CN100387062C - Method for protecting MPEG-2 video frequency data with compensation - Google Patents
Method for protecting MPEG-2 video frequency data with compensation Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for protecting MPEG-2 video frequency data with compensation based on the water marking technology in the MPEG-2 compressed domain, which belongs to the technical field of multimedia signal processing. The present invention utilizes a compression code method and a syntactic structure of the MPEG-2 to insert watermark in the MPEF-2 compressed code stream, without altering the code rate of the original code stream. The present invention simultaneously utilizes MPEG-2 encoding features to compensate the video code stream inserted by the watermark so that man's eyes can not distinguish the difference of the video sequences after decoded by the watermark inserted video code stream and the original video code stream when the video sequences are played. Digital watermarking provides a distinguishing means for the problem. The present invention can protect the compressed video data or files transmitted via a network system or a broadcast television system, and simultaneously provides an effective monitoring means for preventing illegal organization information from being inserted in the television signal source, like the information of the Chinese illegal organization Fa Lun Gong.
Description
Technical field
The present invention is a kind of video watermark process based on compression domain, according to the characteristics of MPEG-2 encryption algorithm and the structure of MPEG-2 compressed bit stream, realize the quick embedding of watermark, and keep code stream constant, coding characteristic according to MPEG-2 carries out reverse compensation to the embedding of watermark simultaneously, guarantee good video decode quality, belonged to field of multimedia signal processing.
Background technology
The video watermark technology has obtained paying attention to widely owing to embodied its importance in many applications.Video watermark process is divided into two kinds according to watermarked data field: compression domain method and uncompressed domain method.Because the video data volume is huge, it is necessary when transmission, storage it being carried out compressed encoding.Digital video usually is to exist with the form of compressing, so the compressed domain video water mark method has very strong practicality.
The digitlization of China's radio and television is developing direction that industry is generally acknowledged, in giving priority to project is listed it by mechanisms such as State Planning Commission, the State Scientific and Technological Commission.According to the plan of China, will be with the time round Realization radio and television digitlization of 10-15.At present, radio and television in the industry from TV programme be fabricated into program storage, signal transmission, signal reception etc., all to digitlization direction high speed development.Current video compression international standard has MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261 and H.263 waits, but in broadcast television industry, the most widely used is Moving Picture Experts Group-2.China's established part digital television broadcasting standard comprises Digital Television satellite transmits standard and cable digital TV transmission standard etc., all is to be information source compressed encoding standard with MPEG-2.At present, captured the most share of field of broadcast televisions, formed certain market set based on the product of Moving Picture Experts Group-2 such as the decoder (set-top box) of satellite and cable TV.HDTV project based on Moving Picture Experts Group-2 also begins to start.This shows that MPEG-2 is the main flow form of field of broadcast televisions, and will be continuous at quite long one section period memory.Copyright protection to Digital Television has important practical value.
Radio and television safety is political mission and technical assignment most important, the most urgent in the current broadcasting and TV work.Since 2002, " Falun Gong " molecule has been made tens of forcible entries and has been destroyed the radio and television communication network and utilize broadcast television facility to propagate the incident of reaction information, has caused great baneful influence.Therefore the safety problem of content in transmission course of radio and television becomes important unusually.How effectively detection of malicious is intercutted and is still needed artificial operation, and the alarm mechanism reaction is rapid inadequately, presses for a kind of practicable technical monitoring means.Foundation has important practical significance and practical value based on the active broadcast video data guard method of MPEG-2 compressed domain video digital watermark.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to propose a kind of video watermark process, can determine the ownership of MPEG-2 video data or do not intercutted attack by detecting the watermark that whether has expectation in the MPEG-2 video data based on compression domain, thus the protection video data.
