JIUYUE in 2007 20, by name " antenna that is used for thoracic radio interrogation " the 60/973rd, the priority of No. 970 U.S. Provisional Patent Application, it is all whole as the reference introducing.
Research or the relevant statement of exploitation with federal funding
U.S. government has the mandate of charges paid to the present invention, and under the situation of requirement owner of a patent of having the right under the limited condition, under the clause that the DAH001-05-S-0144 contract of being authorized by united states air force special operations headquarter (AFSOC) is provided, license to other people at reasonable terms.
Background technology
Up to date, because the professional technique that employed pulmonary artery catheter, insertion and maintenance conduit are required and prevent from patient is produced needed the looking over one's shoulder of potential fatal threat, hemodynamic monitoring only is confined to use in intensive care unit and operating room, and is used for emergency room once in a while.Acceptable intrusive mood hemodynamic monitoring method comprises Fick method, dyeing indicator dilution, and thermodilution method.
Contact impedance cardiography (contact impedance cardiography) system can provide now to the dynamic (dynamical) non-intruding monitor of patient blood.Different with the intrusive mood hematodinamics that has pulmonary artery catheter, the monitoring of non-intrusion type contact impedance is very safe and be easy to use, thereby hemodynamic monitoring no longer needs to be limited to serious symptom.Non-intrusion type continuous blood kinetics monitors any clinical region that can be used for from outpatient to the intensive care unit, and wherein the healthcare provider does not need invasion procedure just can obtain the information relevant with the patients'blood dynamic conditions.
Although contact impedance cardiography technology is the remarkable improvement to the intrusive mood technology, it still has some limitation.It needs power supply and place some electrodes carefully on patient's trunk.Although this seems similarly not to be significant disadvantages, it has hindered the non-intrusion type continuous blood kinetics monitoring from hospital emergency rooms to the medical first aid scene, and the medical first aid scene comprises any urgent field condition: natural disaster or other emergency medical scenes.
Summary of the invention
On the one hand, the present invention is a kind of non-intruding thoracic radio interrogation that is used for target so that collect the radio-frequency unit of hematodinamics, breathing and/or other cardiopulmonary related datas from target, and comprising: size is suitable for being placed on the antenna of target proximity; Radiofrequency launcher, described radiofrequency launcher operationally is connected with antenna, and is configured to by unmodulated radio interrogation signals emission and the transmission target approach of antenna with predetermined fixed frequency; And radio frequency receiver, described radio frequency receiver is operably connected to antenna, and is configured to the reflection of the radio interrogation signals that returns from target by antenna trapping.
On the other hand, the present invention is a kind of non-intruding thoracic radio interrogation that is used for target so that the method for collecting hematodinamics, breathing and/or other cardiopulmonary related datas from target comprises the following steps: to place antenna at target proximity; By antenna with the unmodulated radio interrogation signals emission of predetermined fixed frequency and import target into; And catch the reflection that receives by antenna from the radio interrogation signals of being launched of target.
Description of drawings
When reading, can understand aforementioned summary of the invention and follow-up detailed description of the present invention better with reference to additional accompanying drawing.For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown currently preferred embodiments.But should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to shown specific setting and apparatus.In the drawings:
Fig. 1 exemplarily illustrates the emulation track, described emulation track be the traditional non-intrusion type conduction impedance signal that obtains simultaneously, traditional non-intrusion type conduction impedance signal the time become the emulation track of branch, radio interrogation impedance signal of the present invention and ECG;
Fig. 2 illustrates electronics and the mechanical phase with the typical cardiac cycle of various track reflections;
Fig. 3 illustrates the use of non-intrusion type noncontact radio interrogation of the present invention system;
Fig. 4 is the block diagram of the current preferred non-intrusion type radio interrogation system of Fig. 3; And
Fig. 5 is the chart that the various thoracic radio reflecting surfaces in the human body are shown.
The specific embodiment
Have been found that, radiofrequency signal can be launched with the low-lying level of safe enough and enter live body, and do not need to contact with health physics, the relevant cardiopulmonary data with other of reflection of the signal of collecting with hematodinamics are for the variation of monitoring cardiorespiratory situation and target at least and to quantize important cardiac function be enough in detail with accurately, and these data also must contact or intrusive mood impedance measurement method and equipment are collected by routine up to now.
More specifically, have been found that, as running into the experience result who appears at the different material in the human body, import the radiofrequency signal of health non-contactly into, with by contacting the voltage test signal that is applied to health and all can change in conventional contact impedance system.Also find, similar in conventional contact impedance is measured the radiofrequency signal that is launched of the impedance voltage signal by trunk responsive especially for conductive materials, and with blood volume, flowing velocity and even the correlated change of the erythrocyte of the mechanical movement of reflection heart, change amplitude, phase place and frequency at least in part.Therefore, the similar voltage test signal of in conventional contact impedance is measured, using, the reflected signal of the radio interrogation signals of emission has enable state monitoring and even the information of definite at least a portion same cardiac function.
Especially, have been found that radio interrogation signals reflected signal the time become part and comprise similar cardiac function incident and the labelling that in conventional contact impedance voltage measurement, obtains.Therefore, the explanation of reflected radio interrogation signals processing of the present invention can be extrapolated to the known process process of the signal of conventional contact impedance generation.
Impedance (Z) is to the mobile impedance of electric current, and measures with ohm.Blood and other body fluid are good conductors of electricity, and have Low ESR, during particularly with skeleton, its hetero-organization and air contrast.Blood in the lung and liquid are the materials of tool electric conductivity in the thoracic cavity.Therefore, pleural fluid/blood is many more, and impedance is low more, and pleural fluid/blood is few more, and impedance increases, and a large amount of pleural fluid/blood provides higher radio-wave reflection simultaneously, and more a spot of pleural fluid/blood causes that reflexive reduces.
