CA2676737A1 - Many new evolutions of fusion energy and related items to make it and other by products and/or processes - Google Patents

Abstract

Description

Description Date: February 9, 2009 Name: Gerard Voon Title: Many New Evolutions of Fusion Energy And Related Items to Make it And other By Products And/or Processes Some of the materials (a more comprehensive list in the paragraph directly below) we plan to apply for their characteristics, ie. pyroelectric/ferroelectnc crystals below... ceramics... rare earth... some of which in the paragraph below can be interchangeable alternatives to any and all the materials mentioned in this patent.

Some organic/inorganic molecules have resonant valence orbit electrons that under the proper UV space charge field photo excitation will allow polarized conduction band electrons olarons) to move freely for a short time (PZT is shown for simplicity of presentation but it is assumed all other organic/inorganic high-k dielectric sol-gels, polymer, ceramic, metals, rare earth manganites and crystalline multiferroic -ferroelectric molecular materials , i.e., lithium niobate , lithium tantalate, PLZT, PZTN, BST SBT, LBS, V02, KTP, KTaO3 RTP, GeTe, BaSr2/FeMoO6KNb03 SrRuO3 SrRuO7, BaTi03, BaMgF4, PbTiO3, PbTiO4, LiNbO2, BBO, LBO, LiNbO3, Fe doped LiNbO3,SrTiO3, SrRuO3, SrCuO2, SBN, KNSBN, BGO, BSO, LiCoPO4, Li103, LiTaO3, LSMO, BiMnO3 (BMO), LaSrMn, LuFe2O4, CdCr2S4, TbMn2O5, GdMnO3, TbMnO3 PMN-PT, Bi2TeO5, BiFeO3 (BFO),PbZrO3, Pb5Ge3O11, PbZrTiO3, BaSrTiO3, LaMnO3, LaBaMnO3, LaCaMnO3, LaBiMnO3, CaMnO3, CaSiO3, CeMnO3, MgSiO3, YMnO3, LaGaSiO, LGS, Ge2Sb2Te5, InAgSbTe, TbMnO3, KDP, KDP,KD*P, CCTO, CdCTO, ADP, SASD, LAP, BBT, BBN, BBT1, ABMO, ABTO, Urea, POM, TGS, ORE
Minerals, ferroelectric polymer "polyvinylidene fluoride" (PVDF), PMMA, lead germanate like lead telluride PbTe and lead selenide PbSe, CdZnTe (Zinc Cadmium Telluride), Zinc Oxide, Zn04-Bromo-4'-Methoxyacetophenone Azine, alexandrite, chalcogenide , antimony telluride ( Sb2Te3 ) and many other III-V, II-VI, IV-VI, transistion metal and ceramic semiconductor materials.

All of the below heating and cooling pipes and thermocouples (could be made of one end) beryllium and/or beryllium copper (where non-magnetic and/or electric production properties are required), especially the piping coils and/or thin flat pipes emersed where the inside of the pipes is for hot fluid while the outside (or the other way around) for cooling (ie. condensate of fresh water) and/or managing for over heated spots.
Beryllium and/or beryllium copper also iron and/or iron copper could also be used as electrodes.

Titanium, zirconium, nickel, tungsten, nickel-tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, beryllium alloys, palladium, platinum, cerium oxide, rhodium, carbon supported tin dioxide nano particles could also be used as catalysts.

All the materials above can be used for as electrodes... ie. the plasma arc torch, or to direct pyroelectric electric voltage and/or thermocouple electric voltage and also to run a direct electric voltage for energy... the electric voltages can also be used to strip electrons from atoms, and repel and or attract using electricity converted to Also if there molten metal is made as an extra use of the heat the electrodes can (in the case of molten metal) be used by sinking the electrodes into the molten metal causing the molten metal reservoir to be entire electrodes in themselves.

Re: Fusion Reactor (Improvements on Torodial and Tokamak and Stellarator systems), we are the first not only to combine any and all of the techniques and methods below but many of the methods and techniques below are new.

Re: The First New Addition to the old/original Torodial and Tokamak and Stellarator system is to start the gas clouds of the fuel see below " Re: fuels"

We will try to excite and increase the collisions between fuel particles by Quantum Entanglement. If the experiment works one cloud (in one chamber) of particles will only need to be excited (or at least one chamber at a time perhaps alternating and simultaneously - to escalate each other by mirroring each other's changed states) and all the other clouds will follow suit to a, more excited state (hopefully saving energy).
Because After entanglement the cloud particles can be separated into two or more chambers. There are many ways to entangle clouds with any and/or all and/or combination of:
1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying intensities and strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle dephasing in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the plasma fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot plasma forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this format can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high uniformity that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal runs a voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) also ferro/piezo and/or thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by arrays of mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large piston (air tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers' interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons explodes shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both increase density.

4. Radio Frequency.

5. Ultra Violet.

6. Microwaves.

7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.

8. X-rays.

9. Electrostatic fields.

10. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

We are using quantum entangling the various fuels... then dividing these fuels and mixing them with additional quantities of fuels and quantum entangling these together as well (and so on)... and then we convert the original or at the earliest and latest or inbetween batches into excited states (like igniting a flame and/or tipping a domino) and Bell-State Measurement to convert all (other) entangled batches into the excited state.
Possibly even exciting to the point of hot plasma.

This Quantum Teleportation step is proposed to save energy (ie. excite one cloud of gas and the others follow), since magnetic forces interfere to breakdown quantum entanglement... we could do this step first before the magnetic confinement is turned on.
Furthermore we could use Fast Ignition in half millisecond to violently ignite the fuel if the entanglement is unstable.

Re: New Design on the Magnetic Confinement First we propose a larger magnetic confinement ring such that the plasma is more diluted (therefore more magnetic power per plasma action - spread over larger area while the magnetic ring is has not only increased size but increased power per space) for more stable management of the (ie. no hot spots overheating) plasma fusion... We could use infrared monitoring to examine and manage via control of magnets via remote control and/or with help of algorithm/Artificial Intelligence to tweak in real time the power and which magnets (their size and power flexibility) to match overheating and also beginning to extinguishments.

In our new invention the whereby the existing magnetic rings direct the plasma to encasing it; in this invention we add a casing around the magnetic confinement device.
The outer walls have layers of magnets that consequitively push via repelling the plasma upwards and then domed above to direct the plasma to the centre whereby the centre of the dome has a sink that repels the plasma into the centre of the magnetic confinement chamber. This system will reduce hot spots whereby the regular magnetic confinement is system is deficient. Additionally the repelling action further excites the plasma molecules. And the surrounding magnetic field further confines the heat from escaping.
As well slight level of magnet power can be maintained throughout the encasing structure to further confine (smoothly) preventing the energy from escaping.

At the centre top, sticking down can be a tungsten needle (as electrodes), with (possibly molten metal under the furnace core, containers that are part of the opposite electrode -perhaps employing pyroelectric crystals) ... The electrodes create a plasma arc torch flame that burns through the centre (the concentrated narrow region of the fuel particles/plasma flow) of the magnetic confinement device such that we take advantage of the bottleneck to maximize exposure of the arc to the concentrated flow of the fuel particles/plasma...

With at least one chamber under pressure (in fact we could stack the tanks with the weight pressure on the very top, so all the chambers are compressed at the same time).
If Re: Pyroelectric Crystal Encasing We could (generate electricity by) also surround the system with pyroelectric and/or piezoelectric as well as ferroelectric materials.... thermocoupling, (whereby one end is wrapped around the furnace to cool while the other end can be heated by exposure to mirrors such that the wrapping end should cool the furnace... and produce electricity as an additional product) any and all such reactive material.

To manage the temperature of the system we could spray the pyroelectric crystals with cold sea water, thus causing the temperature to change and causing the pyroelectric crystals to produce direct electricity. We could try any and all heat to electricity technologies.

Artificial pyroelectric materials include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, phenylpyrazine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. The most common are Lithium tantalite (LiTao3) and Lithium niobate (LN) and BaTio3 and crystals .

Also on an aside, crystals can be grown for any and all uses from art works and ornamental and decorative purposes. As well as any and uses of changing temperatures converted to electricity.

Large crystals are grown under high-temperature melts and fluxes by Czochralski, Brigeman-Stockbarger, Kuropulos, TSSG as well as low temperature aqueous and organic solutions.

We also are using thermocoupling to regulate hot and/or cold any and all processes by moving the hot and cold in to cool and/or heat exposure to regulate any and or all hot or cold thing, when the system/process is more optimum by changing its temperature and creating an electric voltage as an additional product.

Re: Heat Uses As well as gasification, molten smelting, waste disposal, gas turbine, steam turbine... we could use aneutronic fusion to cause rare crystals and pump a crystal to emit 400 nm light that can be (for any and all and/or combination of) converted into solar cell electricity or even to heat gas/water, or salt water into fresh sterilized water... photonic power.

400 nm light can also be converted into power. Photoreceptors (from the retina) can be attached to muscle cells. Light (photons) causes the photoreceptors to produce photochemicals protein that causes the cells to contract. Without light the photoreceptors produce a relaxant-protein Re: Accelerator New Replacement of Fast Ignition for Fusion Power We could ignite every time the furnace begins extinguishing using an accelerator, to guarantee it will work we get two opposing very large pyroelectric crystals (with array of mirrors and magnifying glass(es) to direct the sunlight to heat the pyroelectric crystals), with strong electric field which rips the electrons off the fuel (ie.
deuterium gas), and accelerates them into a deuterium target on one of the crystals.

A system using pyroelectric crystals and/or thermocouple , conductive silver epoxy in a vacuum chamber with a heat sink can be used to produce electrons for use with radioactive materials to increase rate of decay and resulting production of He (Helium) fuel.

Series of magnifying (neodymium) glasses to expand intense laser (ie. Free Electron Laser and Electron Beam Laser... ) We could increase the density and collisions between fuels by using a huge weight that uses hydraulics to lower it onto the fusion reaction chamber at which time it remains there as long as the fusion plasma is burning.. .the only time we foresee lifting the weights is for maintenance, therefore little energy is used due to the low frequency of lifting the weights.

We could also re-ignite in short intervals the deuterium, tritium in very close intervals, whereby a plasma arc torch is used to ignite the fuel, the torch flame/fuel itself can be made of Argon and Helium.

Otherways to directly excite the fuel particles in to the point of self propagation:

1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying intensities and strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle dephasing in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the plasma fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot plasma forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this format can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high uniformity that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal (with and/or without) also ferro/piezo and/or thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by arrays of mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large piston (air tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers' interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons explodes shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. I propose a Fast Ignition that is mad from aluminium cheaper than gold, and if thin enough and welded to break up properly could also take away the need for the plastic casing.
9. X-rays.
10. Electrostatic fields.

11. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

Once the heat is self propagating, we can stick multiple ceramic exhaust pipe probably diagonally out from the furnace out and upwards, to steam coal, burn garbage/sewage... for gas and/or steam (with extra fresh - disinfected water product) turbines...
Pyroelectric fusion was successfully done in April 2005 by a team at UCLA. A
pyroelectric crystal was heated from -34 to 7 C (-30 to 45 F), with a tungsten needle they produced an electric field that ionized and accelerated deuterium nuclei into an erbium deuteride target.

Re: Fusion Reactor Fuels Fuels and their breakdown of elements of reactions are below:
These Material are taken from Wikipedia...

First generation fusion fuel Deuterium H2 and tritium H3 equations are below.
2H +3 H n (14.07 MeV) +4 He (3.52 MeV) 2H +2 H --n (2.45 MeV) +3 He (0.82 MeV) 2H +2 H -p (3.02 MeV) +3 H (1.01 MeV) Second generation fusion fuel Need higher confinement temperatures and/or longer confinement time. The fuels are deuterium and helium three.

2H +3 He p (14.68 MeV) +4 He (3.67 MeV) Third generation fusion fuel Aneutronic fusion (pryoelectric crystal(s) powered by solar array of mirrors and/or in a mirrored chamber to recycle the sunlight series of magnifying lens) to ignite volatile fuel ie. plasma fuel-torch to burn garbage for and electricity produced as the garbage heats and cools... ) 3He +3 He 2p + 4He (12.86 MeV) Another potential aneutronic fusion reaction is the proton-boron reaction:
p + "B -* 34He It has been suggested with some additions by me for the applications of Hydrogen-Boron fusion.

Aneutronic fusion Hydrogen-Boron fusion (400 nm laser), less than 1 % total energy is carried by neutrons, emits charged particles that can be directly converted into light/electricity (via rare earth crystals). 400 nm laser that is pumped by neutronic fusion (or the energy from the charged particles from the aneutronic fusion converted into microwaves (ie. via rare earth crystals) first and then used to pump the 400 nm laser) at (a remote Battery Power Plant that stores the electricity for Utility Companies - added by Gerad Voon), the gigalaser pumps smaller lasers to each house. Telephone and cable television and internet (communications as well as power supply)...
(perhaps using Mr. Martin Gijs' Borosilicate as heat tolerant medium (ie. fiber optics) to provide passage of the laser, the fiber optic cable could be lined with reflective material, to prevent light energy loss.

Re: Lithium to Produce Tritium Steps Reactions Include:

63Li + n --> 42He ( 2.05 MeV ) + 31T ( 2.75 MeV ) 73Li + n -* 42He + 31T + N

105B + n -* 2 42He + 31T
32He + n --> ,H + 31T

Found and harvested from mineral springs.

Other uses include lithium ion batteries and psychiatrictic drugs.

It is produced by electrolytic mixture of fused lithium and potassium chloride.
Re: Molybdenum and/or Beryllium Both materials can endure extreme temperatures without significantly expanding or softening makes it useful in applications that involve intense heat, including the manufacture of aircraft parts, electrical contacts, industrial motors, and filaments (ie.
plasm arc torch). Molybdenum can also be used in alloys because it is corrosion resistant and weldability. Most high-strength steel alloys are.25% to 8%
molybdenum.
Both may be used in alloying agent each year in stainless steels, tool steels, cast irons, and high-temperature superalloys.

Because of its lower density and more stable price, molybdenum can replace tungsten as a filament for plasma arc torch. olybdenum can be implemented both as an alloying agent and as a flame-resistant coating for other metals.

Molybdenum 99 can be used parent radioisotope to the radioisotope Technetium-99.
Molybdenum disulfide (M0S2) is used as a lubricant and an agent. It forms strong films on metallic surfaces, and is highly resistant to both extreme temperatures and high pressure, and for this reason, it is a common additive to engine motor oil; in case of a catastrophic failure, the thin layer of molybdenum prevents metal-on-metal contact.
Possibly used to lubricate any moving parts (ie. the hydraulic fluid that lifts the pressure weight in my Fusion Reactor).

Re: Fuel Source Technologies We are using a nickel and/or Nitric Acid or Nitrogen Oxide, Platinum/Rhodium catalyst.
Cobalt Oxide Catalyst (palladium and/or platinum and/or aluminium and/or any and all reactive catalyst) catalyst to with methane (CH4) and steam to steam reform to produce the highest yield of Hydrogen.

One way to produce Hydrogen is to use laser light to cause electron and electrons the fuse and form hydrogen atoms. This occurs as the laser causes the electron orbit in a higher energy state temporarily then slip back into a lower orbit and produces hydrogen in cases where the change to lower orbit emits a photon. The window of opportunity is short so hydrogen atoms are rarely created this way in nature, unless a laser is used (we need to work on optimal beam intensity)...

Hydrogen Production: electrolysis (electrodes: cathodes, anodes) of (sea water for abundant supply) water - changing currents to break hydrogen from water (then remove the oxygen and other easy to combine impurities) and recombining the hydrogen (ie.
laying on pressure for long periods of time and use mirrors to heat for high temperatures or simply run a reverse voltage through with a possible platinum catalyst to form deutritium (H2); tritium (H3), thermo-catalytic reformation of hydrogen-rich organic compounds, pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, and biological processes, fermentation of micro organisms, membrane, algae to hydrogen, plankton energy, sol-gel catalyst, solar to hydrogen, mirrors to distil ie. 6Lithium and/or 7Lithium (ie. from sea water) feasible production of hydrogen and isotopes and other fuel productions...
Microorganisms Production of Hydrogen (also micro organisms can be used to breakdown plastic and shredded tires to convert into fuel)...

