CN101322652A - Computer simulation scaling biopsy method and apparatus - Google Patents
Computer simulation scaling biopsy method and apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- CN101322652A CN101322652A CNA2008100627934A CN200810062793A CN101322652A CN 101322652 A CN101322652 A CN 101322652A CN A2008100627934 A CNA2008100627934 A CN A2008100627934A CN 200810062793 A CN200810062793 A CN 200810062793A CN 101322652 A CN101322652 A CN 101322652A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method which can carry out follow-up tracing and virtual endoscopy to a gastroscope probe in gastroscopy process to implement analogue scaling biopsy on the focus in the stomach and provides a device for computer analogue scaling biopsy; the device comprises a main control module and a three-dimensional space locator used for acquiring spatial location and orientating information of the gastroscope probe, wherein, the main control module comprises a three-dimensional surface model module of an inner gastric wall, a three-dimensional space locating module of the gastroscope probe, a follow-up tracing module, a virtual endoscopy module and an analogue scaling biopsy module. The method can help to carry out callback and follow-up examination to stomach diseases, can realize noninvasive analogue scaling biopsy of stomach focus and can support doctors to make completely non-invasive focus image analysis in vitro.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of gastroscope probe with motion tracking and virtual in peep technology, relate in particular to a kind of computer simulation scaling biopsy method and realize the device of this method.
Background technology
Gastric cancer year new cases 870,000, account for 9.9% of whole cancers.China's gastric cancer markization sickness rate, mortality rate occupies second of malignant tumor.The precancerous lesion monitoring is intervened and is blocked it to development of gastric carcinoma, will significantly reduce the incidence rate and the mortality rate of gastric cancer.The gastric precancerous lesion periodic monitoring can make the recall rate of early gastric cancer reach more than 90% above 50%, 10 year survival rate.The conventional disease of some of stomach, as ulcer, also be the very high commonly encountered diseases of sickness rate.At present, the ordinary optical endoscopic biopsy technique is mainly used in the monitoring of gastric precancerous lesion canceration.Yet in the ordinary optical endoscopic biopsy technique, the doctor only can rely on endoscopic views to estimate probe relative position under one's belt, can not understand the accurate position of probe in gastric portion in real time.It is bigger that doctor's estimation is influenced by subjective judgment, makes that inspection is comparatively time-consuming.
Calibration biopsy technology (Marking Targeting Biopsy, the MTB technology) has calibration and biopsy function concurrently, make biopsy after accurately calibrating gastric mucosa, and can keep the mucosa labelling more than a year to supply to follow up a case by regular visits to biopsy again, and do not influence pathological observation, thereby help to find early stage canceration minimal disease, avoid focus to omit.The MTB technology provides possibility for accurately monitoring the gastric tissue pathological change, might set up stomach calibration tissue bank by this technology, form the data base with corresponding case data, scope picture, pathological examination and molecular biology mark etc., provide positive evidence for all kinds gastric precancerous lesion lapses to change, and can make correct therapeutic evaluation the Therapeutic Method of various intervention blocking-up cancerations.
Get the accuracy of pathological tissue in the gastric precancerous lesion canceration monitoring and judge the effectiveness of intervening blocking treatment though the MTB technology can solve, but this technical operation acquires a certain degree of difficulty, also than general biopsy forceps complex operation, can only calibrate complication such as hemorrhage etc. deal with of biopsy can not be to biopsy the time, can not make the topical therapeutic of precancerosis kitchen range, the calibration solution injection also has the probability that local wound takes place in addition.
Summary of the invention
The present invention utilizes medical image technology, space orientation technique and computer graphics techniques, provide a kind of in the gastroscopy process to gastroscope probe carry out with motion tracking and virtual in peep, thereby realize the gastric focus is carried out the method and the device of noinvasive calibration biopsy.
