CN101114886B - Polarization type optical caching device and regulating method thereof - Google Patents
Polarization type optical caching device and regulating method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A polarization type optical buffer together with the adjusting method is designed for the low turning on and off speed and the instability of the avoiding polarization state, namely using the nonlinear rotation of the polarization state in a semiconductor optical amplifier or an optical fiber as a polarization control switch to realize the optical buffer to cache the data packet signal. The optical buffer consists of an input polarization controller, a polarization beam combiner, a nonlinear polarization rotation functional unit, a polarization beam splitter and a polarization maintaining fiber, wherein, the nonlinear polarization rotation functional unit consists of a front polarizer, a tail polarizer, the controllable non-linear rotation functional parts and an online monitoring unit of the polarization state composed by an optical fiber coupler and a polarization controller. The instability of the polarization can be avoided by adjusting the polarization type optical buffer to the polarized rotation. The polarization type optical buffer of the invention has the advantages that the reading and writing speed is high and the buffer depth of an optical fiber ring reaches above 90%, thereby being good for the cascade.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the optical communication technique field, be a kind of polarization type optical caching device and control method thereof specifically, promptly utilize the non-linear rotation of polarization state in semiconductor optical amplifier or optical fiber as the Polarization Control switch, realize carrying out the optical buffer of buffer memory for data packet signals.
Background technology
Along with the development of high speed full optical net, the shortcoming of wavelength exchange manifests gradually, and just from being to exchange the optical wavelength switching network of granularity to the light packet switching network transition that is granularity with the wavelength with the bag, the light packet switching will become one of important directions of all optical network to all optical network.Full light packet switching essence is a kind of storage-retransmission technique, and storage therefore how to finish the light packet in the light territory becomes the key problem in technology of full light packet switching.Characteristics such as the capacity of node, throughput, packet loss all depend on the quality of memory performance in the network.
The scheme of multiple full optical buffer has been proposed at present, if classify according to memory bank (medium), mainly contain following 3 kinds: what induce transparent (EIT) principle based on electricity is the slower rays buffer of memory bank with semiconductor-quantum-point, atom gas and solid-state material; With the chirp grating is the grating type buffer of memory bank; With optical fiber is the optical fiber loop type buffer of memory bank.Though the time-delay characteristics that the EIT medium has long cache-time and can regulate, the cost of its costliness, the restriction of specific wavelength and also do not read and write control experiment, many problems expose as yet.Be in exploratory stage at present to light speed reduction, far apart from the real cache device that is applicable to data cache.As for grating,, there is not practical significance under two-forty because smaller bandwidth can not be used.And the current relatively actual optical buffer that also is based on optical-fiber type.
Preceding two kinds of buffers all are based on controls group velocity, and the optical-fiber type buffer is based on buffer storage length is controlled, and is that the full optical buffer of memory bank is divided into following three classes by structure at present with optical fiber:
The first kind is based on the scheme (as Fig. 1) of " delay line+optical switch ", and a basic design comprises the optical fiber of a 2X2 optical switch and one group of different time of delay.Utilize the lag characteristic of optical fiber to cooperate optical switch to come the control lag time, just constituted " switching delay line ".
Second class is based on the scheme (as Fig. 2) of " mirror based fiber optica (FP chamber)+optical switch ".Basic thought is at the two ends of an optical fiber, adds a transmitance (reflectivity) adjustable eyeglass M1 and M2 respectively.When needs are introduced light signal, M1 can be adjusted to light transmission state, treat that light signal enters optical fiber after, M1 is converted to the total reflection state at once, M2 also is the total reflection state at this moment, so light signal just moves back and forth in the FP chamber of being made up of two completely reflecting mirrors, is stored in the optical fiber.When needs are read, only need to make M2 into light transmission state and get final product.In principle, photon can be survived considerable time in the FP chamber.The method of common change transmitance has non-linear loop mirror NOLM, T bit asymmetric demultiplexer TOAD or nonlinear optical fiber Sagnac interferometer NFSI optical switches such as (Nonlinear Fiber Sagnec Interferometer).At present, can be with the signal storage of the 1Gb/s of 32bit for up to more than the 1ms.