To find the best most productive and durable and easy to grow micro organisms we can go to landfills/garbage dumps/sewage/compost/manure piles, and find the area where much methane is made (productive is defined as volume of methane produced over time)... Try to determine if these features are genetic and or the optimal conditions (in terms of any and all conditions/factors ie. type of medium/food; temperature;
PH; DH;
entrainment factors)...

Hydrogen (H2) can be produced by water splitting by harnessing natural processes, ie.
photosynthetic organisms such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and cyanobacteria use their enzymes (hydrogenases in their chloroplasts to turn water to produce H2).

Nitrogenase is known to catalyze the reaction to produce hydrogen:
N2 + 16ATP *e- + 1 OH+ = 2NH4+ + 16 ADP + 16Pi + H2 Bacteriass currently under study include Rhodoseudomonas palustris, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodocyclus gelatinosus, R. capsulatus, Rhodospirillum rubrum, E.
coli, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, T. thermosaccharolyticum. also mutants such that the entire metabolism is dedicated to hydrogenase without the nitrogen fixation...

Firstly add sugar, sugar can be sourced from maple syrup, honey, beet, rotten fruit treated with ethylene, and of course sugar cane, and in dry countries dates/figs that over rype.

We could use any and all genetically and metabolic and environmental adjustments any and all ways to enhance the performance by ease to raise/breed, non-demanding conditions and economical ways to productively and efficiently produce (additives factors, adjustment to genes and environmental cyclical entrainment and and temporary stress shock to cause them to cause them to reproduce)... equipment costs (ie.
bioreactors) ease to handle and expenses.

We could create hybrids with better advantages... (GP 0.5%) Enzymes include hydrogenase, nitrogenase (ie. E. coli, Samonella, Rhosdospirillium rubrum as well mutants of R. Palustris, R. Sphaeroides, R. Capsulatus, R.
Gelatinosus, ...), - purple nonsulfur anerobic bacteria... As well as Carbon Monoxide other Carbon sources for biological reactions include acetate, malate, glucose, yeast extract and ammonium.

Bacterial production depending on the bacteria (and strain) involve certain processes for converting:

CO + H2O = H2 + CO2 These production processes include bio-photolysis, indirect bio-photolysis, photo-fermentation and dark-fermentation.

The side effect of production of CO2 can be used to produce algae for bio fuel.

(ON and aside related patent) Micro organisms for effective degradation of plastics can be found in landfills/garbage dumps, where plastics have been degraded by micro organisms, (then isolate and raise/breed).

The same can be done by testing for areas of the dump for (specifically for relatively higher level of H2) H2 and CO2 production found via sensors (both photosynthetic and dark-fermentation - ie underneath the upper sun exposed layers of garbage) for colonies of bacteria. We could even mix the garbage dump with H2O and acetate, malate, glucose, yeast extract and ammonium... where suspected micro organisms collected from the garbage dump wanted characteristics (explained above) we could test in a air tight (regulated) environment CO + H2O to test each batches' effectiveness at production of H2 + CO2...
CH4 methane to hydrogen Regulator of conditions used in aquarium industry ie. agitation, PH, lighting, bubbling of CO gas.

CO gas and hydrogen can be the by product of Plasma NASA CEA2 program H1 protium using platinum in an reverse voltage could possibly be used to create higher hydrogen isotopes ie. H2 and/or H3 and/or H4... gasification of coal, waste to energy gasification, steam reforming of natural gas to generate hydrogen.

D-D, Deuterium (one proton and one neutron aka. protium); D-T(Tritrium), Hydrogen-Boron; He3-He3; p-11 B

Re: Gerard Voon's Novel Patent Designs For Fusion Reactors Previous Technology to Date and Research is Summarized below, these technologies do not involve large pyroelectric crystals, even filling and entire chamber with pyroelectric crystals, both of which are heated by intense array of mirrors surrounding the crystals as well as the fuel chambers and thermo coupling and one time pressure weights and pistons (explosions) and/or Quantum Teleportation, all of which and/or mix accelerators with fuel ignition, and/or plasma arc torch also to ignite the fuel - all maximally combined to lower costs (cheapest) way to excite the plasma fuel ...As well we have the larger donut (magnetive confinement so the magnet is stronger relative to thinner fuel particles) design with an outer (domed/sink) consecutive series of magnets that repulse the fuel particles into faster more excited states creating more collisions and fusion and also preventing loss from straying fuel particles). Also new is the use of aluminum that is either made thin enough and/or breakable welds such that; 1.
replaces the outer plastic casing and 2. the gold inside lining; when heat/laser is applied it causes the fuel pellet (the pellet can be made dense by using helium cryogenics) within to explode against the aluminum casing until enough pressure is built up from within to break the outer aluminum casing and send a resonant shock wave into the fuel furnace chamber every few intervals (ie. Fs), one of the advantages is the materials are cheaper with this design.

Re: Existing State Of Technology for Fusion Reactions The LAPD research group led by Walter Gekelman and James Maggs, has had an exceptional year in the Basic Plasma Science Facility (BAPSF). A comprehensive site review in June 2005 resulted in a renewal of funding with a forty percent increase.
BAPSF) provides plasma scientists with a unique leading edge device, the Large Plasma Device (LAPD). Plasma problems spanning a broad range of spectral, spatial, and temporal scales are studied. The LAPD's design provides for experiments not possible in small scale linear devices or impracticable in large fusion facilities. The only national user facility of its kind, 50% of the LAPD's run-time was utilized by visiting scientists. The LAPD local group has a number of research projects being undertaken by the research staff, faculty and graduate students (Brett Jacobs, Andrew Colette, Eric Lawrence, and Chris Cooper, Bart Van Compernolle). Graduate student Bart Van Compernolle's doctoral thesis involves an experiment in which an intense microwave pulse (1000kW, 2.5 ps, 9 GhzO was propagated across the magnetic field in the LAPD device. The thesis consists of a detailed experimental study of the wave generation in both the X and 0 mode cases, as well as a theoretical study. All research as well as all work done by the LAPD group and outside users can be accessed at the BAPSF website http://www.plasma.physics.ucla.edu/bapsf. Gekelman together, with senior scientists from Novellus were awarded a Cal MICRO grant worth $100,000.
The funds will be used to set up a lab and fund a graduate student geared specifically to advancing the science of low density, low temperature, and RF plasmas used in this field. The Novellus Corporation, a large company that manufactures the tools used in making semiconductors and computer chips, donated to the lab a plasma processing tool valued at over one million dollars.
The Computer Simulations of Plasma Group under the leadership of Warren B.
Mori, Jean-Noel Leboeuf, Viktor Decyk, and Phil Pritchett continues to do pioneering work in high-performance computing of complex plasma phenomena. The group includes four junior researchers and seven PhD students. Research is focused on the use of fully parallelized particle based simulation models to study magnetically confined plasmas, laser and beam plasma interactions, space plasmas, Alfvenic plasmas, and high-energy density science. The group has developed and maintains over six separate state-of-the-art simulation codes including OSIRIS, UPIC, UCAN, Summit Framework, Recon3d, QPIC, and QuickPIC. Recent highlights include using the gyrokinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) codes UCAN and Summit to validate several critical concepts in magnetic fusion by thorough comparisons with DIII-D (a tokamak at General Atomics) experiments. The group has been conducting research to determine the feasibility of an energy doubler or so called "afterburner" for an existing or future linear collider. They have also been carrying out full-scale simulations of experiments being conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in collaboration with Stanford, UCLA, and USC. These simulations use OSIRIS and QuickPlC and they support the experimental observations of 3 GeV
energy gain in only a few centimeters. Other topics being studied by the simulation group are the feasibility of the fast ignition fusion concept as well as laser-plasma interactions relevant to the National Ignition Facility. They are also carrying out PIC
simulations of how Petawatt lasers couple to nearly solid density plasmas as well as how lasers are used to compress the fuel. Much of the simulations are done on the group's DAWSON Cluster.

The magnetic field of Alfven waves which result in a high power microwave experiment.
The resonance location is indicated by the yellow line.
An electron beam moving from right to left blows plasma electrons out creating a wakefield that accelerates a trailing beam of electrons. These results are from a QuickPlC simulation that was run on the Dawson cluster.
12004-05 Department of Physics and Astronomy of dielectric materials under extreme electric fields (GV/m) to understand their applicability to advanced accelerators. Cutting edge collaborative experiments in high brightness beams and free-electron lasers, under continuing Department of Energy, and new NSF support, are now beginning at both Stanford and Frascati (Italy). And, the installation of a new computing cluster at PBPL is enabling simulations of the revolutionary LCLS x-ray FEL originally proposed by Pellegrini and now under construction at SLAC.
With the completion of PAB, the PBPL was able to occupy a new office suite on the third floor of Knudsen Hall, thus providing critical mass for the group. They are also happy to announce that Gil Travish, formerly a senior developmental scientist, has obtained a permanent position as a associate researcher.

The Basic Plasma Research group led by Reiner Stenzel and J. Manuel Urrutia, with funding from the National Science Foundation, has conducted research that has led to the discovery of whistler waves with wave magnetic fields exceeding the background magnetic field. Such extremely large waves create magnetic null points which should prevent the wave to propagate. Instead, the null points move with the wave packet at the whistler speed. The field topology is that of a three-dimensional vortex (Hills vortex or spheromak). Strong electron heating is observed in these waves, which propagate slower than the electron thermal velocity. The group has received a new research contract from the U.S.Air Force on the interaction of whistler waves with energetic electrons, studying nonlinear wave-particle interactions. With magnetic antennas we have already succeeded to inject 40kW of whistler wave energy into our laboratory plasma and observed significant electron scattering.
Aerogel - "liquid smoke" - a solid with the density of gas is being prepared for use as an electron beam diagnostic. A green laser is passing through one corner to measure the index of refraction. The blue glow is caused by the camera flash.
In 2005, Andrea Ghez, Alexander Kusenko, and Chetan Nayak were elected general members of the Aspen Center for Physics (ACP) for the standard term of rive years.
Snapshot of the field properties of "whistler spheromaks" at a time when the coil current produces a magnetic field opposite the ambient field. (a) Magnetic field component Bz(0, y, z) showing field-reversal regions near z - 15 cm from the coil. (b) Vector field (By,Bz) showing the field topology projected into the y-z plane. The coil is located at z =
0, the spheromaks are at z - 15 cm.
20.

o This method of fusion has been known for at least a decade. But the energy efficiency is so low that it's just not a candidate for power generation. Like the article says, this is primarily targetted as a neutron source. It might be able to be scaled above the break even point, but not without some pretty innovative features.

The basic of it is you get a copper plate, attach it to a special crystal, heat it with a tungsten filament, and immerse it in deuterium gas. The heated crystal strips electrons from the deuterium gas, and the ions are accelerated towards an erbium-deuterium target.

I imagine most of your energy is lost as waste heat. And while this is cold fusion, this is not room temperature fusion. Cold fusion is any fusion that is not heat-pressure catalyzed. While heating is involved here, the energy from the heat pressure is not directly used to bring deuterium nuclei together...
o ParentTheir setup: The 'crystal' mentioned in the mainstream articles, is a z-cut lithium tantalate crystal (LiTa03), with the negative axis facing outward onto a hollow copper block. A tiny tungsten probe (80 microns long and 100 nm wide) is then attached to the other crystal face. This probe acts as a tiny mast for the electric field so that there is a powerful electrical field at the tip of the probe. Then there were a bunch of fancy neutron-counters and single-photon counters bundled around it.

What they did: First they added deuterium gas (at 0.7 Pa) and then cooled the crystal down using liquid nitrogen (to 240 K). Then they used a little heater to increase the chamber temperature slowly.

What happened: Less than 3 minutes later, and still below 273 K (0 degrees Celcius), the neutron signal rose above the background level.
There were x-rays coming from the probe tip, and a whole bunch of neutrons. After a few more minutes, the electric field was so strong that it caused arcing between the probe tip and the enclosure (because they kept heatingthe crystal, and the field thus kept getting stronger). The arcing stopped the process (and I'd guess it damages the crystal?).
They added a few links in the article to previous papers: a pdf [ucla.edu]
describing the concept they are trying to harness, another pdf [binghamton.edu] with more about how they use the crystals with the deuterium gas, and a brief abstract [inel.gov].

MUONS
An in-situ tritium-deuterium gas-purification system has been constructed to produce a high-purity D-T target gas for muon catalyzed fusion experiments at the RIKEN-RAL
Muon Facility. At the experiment site, the system enables us to purify the D-T
target gas by removing 3He component, to adjust the D/T gas mixing ratio and to measure the hydrogen isotope components. The system is specially designed to handle the D-T gas with a negative pressure, and the maximum tritium inventory of 56 TBq (1500 Ci) is operated. The employed combination of a palladium filter and a cryotrap has demonstrated as an efficient device to purify hydrogen gas with a negative pressure. We have completed a series of muon catalyzed d-t fusion experiments at various tritium concentrations, including an experiment with a non-equilibrium D2-T2 target condition.
The muon catalyzed t-t fusion process has also been studied using the tritium gas supplied free of 3 He by the system.

The material of the plasma facing components (PFC) have to withstand extremely large thermal loads, up to 10 MW/m2. This heat flux could be tolerated without melting if the distance from the front surface to the coolant (testing the cold side of large materials of thermocoupling where the other end is heated by array of intense solar mirrors causing the PFC to be cooler and/or cold sea water (we want a cheap renewable source of cooling to make the fusion reactor economically feasible). A low-Z
material,(ie. graphite and/or beryllium could be used (see the list of materials in the first 2 (two) paragraphs of this patent invention), or a high-Z material, such as tungsten and/or molybdenum. Use of liquid metals (lithium, gallium, tin... again see the list on materials in the first 2 (two) paragraphs of this patent invention above).

Re: Other Supplemental Parts That We are Studying For Fusion Reactors Quantum Entanglement ie. heat or excite (to manipulate economically via self propagating reactions), including hot electrons, ions gas fuel into plasma state.

Initially we could heat, excite and voltage (platinum catalyst), plasma arc, via mirrors for the fuel (ie. D-D, D-T 3He and/or Proton - Boron...) direct heat and pyroelectric crystal(s) (large or multiple crystals - inside the initial chamber itself and/or focused the sunlight into the chamber via one large or multi large acceleration system one such theory attracts the fuel into a centre where the heated pyroelectric crystals' magnetic field (electrode) strip the electrons from the fuel and creating it into a charged state that is repelled away. Under pressure and mixing to entangle as much of the fuel material as possible.

We could use the direct sunlight and mirrors (on the surrounding grounds), and pass it through a lens (ie. sapphire) A1203, that magnified or widened (made compatible to size of pyroelectric crystal, piezoelectric, ferroelectric... ).

Then we separate the fuel materials. By exciting one part of the material and then doing a bell-state measurement, we will convert the other separated reservoir of entangled fuel material into the newly excited state; so we might use less energy to apply to both or multiple separated reservoirs or via BSM.

There is a possible limit to this part of the invention, the question is, can the BSM occur where plasma is super hot temperatures, Re: Fuel Production Re: Steam is injected into syngas collected as by product of plasma flames, to generate hydrogen-rich gas. Also oxygen and steam can be added to clean the garbage/waste ... Other fuels include Argon and Helium... we need to optimize the spread of plasma density, plasma temperature, and pressure...

The plasma heat (as well as mirrors and magnifying lens) is used to slag metals, sodium disulfite, HCL, ethanol, electricity and water.

Sources syngas that contain methane below (taken from as I understand a government website) include:

Sources and Emissions = Where does methane come from?
= Human-related sources = Natural sources Where does methane come from?