A kind of computer simulation scaling biopsy method comprises the steps:
(1) utilize Laminographic device to obtain the tomoscan image sequence of person under inspection's stomach cavity;
(2) cut apart carrying out threshold value behind the tomoscan image sequence analysis, obtain distinguishing the bianry image of stomach cavity area and non-cavity area;
(3) interface of extraction stomach cavity area and non-cavity area makes up and represents the computer model of coat of the stomach inner surface, and plays up;
(4) utilize the 3d space position finder to obtain the locus and the orientation information of gastroscope probe;
(5) spy in regulating according to the locus of gastroscope probe and orientation information a little the locus in gastric wall 3D surface model and towards;
(6) locus and the orientation information of spying in the basis a little carries out based endoscopic imaging and demonstration to gastric wall 3D surface model;
(7) a little locus and orientation information spied in specific in record, and carry out labelling in gastric wall 3D surface model;
(8) described spying in specific a little navigated when gastric wall 3D surface model is carried out based endoscopic imaging and shown.
In order to realize computer simulation scaling biopsy method, the present invention also provides a kind of device that carries out computer simulation scaling biopsy, comprising:
One main control module and one is used to obtain the 3d space position finder of gastroscope probe locus and orientation information; The 3d space position finder inserts main control module;
Described main control module comprises:
Be used to make up and deposit the gastric wall 3D surface model module of gastric wall 3D surface model;
Be used to gather and store the gastroscope probe 3d space locating module of 3d space position finder signal;
Be used for reading the data of gastroscope probe 3d space locating module, and spy in regulating point (in the virtual based endoscopic imaging process corresponding probe locus and towards virtual view) in gastric wall 3D surface model the locus and towards the servo-actuated tracking module;
Be used for according in spy on a little the locus and orientation information to gastric wall 3D surface model carry out based endoscopic imaging and the demonstration virtual in peep module;
Be used to write down locus and the orientation information spied in specific a little, and in gastric wall 3D surface model, carry out the simulation scaling biopsy module of labelling, this module can a little be navigated when gastric wall 3D surface model is carried out based endoscopic imaging and shows described spying in specific.
The present invention utilize described 3d space position finder (3D Guidance MedSafe) realize to the gastroscope probe with motion tracking.The 3d space position finder is the three-dimensional fix all purpose instrument that U.S. Ascension Technology company produces.This instrument is realized mutual between microsensor and the outer locator calculating the spatial orientation information that also output comprises locus and deflection six-freedom degree by the direct current stationary magnetic field.Utilize measurement space orientation, direct current stationary magnetic field, the problems such as magnetic field distortion of having avoided conventional AC magnetic field to produce in use, it is stable more, accurate to make dimensional orientation measure.The microsensor of 3d space position finder provides the location and the trace ability that have safety, hang down locus in the human body of invading characteristic in being usually used in the catheter Medical Instruments.In addition, the intensity in the measurement magnetic field that the magnetic field space positioner is produced is extremely low, and is close with the magnetic field of the earth.So harmless, do not see the record that patient and clinician is produced bad physiological effect at present yet.
The 3d space position finder that the present invention adopts comprises:
One dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter (being called for short " flat emitter ");
One EOC;
One signal preamplifier;
One is used to obtain gastroscope probe locus and towards the miniature aspect sensor of signal;
EOC links to each other with dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter by parallel interface, EOC links to each other by the outfan of signal link and signal preamplifier simultaneously, miniature aspect sensor then links to each other with the input of signal preamplifier, and EOC inserts the main control module that carries out the computer simulation scaling biopsy device of the present invention.
When miniature aspect sensor places effective detection space of 3d space position finder central, when the position of miniature aspect sensor or direction change, the D.C. magnetic field that dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter is launched and its are used mutually, can in miniature aspect sensor, cause one real-time, measurable signal changes.These signals change through after the amplification of signal preamplifier, can be received by EOC, miniature aspect sensor six-freedom degree information measurement value and some other parameters on three dimensions are calculated and exported in EOC in real time, comprises measured value x, y, z and horizontal-shift angle a, elevation angle e and spin angle r on X-axis, Y-axis and the Z-direction.
Computer simulation scaling biopsy method of the present invention mainly adopts gastroscope probe servo-actuated tracking technique, principle is to utilize tomoscan image sequence, through the cutting apart of image, visual and model optimization, obtain the three dimensional computer modeling of the coat of the stomach inner surface in the given space; Simultaneously, utilize the 3d space position finder to obtain the dimensional orientation of probe, in the virtual scene that coat of the stomach inner surface model constitutes,, draw probe orientation stomach function regulating wall surface model at last in real time according to the dimensional orientation relation; In addition, this technology also provides carries out the result that peeps in virtual to the coat of the stomach threedimensional model, allows user interactions control or peeps in carrying out with motion tracking.
