CH703320B1 - Rechargeable electro-chemical cell for use in battery, has cathode current diverter placed on internal surface of separator that is made of sodium-ion-conductive ceramics, where cathode current diverter is connected with cap - Google Patents

Rechargeable electro-chemical cell for use in battery, has cathode current diverter placed on internal surface of separator that is made of sodium-ion-conductive ceramics, where cathode current diverter is connected with cap Download PDF

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Publication number
CH703320B1
CH703320B1 CH00222/08A CH2222008A CH703320B1 CH 703320 B1 CH703320 B1 CH 703320B1 CH 00222/08 A CH00222/08 A CH 00222/08A CH 2222008 A CH2222008 A CH 2222008A CH 703320 B1 CH703320 B1 CH 703320B1
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CH
Switzerland
Prior art keywords
separator
electrochemical cell
cathode current
sodium
kathodenstromableiter
Prior art date
Application number
CH00222/08A
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Dr Cord-Heinrich Dustmann
Original Assignee
Battery Consult Sagl
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Battery Consult Sagl filed Critical Battery Consult Sagl
Priority to CH00222/08A priority Critical patent/CH703320B1/en
Publication of CH703320B1 publication Critical patent/CH703320B1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
    • H01M10/39—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34 working at high temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/431—Inorganic material
    • H01M50/434—Ceramics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
    • H01M4/72—Grids
    • H01M4/74—Meshes or woven material; Expanded metal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
    • H01M4/72—Grids
    • H01M4/74—Meshes or woven material; Expanded metal
    • H01M4/747—Woven material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
    • H01M4/76—Containers for holding the active material, e.g. tubes, capsules
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

The cell has a tubular porous cathode current diverter (30) placed on an internal surface of a separator (31) that is made of sodium-ion-conductive ceramics. An active anode material (33) is made of molten sodium, and an active cathode material is made of porous metal-chloride impregnated with molten salt i.e. sodium aluminum tetrachloride. The diverter is formed as a braiding that is made of a mixed network of carbon fibers and nickel wires. The diverter is designed as a porous metal layer of nickel or noble metal and connected with a cap in an electrically conductive manner. An independent claim is also included for a method for producing a rechargeable electro-chemical cell.

Description

[0001] Diese Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine wiederaufladbare elektrochemische Zelle und auf eine Ausführung einer solchen Zelle. Insbesondere handelt es sich um eine solche Zelle mit geschmolzenem Natrium als aktivem Anodenmaterial, einem Festkörperelektrolyten und Separator aus natriumionenleitfähiger Keramik wie zum Beispiel β ́ ́-Aluminiumoxid-Keramik und Metall-Chlorid als aktivem Kathodenmaterial, wobei das Metall eines der Metalle aus der Gruppe der Übergangsmetalle ist, die aus den Metallen Fe, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Cu und Mo besteht, wie in U.S. Pat. No 5 476 733 beschrieben. This invention relates to a rechargeable electrochemical cell and to an embodiment of such a cell. In particular, it is such a cell with molten sodium as the active anode material, a solid electrolyte and separator of sodium ion conductive ceramic such as β-alumina ceramic and metal chloride as the active cathode material, wherein the metal of one of the metals from the group of Is transition metals, which consists of the metals Fe, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Cu and Mo, as in US Pat. No. 5,476,733.

Zeichnungendrawings

[0002] <tb>Fig. 1<sep>zeigt den schematischen seitlichen Schnitt durch eine Zelle nach dem Stand der Technik. <tb>Fig. 2<sep>zeigt den Verlauf des Innenwiderstandes als Funktion des Ladezustandes für eine Zelle nach dem Stand der Technik. Eingetragen sind auch die Einzelanteile, die zum Gesamtwiderstand beitragen. <tb>Fig. 3<sep>zeigt den schematischen seitlichen Schnitt durch eine erfindungsgemässe Zelle. <tb>Fig. 4<sep>zeigt den wesentlich niedrigeren Verlauf des Innenwiderstandes als Funktion des Ladezustandes für eine erfindungsgemässe Zelle. Eingetragen sind auch die Einzelbestandteile, die zum Gesamtwiderstand beitragen.[0002] <Tb> FIG. Fig. 1 <sep> shows the schematic side section through a cell according to the prior art. <Tb> FIG. 2 <sep> shows the course of the internal resistance as a function of the state of charge for a cell according to the prior art. Also registered are the individual shares, which contribute to the total resistance. <Tb> FIG. 3 <sep> shows the schematic lateral section through a cell according to the invention. <Tb> FIG. 4 <sep> shows the significantly lower course of the internal resistance as a function of the state of charge for a cell according to the invention. Also entered are the individual components that contribute to the total resistance.