At the thoracic impedance (Z) of any transient measurement mainly based on the contrast of blood volume, flowing velocity or even erythrocyte (RBC).In the cardiac systolic stage of cardiac cycle, the increase of volume and flow has reduced the impedance Z that measures, and in the diastole stage, when blood volume and flow reduce, and the configuration more at random of RBC has caused the impedance increase, because after cardiac ejection, blood pressure has reduced.In this chest impedance the time become change Delta Z/Δ t and embodied the mechanical movement of heart.Time average or baseline impedance Z
oMainly reflect whole chest liquid volume, and be another important parameter in the liquid management.
The process of cardiac pumping is a cardiac cycle, and described cardiac cycle has machinery and electric phase place.Fig. 1 shows the track of different example simulation signal waveforms, and section signal waveform of obtaining from same target is similar at one time as those.The electric phase place of being measured by electrocardiogram (ECG) is shown as the track 4 among Fig. 1, and has reflected the electric motion of cardiac muscle, this motion triggers the mechanical movement of heart.The ECG waveform is represented the control signal in the whole cardiac cycle, and this signal must have rational timing and intensity so that make whole four chambers beat with appropriate order and pump blood effectively.
The mechanical phase of cardiac cycle has reflected the ability of the effective pump blood of heart.Track 1 among Fig. 1 shows corresponding contact impedance trace waveform aroused in interest Z
oThe track 2 of Fig. 1 shows the Z of track 1
oIn the signal the time become change Delta Z/Δ t.Contact impedance trace Wave data aroused in interest has embodied the mechanical phase of cardiac cycle, and comprises the information that does not have in the ECG waveform.Track 3 is radio interrogation impedance of the present invention (RFII) signals, follow-up will the definition it.
Conventional contact impedance cardiac measurement is divided into DC and AC composition usually, has represented constant baseline heart impedance Z
oWith the time become branch Δ Z/ Δ t, wherein
Impedance (Z)=Z
o+ Δ Z/ Δ t
And becoming branch during first and second rank is given as:
ΔZ/Δt＝dZ/dt+d
2Z/dt
2
The signal processing of contact heart impedance waveform (track 1 of Fig. 1) can extract state about cardiorespiratory system, health hydration and even other be difficult to survey inner hemorrhage important information.Signal processing can be with impedance data and other conventional biologic medical data mixing, and described other conventional biologic medical data for example are heart rate, blood pressure and the ECG parameters that is used for the very comprehensive real-time hematodinamics status report of target.
Baseline impedance Z
oReflected total pleural fluid scale of construction significantly.Have the conventional boundary be used for male's (20-30 ohm) and women's (25-35 ohm), and just depart from from routine and may represent disadvantageous situation, in fact this situation has changed blood and systemic chemistry and electrical conductivity, for example dewaters or anoxia.Because usually, it is constant that blood, tissue and skeleton are formed, be used for the slow variation of the baseline impedance outside the time window of cardiac cycle and breathing or trend and can indicate other increase in the inner hemorrhage or extra vascular stream, before other symptoms may occur, advance notice life threatened situation.
Heart rate is another mainly definite factor of heart impedance.The variation of heart rate is first compensation mechanism that heart keeps cardiac output and oxygen delivery.The mitigation of heart rate increases or reduces will correspondingly increase or reduce cardiac output.If heart rate is undue increase, diastole hyperemic time, preload, every spray output and coronary flow will reduce nocuously.Heart rate too reduces has increased the diastole hyperemic time, and because the nocuity transition of cardiac muscle fiber is expanded, may weaken contractility and reduce every spray output.
Single order change Delta Z/Δ the t of impedance relative time has produced aorta flow curve or the similar waveform of blood flow rate (track 2 among similar Fig. 1) shown in the track 3 with Fig. 2, and Fig. 2 has another sample ECG (track 1 of Fig. 2).The amplitude of impedance variation and speed are the direct reflections that the left ventricle that further illustrated by the track (track 2 of Fig. 2) of left ventricle (" LV ") blood pressure is shunk.When ceasing to be faithful dirty impedance waveform at that time for example ECG mixing with timing data from cardiac cycle, create the signal processing time window, like this can be in real time and change with respiratory movement and other and to assess each cardiac cycle mutually independently.
Can determine cardiac performance by the parameter that in signal processing, comprises heart rate and blood pressure.Stroke volume (SV) is to beat to inject aortal blood volume at every turn.Stroke volume normally 60 to 120ml/ is jumped.Cardiac output (CO) is the function that stroke volume, each ventricular systole penetrate blood volume and heart rate.Conventional cardiac output during rest is considered to 4 to 8 liters/minute (l/min).By using the surface area (m of rule cardiac output divided by health
2) just can adjust cardiac output according to the bodily form.This is that (conventional numerical value is 2.5 to 4.0l/min/m to cardiac index (cardiac index)
2).Cardiac output and cardiac index have reflected the aggregate efficiency of cardiac muscle property.
Can determine stroke volume (SV) by the contact biological impedance by following calculating
SV＝(L
3/k)(VET)((dZ/dt)/(z
0))
Wherein VET is a ventricular ejection time, and L is a chest length, and k is scale factor and provides Z by biological impedance
oAnd dZ/dt.
Cardiac output (CO) is given by following relation:
CO=SV * HR/1000, wherein HR is a heart rate.
The reflection of radio interrogation signals, the similar voltage test signal of using in conventional contact impedance is measured of being launched has constant/baseline composition (with Z
oComparing is 0 frequency) with the relative in time composition that slowly changes (approximately 100HZ or lower), have single order and second order composition (t compares with Δ Z/ Δ) at least.Therefore, after this will use same term Z during the comparable characteristics in the radio interrogation signals of describing reflection
o, Δ Z/ Δ t etc.After this also will use term " RF impedance is inquired after " or " RFII " refer to from constant (0 frequency) of the reflected signal of the radio interrogation signals of target and the time become branch.Term " impedance " relates to the characteristic of the radio interrogation signals that changes owing to the different body substances that run into different electrical conductivity and variable condition at least, but be the electric implication of voltage divided by the strictness of electric current, because compare with conventional contact impedance voltage signal, the factor of the radio interrogation signals of influence reflection is more.