Method of the present invention is divided into video watermark and embeds and two processes of watermark detection.Concrete steps are: the watermark embed process step is as follows: 1) original watermark sequence is carried out error correction coding.2) partial decoding of h MPEG-2 video flowing, obtain DC (DC coefficient) coefficient value of I frame image DCT (discrete cosine transform) coefficient block, 3) upper left corner from the I two field picture begins to embed 1 bit watermark information every L DCT coefficient block the DC coefficient, and as required in the adjacent subsequent block of current block, but look for nearest compensation block and do reverse compensation, finish 4 until embedding) amended DC coefficient value is write the code stream relevant position obtain video code flow after watermarked; Watermark detection process is as follows: 1) partial decoding of h MPEG-2 video flowing, obtain the DC coefficient value of I frame image DCT coefficient block, 2) and from the upper left corner of I frame image, from its DC coefficient, extract 1 bit watermark information every L DCT coefficient block, finish until extraction.3) carry out error correction decoding, obtain watermark information.
The more detailed description of the inventive method is:
1: watermark embeds flow process:
1) supposes that length is that the original watermark sequence of k is M={m
i, m
i∈ 0,1}, i=0,1 ... k-1.Length after the error correction coding is N, obtains encoded watermark sequence W={w to be embedded
i, i=0,1 ..., N-1.
2) in the MPEG-2 video code flow, find the I frame, it is carried out partial decoding of h, obtain the difference code word of the DC coefficient of each 8X8DCT coefficient block in this I frame.The I frame is the intra-coded frame of MPEG-2, and each macro block is intra-macroblock in the frame.The DC coefficients by using of the piece in the intra-macroblock be differential coding, encode by defined variable length code (VLC) in the standard, this variable length code comprises two part dct_dc_size and dc_dct_differential, wherein dct_dc_size has indicated the figure place of differential code dc_dct_differential, if dct_dc_size is not equal to zero, then its back will follow one to be the dc_dc_differential of figure place with dct_dc_size, and the highest order of dc_dct_differential is represented the sign bit of difference value.When dct_dc_size=0, then difference value is 0, does not occur dc_dct_differential in the code stream.
3) from the upper left corner of two field picture, embed 1 bit watermark information w every L DCT coefficient block
i, finish until embedding.Per 1 watermark bit w
iEmbedding grammar be:
A) if dct_dc_size=0 then abandons embedding,
B) otherwise check lowest order and the w of dc_dct_differential
iWhether equate.Then do not make an amendment if equate; If unequal, the lowest order of dc_dct_differential is replaced with w
i, and in the adjacent subsequent block of current block, do reverse compensation but look for nearest compensation block,
C) repeat above-mentioned steps and finish until embedding,
4) amended DC coefficient value is write the code stream relevant position and obtain video code flow after watermarked;
2: the method for reverse compensation behind the watermarked position:
Order when decoding according to MPEG-2 is given the Position Number of DCT coefficient block in the I two field picture, and shown in Figure of description 1, the frame sign of establishing among the figure is 704X576, only provides the DCT coefficient block of luminance component.Suppose that current embedded block is numbered n, so next embedded location is n+L.Concerning n, the subsequent block that is adjacent be meant n between the n+L and be in the piece of same band with n.Provided the subsequent block numbering that is numbered n in the accompanying drawing 1.
Watermarked bit may make the dc_dct_differential lowest order of n piece DC coefficient be changed:
1) if to change be to become 1 from 0, but compensation block is the piece that satisfies following condition: the dc_dct_differential of piece DC coefficient subtracts 1 back highest order and remains unchanged.During reverse compensation its dc_dct_differential is subtracted 1.
2) if to change be to become 0 from 1, but at this moment compensation block is meant the piece that satisfies following condition: the dc_dct_differential of piece DC coefficient adds 1 back highest order and remains unchanged.During reverse compensation its dc_dct_differential is added 1.
3) do not have change, do not compensate
After carrying out reverse compensation, but differential errors is limited between current block and its immediate compensation block.Because fallout predictor reinitializes when each band begins, so, then do not need compensation if watermarked DCT coefficient block is positioned at the right margin of frame.
3: the watermark detection flow process
1) partial decoding of h MPEG-2 video flowing, obtain the difference code word of the DC coefficient of I frame image DCT coefficient block:
dct_dc_size+dc_dct_differential。
2) from the upper left corner of image, from the DC coefficient, extract 1 bit watermark information every L DCT coefficient block.