The 3rd class is based on the scheme of fiber optic loop (Fiber Loop), and a basic design comprises a 2X2 optical switch and an optical fiber loop, the integral multiple of time of delay that is light signal in ring memory time.The fiber optic loop that has power back-off, if do not consider the accumulation of noise, the photon long time of can surviving therein in theory.Key is how photon to be introduced (write operation) and photon is exported (read operation).Specific implementation write with playback mode on comprise: a. adopts optical coupler input, optical coupler output (as Fig. 3); B. adopt optical coupler input, optical switch output (as Fig. 4); C. adopt the optical coupler input, adopt demodulation multiplexer output; D. adopt fiber optic loop+TOAD optical switch etc.The basic difficulty of this design is can only be memory time integral multiple that fix or the ring time.
The analysis found that the overwhelming majority in the above-mentioned buffer all will be used semiconductor optical amplifier SOA, perhaps as writing and read the optical switch of control, perhaps as non-linear element, so SOA plays key effect in this optical-fiber type buffer.But SOA is a kind of device with multiple light-light mutual effect, comprises cross-gain modulation, cross-phase modulation, cross polarization modulation and 4 wave mixings or the like.Buffer has in the past only utilized cross-gain modulation and cross-phase modulation, but the shortcoming of these two kinds of working methods is: owing to be subjected to the restriction of gain recovery time, the fastest speed can only reach the magnitude of tens of ps, has limited the further raising of switching speed.Cross polarization modulation among the SOA is the fastest light-light mutual effect phenomenon of having known at present, and speed can reach the fs level, has been useful on the 320Gb/s systematic account.Simultaneously, based on the buffer of cross-phase modulation, must use principle of interference, and the basis of interfering is a requirement polarization state unanimity.Because the optical fiber unstable device that is polarization, polarization state is affected by environment very big, thus based on the optical switch of cross-phase modulation when long stability not ideal enough.Utilize polarization state as switch, can avoid the polarization problem of unstable.In addition, present SOA optical switch TOAD based on principle of interference, the buffer memory degree of depth ratio of fiber lengths (length of data cached bag with) is subjected to certain limitation, and this is because can not meet in SOA with counterclockwise two-way light clockwise among the TOAD, otherwise between them with the phase mutual interference.This feasible largest buffered degree of depth based on this optical switch does not reach 50%.Optical buffer based on the cross polarization modulation do not need to use principle of interference, so the buffer memory degree of depth can reach more than 90% starting point of the present invention that Here it is.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention just provides a kind of polarization type optical caching device and control method thereof, and this buffer is fast inadequately at the switching speed of present optical buffer, avoidance polarization state problem of unstable designs.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
Polarization type optical caching device is made up of an input polarization controller, a polarization beam combiner, a nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit, a polarization beam apparatus and one section polarization maintaining optical fibre.Nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit is made up of front and back ends polarizer, controllable non-linear spinfunction device and polarization state on-line monitoring unit.Polarization state on-line monitoring unit is made of a 1X2 fiber coupler and a Polarization Controller.
Above-mentioned device annexation is as follows:
The input polarization controller is a single output device of single input, and its input links to each other with the external world, and its output links to each other with a polarization input of polarization beam combiner.
Polarization beam combiner is the device of one 2 input 1 output, its two inputs are imported two linear polarization (being called X polarization state and Y polarization state) of quadrature respectively, its output the synthetic elliptical polarization of these two linear polarization (in particular cases, also may synthesize circular polarization state or linear polarization), and be connected to nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit.
Nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit is connected to form successively by front end polarizer, controllable non-linear polarization spinfunction device and rear end polarizer, the polarization state on-line monitoring unit of also pegging graft therebetween.The front and back ends polarizer all is the single output device of single input; Controllable non-linear polarization spinfunction device is divided into automatically controlled and light-operated two kinds: automatically controlled device comprises a current input terminal and current output terminal, and light shutter device comprises a wave division multiplex coupler and a filter.The input of the fiber coupler of the 1X2 in the polarization state on-line monitoring unit links to each other with the output of nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit, one of them links to each other its two outputs with the input of polarization beam apparatus, its another output links to each other with Polarization Controller, and the output of this Polarization Controller is connected with the polarization analysis instrument.