Fig. 4 shows current preferred radio interrogation system with the form of functional block diagram.Current preferred radio interrogation of the present invention or " RFII " system and conventional these two kinds of technology of conduction impedance system, can test patient's non-intrusion type ground simultaneously, and without any difficulty and compatibility issue, so that the data that track reflected among Fig. 1 are contrasted in real time.
Understand ultimate principle in the comparing and measuring of two systems and help to understand similar and difference in the waveform.In the heart impedance that uses conventional Conductor Impedance technology was measured, low frequency (for example 100kHz), low amplitude value (for example 4.0 milliamperes) ac voltage signal were introduced the thoracic cavity by a pair of emission or " injection " chest electrode.The quantity and the rate of change of blood flow are relevant in the rising large artery trunks that occurs in two other " sensing " or receive chest electrode and be arranged between the injecting electrode similarly and near be in the heart position changes with measuring voltage, this change in voltage and cardiac cycle.The virtual voltage that is detected by two collecting electrodes changes with low-down frequency and occurs, from about 1Hz to less than 100Hz.
In the present invention, the preferably separate antenna emission by being arranged on target proximity and enter the thoracic cavity of live body target of the unmodulated radio interrogation signals of predetermined fixed frequency, and the reflected signal of the radio interrogation signals of being launched passes through path deviation from it, and radio frequency receiver captures described reflected signal from different body substances in the trunk of target so that handle.Fig. 5 schematically describes the various main pulmonary reflecting surface of the reflection that produces radio interrogation signals: corium (D1); Muscle (M1); Skeleton (S1); Lung (L); Cardiac muscle (CM); Cardiovascular liquid (CF); Boniness bone S2 more); Polymyarian meat M2 more); And last more corium (D2).
Non-intrusion type of the present invention, noncontact radio interrogation device use than the frequency that is used to the to measure heart impedance more very radiofrequency signal of high-frequency operation.Have been found that, ultra-high frequency signal runs well, suggestion 900 and 930MHz between, more specifically between 902 and 928MHz in industry, science and medical treatment (" ISM ") wave band, and more preferably be about 910 and 920MHz between, be centered close to 915MHz, i.e. the center of ISM wave band.But, will be appreciated that other rf frequency also can run well.Except control wave band not, the ISM wave band allows to use the paster antenna of appropriate size.
Fig. 4 shows on the whole current preferred RFII system with 10 expressions with the block diagram form.Radio-frequency unit 100 parts that are used for the described system 10 of non-intrusion type ground rf data gathering system 10 comprise whole with 104 expressions transmitter portion or " emitter ", whole with 106 expressions and partly with the eclipsed receptor part of emitter or " receptor ", reference voltage source 108 and transmit/receive antenna 150.These parts and treatment circuit 102 collaborative uses are for example by the microprocessor of software and/or firmware configuration, control to be provided and to install 100 preferred impedance data processing section.Optionally can also provide another emitter 210 (fabricating) so that the data after far-end is launched original or processing.All aforementioned components all is the parts of enough low-power consumption, described low-power consumption parts can be by mutual encapsulation in the housing 230 of hand size (Fig. 3), this structure is enough compact being placed near the close-target 30, and by internal cell power supply (" PS ") 220 power supplies (in the Fig. 4 that fabricates).
More specifically, current preferred radio-frequency unit 100 comprises the demodulator (DUX) as the power amplifier (" AMP ") 120 of the accurate tuning generator of frequency source (" FS ") 110, composition basis transmission equipment, duplexer (DUX) 130, RF band filter (BPF), antenna 150, low noise amplifier (LNA) 160, the basic receiving equipment of composition, the low pass filter 180 and 200 that is used for homophase (I) and quadrature (Q) RFII signal, and high pass filter 190.The assembly that uses commercial available surface to install on RF and composite signal integrated circuits and the multilayer board can be realized this baseline hardware.Device 100 is to two RFII signals of treatment circuit 102 outputs, in-phase signal I and orthogonal signalling Q.And from wave filter 180 output can with Z
oConstant (DC) composition of RFII signal (IDC and Q DC) relatively, simultaneously from wave filter 190,200 output RFII signals (I AC and Q AC) the time become branch.
Current preferred RFII system 10 and radio-frequency unit 100 uses the paster antenna 150 (Fig. 3) of independent hand size, for example be used to simultaneously to transmit and receive radiofrequency signal about 3 " * 3 " local wave antenna.Still with reference to figure 3, antenna 150 is set near the target 30, aligns with aorta and put in the position of the heart H of approaching target on the chest of target more specifically, and be preferably in the reverse side at breastbone center.Antenna 150 can be placed on patient's the clothes 35, and therefore method and apparatus of the present invention does not need the direct cutaneous contact, and the clothes of natural or polymeric material can not influence the transmission of rf wave.150 on antenna need enough close on the aorta of thoracic cavity and target, so that receive from the available reflected signal of paster antenna with the radio interrogation signals of safety energy level transmission, safe energy level for example is an about microwatt.Have been found that even when with the energy of about 1.5 microwatts during from antenna 150 emission radio interrogation signals, can be at the about 10mm in the chest of distance objective place from the available reflected signal of antenna 150 receptions.But, be also noted that the centralized positioning of leaving breastbone or move, perhaps, can reduce the signal energy of the reflection that receives from breastbone upwards or downwards discernablely.Therefore, if the position of antenna 150 or when moving the problem become in the use, antenna 150 can be placed among patient's the clothes or under, perhaps even on the breastbone attached to patient.Equally, system works does not need to contact with target.Further, if desired, device can batch (-type) ground work because the period frequency that hemodynamic data and/or other body fluid data ratio devices 100 can be worked slowly many.For example, had only 25% duty factor need move in 30 seconds in the length so that the situation of long term monitoring target.