Per 1 watermark bit w '
iExtracting method be:
During A) as if dct_dc_size=0, then abandon extracting;
B) otherwise extract the lowest order of the dc_dct_differential of its DC coefficient difference branch code word, be designated as w '
I '
3) carry out error correction decoding, obtain watermark information.
Video watermark process in the present invention and the existing MPEG-2 code stream relatively has following advantage:
1) complexity is lower.Watermark is embedded in low than based on the AC coefficient of computation complexity in the DC coefficient.Because by revise DC or AC coefficient watermarked after, can there be the possibility of coding more in various degree, and the coded system of DC coefficient is simpler relatively than the coded system of AC coefficient, particularly for the in-line coding piece, the length of employed mutilation long code table is far smaller than the code table that the AC coefficient coding is used during the DC coefficient coding, thereby the complexity of its calculating is relatively low.
2) it is constant to control code check effectively.Be embedded in for watermark under the situation of I frame, because the DC coefficients by using is the differential coding mode, its coding codeword structure is dct_dc_size+dc_dct_differential, keep watermarked back code check constant, only need to limit the change of the unlikely dc_dct_differential of the order code word of overlap-add operation highest order and get final product (highest order is represented sign bit).And for the situation of AC coefficient, because it is with the distance of swimming, rank mutilation long codes, quantization level changes 1, also can make coding codeword length have greatly changed, and is unfavorable for the control of code check.
3) carry out reverse compensation according to the characteristics of MPEG-2 coding, improved the invisibility of watermark effectively.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the Position Number schematic diagram of DCT coefficient block in the I two field picture that the order when decoding according to MPEG-2 obtains.
Fig. 2 is a watermarked experimental result picture in video standard cycle tests " Flower Garden " compressed bit stream.
Fig. 3 is a watermarked experimental result picture in video standard cycle tests " Table Tennis " compressed bit stream.
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of compensation effect when watermarked in video standard cycle tests " Table Tennis " compressed bit stream.
Fig. 5 is the partial enlarged drawing among Fig. 4.
Among Fig. 1, video frame size is 704x576, and the DCT coefficient block is the luminance block in the I frame, the Position Number of the order when decoding according to MPEG-2 in two field picture.
Among Fig. 2,3, video frame size is 704x576, carries out the MPEG-2 coding with the 8Mbits/s code check, and code length is 80 frames, and chroma format is 4:2:0.GOP length is 12, wherein comprises 1 I frame.Each sequence has 7 I frames.Watermark is embedded in the DC coefficient of DCT of luminance block of I frame, L=10.Embed identical string watermark " 1011 " in each I frame.Error correction coding adopts and repeats 127 times duplication code, adopts majority decision to determine watermark bit during decoding.
Fig. 2 (a) has shown the decoding figure when not watermarked in the compressed bit stream of video sequence " Flower Garden ", and Fig. 2 (b) has shown the decoding figure behind the video watermark process embed digital watermark that proposes with the present invention.
Fig. 3 (a) has shown video sequence " Mobile﹠amp; Calendar " compressed bit stream in decoding figure when not watermarked, Fig. 3 (b) has shown the decoding figure behind the video watermark process embed digital watermark that proposes with the present invention.