The output of nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit links to each other with the input of polarization beam apparatus, polarization beam apparatus is the device of a 1X2, its input can be random polarization state, the linear polarization that its two outputs are two quadratures (being called X ' polarization state and Y ' polarization state), one of them output links to each other with polarization maintaining optical fibre, and another output as buffer links to each other with the external world.
The output of polarization maintaining optical fibre feeds back to another input of polarization beam combiner, constitutes an optical fiber loop, and light signal is buffer memory in this loop.
The operation principle of polarization type optical caching device of the present invention is as follows: for the light packet that enters buffer, at first adjust to the Y polarization state through the input polarization controller, arrive nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit through polarization beam combiner then.If this packet does not need buffer memory, then nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit does not rotate its polarization state, still is the Y polarization state, and when this signal arrived polarization beam apparatus, it was just exported from Y ' polarization state end.If this packet needs buffer memory, then nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit carries out the polarization rotation to it, makes it the polarization state into X, and when this signal arrived polarization beam apparatus, it was just exported from X ' polarization state end.Enter polarization maintaining optical fibre from the signal of X ' polarization state end output, feed back to the X polarization state end of polarization beam combiner, reenter nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit.If do not need to read, it is constant that then nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit keeps its polarization state, so the continuous buffer memory of loop trunks that this data set just constitutes at this polarization maintaining optical fibre; Read if desired, then nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit makes its polarization state rotate to be the Y polarization state, and whole caching has been finished in Y ' the polarization state end of polarization beam apparatus output then.
Nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit is as follows to the operation principle and the control method of the polarization rotation of input signal: the front end Polarization Controller at first arbitrarily changes the polarization state of input into a random polarization state, regulate the control parameter of nonlinear polarization spinfunction device then, for electronic control type is exactly the size of regulating electric current, for light-operated type is exactly regulate to inject the size of luminous power, at this moment finds at the polarization state of the output of this unit circle that draws on poincare sphere.And then regulate the front end Polarization Controller, and making its polarization state on poincare sphere fall into the inside of previous circle, and then change the control parameter, a concentric circles again will draw.Repeatedly regulate successively, find that finally concentric circles can shorten into a bit.This expression changes the control parameter again, and the output polarization attitude no longer changes, and claims that then this polarization state is the principal state of polarization (psp) of adjustable parameter.Find after the principal state of polarization (psp), regulate the rear end Polarization Controller, principal state of polarization (psp) is transferred to the arctic (or South Pole) of poincare sphere.And then adjust the front end Polarization Controller, polarization state is adjusted on the equator of poincare sphere.At this moment, regulate the control parameter again, can find that polarization state goes up rotation under the line, and note X polarization state and the pairing Control Parameter of Y polarization state (electric current or luminous power) on the poincare sphere equator.In use, as long as given these two Control Parameter just can realize the conversion of two orhtogonal linear polarizaiton attitudes.
The operation principle and the control method of polarization state on-line monitoring unit are as follows: for two outputs of the fiber coupler of 1X2, because their signal all comes from same input, therefore can regard the input of 1X2 polarization beam apparatus and the input of polarization analysis instrument as result that same input obtains through different transformation matrixs.In order to reach the purpose of on-line monitoring, must guarantee that the two is identical all the time, guarantees that just the transformation matrix of the two is identical.Each transformation matrix can be described as the poincare sphere of a rotation, and in order to make two poincare sphere identical, a great circle that only needs to guarantee ball has 3 coincidences, add circle outer a bit overlap just passable.Specific practice is the Polarization Controller of reconciling at the linear polarization monitoring means, makes on the equator 3 overlap, and then make the arctic mutually and overlaps just passable.