[0003] Nach US Pat. No 5 972 533 besteht eine solche Zelle im Wesentlichen aus einem dichten Zellgehäuse 7, beispielsweise aus Stahl, das in direktem Kontakt zum flüssigen Natrium als Anodenmaterial 6 steht, so dass es den Minuspol 8 der elektrochemischen Zelle bildet, und dem einseitig geschlossenen Rohr aus β ́ ́-Aluminiumoxid-Keramik als Separator 3 und dem Kathodenmaterial 4, das aus einem porösen Gemisch aus Metallpulver und seinem Metall-Chlorid besteht und das mit einem flüssigen Salz-Natrium-Aluminium-Tetrachlorid imprägniert ist. Das Kathodenmaterial 4 steht in direktem Kontakt zu dem zentralen Kathoden-Stromableiter 5, der mit dem Pluspol 1 der elektrochemischen Zelle in direkter Verbindung steht. Nach US Pat. No 5 972 533 hat eine solche elektrochemische Zelle eine Dichtung 2 mit einem Isolierring aus α-Aluminiumoxid-Keramik 9, der mittels eines Glaslotes mit dem Separator 3 verbunden ist und mittels einer Thermo-Kompressions-Verbindung 11 über ein metallisches Zwischenstück 10 zum Pluspol 1 abgedichtet ist und mit einer zweiten Thermo-Kompressions-Verbindung 12 über ein zweites metallisches Zwischenstück 13 mit dem Zellgehäuse 7 verbunden und abgedichtet ist. According to US Pat. No. 5,972,533, such a cell consists essentially of a dense cell housing 7, for example of steel, which is in direct contact with the liquid sodium as the anode material 6, so that it forms the negative pole 8 of the electrochemical cell, and the unilaterally closed tube made of β-alumina ceramic as a separator 3 and the cathode material 4, which consists of a porous mixture of metal powder and its metal chloride and which is impregnated with a liquid salt-sodium-aluminum-tetrachloride. The cathode material 4 is in direct contact with the central cathode current collector 5, which is in direct communication with the positive pole 1 of the electrochemical cell. According to US Pat. No. 5,972,533, such an electrochemical cell has a seal 2 with an insulating ring of α-alumina ceramic 9, which is connected by means of a glass solder to the separator 3 and by means of a thermo-compression connection 11 via a metallic intermediate piece 10 is sealed to the positive pole 1 and is connected to a second thermal compression connection 12 via a second metallic spacer 13 with the cell housing 7 and sealed.

[0004] Eine solche elektrochemische Zelle nach US Pat. No 5,972,533 hat einen typischen mit der Entladung ansteigenden Verlauf des Innenwiderstandes 14, der sich aus dem lonenleitungswiderstand 15 des Separators 3 sowie den Elektronenleitungsteilwiderständen 16 des Zellgehäuses 7, 17 des Anodenmaterials 6, 18 des Kathoden-Stromableiters 5 und 19 des porösen Kathodenmaterials 4 zusammensetzt. Der verbleibende Widerstandsanteil 20 wird durch Polarisation in der Kathode 4 verursacht. Such an electrochemical cell according to US Pat. No. 5,972,533 has a typical with the discharge rising profile of the internal resistance 14, which consists of the ion line resistance 15 of the separator 3 and the electron line sub-resistances 16 of the cell housing 7, 17 of the anode material 6, 18 of the cathode Current conductor 5 and 19 of the porous cathode material 4 composed. The remaining resistance component 20 is caused by polarization in the cathode 4.