In when work, the current preferred radio-frequency unit 100 of RFII described herein system 10 this means by the same antenna 150 emission radio interrogation signals, and catches the reflected signal of this signal simultaneously with " full duplex " operation.Carry out overlapping (overlap) by the duplexer among Fig. 4 130, the signal of this diplexer separates emission and the radiofrequency signal of reception.Only needing a single signal projector that has a single antenna and single signal receiver is the important difference point of the present invention and conventional contact impedance system.
Also find, the amplitude of the reflected signal of the radio interrogation signals that is captured has constant (0 frequency) composition and the radio interrogation signals of relative transmission and predetermined fixed frequency and the composition that changes more slowly in time, predetermined fixed frequency is with relevant by the impedance of conventional contact impedance measuring system detection and simulate this impedance.Preferably, by firmware or software with Fig. 4) in treatment circuit 102 be configured to the cycle of radio-frequency unit 100, and be configured to store at least provisionally the RFII signal and preferably processing RF II signal with at least one heart-respiratory characteristic of determining target so that measure and/or monitor.The characteristic that can measure from this radio interrogation device and monitor includes, but are not limited to heart rate, breathing rate, stroke volume and cardiac output.Because " impedance " of radio-frequency measurement also is based on the total conductivity and the absorbance of health blood and tissue, based on the life chemistry situation that can change the RF conductivity, for example health hydration or anoxia.Especially, the material that electrical conductivity is strong more for example low the organizing Comparatively speaking of blood and conductivity rf wave is had reflexive more.RFII signal with the constant of signal or DC composition is the equivalent baseline impedance Z
oThe motion parts of heart and blood flow cause the amplitude of radiofrequency signal of reflection and phase place with part based on cardiac cycle and definite very low frequency changes in time.This low-down frequency mode comprises reflection Δ Z/ Δ t.In other words, the heart relevant with antenna frequencies and the mechanical movement of blood flow except which amplitude modulation, are also modulated the RFII signal with about 1 to 100Hz frequency modulation(PFM) (FM).The receptor part 106 of this device 100 extracts equivalent Z from the reflected signal of the RFII signal of catching
oWith Δ Z/ Δ t impedance composition, and preferably send them so that quantize and analysis to treatment circuit 102.
Preferably realize reference voltage source 108 by low noise dropout linear changer (not describing separately), it provides 4.7V voltage to all circuit except high pass filter 190.High pass filter receives separately, and each all is preferably the independent power supply supply V of 2.5V
iAnd V
qTwo 4.7V power supplys can be provided if desired, and one is continued power, and one is by on-off control, can close some assemblies when not using like this.Preferably, have only high pass filter 190 to need power supply continuously.
The frequency source (FS) 110 that produces the RFII test signal produces accurate unmodulated voltage signal, can not introduce the pure UHF tone that any relative low frequency (for example less than about 100Hz) noise is formed, and this low-frequency noise can not be extracted by the receptor part 106 of device.The electronic noise that reduces as much as possible from frequency source is the key point that reduces the RFII electronic noise and improve RFII receptor sensitivity, and electronic noise is intrasonic and very low frequency " 1/f " or " phase noise " (at least from 1.0 to 100Hz) particularly.The frequency source signal is separated and amplify to produce two ultra-high frequency reference signals.A radio interrogation signals that becomes via duplexer 130 and antenna 150 emission target approaches.Another signal advances to demodulator/receptor 170, and it becomes the local oscillator (LO) that is used for the conversion of RF frequency down at this.
In currently preferred embodiment, frequency source 110 comprises that frequency synthesizer produces for example pure tone signal of 915MHz (by Reference numeral 15 indications) of predetermined fixed frequency.Described RFII system 100 uses 915MHz, because it is positioned at the center of 902MHz to industry, science and medical treatment (ISM) frequency band of 928MHz, does not need special governmental approval (for example FCC) and the particular band reserved.The present invention be not limited to the 915MHz frequency or even 902MHz to the ISM frequency band of 928MHz.This frequency synthesizer is provided preferably with the quadravalence PLL loop filter that the noiseproof feature that satisfies equipment and frequency switching time require.Because the frequency of 915MHZ signal 115 can not switch, can be only to low-frequency electronic noise optimization loop filter.Outside " oscillation circuit (tank) " or accurate passive resonant circuit preferably are set after quadravalence PLL loop filter.
At last, RF band filter (BPF) 140 is operatively coupled between the power amplifier 120 and antenna 150 of emitter 104.BPF140 be designed to only to allow 915MHz for example transmit by, and get rid of the harmful frequency that produces by the amplification that will be transmitted.The passive dielectric filter to 928MHz ISM wave band as 902MHz is used in suggestion.About 3% the bandwidth that can have the insertion loss of about 2.2dB and 915MHz carrier signal in this wave band filter operating.This bandwidth allows it also to utilize Doppler effect to move the radio interrogation signals of transmission emission, and described signal comprises the heart respiration information of reflected back antenna 150.
With reference to figure 4, via antenna 150 emissions, and preferably enter the health of contiguous target 30 with the-energy level of 3dBm/0.5 microwatt from the signal of the transmitter portion 104 of described device 100.The RFII signal penetrates the health of target, the thoracic cavity 32 of target in particular, and the health assembly that is had more electrical conductivity absorbs and reflection.In Fig. 5, illustrate the main tissue surface of reflected radio interrogation signals.Duplexer 130 separates the RFII of emission and the reflection RFII signal that receives at the same time.The reflection of radio interrogation signals has usually in-20dBm lower amplitude the in-30dBm scope and the different frequency content of the RF " impedance " of the radiofrequency signal of power and representative reflection.Suggestion antenna 150 is hand size preferably, local ripple paster antenna, and this antenna is little as enough to be placed on the chest 32 of target 30.Antenna 150 characteristics of enough contiguous given near field RF Coupling device or changer.