Methane is emitted from a variety of both human-related (anthropogenic) and natural sources. Human-related activities include fossil fuel production, animal husbandry (enteric fermentation in livestock and manure management), rice cultivation, biomass burning, and waste management. These activities release significant quantities of methane to the atmosphere. It is estimated that 60% of global methane emissions are related to human-related activities (IPCC, 2001c). Natural sources of methane include wetlands, gas hydrates, permafrost, termites, oceans, freshwater bodies, non-wetland soils, and other sources such as wildfires.

Methane emission levels from a source can vary significantly from one country or region to another, depending on many factors such as climate, industrial and agricultural production characteristics, energy types and usage, and waste management practices.
For example, temperature and moisture have a significant effect on the anaerobic digestion process, which is one of the key biological processes that cause methane emissions in both human-related and natural sources. Also, the implementation of technologies to capture and utilize methane from sources such as landfills, coal mines, and manure management systems affects the emission levels from these sources.
Emission inventories are prepared to determine the contribution from different sources.
The following sections present information from inventories of U.S. man-made sources and natural sources of methane globally. For information on international methane emissions from man-made sources, visit the International Analyses Web site.
Human-related Sources In the United States, the largest methane emissions come from the decomposition of wastes in landfills, ruminant digestion and manure management associated with domestic livestock, natural gas and oil systems, and coal mining. Table 1 shows the level of emissions from individual sources for the years 1990 and 1997 to 2003.
Table 1 U.S. Methane Emissions by Source (TgCO2 Equivalents) Source 1990 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Category Landfills 172.2 147.4 138.5 134.0 130.7 126.2 126.8 131.2 Natural Gas 128.3 133.6 131.8 127.4 132.1 131.8 130.6 125.9 Systems Enteric 117.9 118.3 116.7 116.8 115.6 114.5 114.6 115.0 Fermentation Coal Mining 81.9 62.6 62.8 58.9 56.2 55.6 52.4 53.8 Manure 31.2 36.4 38.8 38.8 38.1 38.9 39.3 39.1 Management Wastewater 24.8 31.7 32.6 33.6 34.3 34.7 35.8 36.8 Treatment Petroleum 20.0 18.8 18.5 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.1 17.1 Systems Rice 7.1 7.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 7.6 6.8 6.9 Cultivation Stationary 7.8 7.4 6.9 7.1 7.3 6.7 6.4 6.7 Sources Abandoned 6.1 8.1 7.2 7.3 7.7 6.9 6.4 6.4 Coal Mines Mobile 4.8 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 Sources Petrochemical 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.5 Production Iron and Steel 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 Agricultural 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 Residue Burning Total for U.S. 605.3 579.5 569.3 557.3 554.2 546.7 542.3 544.9 Source: US Emissions Inventory 2005: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2003 The principal human-related sources of methane are described below. For each source, a link is provided to the report entitled "US Emissions Inventory 2006:
Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2004," prepared by EPA, which provides detailed information on the characterization and quantity of national emissions from each source. This report, hereafter referred to as the "U.S. inventory report", provides the latest descriptions and emissions associated with each source category and is part of the United States' official submittal to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The U.S. inventory report also describes the procedures used to quantify national emissions, as well as a description of trends in emissions since 1990.
Also, for those sources where EPA has established voluntary programs for reducing methane emissions, a link to those program sites is provided.
Landfills. Landfills are the largest human-related source of methane in the U.S., accounting for 34% of all methane emissions. Methane is generated in landfills and open 4.' dumps as waste decomposes under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions. The amount of methane created depends on the quantity and moisture content of the waste and the design and management practices at the site. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from landfills and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Waste").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions from landfills. This program, known as the Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP), works with companies, utilities, and communities to encourage the use of landfill gas for energy.

Natural gas and petroleum systems.
Methane is the primary component of natural gas. Methane losses occur during the production, processing, storage, transmission, and distribution of natural gas. Because gas is often found in conjunction with oil, the production, refinement, transportation, and storage of crude oil is also a source of methane emissions, The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from natural gas and petroleum systems and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Energy").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in the natural gas industry. This program, known as the Natural Gas STAR Program (Gas STAR) is a voluntary partnership between EPA and the natural gas and oil industries to reduce emissions of methane from the production, transmission, and distribution of natural gas.

Coal mining. Methane trapped in coal deposits and in the surrounding strata is released during normal mining operations in both underground and surface mines. In addition, handling of the coal after mining results in methane emissions. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from coal mining and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Energy").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in the coal mining industry. This program, known as the Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP) helps the coal industry identify the technologies, markets, and finance sources to profitably use or sell the methane that coal mines would otherwise vent to the atmosphere.

Livestock enteric fermentation. Among domesticated livestock, ruminant animals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels) produce significant amounts of methane as part of their normal digestive processes. In the rumen, or large fore-stomach, of these animals, microbial fermentation converts feed into products that can be digested and utilized by the animal. This microbial fermentation process, referred to as enteric fermentation, produces methane as a by-product, which can be exhaled by the animal.
Methane is also produced in smaller quantities by the digestive processes of other animals, including humans, but emissions from these sources are insignificant.
The U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from livestock enteric fermentation and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Agriculture").
EPA has studied options for reducing methane emissions from enteric fermentation and has developed resources and tools to assist in estimating emissions and evaluating mitigation options. For more information, please visit the Ruminant Livestock site.

Livestock manure management. Methane is produced during the anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) decomposition of organic material in livestock manure management systems. Liquid manure management systems, such as lagoons and holding tanks, can cause significant methane production and these systems are commonly used at larger swine and dairy operations. Manure deposited on fields and pastures, or otherwise handled in a dry form, produces insignificant amounts of methane. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from livestock manure management and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Agriculture").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in the livestock industry. This program, known as the A_qSTAR Program, encourages adoption of anaerobic digestion technologies that recover and combust biogas (methane) for odor control or as an on-farm energy resource.

Wastewater treatment. Wastewater from domestic (municipal sewage) and industrial sources is treated to remove soluble organic matter, suspended solids, pathogenic organisms, and chemical contaminants. These treatment processes can produce methane emissions if organic constituents in the wastewater are treated anaerobically (i.e., without oxygen) and if the methane produced is released to the atmosphere. In addition, the sludge produced from some treatment processes may be further biodegraded under anaerobic conditions, resulting in methane emissions. These emissions can be avoided, however, by treating the wastewater and the associated sludge under aerobic conditions or by capturing methane released under anaerobic conditions. The U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from wastewater treatment and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Waste").
Rice cultivation. Methane is produced during flooded rice cultivation by the anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Flooded soils are ideal environments for methane production because of their high levels of organic substrates, oxygen-depleted conditions, and moisture. The level of emissions varies with soil conditions and production practices as well as climate. Several cultivation practices have shown promise for reducing methane emissions from rice cultivation. The U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from rice cultivation and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Agriculture").
Natural Sources Emissions from natural sources are largely determined by environmental variables such as temperature and precipitation. Although much uncertainty remains as to the actual contributions of these natural sources, available information indicates that global methane emissions from natural sources are around 190 Tg per year. The figure below shows the relative contribution of different natural sources to global atmospheric methane emissions.

Natural Sources of Atmospheric Methane 11% Wetlands Termites 0 Oceans 1,p 44 4A{'F ~, , i Hyd ates t } L C 1~Jf.. -an,nwv 1515 ~! ] f ~ "11 ~~~
4 J 1.f~ l 76%

....,.a.:.w.c..w.ww.:v......,~++.w ...............
.u...ucn..e...=....~w.w....w..wu..d,... ....v........w..ww....m.=.-w,_.:w...v.n.....ww......,..u>.:...........,........a... .a...w.w.w,.....>u ..a.u...,vw.,w......x.
Source: Prepared from data contained in IPCC, 2001 c I

Wetlands. Natural wetlands are responsible for approximately 76% of global methane emissions from natural sources, accounting for about 145 Tg of methane per year.
Wetlands provide a habitat conducive to methane-producing (methanogenic) bacteria that produce methane during the decomposition of organic material. These bacteria require environments with no oxygen and abundant organic matter, both of which are present in wetland conditions.

Termites. Global emissions of termites are estimated to be about 20 Tg per year, and account for approximately 11 % of the global methane emissions from natural sources.
Methane is produced in termites as part of their normal digestive process, and the amount generated varies among different species. Ultimately, emissions from termites depend largely on the population of these insects, which can also vary significantly among different regions of the world.

Oceans. Oceans are estimated to be responsible for about 8% of the global methane emissions from natural sources, accounting for approximately 15 Tg of methane.
The source of methane from oceans is not entirely clear, but two identified sources include the anaerobic digestion in marine zooplankton and fish, and also from methanogenisis in sediments and drainage areas along coastal regions.

Hydrates. Global emissions from methane hydrates is estimated to be around 10 Tg of methane per year, accounting for approximately 5% of the global methane emissions from natural sources. Methane hydrates are solid deposits composed of cages of water molecules that contain molecules of methane. The solids can be found deep underground in polar regions and in ocean sediments of the outer continental margin throughout the world. Methane can be released from the hydrates with changes in temperature, pressure, salt concentrations, and other factors. Overall, the amount of methane stored in these hydrates globally is estimated to be very large with the potential for large releases of methane if there are significant breakdowns in the stability of the deposits. Because of this large potential for emissions, there is much ongoing scientific research related to analyzing and predicting how changes in the ocean environment affect the stability of hydrates.

Surround the industrial plasma flame/torch with pyroelectric crystal(s) to convert excess heat into electricity (hooked to live wires) to save in power plant batteries (for self usage such as aluminium industry) or sold to a utility grid.

Sewage use settlement reservoir drain the top liquid and use mirrors to boil the remaining sludge until dry, with vapour channeled into a turbine for energy.

Re: Nitrogen + Syngas Additionally:

Nitrogen + Syngas include processes for ammonia - as well as urea, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate, and methanol, but in addition will now also provide a fuller view of the diverse range of technology options available to developers of natural gas-based chemicals and gas to liquids and methanol to olefins and the hydrogen needed for fusion reactions and/or fuel cell batteries...

Re: Helium Production; since fuel has many advantages for fuel reactors above invention...

To Speed up uranium and any and all other radioactive decay (speed up) to produce He3 and He4 by exposure to free electrons (ie. multi layers of the medium containing the Uranium - to turn the uranium embedded host substance - of the footprint of the uranium layout) surround and including underneath the footprint including depth (perhaps three or more layers of concrete walls sandwiched by lead)... adding a recipe of heat (cheap from mirrors) and/or pressure (cheap from applying large weights that (can be lightened - and lifted - by hydraulics/pneumatics), (which are cheap since they always work simply by using gravity press down the weight above over as long as needed with out any added costs (or input fuels)... (As well we might use Free Electron Lasers and/or Electron Beam Lasers). Any and all sources of electrons including those mentioned in this patent (ie. pyroelectric crystals whose magnetic field tear off electrons emissions), can be used in the Helium production process). If the deposit of Uranium is large enough, harvesting of Helium could possibly serve as a semi-renewable resource.
Our Enrichment include any and all methods 1. centrifuges, 2. silver-zinc membrane, 3.
molecular laser isotope and/or 4. liquid thermal diffusion.

(The below is some facts regarding Nuclear Fuels taken off the internet radioisotopes that might be used to interact with electrons produce fuel ie. He; Helium).

Industrial Radioisotopes Naturally occurring radioisotopes:

Chlorine-36: Used to measure sources of chloride and the age of water (up to 2 million years) Carbon-14: Used to measure the age of water (up to 50,000 years) Tritium (H-3): Used to measure 'young' groundwater (up to 30 years) Lead-210: Used to date layers of sand and soil up to 80 years Artificially produced radioisotopes:

Americium-241:
Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height detectors and in measuring ash content of coal.

Caesium-137:
Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height level switches.

Silver-11 Om, Cobalt-60, Lanthanum-140, Scandium-46, Gold-198:
Used together in blast furnaces to determine resident times and to quantify yields to measure the furnace performance.

Cobalt-60:
Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography, density and fill height switches.
Gold-198 & Technetium-99m:
Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors.
Strontium-90, Krypton-85, Thallium-204:
Used for industrial gauging.
Zinc-65 & Manganese-54:
Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from mining waste water.

Iridium-192, Gold-198 & Chromium-57:
Used to label sand to study coastal erosion Ytterbium-169, Iridium-192 & Selenium-75:
Used in gamma radiography and non-destructive testing.
Tritiated Water:
Used as a tracer to study sewage and liquid wastes.
What Are Radioisotopes?

Many of the chemical elements have a number of isotopes. The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in their atoms (atomic number) but different masses due to different numbers of neutrons. In an atom in the neutral state, the number of external electrons also equals the atomic number. These electrons determine the chemistry of the atom. The atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons.
There are 82 stable elements and about 275 stable isotopes of these elements.

When a combination of neutrons and protons, which does not already exist in nature, is produced artificially, the atom will be unstable and is called a radioactive isotope or radioisotope. There are also a number of unstable natural isotopes arising from the decay of primordial uranium and thorium. Overall there are some 1800 radioisotopes.

At present there are up to 200 radioisotopes used on a regular basis, and most must be produced artificially.

Radioisotopes can be manufactured in several ways. The most common is by neutron activation in a nuclear reactor. This involves the capture of a neutron by the nucleus of an atom resulting in an excess of neutrons (neutron rich).

Some radioisotopes are manufactured in a cyclotron in which protons are introduced to the nucleus resulting in a deficiency of neutrons (proton rich).

The nucleus of a radioisotope usually becomes stable by emitting an alpha and/or beta particle. These particles may be accompanied by the emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation known as gamma rays. This process is known as radioactive decay.

Radioisotopes have very useful properties: radioactive emissions are easily detected and can be tracked until they disappear leaving no trace. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation, like x-rays, can penetrate seemingly solid objects, but are gradually absorbed by them. The extent of penetration depends upon several factors including the energy of the radiation, the mass of the particle and the density of the solid. These properties lead to many applications for radioisotopes in the scientific, medical, forensic and industrial fields.

We can use the below techniques to concentrate the Uranium... The below is taken from the Internet.

Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining. Low-grade uranium ore typically contains 0.1 to 0.25% of actual uranium oxides, so extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 70% uranium oxides, and therefore must be diluted with waste rock prior to milling, in order to reduce radiation exposure to workers. Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali.
The leachate is then subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75%
uranium oxides. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process prior to refining and conversion.

Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals. Uranium metal can also be made through electrolysis of KU5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten calcium chloride (CaC12) and sodium chloride (NaCI) solution.Very pure uranium can be produced through the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament.
Oxides Calcined uranium yellowcake as produced in many large mills contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized.
Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than particles that have long retention times or are recovered in the stack scrubber. While uranium content is referred to for U308 content, to do so is inaccurate and dates to the days of the Manhattan project when U308 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.

Phase relationships in the uranium-oxygen system are highly complex. The most important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide (UO2) and uranium trioxide (UO3). Other uranium oxides such as uranium monoxide (UO), diuranium pentoxide (U205), and uranium peroxide (UO4.2H20) are also known to exist.

The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octaoxide (U308) and the aforementioned UO2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions.
Triuranium octaoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO2 will gradually convert to U308. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.

Aqueous chemistry Ions that represent the four different oxidation states of uranium are soluble and therefore can be studied in aqueous solutions. They are: U3+ (red), U4+
(green), U02+
(unstable), and U022+ (yellow).[48] A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The U022+ ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as the carbonate, chloride and sulfate.
U022+ also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.
Carbonates The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. It is interesting to note that while the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is due to the fact that a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.
The effect of pH
The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this further: it may be seen that when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution is increased that the uranium is converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and then at high pHs to an anionic hydroxide complex.

On addition of carbonate to the system the uranium is converted to a series of carbonate complexes when the pH is increased, one important overall effect of these reactions is to increase the solubility of the uranium in the range pH 6 to 8. This is important when considering the long term stability of used uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.

Hydrides, carbides and nitrides Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 C (482 to 572 F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen.
This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds.
Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an a form that is obtained at low temperatures and a (3 form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 C.

Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U308.
Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC2), and diuranium tricarbide (U2C3). Both UC and UC2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures.
Stable below 1800 C, U2C3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN2), and diuranium trinitride (U2N3).