Before the space orientation of carrying out the gastroscope probe, the direction of requirement assurance examinating couch is parallel with the Z axle in the measurement space of positioner; The tomoscan image data space initial point that finds labelling to cross according to the person under inspection position then, and the relative position of this initial point in effective detection space of 3d space position finder carried out the translation adjustment by slider bar; Require at last carry out gastroscope probe with motion tracking the time, tomoscan image data space is positioned at effective detection space, popping one's head in is positioned at tomoscan image data space all the time.
When carrying out the space orientation of gastroscope probe, by the 3d space position finder being carried out data acquisition operation, the position that obtains the probe relative pointing device in real time.Simultaneously, position and the spatial position of the relative tomoscan of positioning equipment according to the probe relative pointing device, adjust in real time corresponding probe locus and towards in spy on a little, and according to the locus of spying on a place in this with towards the three-dimensional based endoscopic imaging design sketch of real-time rendering coat of the stomach surface model.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
At first, provide the technology of in a kind of gastroscopy the stomach focus being carried out simulation scaling biopsy, be applicable to that disease of stomach is carried out permanently effective check follows up a case by regular visits to, helped to find minimal disease, avoided focus to omit.
Secondly, the inventive method is a kind of noninvasive virtual endoscopy means, and the clinician can be chosen in the external lesion image analysis of carrying out complete non-intrusion type, alleviates person under inspection's misery.
At last, this technology has the navigation feature of gastroscopy process, can effectively reduce the gastroscope probe
In the time of person under inspection's stomach roaming, when alleviating person under inspection's misery, reduce the working doctor burden.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is apparatus of the present invention structured flowchart;
Fig. 2 is the inventive method FB(flow block);
Fig. 3 concerns sketch map for interrupting layer scan image data space of the present invention and dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter position;
Fig. 4 concerns sketch map for effectively detecting space and dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter position among the present invention;
Fig. 5 is interrupting layer scan image data of the present invention space and effectively detection spatial relation and coordinate direction sketch map separately.
The specific embodiment
Computer simulation scaling biopsy method of the present invention utilizes the 3d space position finder to obtain the dimensional orientation data, utilizes the medical object visualization technique to describe to pop one's head in and the dimensional orientation of coat of the stomach relation.Utilize the computer graphics correlation technique that the coat of the stomach model is carried out peeping in virtual, and realize simulation scaling biopsy the gastric focus.
As Fig. 1, the present invention carries out the device of computer simulation scaling biopsy, comprising:
One main control module and one is used to obtain the 3d space position finder of gastroscope probe locus and orientation information; The 3d space position finder inserts main control module;
Main control module comprises:
Be used to make up and deposit the gastric wall 3D surface model module of gastric wall 3D surface model;
Be used to gather and store the gastroscope probe 3d space locating module of 3d space position finder signal;
Be used for reading the data of gastroscope probe 3d space locating module, and spy in regulating the locus in gastric wall 3D surface model a little and towards the servo-actuated tracking module;
Be used for according in spy on a little the locus and orientation information to gastric wall 3D surface model carry out based endoscopic imaging and the demonstration virtual in peep module;
Be used to write down locus and the orientation information spied in specific a little, and in gastric wall 3D surface model, carry out the simulation scaling biopsy module of labelling, this module can a little be navigated when gastric wall 3D surface model is carried out based endoscopic imaging and shows described spying in specific.
In the 3d space position finder, comprising: quadrate dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter (being called for short " flat emitter "); Signal preamplifier; EOC; Miniature aspect sensor.EOC links to each other with dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter by parallel interface, EOC links to each other by the outfan of signal link and signal preamplifier simultaneously, miniature aspect sensor then links to each other with the input of signal preamplifier, and EOC inserts the main control module of computer simulation scaling biopsy device among the present invention.