It is fast that the advantage of polarization type optical caching device of the present invention is to read and write reaction speed, and the buffer memory degree of depth of fiber optic loop reaches more than 90%, is convenient to cascade etc.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is based on the full optical buffer schematic diagram of " delay line+optical switch ";
Fig. 2 is based on the full optical buffer schematic diagram of " mirror based fiber optica (FP chamber)+optical switch ";
Fig. 3 is the full optical buffer schematic diagram that adopts " optical coupler input, optical coupler output ";
Fig. 4 is the full optical buffer schematic diagram that adopts " optical coupler input, optical switch output ";
Fig. 5 is double-ring coupled full optical buffer (through type) schematic diagram;
Fig. 6 is double-ring coupled full optical buffer (recoverable) schematic diagram;
Fig. 7 is a structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 8 is a nonlinear polarization spinfunction cellular construction schematic diagram;
Fig. 9 is a polarization state on-line monitoring cellular construction schematic diagram;
Figure 10 is operation principle and control method the displayed map on poincare sphere of nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit to the polarization rotation of input signal;
Figure 11 is for a change during the bias current of SOA, the relation between the angle of polarization direction and the size of bias current;
Thereby Figure 12 for a change injects the scheme schematic diagram that the luminous power of another wavelength of SOA realizes the non-linear rotation of polarization state;
Thereby Figure 13 changes the scheme schematic diagram that the luminous power of another wavelength that injects HNHB realizes the non-linear rotation of polarization state.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples technical scheme of the present invention is further described.
In the present embodiment, buffer can be realized time of delay adjustable arbitrarily according to the integral multiple of fiber optic loop time of delay, and has that switching speed is fast, the buffer memory degree of depth is big and be convenient to advantage such as cascade.
The structure of polarization type optical caching device is shown in Fig. 7-13: comprise an input polarization controller 1, polarization beam combiner 2, nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit 3, polarization beam apparatus 4, one section polarization maintaining optical fibre 5 and polarization state on-line monitoring unit 6.Nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit 3 is made up of a front end polarizer 7, a controllable non-linear spinfunction device 8 and a rear end polarizer 9.Polarization state on-line monitoring unit 6 is made up of fiber coupler 10 and a Polarization Controller 11 of a 1X2.
The polarization state control method of the 3 pairs of signals in nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit is as follows: front end Polarization Controller 7 at first arbitrarily changes the polarization state of input into a random polarization state, regulate the control parameter of nonlinear polarization spinfunction device 8 then, for electronic control type is exactly the size of regulating electric current, for light-operated type is exactly to regulate the size of injecting luminous power, at this moment find at the polarization state of the output of this unit circle that on poincare sphere, draws, referring to Figure 10.And then regulate front end polarizer 7, and making its polarization state on poincare sphere fall into the inside of previous circle, and then change the control parameter, a concentric circles again will draw.Repeatedly regulate successively, find that finally concentric circles can shorten into a bit.This expression changes the control parameter again, and the output polarization attitude no longer changes, and claims that then this polarization state is the principal state of polarization (psp) of adjustable parameter.Find after the principal state of polarization (psp), regulate rear end Polarization Controller 9, principal state of polarization (psp) is transferred to the arctic (or South Pole) of poincare sphere.And then adjust front end polarizer 7, polarization state is adjusted on the equator of poincare sphere.At this moment, regulate control parameter 12 again, can find that polarization state goes up rotation under the line, and note X polarization state and the pairing Control Parameter of Y polarization state (electric current or luminous power) on the poincare sphere equator.In use, as long as given these two Control Parameter just can realize the conversion of two orhtogonal linear polarizaiton attitudes.
The control method of polarization state on-line monitoring unit 6 is as follows: for two outputs of the fiber coupler 10 of 1X2, because their signal all comes from same input, therefore can regard the input of 1X2 polarization beam apparatus 4 and the input of polarization analysis instrument as result that same input obtains through different transformation matrixs.In order to reach the purpose of on-line monitoring, must guarantee that the two is identical all the time, guarantees that just the transformation matrix of the two is identical.Each transformation matrix can be described as the poincare sphere of a rotation, and in order to make two poincare sphere identical, a great circle that only needs to guarantee ball has 3 coincidences, add circle outer a bit overlap just passable.Specific practice is the Polarization Controller 11 of reconciling at the linear polarization monitoring means, makes on the equator 3 overlap, and then make the arctic mutually and overlaps just passable.