Halides All uranium fluorides are created using uranium tetrafluoride (UF4); UF4 itself is prepared by hydrofluorination of uranium dioxide. Reduction of UF4 with hydrogen at 1000 C produces uranium trifluoride (UF3). Under the right conditions of temperature and pressure, the reaction of solid UF4 with gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF6) can form the intermediate fluorides of U2F9, U4F17, and UF5.

At room temperatures, UF6 has a high vapor pressure, making it useful in the gaseous diffusion process to separate highly valuable uranium-235 from the far more common uranium-238 isotope. This compound can be prepared from uranium dioxide and uranium hydride by the following process:

UO2 + 4HF + heat (500 C) - UF4 + 2H20 UF4 + F2 + heat (350 C) -* UF6 The resulting UF6 white solid is highly reactive (by fluorination), easily sublimes (emitting a nearly perfect gas vapor), and is the most volatile compound of uranium known to exist.

One method of preparing uranium tetrachloride (UCI4) is to directly combine chlorine with either uranium metal or uranium hydride. The reduction of UCI4 by hydrogen produces uranium trichloride (UCI3) while the higher chlorides of uranium are prepared by reaction with additional chlorine. All uranium chlorides react with water and air.
Bromides and iodides of uranium are formed by direct reaction of, respectively, bromine and iodine with uranium or by adding UH3 to those element's acids. Known examples include: UBr3, UBr4, U13, and U14. Uranium oxyhalides are water-soluble and include UO2F2, UOCI2, UO2CI2, and UO2Br2. Stability of the oxyhalides decrease as the atomic weight of the component halide increases.

Enrichment Enrichment of uranium ore through isotope separation to concentrate the fissionable uranium-235 is needed for use in nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants with the exception of gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. A
majority of neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction needed for these applications. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass.' To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction has to be increased to significantly greater than its concentration in naturally occurring uranium.
Enriched uranium typically has a uranium-235 concentration of between 3 and 5%. The process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration has to have been decreased to significantly less than its natural concentration. Typically the amount of uranium-235 left in depleted uranium is 0.2% to 0.3%. As the price of uranium has risen since 2001, some enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of these depleted uranium hexafluoride stores above $130 per kilogram in July, 2007 from just $5 in 2001.

Re: We are experimenting with creating our own fuels.

COAL is made plants in swamps that were buried in sediments - we could use these inputs and apply heat (from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights that (only lifted once that when the process is finished -using hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight on top of the production chamber.

OIL is made from algae - we could use these inputs and apply heat (from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights that (only lifted once that when the process is finished - using hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight on top of the production chamber.
NATURAL GAS is made from plants and animals that decompose at higher temperatures and probably higher pressure - we could use these inputs and apply heat (from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights that (only lifted once that when the process is finished - using hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight on top of the production chamber.

Additionally we could compress and heat restaurant waste, manure, sewage perhaps compost (including sugar, starch, cellulose and carbohydrates and other organic materials...), possibly decaying the organic materials (with best strain (fastest acting and processing - since processing time is the bottleneck in this part of the invention)) with micro organisms, similar to decaying material found on the sediments on the bottom bodies of water. We could mix this organic material with micro organism and algae rich places in the world where the starter material for Coal/Oil and/or Natural Gas is believed to have the same inputs (use places where sediment has not become the fully formed Coal/Oil and/or Natural Gas), mix with our organic waste and use our large array of sun mirrors to evaporate then apply pressure (only need power to lift the press weight once, when the process is done), and further heat with large mirrors array (possibly with a series of magnifying glasses.

We are also cleaning tailings ponds from Oil/Tar Sands using Bird feathers since we all know that the bitumen sticks to the feathers.

Syngas (ie. from steam and coal), products Hydrogen and/or Methane (which can be further processed into hydrogen isotopes) can be used for fuel in the Fusion Reactor and/or H2 can be converted into methane and/or methanol and/or diesel and/or ammonia...

Re: Alternate energy generation invention/technology that has similarities to the Fusion Reactor.

The entire system can be air tight with intake for oxygen if needed for combustion, and air tight for gasification and outtake for effluent/smoke stack (which is converted to green/clean syngas) by the final process when we can't extract any more worth from the heat then we blow it through pipe that is equipped with plasma arc torch that burns away much of the poisonous gasses, but the flame is small enough to conserve energy the exhaust has a opening that can open wider or narrower depending on the pressure from the gas and/or steam and the optimum pressure requirements for the turbines.

1. Near the bottom is a bed for coal (and/or discarded shredded tires and/or mix coal and/or discarded shredded tires); under the coal bed are several plasma arc torches so when there is not enough sun and/or the garbage is hard to burn and /or the coal bed needs to be re-ignited, the plasma arc torch can be turned on at different places and different power controls.
2. There also needs to be a mechanical device (ie. remote controlled possibly equipped with infrared robot appendages) to stoke the burn and spread of burn of the coal bed.
3. Above the coal bed is a grill.
4. Garbage/dry solid sewage, discarded shredded tires... any and all waste (even many contaminated wastes can be handled in this process) can be placed on the grill.
5. The entire system is surrounded with arrays of mirrors. The higher the parts necessary for heat the more mirrors that can be trained on the these parts (ie.
closer mirrors train up wards since they are closer while further out mirrors are trained down wards (magnifying glass maybe used to increase intensity and heat.
6. The mirrors can be trained on the garbage level or if more heat is needed used to ignite the coal.
7. Where garbage is less combustible, coal can be stoked to burn under the incombustible garbage or mirrors can be trained and/or added to aim the sunlight (with magnifying glass) at the incombustible garbage.
8. The system can work 24 hours a day when at night and there is no sunlight coal can be used to fuel the system.

9. The idea is to convert the heat of the (different designs are applicable) ie, the inner boiler is the exhaust from the mirrors to coal and/or garbage which escapes through pipe that turns a gas turbine and an outer boiler surrounding/encapsulating the inner boiler to harness the heat to boil salt water to steam and the steam harnessed using steam turbine.
10. Furthermore we can add there are several steps to get the maximum yield from the system i. thermocoupling such that the hot end is wrapped around heated areas of the system - that create a voltage that can stored in power plat batteries or the electricity can be fed to the utility grid (ie. the boilers and heated pipes) and the cool end is wrapped around the condensating pipes to cool for clean freshwater... ; pyroelectric crystals maybe used to turn the changing heat from the system into electricity ie. heat absorbing and heat tolerant solar panels/cells;
any and all heat to electricity technologies can be used), the saltwater boiler can also use ethanol/bitumen/petroleum any and all fuels (which after cooling can be recycled and reused.
11. Additional step is to use coal (and the part of the steam produced by this system) for steam reforming (gasification) (H2O + Coal + 02 = H2 + CO + CO2 + CH4 +
water vapour) since gasification is uses a lot of energy we can save money by using the mirrors and the coal bed and the garbage (in fact we may not even use the bed of coals if the mirrors are hot enough (ie with magnifying by capturing wide spread sunlight and focusing/concentrating the sun light on to a smaller more intense spot) to produce the heat. In such an alternate case, coal is strictly used for input into the steam reforming (gasification process)... saving money on coal.
12. The heat from this system can also be used in Molten metal smelters...
13. Other products of gasification include: Ammonia, Ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch fuels,(diesel), Hydrogen, Methanol, Methyl Acetate, SNG, Urea and Urea ammonium nitrate.

SYNGAS:
Hydrogen (H2) + Nitrogen (N2) = Ammonia (NH3) Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Diesel (C18H38) Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Methanol (CH3OH) Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Methane (CH4) + Water (H20) 1. The CO2 from the above process can be used in green houses.
2. The green houses are framed with material (membrane) that lets only 02 pass through in one direction and CO2 through the other direction.
3. Additionally to max the respiration effect the gasses in the greenhouses at (sunrise have the gasses - CO2 drawn out and 02 pumped in).
4. At sunset the gasses - 02 is drawn out and CO2 is pumped in (ie. the CO2 from the above industrial and energy generation processes)...

The process above that produces Ammonia (NH3), Urea and Urea ammonium nitrate, can be harvested for micro algae (bio fuels), and any and all plants cultivations.

Re: Use of CO2 by product of the above Processes 1. We could grow algae with an air in the container (ie. in the plastic and/or vat holding the algae), the liquid is agitated, such that the (ie bags are spun/massaged/manipulated), vats can be stirred like a water wheel bringing the liquid to splash into the sir... With addition of CO2 and (02 if necessary), depending on photosynthesis time. The vapour gas is extracted and replaced from CO2 to 02 just before sun rise and sun set.
2. Additionally proper timing of CO2 and 02 can be aerated into the liquid.
And the (C02/02) membrane can be further used which can be surrounded a further enclosure with concentrated CO2 in the day and 02 in the night.

Another addition to this patent is to use Ultra Violet to sterilize urine and/or manure before applying as fertilizer, we could even invent our own brand of fertilizer whereby we mix urine with (sewage) with Bokashi (EM), and other micro organisms together with sugar (for the micro organisms to use their enzymes) especially the Bokashi that is known for odourless composting, to treat the urine.. .then before the urine (or the liquid upper part of sewage), are treated with Ultra Violet light and/or (high end includes furanone, chitin and/or micro algae extract)... and bottled like fish fertilizer.

In micro organisms and algae nitrogen and hydrogen catalysts help produce H2 fusion reactor fuel (GP 0.5%) Microorganisms with an oxygen-producing photosynthesis that have a hydrogen metabolism are cyanobacteria and green algae. Naturally the micro organisms thrive on maltose/sucrose and erythrose (we can extract from beet, sugar cane, maple syrup, honey, molasses)... carbohydrates are used as acceptor molecules for ammonium.

The microorganisms produce reduced hydrogen (good for fusion reactor fuel) via the nitrogen to ammonia fixation process involving the use of enzymes (specifically hydrogenases):

1. NiFe Hydrogenase.
2. Fe Hydrogenase.
3. Molybdenum Nitrogenase (Monitrogenase).
4. Nitrogenase molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein.
5. Dinitrogebnase.
6. glutomate dehydrogenase.
7. glutamine synthethase.
8. glutamate synthethase.

Of which catalyze the reversible (some bi-directional) reduction from protons to molecular hydrogen as follows:

2H + 2e- = H2 By combining nitrogen fixation with hydrogenase the hydrogen production can be substantially increased.

Therefore we could artificially synthesize or harvest these enzymes from the micro organisms and algae mix with hydrogen and supply with electrons, even pass a voltage (any and all sources - see above), and try to artificially produce H2.

We could so isolate the genes that cause the production of the enzymes and create plasmid and place it in E. coli bacteria and cultivate.

We are continuing to search and developing for other more effective enzymes...
The trick seems to be to speed up metabolism of nutrients and photosynthesis to produce more hydrogen. Genetically engineering cells that have eliminated anything that impedes the process of hydrogen production. We can put probes in landfills and garbage dumps to sense for concentrations of hydrogen (even probes underground level - for micro organisms that don't require sun light) where there might be colonies of micro organisms that are very effective at producing hydrogen (perhaps even from breaking down plastic)...

Another source is hyperthermophilic archaea ie. those found in North Sea, Alaska and Siberia one example is Desulfurcoccus fermentans (known to produce hydrogen) be injected into non-cellulose eating archaeons (whose own nucleus have been removed) and also the cellulose eating organism genes could be micro injected into E.
coil and/or micro algae... Also fungi genes.

We are also considering using a version of modified Ieghaemoglobin to use for human blood haemoglobin.

We are also using any and all mutation methods and techniques on fungi to cultivate a fungi that produces antibiotic compounds that are effective against antibiotic resistant diseases.

For cultivation of plants, we are trying to grow a plant artificially without the root system by creating a substrate of plant hormones such as auxin and gibberellin...and to avoid rot, chitin/furanone/micro algae extract, as well as pressure possibly by wrapping a balloon opening ring snugly around and further secured by a fit to job elastic/rubber band and then applying pressure so the maltose/sucrose and erythrose (we can extract from beet, sugar cane, maple syrup, honey, molasses, dates, fruits that are rotting sped up by ethylene) - we could use mirrors to boil down/evaporate down and concentrate the sugars (mirrors provide free heat)... substrate can be absorbed up into the stem/trunk during/mimicing the cycles of day/night requirements of the plant's daily cycles (We might try Jellyfish poison for inflammatory type diseases and perhaps in small amounts to cells infected by disease (ie. cancer)).

Re: Partial (and Reversed) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell to produce H2 Cathode Reactions (negative voltage): emersed in 4H+ + 4e- = (produces) 2H2 Anode Reactions (positive voltage): emersed in H2O = (produces) 02 + 4H+ + 4e-Overall Cell Reactions: 2H20 = 2H2 + 02 Re: Heavy Water in diluted solutions of NACL (Sodium Chloride) and LiCI
(Lithium Chloride) The water is entangled with the (any and all) electrolyte(s) (salts), these electrolytes (salts) whose ions are diluted away produce hydrogen bonds.

Re: Steaming Reforming 1. Endothermic Catalytic conversion: ethanol; methane; bitumen; gasoline; with steam (H2O), under pressure and heat... the products are H2 (hydrogen); CO2 (Carbon Dioxide); CH4 (Methane) and CO (Carbon Monoxide)...
2. Then comes the Shift Reaction: CO reacts with steam the products are CO2 and H2. Undesirable gases are eliminated absorption (membrane separation)...
3. Partial Oxidation uses thermal conversion ie. tailings (bitumen from oil and/or tar sands), adding 02 (oxygen) and steam (H2O), We could try this process with garbage and sewage as well perhaps mixed with natural gas, oil, and coal (dust)...

New ways to produce to produce hydrogen and also include processing bio fuels, ie.
ethanol (bitumen perhaps even tailings bitumen fro oil/tar sands wastes) with carbon-supported tin dioxide nanoparticles, catalyzed platinum, rhodium and/or cerium oxide... which has the positive side effect of converting CO (carbon monoxide) to less poisonous CO2 (carbon dioxide). Other catalysts include small metallic nano particles deposited on larger nano particles.

Another option is to use photosynthetic microorganisms to produce hydrogen gas and the by product of bio plastics. Also plastic waste could from collections of household kitchens wrappings and/or no longer wanted, broken or needed Rubbermaid/Tupperware could be traded in for free or a share of the profits as discount for further purchase of exchanged items (we could do that for garbage and kitchen compost as well)... Plastic wastes can be converted through syngas into methanol.
Furthermore we could use old tires for such conversion processes... Another possibility is for boats to harvest ocean islands of floating plastic that doesn't breakdown for the here paragraph mentioned technology. We could also take ant and all electronics casing apart, and their poisonous interiors components could be slagged with a plasma torch facility...

Re: Bio Fuels as Hydrogen Source Also we can use lignin-derived fraction from separated from bio fuels and/or any and all combustible substances (ie. in addition to ethanol), whereby this carbohydrate-lignin-derived (biomass, any and all convertible waste) fraction can be catalytically steam reformed to produce hydrogen.

Re: Below Are A Comprehensive Traditional List of Reactors: Their Catalysts and Products We will focus on the mix match recipe of catalysts and reactants used for different reactions interchangeability for our above technologies.
The Table is taken from MRS Bulletin...