The receptor part 106 of circuit 100 must be caught the radio interrogation signals (by 155 indications of the Reference numeral Fig. 4) that returns from target 30, and extracts the content of the very low DC of the impedance equivalent of representing radio interrogation signals to 100Hz.In addition, the receptor part 106 of circuit 100 should be refused in the reflected signal 155 the undesirable noise that is produced by transmitter portion 104 and minimize internal noise by the own circuit generation of receptor 106,, if reflected signal 155 will change waveform.Receptor part 106 should have big noise (S/N) ratio of expression maximum received signal strength, and any interfering signal is reduced to 0 intensity ideally.Receptor part 106 comprises " front end " of have band filter (BPF) 140, duplexer (DUX) 130 and low noise amplifier (LNA) 160, and " rear end " with demodulator 170 and wave filter 180,190 and 200.
Because the BPF140 of suggestion is a passive filter, it can directly be connected with antenna 150, and it can be used to transmit and receive the signal filtering function simultaneously at the antenna place.From the signal of emission, isolate reflected signal 155 by duplexer 130, and this reflected signal 155 is passed to low noise amplifier (LNA) 160.
The design of disclosed receptor preferably has the front end loss of about 7.0dB: the chances are at BPF140 place 2.2dB and at duplexer 130 places the chances are 3.15dB, remaining loss occurrence is at the RF transmission line and arrive the adapter of antenna 150.Low noise amplifier (LNA) 160 adds that follow-up active LP and HP wave filter must compensate the signal gain of about 27dB.Particularly low noise amplifier (LNA) 160 is preferably by the manufacture of semiconductor manufacturing with intrinsic low phase noise.Silicon bipolar process or SiGe processing procedure are optimum for low phase noise, and be slightly better than GaAs and InP, but can use GaAs at least.
Demodulator 170 operationally is connected with low noise amplifier 160 with antenna 150 by duplexer 130.Preferred quadrature demodulation, the structure of this demodulator are considered to the directly quadrature demodulation of variation.In directly changing, use a frequency reducing changes phase.The reflected signal 155 from low-noise amplifier 160 that captures is separated by no phase shift ground, and sends into two identical blenders, homophase blender in the demodulator 170 (" I ") and orthogonal mixer (" Q ").Each blender also receives local oscillator (LO) signal 126, wherein " I " blender receives the buffered signal identical with the signal that transmits 125, and " Q " blender receives the signal 125 lines same buffered signal together with transmission, but by circuit phase shift 90 degree that are provided with in the demodulator.The main blender output of two input signals 125/126 be two input signals and with poor:
Blender output frequency f
OUT=(f
RF+ f
LO)+(f
RF-f
LO)
Because the local oscillator signals 126 that is original radio frequency interrogation signals 125 and demodulator uses same frequency source 104, the radio interrogation signals f that is transmitted
TX(125) comprise signal f with the reflection RFII that receives
RX(155) only frequency difference is very low frequency.Doppler from DC to about 100Hz modulates Δ f
FMRepresent radio interrogation equivalence heart impedance, wherein
Demodulator/receptor blender output: f
MIX=(Δ f
FM+ δ
DC)+(2f
TX+ Δ f
FM)
Demodulator/receptor wave filter output: f
OUT=(Δ f
FM+ δ
DC)
The blender output that is used for desirable Direct Transform quadrature demodulator system will be that low frequency Doppler modulates Δ f
FM, DC[0Hz] to 100Hz, add constant DC biasing, δ
DCAnd to be centered close to the twice carrier frequency (be 2f
TX=1830MHz) redundant high frequency band.This honor radio-frequency component (2f has been removed in filtering easily
TX+ Δ f
FM).Although radio interrogation signals 125 and local oscillator signals 126 are similarly to produce, has 180 phase contrast with the output QB of difference Q and emitter 104/ amplifier 120.In addition, when mixing, have local oscillator signals 126 and the reflected signal 155 that receives between arbitrarily but fixed signal path difference.At the input of demodulator 170, signal that receives and local crystal signal have any constant phase difference θ of initiation
DCFrom this stationary phase difference θ
DC, demodulator 120 will produce biasing DC signal δ
DCThe output of demodulator blender must and cushion preferably to send RFII data signal (Δ f to processor 102 with low frequency (DC-200Hz) filtering
FM,+δ
DC) extract heart-respiration information so that handle.
For RFII receptor 106, demodulator 170 should for example silicon be bipolar or SiGe (SiGe) is made with the low phase noise processing procedure, third order distortion (IP3) energy level should be high relatively rank, the LO input should be set to high relatively energy level, and internal mixer should have good conversion efficiency.As makeshift, can be used as demodulator 170 with the wireless phone receiver chip of for example RF9904 chip.Do not use the transmitter portion of transceiver.Transceiver can be made with the silicon bipolar process, and this processing procedure has the phase noise of comparing low 1/f with other manufacture of semiconductor.The transceiver of being discussed has the receiver noise coefficient of 10dB, and the voltage gain of 3dB and the maximum voltage amplitude of oscillation are that 3.0V is to 4.0V (1.0V
PP) the I of 3.5V and Q output DC level.Local oscillator peak power input is+5.0dBm, and preferably drives with+4.0dBm in the design.Do not have the output signal distortion to the maximum input rf signal power of receptor less than-2.0dBm.