In the buffer of the present invention, controllable non-linear spinfunction device 8 can have multiple choices, provides several below:
First kind: non-linear spinfunction device 8 adopts semiconductor optical amplifier SOA, and control parameter 12 for a change injects the electric current of SOA.When the electric current that injects SOA changed, even keep input polarization constant, the output polarization attitude also can change, and showed on the poincare sphere to be exactly the polarization state rotation.When current ratio hour, the angle of rotation is linear change with electric current, when current ratio is big, is nonlinear change, referring to Figure 11, for the SOA shown in the figure, electric current about the 40mA-90mA change, just can become the vertical polarization attitude from the horizontal polarization attitude greatly.
Second kind: non-linear spinfunction device 8 adopts semiconductor optical amplifier SOA, and control parameter 12 for a change injects the luminous power of another wavelength of SOA.When the luminous power of another wavelength that injects SOA changes, even keep input polarization constant, the output polarization attitude also can change, show on the poincare sphere to be exactly the polarization state rotation, referring to Figure 12, except SOA, also comprise two wave division multiplexing WDM fiber couplers, place the front and back of SOA respectively, their effect is that SOA. is introduced and drawn to the light of another wavelength
The third: non-linear spinfunction device 8 adopts the optical fiber HNHB of high birefringence and high non-linearity, comprises photonic crystal fiber PCF, and control parameter 12 for a change injects the luminous power of another wavelength of this optical fiber.When the luminous power of another wavelength of the optical fiber that injects high birefringence and high non-linearity changes, owing to the Nonlinear and crossing Polarization Modulation between two light, even keep input polarization constant, the output polarization attitude also can change, show on the poincare sphere to be exactly the polarization state rotation, see Figure 13, except the optical fiber of high birefringence and high non-linearity, also comprise two wave division multiplexing WDM fiber couplers, place the front and back of the optical fiber of high birefringence and high non-linearity respectively, their effect is that HNHB is introduced and drawn to the light of another wavelength.
Claims (3)
1. polarization type optical caching device is characterized in that it is made up of an input polarization controller (1), a polarization beam combiner (2), a nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit (3), a polarization beam apparatus (4) and one section polarization maintaining optical fibre (5); Polarization state on-line monitoring unit (6) is formed and be connected in nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit (3) by front and back ends polarizer (7) with (9), a controllable non-linear spinfunction device (8), and polarization state on-line monitoring unit (6) is made of a 1X2 fiber coupler (10) and a Polarization Controller (11):
Input polarization controller (1) is a single output device of single input, and its input links to each other with the external world, and its output links to each other with a polarization input of polarization beam combiner (2);
Polarization beam combiner (2) is the device of one 2 input 1 output, two linear polarization that its two inputs are imported quadrature respectively are called X polarization state and Y polarization state, its output is the synthetic elliptical polarization of these two linear polarization, also can synthesize circular polarization state or linear polarization, and be connected to nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit (3);
Nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit (3) is connected to form successively by front end polarizer (7), controllable non-linear polarization spinfunction device (8) and rear end polarizer (9); Front and back ends polarizer (7) and (9) all are the single output devices of single input; Controllable non-linear polarization spinfunction device (8) is divided into automatically controlled and light-operated two kinds: automatically controlled device comprises a current input terminal and current output terminal, and light shutter device comprises a wave division multiplex coupler and a filter; The input of the fiber coupler (10) of the 1X2 in the polarization state on-line monitoring unit (6) links to each other with the output of nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit (3), one of them links to each other its two outputs with the input of polarization beam apparatus (4), its another output links to each other with Polarization Controller (11), and the output of this Polarization Controller (11) is connected with the polarization analysis instrument;
The output of nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit (3) links to each other with the input of polarization beam apparatus (4), polarization beam apparatus (4) is the device of a 1X2, its input can be random polarization state, the linear polarization that its two outputs are two quadratures (being called X ' polarization state and Y ' polarization state), one of them output links to each other with polarization maintaining optical fibre (5), and another output as buffer links to each other with the external world;
The output of polarization maintaining optical fibre (5) feeds back to another input of polarization beam combiner (2), constitutes an optical fiber loop, and light signal is buffer memory in this loop.