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N h r onrdnp Pe#aleunr-der d Arnmadc Pt nena uAws Fb*d bed or MO (04, cpwour" t another nWhp ~'+ isomertad mats (PA 8n, bed am") efau on 1Iydrodaadfwtafon StwNur4ontalnkp H2S and MoSs Find bed (E313S) Collude in horoaarbana raudoiers low ISKMDft (e.g., bdfsnes, pmmcf d ti (,e.O, thfopheae, b~ wfilr Ca and bed) or wit sepported an .curry Ate 14*0 enltrcWaaor+ oind r. a and YoSs Red bed in h mwbons aid (e.p., YM N and bed) tti~powides) supported on s or A
ft*adetyuYon tt*Vn-aania n ng H2O and UOS2 Find bed or coal hydrocarbon nanoniusiarrs shiny orblombs- (e4.,benate) pramated,r h ded nd ieeddocks Co or K and fV=)heno~, suppedw an VA"-9" stet CO + $ O CO2 + "= Won med& from- Rod bed Ian *Ado or Cu supported on NA we Ato Eicher-Tmpsch CO + t$, 8tr g* the n &* iron Hied bed or V epwak PIOmOsed Wth shrny aerates, *J n *W or aorypen^ Co parvdn on a sepport oontpands arch as *OhDK
aldeydes, and hem"
$dhenol syiMhesls CO + H MAN 0 (wN Cu supported on Flied bed or col MW H2O) *A waifs 2ho pry durry Re: Steam-Reforming Reactions Methane:
CH4 + H2O (heat) = CO 3H2 Propane:

C3H8 + 3H20 (heat) = 3CO + 7H2 Ethanol:

C2H5OH + H2O (heat) = 2CO + 4H2 We could also use Bitumen form oil and tar sands also recover bitumen from the waste tailings ponds. Under this patent my includes the use of (ie. any and all bird feathers -since the birds are getting stuck in the tar), then why not use bird feathers to recover the waste bitumen, almost like panning for gold although we might want to mechanize and remotely control the operation for health reasons. We could also use velore, Velcro, angora, wool, al paqua (old down feathers), fleece, quilt (shaggy), carpet (shaggy), saw dust, furry drapes. Also we could use microorganisms that are known to convert plastic into ethanol, and feed-added (to the mixture of tailings or even straight from the raw materials direct oil/tar sands) with sugar to keep the microorganisms healthy and productive turning the oil/tar sands bitumen into ethanol (hydrogen), we could also add steam (feed-added coal dust) to the oil/tar sands (direct raw materials and/or tailings) possibly using a 360 degree x-ray, to read the composition and the layers and/or bunches and/or types of patterns to recognize the type of make up internals of the batch of clay that can be physically removed. Thus the clay can be removed in large pieces before pulverizing the entire batch materials of and getting the clay mixed up with the bitumen.

Re: Muons Finally there is the Muon version of Fusion Reaction. In this case muons from decaying pions are sent to ablock of H1, H2, H3 hydrogen isotopes (protium, deuterium and tritium)... see below as further factors that may optimize the process (depending on which criterias are based on)-1 . Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying intensities and strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle dephasing in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the pulse Wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the plasma fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot plasma forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this format can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high uniformity that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal (with and/or without) also ferro/piezo and/or thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by arrays of mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large piston (air tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers' interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons explodes shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. I propose a Fast Ignition that is mad from aluminium cheaper than gold, and if thin enough and welded to break up properly could also take away the need for the plastic casing.
9. X-rays.
10. Electrostatic fields.
11. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

To avoid the muons bonding with waste alpha and helion particles (which removes the muons from its ability to catalyze the hydrogen isotopes) we could also have electrodes where the positive anode would attract the negative muons while the negative cathode would attract the positive alpha particles and hellions and the electrodes repel the other oppositely charged particles vice versa.
We could then use absorption and/or membrane-separation to separate muons from alpha particles and helions.

We could do all these processes in pulses.

Furthermore we could also wait until the oppositely charged attract/repel electrodes that separate by and are organized by charge then shut down the electrode and add an electron bath especially to the negative cathode where the positively charged alpha particles and helions have congregated, the negatively charged electrons will naturally bond with positive alpha particles and helions... these new particles of electrons, alpha particles/helions can then be separated (and collected) also by absorption and/or membrane-separation the helium can be used to feed Fusion Reactor fuel (see the main parts of this invention).

Once the alpha particles and hellions have been largely removed the muons can go through another phase of catalyzing the hydrogen isotopes fusion.

An additional new method herewith setfourth in this paragraph is also to place the electrode-stick a positive (rod) anode down (the depth of a) into the centre of a Torodial and Tokamak and Stellarator systems, the purpose is to attract negatively charged muons where they can catalyze the DT reactions. We could make undulating (and/or with teeth sticking close enough to attract the positive charged alpha helion particles, yet the teeth are far enough away so as not to impede with the movement of the DT
fuel around the inner Torodial Doughnut) wall negative cathodes surrounding the We are testing quantum entangling the pions... then dividing these pions and mixing them with additional quantities of pions and quantum entangling these together as well... and then we convert the original or at the earliest and latest or inbetween batches into muons and and Bell-State Measurement to convert all into muons.

Known Methods For Muon Reactions:

As well we could inject tritium and/or deuterium beam into DT fuel contained by in a magnetic mirror. The idea that constant addition of fuel will enhance the chances of desired muon catalyzed reactions.

And also there is the use of electronuclear blankets...
(Ukraine 2.5% of 35%) (DLD 2.5% of 35%) Re: Converting the energy into electricity In All cases a rectenna can be used to convert the microwave energy (possibly surrounding the furnace) into electricity.

We plan to use the heat to electricity technologies for cars, houses, high rises and/or ships.

We plan to use thermocoupling for any and all inside and outside (which have temperature differentials) to create feed of electricity.

Also we could use pyroelectric crystals where the heat (temperature differentials) are exchanging (GP 0.07%) outside and inside is there and any and all places where temperature changes...

Other ways that heat can be converted into energy/electricity include:

Re: Blimp Rotor Wind Blades A Large Rugged (balancing weight to lasing under the sun, wind and rain and tugging) Blimp whose outer skin is lined with solar cells; and either has a string to line up rotor wind blades to generate electricity. There can be small props on each end to keep the Blimp from being carried away with wind and also aim the rotor wind blades into the wind... at the same time we could have mylar flaps on the blimp itself that causes the blimp to spin as well. Possibly with wires on both sides to save energy from the props fighting the wind and having the wind carrying away the Blimp. Also the side wires stabilize the Blimp from turbulence...

Re: Other new blimp designs includes a Blimp with light medium speed (so it doesn't drag the whole Blimp) helicopter rotors spinning either one on each side or 4 rotors one on each end of an X connector (possibly pivoting like the Osprey airplane).
The helicopters synchronize and help the Blimp to lift heavy loads (cargo are placed in inflatable air/bag with the same capacity as regular cargo containers) and if need to speed the rotor pivot sideways like the Osprey. (GP1%) Re: An Underwater (number of stacks depends on how deep the water is) Stackable Water blade rotor shaped like the motortess lawn mower sideways blade The horizontal baldes are powered by the movements of the tides.
Re: Water Blade Rotor (same as wind mills) Locks Canals This part of this energy patent involves putting windmill type blades parallel along the Lock/Canal tucked behind grills, while the empty pathway for the canal from side to side are large enough to clear the largest ships.

Furthermore since cities are already built around such canals, we plan to widen/renovate the canals build tunnels for magnetic levitation, slow cargo train and/or highway and/or and rail ferry.

Re: Solar Panels and/or Mirrors We pump in salt water and/or (recyclable ethanol and/or other bio fuel), uses the heat pressure increase to drive hydraulic motor electricity generator also the technology could use mechanical energy of the steam powered hydraulics to move magnets that drive a copper coil.

Other technologies that can be used to convert heat from the fusion reactor (and my mirror/(optional) coal bed/plasma torch toxic (gas and steam turbines) and fumes;
exhaust cleansing/burning scrubber) above to generate electricity that have not new are below:

1. IAUS solar design includes super-efficient bladeless turbine.
2. Thermator.
3. Shockwave Power Reactor.
4. Honda patents exhaust-heat-to-energy process.
5. Ergenics.

6. Michaud Atmospheric Vortex Engine.
7. Ghosh Energy form Atmospheric Heat.
8. US 7019412 - Power Generation methods and systems.
9. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).
10. EIC solutions.
11. ThermoElectric Generator (TEG).
12. ReGen Power Systems.
13. JX Crystals ThermoPhotoVotaics.
14. Electra Therm.

15. Ormat technologies.

16. Ameriqon.

17. Custom Thermelectric.

18. Matteran Energy produces electricity and refridgeration from near ambient heat.

19. Fellows' Thermoacoustic Cycle (TAC) Generator.

20. TEG 5000.

21. Thermoelectric battery and power plant.

22. Advanced Solutions amorphous nanostructures.

23. Johnson Electro Mechanical Systems.

24. New Technology Can Turn Waste Into Electricity - University of Columbus and Caltech.

25. Beakon Technologies.

26. Cheap Efficient Thermoelectrics via Nanomaterials.

27. CUBE Technology.

28. New Engine to Slash 50% off Emissions - Epicam's dexpressor.

29. Encore's Accelerated Magnetic Piston Generator.

30. Transpacific Energy - Advanced Organic Rankine Cycle.

31. Evaporation Heat Engines.

32. Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) energy extraction methods at room.

33. ENECO Chip Heat to Electricity.

34. Rauen Environmental Heat Engine.

35. Nansulate Paint Creates Efficient Thermal Barrier.

36. Organic Thermoelectric Material from UC Berkeley.

37. Air conditioning via Peltier Effect.

38. Creating Power Out of Thin Air - Sydrec.

39. High-Performance Thermoelectric Capability in Silicon Nanowires.

40. Nanotech - Nansulate Paint May Soon Generate Electricity from Thermal Differences.

41. Maxwell's Pressure Demon and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

42. Charles M. Brown Chip Update.

43. Power Chips TM Convert Heat to Electricity.

44. Solar technology that works at night - INL and MicroContinuum.

45. Reincarnated material turns waste heat into power.

46. Nova Thermal Electric Chips.

47. A Sound to Turn Heat into Electricity.

48. New nanostructured thin film shows promise for efficient solar energy conversion.

49. An Alternative to your Alternator.

50. Active Building Envelope system provides heating and cooling.

51. Belleza Thermoelectric Generator.

52. High Merit Thermoelectrics.

53. Micropelt.

54. Nanocoolers.

55. RTI International.

56. StarDrive Engineering.

57. Acoustic Stove, Fridge, Generator Could Aid Third World - Store Cooking Refrigeration and Electricity (SCORE).

58. Thermal Acoustic Generator.

59. Deluge Inc's Thermal Hydraulic Engine Generates from Low Heat Input -Natural Energy Engine.

Re: Removable Sand Trough Underneath the Reactors Described in the Patent Material Above In addition to heat to electricity converters that can be placed underneath, a trough underneath that holds sand (as well as anything that need high heat to slag and/or dry - even garbage and/or sewage - possibly pre-dried by mirrors) mould could be used to melt sand blocks.

Re: Multiple Fast Injection Units Multiple lasers and pellets ie. located in four corners of the container could be used in addition (in combination/conjunction) to other exciting plasma technologies mentioned in the patent material above can be used simultaneously... (0.001%
GP)

Claims (59)

1 Claims Title: Many New Evolutions of Fusion Energy And Related Items to Make it And other By Products And/or Processes Some of the materials (a more comprehensive list in the paragraph directly below) we plan to apply for their characteristics, ie. pyroelectric/ferroelectric crystals below... ceramics... rare earth... some of which in the paragraph below can be interchangeable alternatives to any and all the materials mentioned in this patent.

Some organic/inorganic molecules have resonant valence orbit electrons that under the proper UV space charge field photo excitation will allow polarized conduction band electrons polarons) to move freely for a short time (PZT is shown for simplicity of presentation but it is assumed all other organic/inorganic high-k dielectric sol-gels, polymer, ceramic, metals, rare earth manganites and crystalline multiferroic -ferroelectric molecular materials , i.e., lithium niobate , lithium tantalate, PLZT, PZTN, BST, SBT, LBS, VO2, KTP KTaO3 RTP, GeTe, BaSr2/FeMoO6KNb03, SrRuO3 SrRuO7, BaTi03, BaMgF4, PbTiO3, PbTiO4, LiNbO2, BBO, LBO, LiNbO3, Fe doped LiNbO3,SrTiO3, SrRuO3, SrCuO2, SBN, KNSBN, BGO, BSO, LiCoPO4, Li103, LiTaO3, LSMO, BiMnO3 (BMO), LaSrMn, LuFe2O4, CdCr2S4, TbMn2O5, GdMnO3, TbMnO3 PMN-PT, Bi2TeO5, BiFeO3 (BFO),PbZrO3, Pb5Ge3O11, PbZrTiO3, BaSrTiO3, LaMnO3, LaBaMnO3, LaCaMnO3, LaBiMnO3, CaMnO3, CaSiO3, CeMnO3, MgSiO3, YMnO3, LaGaSiO, LGS, Ge2Sb2Te5, InAgSbTe, TbMnO3, KDP, KDP,KD*P, CCTO, CdCTO, ADP, SASD, LAP, BBT, BBN, BBT1, ABMO, ABTO, Urea, POM, TGS, ORE
Minerals, ferroetectric polymer "polyvinylidene fluoride" (PVDF), PMMA, lead germanate like lead telluride PbTe and lead selenide PbSe, CdZnTe (Zinc Cadmium Telluride), Zinc Oxide, ZnO4-Bromo-4'-Methoxyacetophenone Azine, alexandrite, chalcogenide , antimony telluride ( Sb2Te3 ) and many other III-V, II-VI, IV-VI, transistion metal and ceramic semiconductor materials.

All of the below heating and cooling pipes and thermocouples (could be made of one end) beryllium and/or beryllium copper (where non-magnetic and/or electric production properties are required), especially the piping coils and/or thin flat pipes emersed where the inside of the pipes is for hot fluid while the outside (or the other way around) for cooling (ie. condensate of fresh water) and/or managing for over heated spots.

Beryllium and/or beryllium copper also iron and/or iron copper could also be used as electrodes.

Titanium, zirconium, nickel, tungsten, nickel-tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, beryllium alloys, palladium, platinum, cerium oxide, rhodium, carbon supported tin dioxide nano particles could also be used as catalysts.

All the materials above can be used for as electrodes... ie. the plasma arc torch, or to direct pyroelectric electric voltage and/or thermocouple electric voltage and also to run a direct electric voltage for energy... the electric voltages can also be used to strip electrons from atoms, and repel and or attract using electricity converted to

2 Also if there molten metal is made as an extra use of the heat the electrodes can (in the case of molten metal) be used by sinking the electrodes into the molten metal causing the molten metal reservoir to be entire electrodes in themselves.

Re: Fusion Reactor (Improvements on Torodial and Tokamak and Stellarator systems), we are the first not only to combine any and all of the techniques and methods below but many of the methods and techniques below are new.

Re: The First New Addition to the old/original Torodial and Tokamak and Stellarator system is to start the gas clouds of the fuel see below " Re: fuels"

We will try to excite and increase the collisions between fuel particles by Quantum Entanglement. If the experiment works one cloud (in one chamber) of particles will only need to be excited (or at least one chamber at a time perhaps alternating and simultaneously - to escalate each other by mirroring each other's changed states) and all the other clouds will follow suit to a, more excited state (hopefully saving energy).
Because After entanglement the cloud particles can be separated into two or more chambers. There are many ways to entangle clouds with any and/or all and/or combination of:
1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying intensities and strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle dephasing in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the plasma fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot plasma forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this format can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high uniformity that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal runs a voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) also ferro/piezo and/or thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a voltage possibly with electrodes (at

3 least enough to excite) - heated by arrays of mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large piston (air tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers' interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons explodes shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both increase density.

4. Radio Frequency.

5. Ultra Violet.

6. Microwaves.

7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.

8. X-rays.

9. Electrostatic fields.

10. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

We are using quantum entangling the various fuels... then dividing these fuels and mixing them with additional quantities of fuels and quantum entangling these together as well (and so on)... and then we convert the original or at the earliest and latest or inbetween batches into excited states (like igniting a flame and/or tipping a domino) and Bell-State Measurement to convert all (other) entangled batches into the excited state.
Possibly even exciting to the point of hot plasma.

This Quantum Teleportation step is proposed to save energy (ie. excite one cloud of gas and the others follow), since magnetic forces interfere to breakdown quantum entanglement... we could do this step first before the magnetic confinement is turned on.
Furthermore we could use Fast Ignition in half millisecond to violently ignite the fuel if the entanglement is unstable.