[0005] Eine Reduzierung des Innenwiderstandes der elektrochemischen Zelle ist zur Erhöhung des Wirkungsgrades und der elektrischen Leistung wünschenswert. Die erfindungsgemässe Lösung dieser Aufgabe beruht auf der neuen Erkenntnis, dass die Reduktionsreaktion des Natriums nicht irgendwo innerhalb der Kathode erfolgt, sondern an der inneren Oberfläche des keramischen Festelektrolyten. Daraus ist direkt abgeleitet, dass der Kathoden-Stromableiter 30, beispielsweise in Form eines strumpfförmigen Geflechtes aus beispielsweise feinem Nickeldraht, nahe an die innere Oberfläche des Separators 31 gebracht wird und dass dieses strumpfförmige Geflecht direkt und ringförmig mit dem ringförmigen Pluspol 32 elektrisch gut leitend verbunden wird. Der ringförmige Pluspol 32 hat eine grössere Oberfläche und kann daher mit geringerem Übergangswiderstand mit einer Brücke aus leitfähigem Material zur nächsten Zelle durch Schweissen oder Hartlöten verbunden werden, als dies für einen zentralen Pluspol möglich ist. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung kann der schlauchförmige Stromableiter durch ein Geflecht aus Kohlefaser oder ein Gemisch aus Kohlefaser und feinem Metalldraht, beispielsweise Nickel oder einem edleren Metall, hergestellt werden. Die Verwendung von Kohlefaser hat den Vorteil eines geringeren Gewichtes. Auch kann der Kathodenstromableiter 30 erfindungsgemäss aus einer porösen Metallschicht auf die Innenseite des Separators 31 aufgebracht werden. Die Porosität ist dabei wichtig, um den Durchtritt von Natrium beim Laden und Entladen der Zelle zu ermöglichen. Der Separator 31, die Anode 33 und das Zellgehäuse 34 sind nicht verändert. Bei der erfindungsgemässen elektrochemischen Zelle ist der Innenwiderstand 40 reduziert bei unverändertem lonenleitungswiderstand 41 des Separators 31 und bei unveränderten Widerstandsanteilen 42 des Zellgehäuses 34 und 43 der Anode 33. Reduziert sind der Elektronenleitungswiderstand 44 zwischen der Innenseite des Separators 31 und dem Kathodenstromableiter 30 wegen des wesentlich geringeren Abstandes und der Polarisationswiderstand 45 in der Kathode dadurch, dass der Kathodeninnenraum 46 nun feldfrei ist. Der verbleibende Widerstand im Kathodeninnenraum 46 ist durch Diffusionsvorgänge bestimmt. A reduction of the internal resistance of the electrochemical cell is desirable for increasing the efficiency and the electric power. The inventive solution to this problem is based on the new knowledge that the reduction reaction of sodium does not take place anywhere within the cathode, but on the inner surface of the ceramic solid electrolyte. It is directly derived from this that the cathode current collector 30, for example in the form of a strand-like braid of, for example, fine nickel wire, is brought close to the inner surface of the separator 31 and that this hosiery braid directly and annularly electrically conducts good conductively to the annular positive pole 32 becomes. The annular positive pole 32 has a larger surface area and can therefore be connected with a lower contact resistance with a bridge of conductive material to the next cell by welding or brazing, as is possible for a central positive pole. In a further embodiment of the invention, the tubular current conductor can be made by a braid of carbon fiber or a mixture of carbon fiber and fine metal wire, for example nickel or a nobler metal. The use of carbon fiber has the advantage of lower weight. Also, the cathode current collector 30 according to the invention can be applied to the inside of the separator 31 from a porous metal layer. Porosity is important to allow passage of sodium during cell loading and unloading. The separator 31, the anode 33 and the cell case 34 are not changed. In the case of the electrochemical cell according to the invention, the internal resistance 40 is reduced with the ion conductor resistance 41 of the separator 31 unchanged and with unchanged resistance proportions 42 of the cell housing 34 and 43 of the anode 33. The electron conduction resistance 44 between the inside of the separator 31 and the cathode current collector 30 is reduced because of the substantially lower one Distance and the polarization resistor 45 in the cathode in that the cathode interior 46 is now field-free. The remaining resistance in the cathode interior 46 is determined by diffusion processes.

Claims (10)