The PSNR value such as the following table of the watermarked front and back of each sequence luminance component:
Fig. 4 is a watermarked compensation effect schematic diagram in the video standard cycle tests " Table Tennis ", shown the band compensation respectively and do not contained the watermark frame of video with compensation, part is shown enlarged in respectively among Fig. 5 in its ellipse circle, and each sequence compensates mean P SNR such as the following table after embedding and the uncompensation embedding respectively:
Embodiment
The interchange of multimedia messages has at present reached the unprecedented degree of depth and range.Yet multimedia messages can suffer all kinds of attacks that are not intended to or have a mind in transmission course, and this makes people produce query to the integrality of Digital Media (digital picture, digital audio, digital video) and the authenticity of content.If when attacking important contents such as relating to national security, court's proof, historical document, may cause the loss of bad social influence or great political economy.As since 2002, " Falun Gong " molecule has been made tens of forcible entries and has been destroyed the radio and television communication network and utilize broadcast television facility to propagate the incident of reaction information, has caused great baneful influence.Therefore the safety problem of content in transmission course of radio and television becomes important unusually.Press for a kind of practicable technical monitoring means.The means of conventional authentication authenticity are based on cryptographic conventional encryption technique, are applied to maturely in the protection of digital media content under the encrypted state.But along with the development of computer hardware technique, the possibility that password is decrypted is increasing, even illicit interception person can't decode after intercepting and capturing ciphertext, but sends after it can being destroyed again, and makes the message that receives can't be translated into expressly.In addition, the authentication method in the cryptography not only needs to preserve message authentication code in addition, and authenticates the change that does not admit of a bit, has then overcome the shortcoming of conventional cryptography method based on the authentication techniques of watermark.The present invention embeds watermark information in the compressed bit stream of MPEG-2 and protects video data.When the video data receiving terminal can't detect when watermarked, can send a warning, the prompting video data is subjected to malice and intercuts attack, or the ownership of the extraction confirmation copyright by watermark.
Introduce the using method of the method for the protection MPEG-2 video data of being with compensation below.
Statement is now finished the process that watermark embeds and detects with method of the present invention.Here provided watermarked experimental result in video standard cycle tests " Flower Garden ", " Table Tennis " compressed bit stream.Have three aspects: invisibility, compensation effect, to normal Video processing as encoding compression again with add the robustness of making an uproar.
Video frame size is 704x576: carry out the MPEG-2 coding with the 8Mbits/s code check, code length is 80 frames, and chroma format is 4:2:0.GOP length is 12, wherein comprises 1 I frame.Each sequence has 7 I frames.Watermark is embedded in the DC coefficient of the DCT that measures piece of I frame, L=10.Embed identical watermark " 1011 " in each I frame of each sequence.Wherein the value of L can be adjusted according to actual needs, and L is big more, and the embedding capacity is more little, and compensable space is big more, and compensation effect is good more.
Fig. 2 shown the decoding figure (Fig. 2 (a)) when not watermarked in the compressed bit stream of video sequence " Flower Garden " respectively and the video watermark process embed digital watermark that proposes with the present invention after decoding figure (Fig. 2 (b)).
Fig. 3 shown the decoding figure (Fig. 3 (a)) when not watermarked in the compressed bit stream of video sequence " Table tennis " respectively and the video watermark process embed digital watermark that proposes with the present invention after decoding figure (Fig. 3 (b)).Wherein the PSNR value of the watermarked front and back of each sequence luminance component such as following table 1.
The PSNR value of each sequence of table 1 before and after watermark embeds
Embedded as seen from the figure behind the MPEG-2 code stream decoding of watermark frame of video visually with not watermarked code stream decoding after the frame of video no significant difference, and the variation of PSNR is also smaller, satisfies the requirement of invisibility.
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 are watermarked compensation effect schematic diagrames in the video standard cycle tests " Table Tennis ".Validity for the verify error compensation, carried out contrastively not testing with the watermark embedding of compensation, 4 (a) and 4 (b) are respectively band compensation and two frames with compensation not contain the watermark frame of video, part is shown enlarged among Fig. 5 respectively in its oval circle, from scheming as seen, when not compensating, can see some significantly light and shade stripeds in the less zone of image change, and in balanced frame of video figure, this light and shade striped seldom and be difficult to be aware.Both compare, and it is comparatively obvious that uncompensation embeds the vision distortion that causes.Each sequence compensates mean P SNR such as the table 2 after embedding and the uncompensation embedding respectively, can see that the method for compensation also is improved the objective quality of watermarked frame of video from table.