At last, low pass (LP) filtering and buffering are provided for I and Q DC, and I and Q AC output.I and Q output after the low-pass filtering that first couple of output I and Q DC only are quadrature demodulations are by signal f
OUT=(Δ f
FM+ δ
DC)+(2f
TX+ Δ f
FM) expression.
The preferably passive RC wave filter of LP wave filter 180 (I and Q), this wave filter is removed the remaining composition (2f of any high-frequency RF frequency from the I and the Q output of demodulator 170
TX+ Δ f
FM).I and Q DC are to carrying data signal (Δ f with (0Hz) to the DC frequency content of 200Hz as a result
FM+ δ
DC).Employed LP wave filter 180 can actually be configured to have higher relatively cut-off frequency (for example 5MHz) because in front in the design of Miao Shuing at 200Hz to there not being significant electronic noise source between the 5MHz.The main purpose of I and Q DC output is to keep comprising basic equivalent chest impedance composition (Z
o) the DC signal.The DC signal component δ of I and Q DC output
DC, comprise and represent baseline impedance numerical value δ
ZDCAnd represent receptor to import the error dc voltage δ Δ θ of the fixed skew between (radio interrogation reflection) and the aforementioned local oscillator signals 155,126
δ
DC＝δ
ZDC+δ
Δθ
I and Q DC signal must carry out the processing of digital form so that remove frequency content and remove the receptor DC phase difference error δ that adds
Δ θTo produce equivalent basal impedance composition Zo.This can be undertaken by the RF of measurement demodulator 170 and the fixedly input phase difference between the LO input, by the calibration process of finishing during fabrication, demodulator 170 is parts of circuit, and the DC bias calibration coefficient that is used for any Digital Signal Processing that provides in treatment circuit 102 is provided.
I and Q AC output are I and the output of Q blender, and bandpass filtering has been experienced in this output, has obtained at 1Hz to the signal frequency content between the 100Hz.These signals will comprise shape such as Δ Z/ Δ t=dZ/dt+d
2Z/dt
2Equivalence heart impedance signal the time become part.
Preferably at first by a pair of identical active high pass (HP) wave filter, this wave filter is designed to block and is lower than about 1 frequency that is preferably lower than 1.0Hz from the I of demodulator 170 and Q blender output signal.Next be a pair of identical low pass active (LP) wave filter 200 (I and Q), described low-pass active filter is designed to block 200HZ or higher whole frequencies, perhaps more specifically by the whole residual frequencies below 200Hz.Each (I and Q) in the current preferred HP active filter 190 comprises low noise RC wave filter, and buffer amplifier preferably disposes insulating 2.5 volt reference voltages (V
iAnd Vq), and each have the modelled signal gain of G=10.The operational amplifier of voltage source 108 buffering and with 2.5V reference voltage V
iInsulate each other and with the 4.7V system voltage with Vq.
Current preferred LP wave filter 200 (I and Q) is the active configuration that is called as multi-level feedback profile (MultipleFeedback Topography MFT).This active filter type is because its high Q factor and provide gain selected to the gain of low distortion and for the output signal driver.Each LP wave filter 200 (I and Q) comprises the operational amplifier that has the RC assembly.MFT is adjusted to by V
iThe 2.5V reference voltage reference of/Vq.Two reference voltage V
iCan be used as with reference to dc voltage with Vq and to output to treatment circuit 102.Preferably, provide at least six output signals to treatment circuit 102 from the radio frequency part 100 of system 10, so that calculate equivalent chest impedance and other cardiopulmonary data: IDC and Q DC, I AC and Q AC and with reference to dc voltage V
iAnd Vq.These signals of treatment circuit 102 digitizeds also use them to determine Z
o, Δ Z/ Δ t, and d
2Z/dt
2, and from other numerical value of those equivalents of various processing methods.
The benefit of isolating I and Q output is by signal processing, can use amplitude and phase information to strengthen the signal that receives, and still remove signal noise effectively.Here provided first simple signal processing algorithm, it relates to enhancing cardiac waveform signal.
Can be regarded as having the 3-D signal of I composition, Q composition and time by the signal of demodulator 170 and wave filter 180,190,200 outputs.User is difficult to understand and explains that I and the synergetic each other 3-D of Q signal show or two 2D show.The FM polarity descriminator of selected method very similar use I and Q restituted signal.
If in-phase signal I draws quadrature phase signal Q relatively, this will obtain roughly long and flat ellipse figure.The straight line that passes the center of I and Q ellipse will form angle Φ with level (I) axle.Can draw I and Q data point with polar coordinates as follows,
RI
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)*[COS(Φ)]RQ
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)*[sin(Φ)]
Φ=tan wherein
-1(Q
i/ I
i), and function tan
-1Be defined within-π is to+π radian, (180 spend+180 degree).If (with computer language with function tan
-1Be defined in-pi/2 is to+pi/2 radian, (90 spend+90 degree), must confirm I and Q composition clearly, seem in small, broken bits but real for the symbol of material particular so that in whole angles, definite 180 spend+180 angles between spending).Preferably also to avoid in algorithm occurring near 0 less than the denominator numerical value I1 of least significant bit (LSB) divided by 0 situation.
If by angle correction θ=-Φ, rotate I and Q signal, and do not change amplitude, then signal will have maximum amplitude on trunnion axis, and when the I maximum and Q hour, rotatable phase angle θ is known.The I and the Q signal of rotation are plotted as:
RI
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)*[COS(Φ+θ)] RQ
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)*[sin(Φ+θ)]
And when the rotation situation be θ=-during Φ, signal becomes
RI
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2) RQ
i＝0。
At this moment, constant phase θ represents constant DC numerical value, baseline heart impedance Z
oEquivalence add from the biasing of the arbitrary phase between the local oscillator signals of the reflection RF signal of low noise amplifier 160 and demodulator 170.If carry out calibration measurement, wherein replace antenna, the anglec of rotation that measures with 10dB RF load and short circuit
To only represent arbitrary phase error.Then when measuring patient's chest, can extract and represent Z
oPhase theta
z
Find phase bias (d θ by the method for iteration as Doppler frequency
Z/ dt) derivant or the time become branch, wherein with the highest speed that may FM frequency twice to signal phase sampling (being the 100Hz data, per second 200 times).This iterative process has produced the dirty impedance waveform Doppler frequency Δ Z/ Δ t that ceases to be faithful when representing equivalence.Carry out according to following step.