As Fig. 2, the flow process of computer simulation scaling biopsy method of the present invention is
(1) utilize Laminographic device to obtain the tomoscan image sequence of person under inspection's stomach cavity;
(2) cut apart carrying out threshold value behind the tomoscan image sequence analysis, obtain distinguishing the bianry image of stomach cavity area and non-cavity area;
(3) interface of extraction stomach cavity area and non-cavity area makes up and represents the computer model of coat of the stomach inner surface, and plays up;
(4) utilize the 3d space position finder to obtain the locus and the orientation information of gastroscope probe;
(5) spy in regulating according to the locus of gastroscope probe and orientation information a little the locus in gastric wall 3D surface model and towards;
(6) locus and the orientation information of spying in the basis a little carries out based endoscopic imaging and demonstration to gastric wall 3D surface model;
(7) a little locus and orientation information spied in specific in record, and carry out labelling in gastric wall 3D surface model;
(8) described spying in specific a little navigated when gastric wall 3D surface model is carried out based endoscopic imaging and shown.
When implementing the inventive method, (it is unenhanced CT) person under inspection to be implemented abdominal part, obtains comprising the tomoscan image sequence of stomach cavity for ct apparatus for example, Computed Tomography at first to utilize Laminographic device.When the execution abdominal part is unenhanced, require to guarantee that tomoscan is spatial axially with scanning bed parallel, the spatial origin position of mark scan simultaneously.Then, the tomoscan image sequence that obtains is imported gastric wall 3D surface model module.
The medical image of gastric wall 3D surface model module parses DICOM form, and after being mapped to 256 gray levels through the gray scale window, in computer, show.In the image segmentation stage, at first according to the specified gray threshold of user image being carried out threshold value cuts apart, specify any one seed points in the cavity according to the user then, utilize region-growing method to cut apart, obtain distinguishing the bianry image of stomach cavity area and non-cavity area at last.Subsequently, utilize improved mobile cube (MarchingCubes) method, extract the interface of stomach cavity area and non-cavity area the image after cutting apart, and carry out level and smooth and the operation of two steps is simplified in the tri patch unit to this interface, structure is represented the computer model of coat of the stomach inner surface.At last, give characteristic coefficients such as color and illumination attribute to model surface after, defining virtual light is played up.The gastric wall 3D surface model that finally obtains is stored in the gastric wall 3D surface model module.
In the gastroscopy process, EOC is inserted main control module.Simultaneously, the miniature aspect sensor with the 3d space position finder is bundled on the probe of gastroscope position and direction that on behalf of gastroscope, the position of miniature thus aspect sensor probe and direction just pop one's head in by the gastroscope tract.Must guarantee that in whole gastroscopy process miniature aspect sensor is positioned within effective detection space of tomoscan image data space and 3d space position finder simultaneously, guarantee the correctness of measurement, and reduction because of shifting out effective detection space, miniature aspect sensor causes following the tracks of the probability that makes a mistake.
When miniature aspect sensor places effective detection space of 3d space position finder central, when the position of miniature aspect sensor or direction change, the D.C. magnetic field that dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter is launched and its are used mutually, can in miniature aspect sensor, cause one real-time, measurable signal changes.These signals change through after the amplification of signal preamplifier, can be received by EOC, miniature aspect sensor six-freedom degree information measurement value and some other parameters on three dimensions are calculated and exported in EOC in real time simultaneously, comprises measured value x, y, z and horizontal-shift angle a, elevation angle e and spin angle r on X-axis, Y-axis and the Z-direction.
Gastroscope probe 3d space locating module is controlled the 3d space position finder and is communicated by letter.Can be under specified by the user, the constant time cycle at one, this module is obtained the measured value of six-freedom degree information in probe orientation (being the orientation of miniature aspect sensor) repeatedly, and with these 3d space position finder signal storage that collect in gastroscope probe 3d space locating module.
The servo-actuated tracking module reads the data in the gastroscope probe 3d space locating module in real time, and according to the spatial position of relative tomoscan with positioning equipment, position of gastroscope probe relative pointing device, spy in regulating in real time some the locus in gastric wall 3D surface model and towards.