Each sequence of table 2 compensates when watermark embeds and the PSNR value of uncompensation compares
Table 3 is numerical value schematic diagrames of compensation effect.Shown the band compensation respectively and not with the video code flow after the compensation embedding information
Comparison in the value of the value of the DC coefficient in when decoding and the DC coefficient when not watermarked.As can be seen from the table because the mode of DC coefficients by using differential coding, change the decode value of DC coefficient DC coefficient that cumulative effect is follow-up, shown in the 5th row in the table, but by the search compensation block, the piece of the n+3 position shown in the 6th row in the table carries out reverse compensation, can stop the diffusion of error effectively, shown in the 7th row in the table, thereby improve the subjective and objective quality that watermarked rear video is decoded.
The numerical value schematic diagram of table 3 compensation effect
| Fallout predictor | n | n+1 | n+2 | n+3 | n+4 | n+5 | n+6 | n+7 | n+8 | n+9 | |
| The former data of difference value | 3 | 2 | -1 | 2 | 3 | -2 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | -2 |
| Decode value | 3 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 13 |
| After the embedding | 3 | (3) | -1 | 2 | 3 | -2 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | -2 |
| Decode value | 3 | (6) | (5) | (7) | (10) | (8) | (7) | (9) | (13) | (16) | (14) |
| After the compensation | 3 | (3) | -1 | 2 | (2) | -2 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | -2 |
| Decode value | 3 | (6) | (5) | (7) | 9 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 13 |
Consider that some uses MPEG-2 video down and stand operations such as separating once more, coding and code check conversion possibly, therefore need the robustness of checking watermark these operational processes.In the MPEG-2 compressed video stream of " Flower Garden " and " Table Tennis " watermarked " 1011 ", carry out the MPEG-2 coding with different code checks again after the decoding respectively earlier, carry out watermark extracting then.Watermark sees Table 4 to the robustness of encoding again.
The robustness of table 4 watermark to encoding again
From experimental result as seen, still can from contain the watermark sequence, correctly extract watermark information after the conversion of process code check, illustrate that the method for the present invention's proposition is very high with the robustness of encoding again to the code check conversion.
The method that another experimental verification the present invention proposes is to adding the robustness of making an uproar.Concrete grammar is: after containing the watermark compressed video stream and being decoded as yuv data, to luminance component Y noise in addition, carry out the MPEG-2 coding more again, extract watermark afterwards.Experimental result sees Table 5, and wherein s is for regulating the factor of noise intensity.
Table 5 watermark is to adding the robustness of making an uproar
Experimental result shows that the correctness to watermark extracting behind the introducing noise has certain influence.When noise strength factor when 1 increases to 3 gradually, watermark information all can correctly extract.When intensity factor was 4, individual frame was extracted wrong watermark bit.Show that the method that the present invention proposes is better to the robustness of noise.
Claims (2)
1. method with the protection MPEG-2 video data of compensation; it is characterized in that this method comprises that watermark embeds and extract two processes; the watermark embed process step is as follows: 1) original watermark sequence is carried out error correction coding, specific practice is: suppose that length is that the original watermark sequence of k is M={m
i, m
i∈ 0,1}, i=0,1...k-1; Length after the error correction coding is N, obtains encoded watermark sequence W={w to be embedded
i,, i=0,1 ... N-1; 2) partial decoding of h MPEG-2 video flowing, obtain the DC coefficient value of I frame image DCT coefficient block, specific practice is: find the I frame in the MPEG-2 video code flow, it is carried out partial decoding of h, obtain the coding codeword of the DC coefficient of each 8X8 piece DCT in this I frame: dct_dc_size and dc_dct_differential, wherein dct_dc_size represents the figure place of difference code word, dc_dct_differential represents that figure place is the difference code word of dct_dc_size, when dct_dc_size=0, then difference value is 0, does not occur dc_dct_differential in the code stream; 3) upper left corner from the I two field picture begins to embed 1 bit watermark information every L DCT coefficient block the DC coefficient, and as required in the adjacent subsequent block of current block, but look for nearest compensation block and do reverse compensation, finish until embedding, specific practice is: from the upper left corner of two field picture, embed 1 bit watermark information w every L DCT coefficient block