1. Wiederaufladbare elektrochemische Zelle mit einem aktiven Anodenmaterial aus geschmolzenem Natrium, einem Separator aus natriumionenleitfähiger Keramik und einem aktiven Kathodenmaterial aus einem Metallchlorid in poröser Form, das mit einem geschmolzenen Salz, wie Natrium-Aluminium-Tetrachlorid, imprägniert ist, gekennzeichnet durch einen Kathodenstromableiter, der schlauchförmig und porös ausgeführt ist und der an einer inneren Oberfläche des Separators anliegt.A rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising a molten sodium anode active material, a sodium ion conductive ceramic separator, and a metal chloride active cathode material in a porous form impregnated with a molten salt such as sodium aluminum tetrachloride, characterized by a cathode current collector, which is designed tubular and porous and which rests against an inner surface of the separator. 2. Wiederaufladbare elektrochemische Zelle nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kathodenstromableiter als ein strumpfförmiges Geflecht aus Nickeldraht ausgeführt ist, das an der Innenseite des Separators anliegt.2. Rechargeable electrochemical cell according to claim 1, characterized in that the Kathodenstromableiter is designed as a strand-like braid made of nickel wire, which rests against the inside of the separator. 3. Wiederaufladbare elektrochemische Zelle nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kathodenstromableiter als ein strumpfförmiges Geflecht aus Kohlefasern ausgeführt ist, das an der Innenseite des Separators anliegt.3. A rechargeable electrochemical cell according to claim 1, characterized in that the Kathodenstromableiter is designed as a strand-like braid made of carbon fibers, which rests on the inside of the separator. 4. Wiederaufladbare elektrochemische Zelle nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kathodenstromableiter aus einem Mischgeflecht aus Kohlefasern und Nickeldrähten ausgeführt ist.4. Rechargeable electrochemical cell according to claim 1, characterized in that the Kathodenstromableiter is made of a composite braid of carbon fibers and nickel wires. 5. Wiederaufladbare elektrochemische Zelle nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kathodenstromableiter als eine poröse Metallschicht aus Nickel oder einem edleren Metall ausgeführt ist, die auf die Innenseite des Separators aufgebracht ist und mit einem Verschlussdeckel elektrisch leitend verbunden ist.5. Rechargeable electrochemical cell according to claim 1, characterized in that the Kathodenstromableiter is designed as a porous metal layer of nickel or a nobler metal, which is applied to the inside of the separator and is electrically connected to a closure lid. 6. Wiederaufladbare elektrochemische Zelle nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet durch einen ringförmig ausgebildeten Pluspol, der direkt mit dem Kathodenstromableiter elektrisch leitend verbunden ist.6. Rechargeable electrochemical cell according to claim 1, characterized by an annular positive pole formed, which is electrically connected directly to the Kathodenstromableiter. 7. Akku mit mehreren wiederaufladbaren elektrochemischen Zellen nach Anspruch 6, deren Pluspole mit einem ringförmig ausgebildeten Zellverbinder verschweisst oder hartgelötet sind, wobei die elektrochemischen Zellen in Serie geschaltet niederohmig verbunden sind.7. Rechargeable battery with a plurality of rechargeable electrochemical cells according to claim 6, the positive poles are welded or brazed with a ring-shaped cell connector, the electrochemical cells are connected in series connected low resistance. 8. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer wiederaufladbaren elektrochemischen Zelle nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Durchmesser des Kathodenstromableiters nach dem Einführen in den Kathodenraum durch Stauchen so weit vergrössert wird, dass er an der Innenseite des Separators anliegt.8. A method for producing a rechargeable electrochemical cell according to one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that a diameter of the Kathodenstromableiters after insertion into the cathode space is increased by upsetting so far that it rests against the inside of the separator. 9. Kathodenstromableiter einer elektrochemischen Zelle nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, der schlauchförmig und porös ausgeführt ist und der dazu vorgesehen ist, an einer inneren Oberfläche eines Separators der elektrochemischen Zelle anzuliegen.A cathode current collector of an electrochemical cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which is formed tubular and porous and which is intended to abut against an inner surface of a separator of the electrochemical cell. 10. Kathodenstromableiter nach Anspruch 9, der zu einer direkten elektrisch leitenden Verbindung mit einem ringförmig ausgebildeten Pluspol einer elektrochemischen Zelle vorgesehen ist.10. Kathodenstromableiter according to claim 9, which is provided for a direct electrically conductive connection with an annular positive pole of an electrochemical cell.
CH00222/08A 2008-02-18 2008-02-18 Rechargeable electro-chemical cell for use in battery, has cathode current diverter placed on internal surface of separator that is made of sodium-ion-conductive ceramics, where cathode current diverter is connected with cap CH703320B1 (en)

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US9520618B2 (en) 2013-02-12 2016-12-13 Ambri Inc. Electrochemical energy storage devices
US9735450B2 (en) 2012-10-18 2017-08-15 Ambri Inc. Electrochemical energy storage devices
US9893385B1 (en) 2015-04-23 2018-02-13 Ambri Inc. Battery management systems for energy storage devices
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US11289759B2 (en) 2015-03-05 2022-03-29 Ambri, Inc. Ceramic materials and seals for high temperature reactive material devices
US10637015B2 (en) 2015-03-05 2020-04-28 Ambri Inc. Ceramic materials and seals for high temperature reactive material devices
US11840487B2 (en) 2015-03-05 2023-12-12 Ambri, Inc. Ceramic materials and seals for high temperature reactive material devices
US9893385B1 (en) 2015-04-23 2018-02-13 Ambri Inc. Battery management systems for energy storage devices
US11929466B2 (en) 2016-09-07 2024-03-12 Ambri Inc. Electrochemical energy storage devices
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