Peep module in virtual and gastric wall 3D surface model is carried out based endoscopic imaging and show according to spying on space of points position and orientation information in exporting in the servo-actuated tracking module, peeping module in virtual provides based on peeping in motion tracking virtual and peeping two kinds of patterns based in user interactions virtual.This module is peeped parameter in providing automatically, and based on in peeping in motion tracking virtual, the orientation of virtual endoscope depends on the result with motion tracking.Virtual endoscope is provided on the probe positions according to the probe bearing data that obtains with motion tracking, the coat of the stomach surface model is carried out the result who peeps in the real-time virtual with probe orientation.In peeping in user interactions virtual, the user is with direction (rise, descend, turn left, turn right) and position (advance or retreat to the visual field direction) spied in the Keyboard Control a little; In addition, the user can also define the view directions in the endoscopic views according to the view directions in the global view; At last, also allow speed that the User Defined camera moves forward and backward and spin angle of virtual camera etc.Under the user interactions control model, do not obtain three-dimensional fix device hardware data, a little position and with motion tracking but internally spy at three orthogonal cross-sections images of overall visual angle and layer data.
Spy on the locus and the orientation information of point (need carry out labelling in spy on a little) in the simulation scaling biopsy module records is specific, simultaneously in gastric wall 3D surface model, carry out labelling, and be implemented in a little navigating and show spying in specific in the gastric wall 3D surface model.As when the clinician finds focus in the gastroscopy process, notify this module by interactive mode, this module can realize the analogue scaling to lesions position according to the position of gastroscope probe with current focus under the outcome record of motion tracking.After this, the clinician this patient is checked follow up a case by regular visits in, the simulation scaling biopsy module is according to the scaling position of current probe with gastroscope that motion tracking obtained probe locus and focus, method guiding clinician by navigation arrives this lesions position, thus improve check accuracy, shorten the check time, to alleviate patient painful and reduce the working doctor burden.
Functions such as the present invention peeps with the importing of tomography medical image file, the mapping of gray scale window, image sequence demonstration, image segmentation, resurfacing, data acquisition, in virtual, simulation scaling biopsy combine.Apparatus of the present invention are by the three orthogonal cross-sections images (coronalplane, sagittal plane and transverse section) of the exportable overall visual angle of output device (as display), endoscope visual angle and tomoscan image data.
Overall situation visual angle except draw the coat of the stomach surface model and in spy on a little, also drawn spatial frame of tomography scan image data and dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter, and made it be in the tram separately.Simultaneously, whether visible whether the user can select each visual field role and coat of the stomach model translucent.
The endoscope visual angle provides carries out the effect of peeping in virtual to model.
Three orthogonal cross-sections images provide coronalplane, sagittal plane and the transverse section of tomography scan image data, all represent current two other position, cross section with cross hairs in every width of cloth image, and wherein the decussation point is the locus at probe place.
Among Fig. 3 indication resolve a layer scan image data space (Image Data Space, IDS) and the relative position relation of the dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter of three-dimensional fix device.Left side figure is a vertical view, and middle figure is a birds-eye view, and right figure is an axial view.Tomoscan image data space is meant the expressed three dimensions of several tomoscan image sequences that is used to rebuild.Flat emitter top solid box is represented tomoscan image data space, and the arrow of wire frame has been indicated the direction of measuring coordinate system.Spatial initial point (O
CT) the position relation of patient and imaging device is determined during by imaging.The cubical length in this space is by the sweep parameter decision of Laminographic device.For the medical image form that meets dicom standard, relevant sweep parameter as pixel spacing, tomography spacing, origin position, pixel size etc., all can parse from image file and directly utilize; For the medical image form that does not meet dicom standard, should specify correct parameter.In the present invention, the position at tomoscan image data space place is only relevant with position of human body, and with the spatial locator device independent.
The effective detection space of three-dimensional fix device and the relative position relation of dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter have been indicated among Fig. 4.Left side figure is a vertical view, and middle figure is a birds-eye view, and right figure is an axial view.Effectively detecting the space is that (Effective Measurement Space EMS) is meant that the three-dimensional fix device can produce the space of measurement result stable, low error.The dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter that is mated for 3D GuidanceMedSafe among the present invention, effectively detecting the space is positioned at directly over the emitter, length is respectively in the cube of 400mm, 400mm and 360mm, and the cubical bottom surface of measurement space is apart from dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter end face 100mm.Flat emitter top solid box represents effectively to detect the space.Dotted arrow has represented to measure the direction of coordinate system, its initial point (O
G) being positioned at the central point of dull and stereotyped upper surface, direction is as shown by arrows.Spatial size is a parameter of dull and stereotyped D.C. magnetic field emitter, and scan factors such as position, posture, position with fault imaging scanning device, person under inspection all irrelevant.