i, finish per 1 watermark bit w until embedding
iEmbedding grammar be: if dct_dc_size=0, then abandon embedding, otherwise check lowest order and the w of dc_dct_differential
iWhether equate, then do not make an amendment if equate; If unequal, the lowest order of dc_dct_differential is replaced with w
i, and in the adjacent subsequent block of current block, do reverse compensation but look for nearest compensation block, finish until embedding; 4) amended DC coefficient value is write the code stream relevant position and obtain video code flow after watermarked; Watermark detection process is as follows: 1) partial decoding of h MPEG-2 video flowing, obtain the DC coefficient value of I frame image DCT coefficient block, specific practice is: partial decoding of h MPEG-2 video flowing, obtain the difference code word of the DC coefficient of I frame image DCT coefficient block: dct_dc_size and dc_dct_differential; 2) from the upper left corner of I frame image, extract 1 bit watermark information every L DCT coefficient block from its DC coefficient, finish until extraction, specific practice is: from the upper left corner of image, from the DC coefficient, extract watermark information every L DCT coefficient block, per 1 watermark bit w '
iExtracting method be: if during dct_dc_size=0, then abandon extracting; Otherwise extract the lowest order of the dc_dct_differential of its DC coefficient difference branch code word, be designated as w '
I '3) carry out error correction decoding, obtain watermark information.
2. the method for a kind of protection MPEG-2 video data with compensation according to claim 1, it is characterized in that the method for reverse compensation behind the watermarked position is: the order when decoding according to MPEG-2 is given the Position Number of DCT coefficient block in two field picture, opening the beginning is 0, suppose that current watermarked block number is n, so next embedded location is n+L, concerning n, the subsequent block that is adjacent be meant n between the n+L and be in piece in the same band with n, because watermarked bit may make the dc_dct_differential lowest order of n piece DC coefficient be changed, if changing is to become 1 from 0, but compensation block is the piece that satisfies following condition: the dc_dct_differential of piece DC coefficient subtracts 1 back highest order and remains unchanged, and during reverse compensation its dc_dct_differential is subtracted 1; If changing is to become 0 from 1, at this moment but compensation block is the piece that satisfies following condition: the dc_dct_differential of piece DC coefficient adds 1 back highest order and remains unchanged, during reverse compensation its dc_dct_differential is added 1, after carrying out reverse compensation, but differential errors is limited between current block and its immediate compensation block.
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| CN101325700B (en) * | 2008-07-15 | 2010-06-09 | 清华大学 | Method and system for embedding and extracting watermark of video files |
| CN101651834B (en) * | 2009-08-28 | 2011-07-06 | 北京大学深圳研究生院 | Digital watermark embedding method and device of video |
| CN115589493B (en) * | 2022-12-09 | 2023-03-14 | 深圳海卫通网络科技有限公司 | Satellite transmission data compression method for ship video return |
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| JP2000165889A (en) * | 1998-11-23 | 2000-06-16 | Hewlett Packard Co <Hp> | Device and method for correcting video stream compressed without re-calculating motion vector |
| US6157330A (en) * | 1997-01-27 | 2000-12-05 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Embedding supplemental data in an encoded signal, such as audio / video watermarks |
| US20020129253A1 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-09-12 | Langelaar Gerrit Cornelis | Watermarking a compressed information signal |
| US20030016756A1 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2003-01-23 | Steenhof Frits Anthony | Processing a compressed media signal |
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| US6157330A (en) * | 1997-01-27 | 2000-12-05 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Embedding supplemental data in an encoded signal, such as audio / video watermarks |
| JP2000165889A (en) * | 1998-11-23 | 2000-06-16 | Hewlett Packard Co <Hp> | Device and method for correcting video stream compressed without re-calculating motion vector |
| US20020129253A1 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-09-12 | Langelaar Gerrit Cornelis | Watermarking a compressed information signal |
| US20030016756A1 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2003-01-23 | Steenhof Frits Anthony | Processing a compressed media signal |
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