Find initial I and Q rotation:
RI
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)*[COS(Φ)] RQ
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)*[sin(Φ)]，
Anglec of rotation θ, wherein signal I maximization and signal Q minimize.
RI
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)*[COS(Φ)]＝RI
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)
RQ
i＝SQRT(I
2+Q
2)*[sin(Φ)]＝0
We find subsequently
I has appearred being used for now
iAnd Q
iNew measurement " I ", and measurement before is set to " i-1 ", wherein we are designated as I
I-1And Q
I-1When upgrading the anglec of rotation, we find that iteration angle delta θ is:
Δθ＝θ
i-θ
i-1＝tan
-1{(Q
i-Q
i-1)/(I
i-I
i-1)}
When measuring wide-angle, may there be the measurement problem, because as angle Φ=tan
-1(Q
i/ I
i) near 90 the degree and Q near 0 o'clock, ratio I
i/ Q
iCan be very big.Distance between can measuring with I and Q square the iteration angle is weighted calculating.
Err
i＝[(Q
i-Q
i-1)
2+(I
i-I
i-1)
2*tan
-1(Q
i-Q
i-1)/(I
i-I
i-1)}
Use scale factor " A " (numerical value A=0.0005 usually), the wide-angle that we measure is measured as:
Upgrade the iteration angle by deducting previous angle
Numerical value
To change in time, represent Doppler's transposition frequency and heart impedance.Amplitude for phase place and amplitude information recovery Doppler signal.Select this algorithm to be because it can provide the signal of upper frequency for the noise ratio in the receptor and by dimensional variation, it can handle bigger dynamic range.Perhaps can develop later the additive method that can improve the heart impedance waveform better and extract more information.
Known between RF analog transmissions and receiving unit, and had clearly boundary between low frequency IF part and the signal processing.In the ASIC design, utilize better-one of two ASIC possibilities to be optimized for realization RF receptor function, another digit chip is optimized for Digital Signal Processing, memorizer and Equipment Management Function.The latter even can replace some previously described analogue active filtering is carrying out analog-and digital-processing in the digital processing environment flexibly simultaneously.
Those skilled in the art should understand under situation about not deviating from by the defined extensive inventive concept of aftermentioned application, can change previously described embodiment, described application be integral body be incorporated herein by reference be filed in the 60/846th of JIUYUE in 2006 21 days, No. 408 U.S. Patent applications, with the 60/910th, No. 394 U.S. Patent application that is filed on April 5th, 2007.
Claims (according to the modification of the 19th of treaty)
1, a kind of non-intruding thoracic radio interrogation that is used for target comprises so that collect the radio-frequency unit of hematodinamics, breathing and/or other cardiopulmonary related datas from target:
Antenna, the size of described antenna is suitable for being placed near the target external;
Radiofrequency launcher, it operationally is connected described radiofrequency launcher with antenna, and only is configured to the unmodulated RF impedance interrogation signals of predetermined fixed frequency by the antenna emission and enters the target of closing on setting; And
Radio frequency receiver, described receptor is operably connected to antenna, and is configured to the reflection of the RF impedance interrogation signals that returns from target by antenna trapping.
2, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the predetermined fixed frequency of RF impedance interrogation signals is a hyperfrequency.
3, radio-frequency unit according to claim 2 is characterized in that, amplifier is enlarged into source signal only and can launches the RF impedance interrogation signals from antenna with the intensity of about only 1.5 milliwatts.
4, radio-frequency unit according to claim 4 is characterized in that, hyperfrequency be 900 and 930MHz between.
5, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that, broadcasts to lack in fact from the radio interrogation signals of antenna to be lower than at least approximately noise contribution of 100Hz.
6, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, radio frequency transmitter comprises the fixedly signal source of preset frequency, and wherein radiofrequency launcher comprises that be operatively coupled between described source and the antenna can be with the intensity that the is not more than about 1 milliwatt amplifier from antenna emission RF impedance interrogation signals so that source signal is enlarged into.
7, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, comprise also being operatively coupled on radiofrequency launcher and antenna, and the band filter between antenna and the radio frequency receiver that it is that the signal at center passes through that described band filter is configured to make with the predetermined fixed frequency.
8, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that, radio frequency receiver comprises the quadrature demodulator that operationally is connected with antenna.
9, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, also comprise the duplexer that is operatively coupled between radiofrequency launcher and the antenna, and between antenna and radio frequency receiver, carry out radiofrequency launcher and radio frequency receiver operation simultaneously by antenna.
10, radio-frequency unit according to claim 9 is characterized in that, the radio frequency receiver bag
Claims (31)
1, a kind of non-intruding thoracic radio interrogation that is used for target comprises so that collect the radio-frequency unit of hematodinamics, breathing and/or other cardiopulmonary related datas from target:
Antenna, the size of described antenna is suitable for being placed on target proximity;
Radiofrequency launcher, it operationally is connected described radiofrequency launcher with antenna, and only is configured to the unmodulated RF impedance interrogation signals of predetermined fixed frequency by the antenna emission and enters the target of closing on setting; And
Radio frequency receiver, described receptor is operably connected to antenna, and is configured to the reflection of the RF impedance interrogation signals that returns from target by antenna trapping.
2, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the predetermined fixed frequency of RF impedance interrogation signals is a hyperfrequency.