Indicated the relative position relation in IDS zone and EMS zone among Fig. 5.When the execution stomach was Endoscopic, the IDS zone was the space that rebuilds the coat of the stomach surface model according to the tomoscan image, and its dimensional orientation is only relevant with person under inspection's body position; The EMS zone is the activity space of microsensor, spies on relative position a little in being used for calculating, and its dimensional orientation is only relevant with the position of three-dimensional fix device equipment.Therefore, the relative position in the coat of the stomach surface model reacts the relative position of gastroscope probe in coat of the stomach faithfully in order to spy on a little in guaranteeing, must know the relative position relation of IDS and EMS, promptly except guaranteeing two spatial corresponding sides line parallels, also needs to determine S
X, S
YAnd S
ZValue (according to diagram relation by O
CT, O
GAnd D
X, D
Y, D
ZDetermine), spy on a relative position relation of stomach function regulating wall surface model in can drawing faithfully afterwards.
In probe servo-actuated tracking module, according to the probe dimensional orientation data that from gastroscope probe 3D locating module, read, spy on a little in translucent coat of the stomach surface model, adjusting in real time, in three orthogonal cross-sections images of tomoscan image data, come the real-time positioning probe positions simultaneously with cross hairs.When the simulation scaling biopsy process, if because reason such as the space is not enough, the position is misplaced needs the control flat emitter carry out a spot of translation, probe servo-actuated tracking module allow the user in real time by slider bar to translational movement S
X, S
YAnd S
ZCarry out adjustment, thereby adapt to the variation of hardware, guarantee the correct of drawing result.Maximum in the slider bar and minima are calculated according to systematic parameter and are determined, can not cause IDS to move to the EMS outside when guaranteeing to regulate slider bar.
Claims (2)
1, a kind of computer simulation scaling biopsy method comprises the steps:
(1) utilize Laminographic device to obtain the tomoscan image sequence of person under inspection's stomach cavity;
(2) cut apart carrying out threshold value behind the tomoscan image sequence analysis, obtain distinguishing the bianry image of stomach cavity area and non-cavity area;
(3) interface of extraction stomach cavity area and non-cavity area makes up and represents the computer model of coat of the stomach inner surface, and plays up;
(4) utilize the 3d space position finder to obtain the locus and the orientation information of gastroscope probe;
(5) spy in regulating according to the locus of gastroscope probe and orientation information a little the locus in gastric wall 3D surface model and towards;
(6) locus and the orientation information of spying in the basis a little carries out based endoscopic imaging and demonstration to gastric wall 3D surface model;
(7) a little locus and orientation information spied in specific in record, and carry out labelling in gastric wall 3D surface model;
(8) described spying in specific a little navigated when gastric wall 3D surface model is carried out based endoscopic imaging and shown.
2, a kind of device that carries out computer simulation scaling biopsy comprises: a main control module and is used to obtain the 3d space position finder of gastroscope probe locus and orientation information; The 3d space position finder inserts main control module; It is characterized in that described main control module comprises:
Be used to make up and deposit the gastric wall 3D surface model module of gastric wall 3D surface model;
Be used to gather and store the gastroscope probe 3d space locating module of 3d space position finder signal;
Be used for reading the data of gastroscope probe 3d space locating module, and spy in regulating the locus in gastric wall 3D surface model a little and towards the servo-actuated tracking module;
Be used for according in spy on a little the locus and orientation information to gastric wall 3D surface model carry out based endoscopic imaging and the demonstration virtual in peep module;
Be used to write down locus and the orientation information spied in specific a little, and in gastric wall 3D surface model, carry out the simulation scaling biopsy module of labelling, this module can a little be navigated when gastric wall 3D surface model is carried out based endoscopic imaging and shows described spying in specific.
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