Re: New Design on the Magnetic Confinement First we propose a larger magnetic confinement ring such that the plasma is more diluted (therefore more magnetic power per plasma action - spread over larger area while the magnetic ring is has not only increased size but increased power per space) for more stable management of the (ie. no hot spots overheating) plasma fusion... We could use infrared monitoring to examine and manage via control of magnets via remote control and/or with help of algorithm/Artificial Intelligence to tweak in real time the power and which magnets (their size and power flexibility) to match overheating and also beginning to extinguishments.

In our new invention the whereby the existing magnetic rings direct the plasma to encasing it; in this invention we add a casing around the magnetic confinement device.
The outer walls have layers of magnets that consequitively push via repelling the plasma upwards and then domed above to direct the plasma to the centre whereby the centre of the dome has a sink that repels the plasma into the centre of the magnetic confinement chamber. This system will reduce hot spots whereby the regular magnetic confinement is system is deficient. Additionally the repelling action further excites the plasma molecules. And the surrounding magnetic field further confines the heat from escaping.
As well slight level of magnet power can be maintained throughout the encasing structure to further confine (smoothly) preventing the energy from escaping.

At the centre top, sticking down can be a tungsten needle (as electrodes), with (possibly molten metal under the furnace core, containers that are part of the opposite electrode -perhaps employing pyroelectric crystals) ... The electrodes create a plasma arc torch flame that burns through the centre (the concentrated narrow region of the fuel particles/plasma flow) of the magnetic confinement device such that we take advantage of the bottleneck to maximize exposure of the arc to the concentrated flow of the fuel particles/plasma...

With at least one chamber under pressure (in fact we could stack the tanks with the weight pressure on the very top, so all the chambers are compressed at the same time).
If Re: Pyroelectric Crystal Encasing We could (generate electricity by) also surround the system with pyroelectric and/or piezoelectric as well as ferroelectric materials.... thermocoupling, (whereby one end is wrapped around the furnace to cool while the other end can be heated by exposure to mirrors such that the wrapping end should cool the furnace... and produce electricity as an additional product) any and all such reactive material.

To manage the temperature of the system we could spray the pyroelectric crystals with cold sea water, thus causing the temperature to change and causing the pyroelectric crystals to produce direct electricity. We could try any and all heat to electricity technologies.

Artificial pyroelectric materials include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, phenylpyrazine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. The most common are Lithium tantalite (LiTao3) and Lithium niobate (LN) and BaTio3 and crystals .

Also on an aside, crystals can be grown for any and all uses from art works and ornamental and decorative purposes. As well as any and uses of changing temperatures converted to electricity.

Large crystals are grown under high-temperature melts and fluxes by Czochralski, Brigeman-Stockbarger, Kuropulos, TSSG as well as low temperature aqueous and organic solutions.

We also are using thermocoupling to regulate hot and/or cold any and all processes by moving the hot and cold in to cool and/or heat exposure to regulate any and or all hot or cold thing, when the system/process is more optimum by changing its temperature and creating an electric voltage as an additional product.

Re: Heat Uses As well as gasification, molten smelting, waste disposal, gas turbine, steam turbine... we could use aneutronic fusion to cause rare crystals and pump a crystal to emit 400 nm light that can be (for any and all and/or combination of) converted into solar cell electricity or even to heat gas/water, or salt water into fresh sterilized water... photonic power.

400 nm light can also be converted into power. Photoreceptors (from the retina) can be attached to muscle cells. Light (photons) causes the photoreceptors to produce photochemicals protein that causes the cells to contract. Without light the photoreceptors produce a relaxant-protein Re: Accelerator New Replacement of Fast Ignition for Fusion Power We could ignite every time the furnace begins extinguishing using an accelerator, to guarantee it will work we get two opposing very large pyroelectric crystals (with array of mirrors and magnifying glass(es) to direct the sunlight to heat the pyroelectric crystals), with strong electric field which rips the electrons off the fuel (ie.
deuterium gas), and accelerates them into a deuterium target on one of the crystals.

A system using pyroelectric crystals and/or thermocouple , conductive silver epoxy in a vacuum chamber with a heat sink can be used to produce electrons for use with radioactive materials to increase rate of decay and resulting production of He (Helium) fuel.

Series of magnifying (neodymium) glasses to expand intense laser (ie. Free Electron Laser and Electron Beam Laser... ) We could increase the density and collisions between fuels by using a huge weight that uses hydraulics to lower it onto the fusion reaction chamber at which time it remains there as long as the fusion plasma is burning.. .the only time we foresee lifting the weights is for maintenance, therefore little energy is used due to the low frequency of lifting the weights.

We could also re-ignite in short intervals the deuterium, tritium in very close intervals, whereby a plasma arc torch is used to ignite the fuel, the torch flame/fuel itself can be made of Argon and Helium.

Otherways to directly excite the fuel particles in to the point of self propagation:

1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying intensities and strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle dephasing in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the plasma fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot plasma forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this format can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high uniformity that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal (with and/or without) also ferro/piezo and/or thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by arrays of mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large piston (air tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers' interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons explodes shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. I propose a Fast Ignition that is mad from aluminium cheaper than gold, and if thin enough and welded to break up properly could also take away the need for the plastic casing.
9. X-rays.
10. Electrostatic fields.

11. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

Once the heat is self propagating, we can stick multiple ceramic exhaust pipe probably diagonally out from the furnace out and upwards, to steam coal, burn garbage/sewage ... for gas and/or steam (with extra fresh - disinfected water product) turbines...
Pyroelectric fusion was successfully done in April 2005 by a team at UCLA. A
pyroelectric crystal was heated from -34 to 7°C (-30 to 45°F), with a tungsten needle they produced an electric field that ionized and accelerated deuterium nuclei into an erbium deuteride target.

Re: Fusion Reactor Fuels Fuels and their breakdown of elements of reactions are below:
These Material are taken from Wikipedia...

First generation fusion fuel Deuterium H2 and tritium H3 equations are below.
2H +3H .fwdarw.n (14.07 MeV) +4 He (3.52 MeV) 2H + 2H .fwdarw.n (2.45 MeV) +3 He (0.82 MeV) 2H +2H .fwdarw.p (3.02 MeV) +3 H (1.01 MeV) Second generation fusion fuel Need higher confinement temperatures and/or longer confinement time. The fuels are deuterium and helium three.

2H +3He .fwdarw.p (14.68 MeV) +4He (3.67 MeV) Third generation fusion fuel Aneutronic fusion (pryoelectric crystal(s) powered by solar array of mirrors and/or in a mirrored chamber to recycle the sunlight series of magnifying lens) to ignite volatile fuel ie. plasma fuel-torch to burn garbage for and electricity produced as the garbage heats and cools... ) 3He + 3He .fwdarw.2p + 4He (12.86 MeV) Another potential aneutronic fusion reaction is the proton-boron reaction:
p + 11B .fwdarw. 34He It has been suggested with some additions by me for the applications of Hydrogen-Boron fusion.

Aneutronic fusion Hydrogen-Boron fusion (400 nm laser), less than 1% total energy is carried by neutrons, emits charged particles that can be directly converted into light/electricity (via rare earth crystals). 400 nm laser that is pumped by neutronic fusion (or the energy from the charged particles from the aneutronic fusion converted into microwaves (ie. via rare earth crystals) first and then used to pump the 400 nm laser) at (a remote Battery Power Plant that stores the electricity for Utility Companies - added by Gerad Voon), the gigalaser pumps smaller lasers to each house. Telephone and cable television and internet (communications as well as power supply)...
(perhaps using Mr. Martin Gijs' Borosilicate as heat tolerant medium (ie. fiber optics) to provide passage of the laser, the fiber optic cable could be lined with reflective material, to prevent light energy loss.

Re: Lithium to Produce Tritium Steps Reactions Include:

63Li + n .fwdarw. 42He ( 2.05 MeV ) + 31T ( 2.75 MeV ) 73Li + n .fwdarw. 42He + 31T + N

105B + n .fwdarw. 2 42He + 31T
32He + n .fwdarw. 1H + 31T

Found and harvested from mineral springs.

Other uses include lithium ion batteries and psychiatrictic drugs.

It is produced by electrolytic mixture of fused lithium and potassium chloride.
Re: Molybdenum and/or Beryllium Both materials can endure extreme temperatures without significantly expanding or softening makes it useful in applications that involve intense heat, including the manufacture of aircraft parts, electrical contacts, industrial motors, and filaments (ie.
plasm arc torch). Molybdenum can also be used in alloys because it is corrosion resistant and weldability. Most high-strength steel alloys are .25% to 8%
molybdenum.
Both may be used in alloying agent each year in stainless steels, tool steels, cast irons, and high-temperature superalloys.

Because of its lower density and more stable price, molybdenum can replace tungsten as a filament for plasma arc torch. olybdenum can be implemented both as an alloying agent and as a flame-resistant coating for other metals.

Molybdenum 99 can be used parent radioisotope to the radioisotope Technetium-99.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is used as a lubricant and an agent. It forms strong films on metallic surfaces, and is highly resistant to both extreme temperatures and high pressure, and for this reason, it is a common additive to engine motor oil; in case of a catastrophic failure, the thin layer of molybdenum prevents metal-on-metal contact.
Possibly used to lubricate any moving parts (ie. the hydraulic fluid that lifts the pressure weight in my Fusion Reactor).

Re: Fuel Source Technologies We are using a nickel and/or Nitric Acid or Nitrogen Oxide, Platinum/Rhodium catalyst.
Cobalt Oxide Catalyst (palladium and/or platinum and/or aluminium and/or any and all reactive catalyst) catalyst to with methane (CH4) and steam to steam reform to produce the highest yield of Hydrogen.

One way to produce Hydrogen is to use laser light to cause electron and electrons the fuse and form hydrogen atoms. This occurs as the laser causes the electron orbit in a higher energy state temporarily then slip back into a lower orbit and produces hydrogen in cases where the change to lower orbit emits a photon. The window of opportunity is short so hydrogen atoms are rarely created this way in nature, unless a laser is used (we need to work on optimal beam intensity)...

Hydrogen Production: electrolysis (electrodes: cathodes, anodes) of (sea water for abundant supply) water - changing currents to break hydrogen from water (then remove the oxygen and other easy to combine impurities) and recombining the hydrogen (ie.
laying on pressure for long periods of time and use mirrors to heat for high temperatures or simply run a reverse voltage through with a possible platinum catalyst to form deutritium (H2); tritium (H3), thermo-catalytic reformation of hydrogen-rich organic compounds, pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, and biological processes, fermentation of micro organisms, membrane, algae to hydrogen, plankton energy, sol-gel catalyst, solar to hydrogen, mirrors to distil ie. 6Lithium and/or 7Lithium (ie. from sea water) feasible production of hydrogen and isotopes and other fuel productions...
Microorganisms Production of Hydrogen (also micro organisms can be used to breakdown plastic and shredded tires to convert into fuel)...

To find the best most productive and durable and easy to grow micro organisms we can go to landfills/garbage dumps/sewage/compost/manure piles, and find the area where much methane is made (productive is defined as volume of methane produced over time) ...Try to determine if these features are genetic and or the optimal conditions (in terms of any and all conditions/factors ie. type of medium/food; temperature;
PH; DH;
entrainment factors)...

Hydrogen (H2) can be produced by water splitting by harnessing natural processes, ie.
photosynthetic organisms such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and cyanobacteria use their enzymes (hydrogenases in their chloroplasts to turn water to produce H2).

Nitrogenase is known to catalyze the reaction to produce hydrogen:
N2 + 16ATP *e- + 10H+ = 2NH4+ + 16 ADP + 16Pi + H2 Bacteriass currently under study include Rhodoseudomonas palustris, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodocyclus gelatinosus, R. capsulatus, Rhodospirillum rubrum, E.
coli, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, T. thermosaccharolyticum. also mutants such that the entire metabolism is dedicated to hydrogenase without the nitrogen fixation...

Firstly add sugar, sugar can be sourced from maple syrup, honey, beet, rotten fruit treated with ethylene, and of course sugar cane, and in dry countries dates/figs that over rype.

We could use any and all genetically and metabolic and environmental adjustments any and all ways to enhance the performance by ease to raise/breed, non-demanding conditions and economical ways to productively and efficiently produce (additives factors, adjustment to genes and environmental cyclical entrainment and and temporary stress shock to cause them to cause them to reproduce) ... equipment costs (ie.
bioreactors) ease to handle and expenses.

We could create hybrids with better advantages... (GP 0.5%) Enzymes include hydrogenase, nitrogenase (ie. E. coli, Samonella, Rhosdospirillium rubrum as well mutants of R. Palustris, R. Sphaeroides, R. Capsulatus, R.
Gelatinosus, ...), - purple nonsulfur anerobic bacteria ... As well as Carbon Monoxide other Carbon sources for biological reactions include acetate, malate, glucose, yeast extract and ammonium.

Bacterial production depending on the bacteria (and strain) involve certain processes for converting:

CO + H20 = H2 + CO2 These production processes include bio-photolysis, indirect bio-photolysis, photo-fermentation and dark-fermentation.

The side effect of production of CO2 can be used to produce algae for bio fuel.

(ON and aside related patent) Micro organisms for effective degradation of plastics can be found in landfills/garbage dumps, where plastics have been degraded by micro organisms, (then isolate and raise/breed).

The same can be done by testing for areas of the dump for (specifically for relatively higher level of H2) H2 and CO2 production found via sensors (both photosynthetic and dark-fermentation - ie underneath the upper sun exposed layers of garbage) for colonies of bacteria. We could even mix the garbage dump with H20 and acetate, malate, glucose, yeast extract and ammonium...where suspected micro organisms collected from the garbage dump wanted characteristics (explained above) we could test in a air tight (regulated) environment CO + H2O to test each batches' effectiveness at production of H2 + CO2...
CH4 methane to hydrogen Regulator of conditions used in aquarium industry ie. agitation, PH, lighting, bubbling of CO gas.

CO gas and hydrogen can be the by product of Plasma NASA CEA2 program H1 protium using platinum in an reverse voltage could possibly be used to create higher hydrogen isotopes ie. H2 and/or H3 and/or H4... gasification of coal, waste to energy gasification, steam reforming of natural gas to generate hydrogen.

D-D, Deuterium (one proton and one neutron aka. protium); D-T(Tritrium), Hydrogen-Boron; He3-He3; p-11B

Re: Gerard Voon's Novel Patent Designs For Fusion Reactors Previous Technology to Date and Research is Summarized below, these technologies do not involve large pyroelectric crystals, even filling and entire chamber with pyroelectric crystals, both of which are heated by intense array of mirrors surrounding the crystals as well as the fuel chambers and thermo coupling and one time pressure weights and pistons (explosions) and/or Quantum Teleportation, all of which and/or mix accelerators with fuel ignition, and/or plasma arc torch also to ignite the fuel - all maximally combined to lower costs (cheapest) way to excite the plasma fuel ...As well we have the larger donut (magnetive confinement so the magnet is stronger relative to thinner fuel particles) design with an outer (domed/sink) consecutive series of magnets that repulse the fuel particles into faster more excited states creating more collisions and fusion and also preventing loss from straying fuel particles). Also new is the use of aluminum that is either made thin enough and/or breakable welds such that; 1.
replaces the outer plastic casing and 2. the gold inside lining; when heat/laser is applied it causes the fuel pellet (the pellet can be made dense by using helium cryogenics) within to explode against the aluminum casing until enough pressure is built up from within to break the outer aluminum casing and send a resonant shock wave into the fuel furnace chamber every few intervals (ie. Fs), one of the advantages is the materials are cheaper with this design.