2. the control method of a polarization type optical caching device is characterized in that nonlinear polarization spinfunction unit (3) to the polarization state control method of signal is:
Front end Polarization Controller (7) at first arbitrarily changes the polarization state of input into a random polarization state, regulate the control parameter (12) of nonlinear polarization spinfunction device (8) then, for electronic control type is exactly the size of regulating electric current, for light-operated type is exactly to regulate the size of injecting luminous power, at this moment find at the polarization state of the output of this unit circle that on poincare sphere, draws, and then adjusting front end polarizer (7), make its polarization state on poincare sphere fall into the inside of previous circle, and then change control parameter (12), a concentric circles again will draw, repeatedly regulate successively, final discovery concentric circles can shorten into a bit, this expression changes the control parameter again, and the output polarization attitude no longer changes, and then claims the principal state of polarization (psp) of this polarization state for the control parameter; Find after the principal state of polarization (psp), regulate rear end Polarization Controller (9), principal state of polarization (psp) is transferred to the arctic or the South Pole of poincare sphere, and then adjusts front end polarizer (7), polarization state is adjusted on the equator of poincare sphere; At this moment, regulate control parameter (12) again, can find that polarization state goes up rotation under the line, and note X polarization state and pairing Control Parameter electric current of Y polarization state or luminous power on the poincare sphere equator, in use, as long as given these two Control Parameter just can realize the conversion of two orhtogonal linear polarizaiton attitudes;
The control method of polarization state on-line monitoring unit (6) is: for two outputs of the fiber coupler (10) of 1X2, because their signal all comes from same input, therefore can regard the input of 1X2 polarization beam apparatus (4) and the input of polarization analysis instrument as result that same input obtains through different transformation matrixs, in order to reach the purpose of on-line monitoring, must guarantee that the two is identical all the time, guarantees that just the transformation matrix of the two is identical; Each transformation matrix can be described as the poincare sphere of a rotation, in order to make two poincare sphere identical, a great circle that only needs to guarantee ball has 3 coincidences, it is just passable to add outer some coincidence of circle, specific practice is the Polarization Controller (11) of reconciling at the linear polarization monitoring means, making on the equator 3 overlap, and then make the arctic mutually overlaps just passable.
3. the control method of polarization type optical caching device according to claim 2 is characterized in that controllable non-linear spinfunction device (8) can have following selection:
First kind: non-linear spinfunction device (8) adopts semiconductor optical amplifier SOA, control parameter (12) for a change injects the electric current of SOA: when the electric current that injects SOA changes, even keep input polarization constant, the output polarization attitude also can change, show on the poincare sphere to be exactly polarization state rotation, when current ratio hour, the angle of rotation is linear change with electric current, when current ratio is big, be nonlinear change;
Second kind: non-linear spinfunction device (8) adopts semiconductor optical amplifier SOA, control parameter (12) for a change injects the luminous power of another wavelength of SOA: when the luminous power of another wavelength that injects SOA changes, even keep input polarization constant, the output polarization attitude also can change, and shows on the poincare sphere to be exactly the polarization state rotation; Except SOA, also comprise two wave division multiplexing WDM fiber couplers, place the front and back of SOA respectively, their effect is that SOA is introduced and drawn to the light of another wavelength;
The third: non-linear spinfunction device (8) adopts the optical fiber HNHB of high birefringence and high non-linearity, comprise photonic crystal fiber PCF, control parameter (12) for a change injects the luminous power of another wavelength of this optical fiber: when the luminous power of another wavelength of the optical fiber that injects high birefringence and high non-linearity changes, owing to the Nonlinear and crossing Polarization Modulation between two light, even keep input polarization constant, the output polarization attitude also can change, and shows on the poincare sphere to be exactly the polarization state rotation; Except the optical fiber of high birefringence and high non-linearity, also comprise two wave division multiplexing WDM fiber couplers, place the front and back of the optical fiber of high birefringence and high non-linearity respectively, their effect is that HNHB is introduced and drawn to the light of another wavelength.
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| GB2522082B (en) * | 2014-03-14 | 2016-02-24 | Oclaro Technology Ltd | Optical component |
| WO2015188372A1 (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2015-12-17 | 华为技术有限公司 | Optical buffer and optical buffering method |
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| US6975802B1 (en) * | 2005-05-26 | 2005-12-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Damascene optical waveguides |
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