3, radio-frequency unit according to claim 2 is characterized in that, amplifier is enlarged into source signal only and can launches the RF impedance interrogation signals from antenna with the intensity of about only 1.5 milliwatts.
4, radio-frequency unit according to claim 4 is characterized in that, hyperfrequency be 900 and 930MHz between.
5, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that, broadcasts to lack in fact from the radio interrogation signals of antenna to be lower than at least approximately noise contribution of 100Hz.
6, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, radio frequency transmitter comprises the fixedly signal source of preset frequency, and wherein radiofrequency launcher comprises that be operatively coupled between described source and the antenna can be with the intensity that the is not more than about 1 milliwatt amplifier from antenna emission RF impedance interrogation signals so that source signal is enlarged into.
7, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, comprise also being operatively coupled on radiofrequency launcher and antenna, and the band filter between antenna and the radio frequency receiver that it is that the signal at center passes through that described band filter is configured to make with the predetermined fixed frequency.
8, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that, radio frequency receiver comprises the quadrature demodulator that operationally is connected with antenna.
9, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, also comprise the duplexer that is operatively coupled between radiofrequency launcher and the antenna, and between antenna and radio frequency receiver, carry out radiofrequency launcher and radio frequency receiver operation simultaneously by antenna.
10, radio-frequency unit according to claim 9 is characterized in that, radio frequency receiver comprises the quadrature demodulator that is operably connected with duplexer.
11, radio-frequency unit according to claim 11 is characterized in that, quadrature demodulator is exported at least one signal, and described signal comprises the Doppler's composition that extracts from the reflection of radio interrogation impedance signal.
12, radio-frequency unit according to claim 11, it is characterized in that, radio frequency receiver also comprises the high pass filter that is operably connected to quadrature demodulator, described high pass filter is configured to make Doppler's composition to pass through, and described Doppler's composition extracts from the reflection of radio interrogation impedance signal and has greater than the about frequency of 1Hz.
13, radio-frequency unit according to claim 13, it is characterized in that, radio frequency receiver also comprises the low pass filter that is operably connected to high pass filter, described low pass filter is configured to make Doppler's composition to pass through, and described Doppler's composition extracts from the reflection of radio interrogation impedance signal and has a frequency that only approximately reaches 1Hz.
14, radio-frequency unit according to claim 11 is characterized in that, also comprises the treatment circuit that operationally is couple to quadrature demodulator, so that receive Doppler's composition at least, this Doppler's composition is to extract from the reflection of radio interrogation impedance signal.
15, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that, also comprises the housing of the hand size that comprises radiofrequency launcher, paster antenna and radio frequency receiver, and this transceiver is light must to be enough to hand-held and to be placed on target proximity.
16, radio-frequency unit according to claim 1 is characterized in that, antenna is a paster antenna.
17, a kind of non-intruding thoracic radio interrogation that is used for target in case the method for collecting hematodinamics, breathing and/or other cardiopulmonary related datas from target comprise the following steps:
Place antenna at target proximity;
The unmodulated radio interrogation signals of predetermined fixed frequency is launched and target approach by antenna; And
Catch the reflection that receives by antenna from the radio interrogation signals of target emission.
18, method according to claim 17 is characterized in that, step of transmitting comprises with hyperfrequency emission RF impedance interrogation signals.
19, method according to claim 17 is characterized in that, step of transmitting comprise with 900 and 930MHz between hyperfrequency emission RF impedance interrogation signals.
20, method according to claim 17 is characterized in that, step of transmitting comprises that emission does not have the RF impedance interrogation signals of the noise contribution that is lower than about at least 100Hz in fact.
21, method according to claim 17 is characterized in that, step of transmitting comprises with the intensity that is not more than about 1 milliwatt launches the RF impedance interrogation signals from antenna.
22, method according to claim 17 is characterized in that, step of transmitting comprises that intensity with about 1.5 milliwatts only is from antenna emission RF impedance interrogation signals.
23, method according to claim 17 is characterized in that, also comprises by paster antenna launching and catching step and carry out duplexing step.
24, method according to claim 23 is characterized in that, also is included in by before the antenna broadcast RF impedance interrogation signals step of the RF impedance interrogation signals after the duplex being carried out filtering.
25, method according to claim 24 is characterized in that, filter step comprises to the paster antenna transmission with near the ultra-high frequency signal of paster antenna receiving center predetermined fixed frequency.
26, method according to claim 24 is characterized in that, filter step only comprise by paster antenna transmit the center 900 and the 930MHZ scope between frequency near signal.
27, method according to claim 17 is characterized in that, extraction step comprises the Doppler's composition that extracts from the radio interrogation signals of radio interrogation impedance signal.
28, method according to claim 27 is characterized in that, extraction step comprise from have about 1 and 100Hz between extract composition the radio interrogation impedance signal composition of reflection of frequency.
29, method according to claim 17 is characterized in that, also comprises antenna with the radiofrequency launcher that is used for carrying out step of transmitting be used to carry out the initial step that the radio frequency receiver of catching step is combined to the housing of hand size.
30, method according to claim 29 is characterized in that, places step and comprises that the housing with hand size is placed on the target to carry out emission and to catch step.
31, method according to claim 29 is characterized in that, carries out the placement step by avoiding described housing to contact with target on the clothes that housing is placed on target.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US84640206P | 2006-09-21 | 2006-09-21 | |
| US60/846,402 | 2006-09-21 | ||
| US60/846,403 | 2006-09-21 | ||
| US60/973,985 | 2007-09-20 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101553163A true CN101553163A (en) | 2009-10-07 |
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ID=41156998
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNA200780043215XA Pending CN101553163A (en) | 2006-09-21 | 2007-09-21 | Apparatus and method for non-invasive thoracic radio interrogation |
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| CN (1) | CN101553163A (en) |
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