Re: Existing State Of Technology for Fusion Reactions The LAPD research group led by Walter Gekelman and James Maggs, has had an exceptional year in the Basic Plasma Science Facility (BAPSF). A comprehensive site review in June 2005 resulted in a renewal of funding with a forty percent increase.
BAPSF) provides plasma scientists with a unique leading edge device, the Large Plasma Device (LAPD). Plasma problems spanning a broad range of spectral, spatial, and temporal scales are studied. The LAPD's design provides for experiments not possible in small scale linear devices or impracticable in large fusion facilities. The only national user facility of its kind, 50% of the LAPD's run-time was utilized by visiting scientists. The LAPD local group has a number of research projects being undertaken by the research staff, faculty and graduate students (Brett Jacobs, Andrew Colette, Eric Lawrence, and Chris Cooper, Bart Van Compernolle). Graduate student Bart Van Compernolle's doctoral thesis involves an experiment in which an intense microwave pulse (1000kW, 2.5 ps, 9 Ghz0 was propagated across the magnetic field in

12 the LAPD device. The thesis consists of a detailed experimental study of the wave generation in both the X and O mode cases, as well as a theoretical study. All research as well as all work done by the LAPD group and outside users can be accessed at the BAPSF website http://www.plasma.physics.ucia.edu/bapsf. Gekelman together, with senior scientists from Novellus were awarded a Cal MICRO grant worth $100,000.
The funds will be used to set up a lab and fund a graduate student geared specifically to advancing the science of low density, low temperature, and RF plasmas used in this field. The Novellus Corporation, a large company that manufactures the tools used in making semiconductors and computer chips, donated to the lab a plasma processing tool valued at over one million dollars.
The Computer Simulations of Plasma Group under the leadership of Warren B.
Mori, Jean-Noel Leboeuf, Viktor Decyk, and Phil Pritchett continues to do pioneering work in high-performance computing of complex plasma phenomena. The group includes four junior researchers and seven PhD students. Research is focused on the use of fully parallelized particle based simulation models to study magnetically confined plasmas, laser and beam plasma interactions, space plasmas, Alfvenic plasmas, and high-energy density science. The group has developed and maintains over six separate state-of-the-art simulation codes including OSIRIS, UPIC, UCAN, Summit Framework, Recon3d, QPIC, and QuickPIC. Recent highlights include using the gyrokinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) codes UCAN and Summit to validate several critical concepts in magnetic fusion by thorough comparisons with DIII-D (a tokamak at General Atomics) experiments. The group has been conducting research to determine the feasibility of an energy doubler or so called "afterburner" for an existing or future linear collider. They have also been carrying out full-scale simulations of experiments being conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in collaboration with Stanford, UCLA, and USC. These simulations use OSIRIS and QuickPIC and they support the experimental observations of 3 GeV
energy gain in only a few centimeters. Other topics being studied by the simulation group are the feasibility of the fast ignition fusion concept as well as laser-plasma interactions relevant to the National Ignition Facility. They are also carrying out PIC
simulations of how Petawatt lasers couple to nearly solid density plasmas as well as how lasers are used to compress the fuel. Much of the simulations are done on the group's DAWSON Cluster.

The magnetic field of Alfven waves which result in a high power microwave experiment.
The resonance location is indicated by the yellow line.
An electron beam moving from right to left blows plasma electrons out creating a wakefield that accelerates a trailing beam of electrons. These results are from a QuickPIC simulation that was run on the Dawson cluster.
12004-05 Department of Physics and Astronomy of dielectric materials under extreme electric fields (GV/m) to understand their applicability to advanced accelerators. Cutting edge collaborative experiments in high brightness beams and free-electron lasers, under continuing Department of Energy, and new NSF support, are now beginning at both Stanford and Frascati (Italy). And, the installation of a new computing cluster at PBPL is enabling simulations of the revolutionary LCLS x-ray FEL originally proposed by Pellegrini and now under construction at SLAC.
With the completion of PAB, the PBPL was able to occupy a new office suite on the third floor of Knudsen Hall, thus providing critical mass for the group. They are also happy to announce that Gil Travish, formerly a senior developmental scientist, has obtained a permanent position as a associate researcher.

13 The Basic Plasma Research group led by Reiner Stenzel and J. Manuel Urrutia, with funding from the National Science Foundation, has conducted research that has led to the discovery of whistler waves with wave magnetic fields exceeding the background magnetic field. Such extremely large waves create magnetic null points which should prevent the wave to propagate. Instead, the null points move with the wave packet at the whistler speed. The field topology is that of a three-dimensional vortex (Hills vortex or spheromak). Strong electron heating is observed in these waves, which propagate slower than the electron thermal velocity. The group has received a new research contract from the U.S.Air Force on the interaction of whistler waves with energetic electrons, studying nonlinear wave-particle interactions. With magnetic antennas we have already succeeded to inject 40kW of whistler wave energy into our laboratory plasma and observed significant electron scattering.
Aerogel - "liquid smoke" - a solid with the density of gas is being prepared for use as an electron beam diagnostic. A green laser is passing through one corner to measure the index of refraction. The blue glow is caused by the camera flash.
In 2005, Andrea Ghez, Alexander Kusenko, and Chetan Nayak were elected general members of the Aspen Center for Physics (ACP) for the standard term of five years.
Snapshot of the field properties of "whistler spheromaks" at a time when the coil current produces a magnetic field opposite the ambient field. (a) Magnetic field component Bz(0, y, z) showing field-reversal regions near z - ~15 cm from the coil. (b) Vector field (By,Bz) showing the field topology projected into the y-z plane. The coil is located at z 0, the spheromaks are at z - ~5 cm.

20.

o This method of fusion has been known for at least a decade. But the energy efficiency is so low that it's just not a candidate for power generation. Like the article says, this is primarily targetted as a neutron source. It might be able to be scaled above the break even point, but not without some pretty innovative features.

The basic of it is you get a copper plate, attach it to a special crystal, heat it with a tungsten filament, and immerse it in deuterium gas. The heated crystal strips electrons from the deuterium gas, and the ions are accelerated towards an erbium-deuterium target.

I imagine most of your energy is lost as waste heat. And while this is cold fusion, this is not room temperature fusion. Cold fusion is any fusion that is not heat-pressure catalyzed. While heating is involved here, the energy from the heat pressure is not directly used to bring deuterium nuclei together...
.circle. Parent Their setup: The 'crystal' mentioned in the mainstream articles, is a z-cut lithium tantalate crystal (LiTaO3), with the negative axis facing outward onto a hollow copper block. A tiny tungsten probe (80 microns long and 100 nm wide) is then attached to the other crystal face. This probe acts as a tiny mast for the electric field so that there is a powerful electrical field at the tip of the probe. Then there were a bunch of fancy neutron-counters and single-photon counters bundled around it.

14 What they did: First they added deuterium gas (at 0.7 Pa) and then cooled the crystal down using liquid nitrogen (to 240 K). Then they used a little heater to increase the chamber temperature slowly.

What happened: Less than 3 minutes later, and still below 273 K (0 degrees Celcius), the neutron signal rose above the background level.
There were x-rays coming from the probe tip, and a whole bunch of neutrons. After a few more minutes, the electric field was so strong that it caused arcing between the probe tip and the enclosure (because they kept heatingthe crystal, and the field thus kept getting stronger). The arcing stopped the process (and I'd guess it damages the crystal?).
They added a few links in the article to previous papers: a pdf [ucla.edu]
describing the concept they are trying to harness, another pdf [binghamton.edu] with more about how they use the crystals with the deuterium gas, and a brief abstract [inel.gov].

MUONS
An in-situ tritium-deuterium gas-purification system has been constructed to produce a high-purity D-T target gas for muon catalyzed fusion experiments at the RIKEN-RAL
Muon Facility. At the experiment site, the system enables us to purify the D-T
target gas by removing 3He component, to adjust the D/T gas mixing ratio and to measure the hydrogen isotope components. The system is specially designed to handle the D-T gas with a negative pressure, and the maximum tritium inventory of 56 TBq (1500 Cl) is operated. The employed combination of a palladium filter and a cryotrap has demonstrated as an efficient device to purify hydrogen gas with a negative pressure. We have completed a series of muon catalyzed d-t fusion experiments at various tritium concentrations, including an experiment with a non-equilibrium D2-T2 target condition.
The muon catalyzed t-t fusion process has also been studied using the tritium gas supplied free of 3 He by the system.

The material of the plasma facing components (PFC) have to withstand extremely large thermal loads, up to 10 MW/m2. This heat flux could be tolerated without melting if the distance from the front surface to the coolant (testing the cold side of large materials of thermocoupling where the other end is heated by array of intense solar mirrors causing the PFC to be cooler and/or cold sea water (we want a cheap renewable source of cooling to make the fusion reactor economically feasible). A low-Z
material,(ie. graphite and/or beryllium could be used (see the list of materials in the first 2 (two) paragraphs of this patent invention), or a high-Z material, such as tungsten and/or molybdenum. Use of liquid metals (lithium, gallium, tin... again see the list on materials in the first 2 (two) paragraphs of this patent invention above).

Re: Other Supplemental Parts That We are Studying For Fusion Reactors

15 Quantum Entanglement ie. heat or excite (to manipulate economically via self propagating reactions), including hot electrons, ions gas fuel into plasma state.

Initially we could heat, excite and voltage (platinum catalyst), plasma arc, via mirrors for the fuel (ie. D-D, D-T 3He and/or Proton - Boron... ) direct heat and pyroelectric crystal(s) (large or multiple crystals - inside the initial chamber itself and/or focused the sunlight into the chamber via one large or multi large acceleration system one such theory attracts the fuel into a centre where the heated pyroelectric crystals' magnetic field (electrode) strip the electrons from the fuel and creating it into a charged state that is repelled away. Under pressure and mixing to entangle as much of the fuel material as possible.

We could use the direct sunlight and mirrors (on the surrounding grounds), and pass it through a lens (ie. sapphire) Al2O3, that magnified or widened (made compatible to size of pyroelectric crystal, piezoelectric, ferroelectric... ).

Then we separate the fuel materials. By exciting one part of the material and then doing a bell-state measurement, we will convert the other separated reservoir of entangled fuel material into the newly excited state; so we might use less energy to apply to both or multiple separated reservoirs or via BSM.

There is a possible limit to this part of the invention, the question is, can the BSM occur where plasma is super hot temperatures, Re: Fuel Production Re: Steam is injected into syngas collected as by product of plasma flames, to generate hydrogen-rich gas. Also oxygen and steam can be added to clean the garbage/waste ... Other fuels include Argon and Helium...we need to optimize the spread of plasma density, plasma temperature, and pressure...

The plasma heat (as well as mirrors and magnifying lens) is used to slag metals, sodium disulfite, HCL, ethanol, electricity and water.

Sources syngas that contain methane below (taken from as I understand a government website) include:

Sources and Emissions .cndot. Where does methane come from?
.cndot. Human-related sources .cndot. Natural sources Where does methane come from?

Methane is emitted from a variety of both human-related (anthropogenic) and natural sources. Human-related activities include fossil fuel production, animal husbandry (enteric fermentation in livestock and manure management), rice cultivation, biomass burning, and waste management. These activities release significant quantities of

16 methane to the atmosphere. It is estimated that 60% of global methane emissions are related to human-related activities (IPCC, 2001c). Natural sources of methane include wetlands, gas hydrates, permafrost, termites, oceans, freshwater bodies, non-wetland soils, and other sources such as wildfires.

Methane emission levels from a source can vary significantly from one country or region to another, depending on many factors such as climate, industrial and agricultural production characteristics, energy types and usage, and waste management practices.
For example, temperature and moisture have a significant effect on the anaerobic digestion process, which is one of the key biological processes that cause methane emissions in both human-related and natural sources. Also, the implementation of technologies to capture and utilize methane from sources such as landfills, coal mines, and manure management systems affects the emission levels from these sources.
Emission inventories are prepared to determine the contribution from different sources.
The following sections present information from inventories of U.S. man-made sources and natural sources of methane globally. For information on international methane emissions from man-made sources, visit the International Analyses Web site.
Human-related Sources In the United States, the largest methane emissions come from the decomposition of wastes in landfills, ruminant digestion and manure management associated with domestic livestock, natural gas and oil systems, and coal mining. Table 1 shows the level of emissions from individual sources for the years 1990 and 1997 to 2003.
Table 1 U.S. Methane Emissions by Source (TgCO2 Equivalents)

17 Source: US Emissions Inventory 2005: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2003 The principal human-related sources of methane are described below. For each source, a link is provided to the report entitled "US Emissions Inventory 2006:
Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2004," prepared by EPA, which provides detailed information on the characterization and quantity of national emissions from each source. This report, hereafter referred to as the "U.S. inventory report", provides the latest descriptions and emissions associated with each source category and is part of the United States' official submittal to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The U.S. inventory report also describes the procedures used to quantify national emissions, as well as a description of trends in emissions since 1990.
Also, for those sources where EPA has established voluntary programs for reducing methane emissions, a link to those program sites is provided.
Landfills. Landfills are the largest human-related source of methane in the U.S., accounting for 34% of all methane emissions. Methane is generated in landfills and open dumps as waste decomposes under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions. The amount of methane created depends on the quantity and moisture content of the waste and the design and management practices at the site. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from landfills and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Waste").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions from landfills. This program, known as the Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP), works with companies, utilities, and communities to encourage the use of landfill gas for energy.

18 Natural gas and petroleum systems.
Methane is the primary component of natural gas. Methane losses occur during the production, processing, storage, transmission, and distribution of natural gas. Because gas is often found in conjunction with oil, the production, refinement, transportation, and storage of crude oil is also a source of methane emissions. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from natural gas and petroleum systems and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Energy").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in the natural gas industry. This program, known as the Natural Gas STAR Pro-gram (Gas STAR) is a voluntary partnership between EPA and the natural gas and oil industries to reduce emissions of methane from the production, transmission, and distribution of natural gas.

Coal mining. Methane trapped in coal deposits and in the surrounding strata is released during normal mining operations in both underground and surface mines. In addition, handling of the coal after mining results in methane emissions. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from coal mining and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Energy").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in the coal mining industry. This program, known as the Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP) helps the coal industry identify the technologies, markets, and finance sources to profitably use or sell the methane that coal mines would otherwise vent to the atmosphere.

Livestock enteric fermentation. Among domesticated livestock, ruminant animals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels) produce significant amounts of methane as part of their normal digestive processes. In the rumen, or large fore-stomach, of these animals, microbial fermentation converts feed into products that can be digested and utilized by the animal. This microbial fermentation process, referred to as enteric fermentation, produces methane as a by-product, which can be exhaled by the animal.
Methane is also produced in smaller quantities by the digestive processes of other animals, including humans, but emissions from these sources are insignificant.
The U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from livestock enteric fermentation and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Agriculture").
EPA has studied options for reducing methane emissions from enteric fermentation and has developed resources and tools to assist in estimating emissions and evaluating mitigation options. For more information, please visit the Ruminant Livestock site.

19 Livestock manure management. Methane is produced during the anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) decomposition of organic material in livestock manure management systems. Liquid manure management systems, such as lagoons and holding tanks, can cause significant methane production and these systems are commonly used at larger swine and dairy operations. Manure deposited on fields and pastures, or otherwise handled in a dry form, produces insignificant amounts of methane. The U.S. inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from livestock manure management and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Agriculture").

EPA has also established a voluntary program to reduce methane emissions in the livestock industry. This program, known as the AgSTAR Program, encourages adoption of anaerobic digestion technologies that recover and combust biogas (methane) for odor control or as an on-farm energy resource.

Wastewater treatment. Wastewater from domestic (municipal sewage) and industrial sources is treated to remove soluble organic matter, suspended solids, pathogenic organisms, and chemical contaminants. These treatment processes can produce methane emissions if organic constituents in the wastewater are treated anaerobically (i.e., without oxygen) and if the methane produced is released to the atmosphere. In addition, the sludge produced from some treatment processes may be further biodegraded under anaerobic conditions, resulting in methane emissions. These emissions can be avoided, however, by treating the wastewater and the associated sludge under aerobic conditions or by capturing methane released under anaerobic conditions. The U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from wastewater treatment and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Waste").

Rice cultivation. Methane is produced during flooded rice cultivation by the anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Flooded soils are ideal environments for methane production because of their high levels of organic substrates, oxygen-depleted conditions, and moisture. The level of emissions varies with soil conditions and production practices as well as climate. Several cultivation practices have shown promise for reducing methane emissions from rice cultivation. The U.S.
inventory report provides a detailed description on methane emissions from rice cultivation and how they are estimated (see the Chapter entitled "Agriculture").
Natural Sources Emissions from natural sources are largely determined by environmental variables such as temperature and precipitation. Although much uncertainty remains as to the actual contributions of these natural sources, available information indicates that global methane emissions from natural sources are around 190 Tg per year. The figure below

20 shows the relative contribution of different natural sources to global atmospheric methane emissions.

Source: Prepared from data contained in IPCC, 2001c Wetlands. Natural wetlands are responsible for approximately 76% of global methane emissions from natural sources, accounting for about 145 Tg of methane per year.
Wetlands provide a habitat conducive to methane-producing (methanogenic) bacteria that produce methane during the decomposition of organic material. These bacteria require environments with no oxygen and abundant organic matter, both of which are present in wetland conditions.

Termites. Global emissions of termites are estimated to be about 20 Tg per year, and account for approximately 11 % of the global methane emissions from natural sources.
Methane is produced in termites as part of their normal digestive process, and the amount generated varies among different species. Ultimately, emissions from termites depend largely on the population of these insects, which can also vary significantly among different regions of the world.

Oceans. Oceans are estimated to be responsible for about 8% of the global methane emissions from natural sources, accounting for approximately 15 Tg of methane.
The source of methane from oceans is not entirely clear, but two identified sources include the anaerobic digestion in marine zooplankton and fish, and also from methanogenisis in sediments and drainage areas along coastal regions.

Hydrates. Global emissions from methane hydrates is estimated to be around 10 Tg of methane per year, accounting for approximately 5% of the global methane emissions from natural sources. Methane hydrates are solid deposits composed of cages of water molecules that contain molecules of methane. The solids can be found deep underground in polar regions and in ocean sediments of the outer continental margin throughout the world. Methane can be released from the hydrates with changes in temperature, pressure, salt concentrations, and other factors. Overall, the amount of methane stored in these hydrates globally is estimated to be very large with the potential for large releases of methane if there are significant breakdowns in the stability of the deposits. Because of this large potential for emissions, there is much ongoing scientific

21 research related to analyzing and predicting how changes in the ocean environment affect the stability of hydrates.

Surround the industrial plasma flame/torch with pyroelectric crystal(s) to convert excess heat into electricity (hooked to live wires) to save in power plant batteries (for self usage such as aluminium industry) or sold to a utility grid.

Sewage use settlement reservoir drain the top liquid and use mirrors to boil the remaining sludge until dry, with vapour channeled into a turbine for energy.

Re: Nitrogen + Syngas Additionally:

Nitrogen + Syngas include processes for ammonia - as well as urea, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate, and methanol, but in addition will now also provide a fuller view of the diverse range of technology options available to developers of natural gas-based chemicals and gas to liquids and methanol to olefins and the hydrogen needed for fusion reactions and/or fuel cell batteries...

Re: Helium Production; since fuel has many advantages for fuel reactors above invention...

To Speed up uranium and any and all other radioactive decay (speed up) to produce He3 and He4 by exposure to free electrons (ie. multi layers of the medium containing the Uranium - to turn the uranium embedded host substance - of the footprint of the uranium layout) surround and including underneath the footprint including depth (perhaps three or more layers of concrete walls sandwiched by lead)... adding a recipe of heat (cheap from mirrors) and/or pressure (cheap from applying large weights that (can be lightened - and lifted - by hydraulics/pneumatics), (which are cheap since they always work simply by using gravity press down the weight above over as long as needed with out any added costs (or input fuels)... (As well we might use Free Electron Lasers and/or Electron Beam Lasers). Any and all sources of electrons including those mentioned in this patent (ie. pyroelectric crystals whose magnetic field tear off electrons emissions), can be used in the Helium production process). If the deposit of Uranium is large enough, harvesting of Helium could possibly serve as a semi-renewable resource.
Our Enrichment include any and all methods 1. centrifuges, 2. silver-zinc membrane, 3.
molecular laser isotope and/or 4. liquid thermal diffusion.

(The below is some facts regarding Nuclear Fuels taken off the internet radioisotopes that might be used to interact with electrons produce fuel ie. He; Helium).

Industrial Radioisotopes Naturally occurring radioisotopes:

Chlorine-36: Used to measure sources of chloride and the age of water (up to 2 million years) Carbon-14: Used to measure the age of water (up to 50,000 years)

22 Tritium (H-3): Used to measure 'young' groundwater (up to 30 years) Lead-210: Used to date layers of sand and soil up to 80 years Artificially produced radioisotopes:

Americium-241:
Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height detectors and in measuring ash content of coal.

Caesium-137:
Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height level switches.

Silver-110m, Cobalt-60, Lanthanum-140, Scandium-46, Gold-198:
Used together in blast furnaces to determine resident times and to quantify yields to measure the furnace performance.

Cobalt-60:
Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography, density and fill height switches.
Gold-198 & Technetium-99m:
Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors.
Strontium-90, Krypton-85, Thallium-204:
Used for industrial gauging.
Zinc-65 & Manganese-54:
Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from mining waste water.

Iridium-192, Gold-198 & Chromium-57:
Used to label sand to study coastal erosion Ytterbium-169, Iridium-192 & Selenium-75:
Used in gamma radiography and non-destructive testing.
Tritiated Water:
Used as a tracer to study sewage and liquid wastes.
What Are Radioisotopes?

Many of the chemical elements have a number of isotopes. The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in their atoms (atomic number) but different masses due to different numbers of neutrons. In an atom in the neutral state, the number of external electrons also equals the atomic number. These electrons determine the chemistry of the atom. The atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons.
There are 82 stable elements and about 275 stable isotopes of these elements.

23 When a combination of neutrons and protons, which does not already exist in nature, is produced artificially, the atom will be unstable and is called a radioactive isotope or radioisotope. There are also a number of unstable natural isotopes arising from the decay of primordial uranium and thorium. Overall there are some 1800 radioisotopes.
At present there are up to 200 radioisotopes used on a regular basis, and most must be produced artificially.

Radioisotopes can be manufactured in several ways. The most common is by neutron activation in a nuclear reactor. This involves the capture of a neutron by the nucleus of an atom resulting in an excess of neutrons (neutron rich).

Some radioisotopes are manufactured in a cyclotron in which protons are introduced to the nucleus resulting in a deficiency of neutrons (proton rich).

The nucleus of a radioisotope usually becomes stable by emitting an alpha and/or beta particle. These particles may be accompanied by the emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation known as gamma rays. This process is known as radioactive decay.

Radioisotopes have very useful properties: radioactive emissions are easily detected and can be tracked until they disappear leaving no trace. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation, like x-rays, can penetrate seemingly solid objects, but are gradually absorbed by them. The extent of penetration depends upon several factors including the energy of the radiation, the mass of the particle and the density of the solid. These properties lead to many applications for radioisotopes in the scientific, medical, forensic and industrial fields.

We can use the below techniques to concentrate the Uranium... The below is taken from the Internet.

Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining. Low-grade uranium ore typically contains 0.1 to 0.25% of actual uranium oxides, so extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 70% uranium oxides, and therefore must be diluted with waste rock prior to milling, in order to reduce radiation exposure to workers. Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali.
The leachate is then subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75%
uranium oxides. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process prior to refining and conversion.

Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals. Uranium metal can also be made through electrolysis of KU5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.Very pure uranium can be produced through the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament.
Oxides

24 Calcined uranium yellowcake as produced in many large mills contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized.
Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than particles that have long retention times or are recovered in the stack scrubber. While uranium content is referred to for U3O8 content, to do so is inaccurate and dates to the days of the Manhattan project when U3O8 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.

Phase relationships in the uranium-oxygen system are highly complex. The most important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide (UO2) and uranium trioxide (UO3). Other uranium oxides such as uranium monoxide (UO), diuranium pentoxide (U2O5), and uranium peroxide (UO4.cndot.2H2O) are also known to exist.

The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octaoxide (U3O8) and the aforementioned UO2. Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions.
Triuranium octaoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel. At ambient temperatures, UO2 will gradually convert to U3O8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.

Aqueous chemistry Ions that represent the four different oxidation states of uranium are soluble and therefore can be studied in aqueous solutions. They are: U3+ (red), U4+
(green), U02+
(unstable), and UO22+ (yellow).[48] A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO22+ ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as the carbonate, chloride and sulfate.
UO22+ also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.
Carbonates The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. It is interesting to note that while the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is due to the fact that a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.
The effect of pH
The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this further: it may be seen that when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution is increased that the uranium is converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and then at high pHs to an anionic hydroxide complex.

On addition of carbonate to the system the uranium is converted to a series of carbonate complexes when the pH is increased, one important overall effect of these reactions is to increase the solubility of the uranium in the range pH 6 to 8. This is important when

25 considering the long term stability of used uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.

Hydrides, carbides and nitrides Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen.
This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds.
Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an a form that is obtained at low temperatures and a .beta. form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.

Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U3O8.
Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC2), and diuranium tricarbide (U2C3). Both UC and UC2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures.
Stable below 1800 °C, U2C3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC
and UC2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN2), and diuranium trinitride (U2N3).

Halides All uranium fluorides are created using uranium tetrafluoride (UF4); UF4 itself is prepared by hydrofluorination of uranium dioxide. Reduction of UF4 with hydrogen at 1000 °C produces uranium trifluoride (UF3). Under the right conditions of temperature and pressure, the reaction of solid UF4 with gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF6) can form the intermediate fluorides of U2F9, U4F17, and UF5.

At room temperatures, UF6 has a high vapor pressure, making it useful in the gaseous diffusion process to separate highly valuable uranium-235 from the far more common uranium-238 isotope. This compound can be prepared from uranium dioxide and uranium hydride by the following process:

UO2 + 4HF + heat (500 °C) .fwdarw. UF4 + 2H2O
UF4 + F2 + heat (350 °C).fwdarw. UF6 The resulting UF6 white solid is highly reactive (by fluorination), easily sublimes (emitting a nearly perfect gas vapor), and is the most volatile compound of uranium known to exist.

One method of preparing uranium tetrachloride (UC14) is to directly combine chlorine with either uranium metal or uranium hydride. The reduction of UC14 by hydrogen produces uranium trichloride (UCI3) while the higher chlorides of uranium are prepared by reaction with additional chlorine. All uranium chlorides react with water and air.
Bromides and iodides of uranium are formed by direct reaction of, respectively, bromine and iodine with uranium or by adding UH3 to those element's acids. Known examples include: UBr3, UBr4, U13, and U14. Uranium oxyhalides are water-soluble and include UO2F2, UOCl2, UO2Cl2, and UO2Br2. Stability of the oxyhalides decrease as the atomic weight of the component halide increases.

26 Enrichment Enrichment of uranium ore through isotope separation to concentrate the fissionable uranium-235 is needed for use in nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants with the exception of gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. A
majority of neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction needed for these applications. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a'critical mass.' To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction has to be increased to significantly greater than its concentration in naturally occurring uranium.
Enriched uranium typically has a uranium-235 concentration of between 3 and 5%. The process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration has to have been decreased to significantly less than its natural concentration. Typically the amount of uranium-235 left in depleted uranium is 0.2% to 0.3%. As the price of uranium has risen since 2001, some enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of these depleted uranium hexafluoride stores above $130 per kilogram in July, 2007 from just $5 in 2001.

Re: We are experimenting with creating our own fuels.

COAL is made plants in swamps that were buried in sediments - we could use these inputs and apply heat (from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights that (only lifted once that when the process is finished -using hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight on top of the production chamber.

OIL is made from algae - we could use these inputs and apply heat (from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights that (only lifted once that when the process is finished - using hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight on top of the production chamber.
NATURAL GAS is made from plants and animals that decompose at higher temperatures and probably higher pressure - we could use these inputs and apply heat (from large mirror array and magnifying glass(es)) and single movement weights that (only lifted once that when the process is finished - using hydraulics/pneumatics), otherwise the weights require no energy since it is in place as a dead weight on top of the production chamber.

Additionally we could compress and heat restaurant waste, manure, sewage perhaps compost (including sugar, starch, cellulose and carbohydrates and other organic materials... ), possibly decaying the organic materials (with best strain (fastest acting and processing - since processing time is the bottleneck in this part of the invention)) with micro organisms, similar to decaying material found on the sediments on the bottom bodies of water. We could mix this organic material with micro organism and algae rich places in the world where the starter material for Coal/Oil and/or Natural Gas is believed to have the same inputs (use places where sediment has not become the fully formed Coal/Oil and/or Natural Gas), mix with our organic waste and use our large array of sun

27 mirrors to evaporate then apply pressure (only need power to lift the press weight once, when the process is done), and further heat with large mirrors array (possibly with a series of magnifying glasses.

We are also cleaning tailings ponds from Oil/Tar Sands using Bird feathers since we all know that the bitumen sticks to the feathers.

Syngas (ie. from steam and coal), products Hydrogen and/or Methane (which can be further processed into hydrogen isotopes) can be used for fuel in the Fusion Reactor and/or H2 can be converted into methane and/or methanol and/or diesel and/or ammonia...

Re: Alternate energy generation invention/technology that has similarities to the Fusion Reactor.

The entire system can be air tight with intake for oxygen if needed for combustion, and air tight for gasification and outtake for effluent/smoke stack (which is converted to green/clean syngas) by the final process when we can't extract any more worth from the heat then we blow it through pipe that is equipped with plasma arc torch that burns away much of the poisonous gasses, but the flame is small enough to conserve energy the exhaust has a opening that can open wider or narrower depending on the pressure from the gas and/or steam and the optimum pressure requirements for the turbines.

1. Near the bottom is a bed for coal (and/or discarded shredded tires and/or mix coal and/or discarded shredded tires); under the coal bed are several plasma arc torches so when there is not enough sun and/or the garbage is hard to burn and /or the coal bed needs to be re-ignited, the plasma arc torch can be turned on at different places and different power controls.
2. There also needs to be a mechanical device (ie. remote controlled possibly equipped with infrared robot appendages) to stoke the burn and spread of burn of the coal bed.
3. Above the coal bed is a grill.
4. Garbage/dry solid sewage, discarded shredded tires... any and all waste (even many contaminated wastes can be handled in this process) can be placed on the grill.
5. The entire system is surrounded with arrays of mirrors. The higher the parts necessary for heat the more mirrors that can be trained on the these parts (ie.
closer mirrors train up wards since they are closer while further out mirrors are trained down wards (magnifying glass maybe used to increase intensity and heat.
6. The mirrors can be trained on the garbage level or if more heat is needed used to ignite the coal.
7. Where garbage is less combustible, coal can be stoked to burn under the incombustible garbage or mirrors can be trained and/or added to aim the sunlight (with magnifying glass) at the incombustible garbage.
8. The system can work 24 hours a day when at night and there is no sunlight coal can be used to fuel the system.

28 9. The idea is to convert the heat of the (different designs are applicable) ie. the inner boiler is the exhaust from the mirrors to coal and/or garbage which escapes through pipe that turns a gas turbine and an outer boiler surrounding/encapsulating the inner boiler to harness the heat to boil salt water to steam and the steam harnessed using steam turbine.
10. Furthermore we can add there are several steps to get the maximum yield from the system i. thermocoupling such that the hot end is wrapped around heated areas of the system - that create a voltage that can stored in power plat batteries or the electricity can be fed to the utility grid (ie. the boilers and heated pipes) and the cool end is wrapped around the condensating pipes to cool for clean freshwater... ; pyroelectric crystals maybe used to turn the changing heat from the system into electricity ie. heat absorbing and heat tolerant solar panels/cells;
any and all heat to electricity technologies can be used), the saltwater boiler can also use ethanol/bitumen/petroleum any and all fuels (which after cooling can be recycled and reused.
11. Additional step is to use coal (and the part of the steam produced by this system) for steam reforming (gasification) (H2O + Coal + O2 = H2 + CO + CO2 + CH4 +
water vapour) since gasification is uses a lot of energy we can save money by using the mirrors and the coal bed and the garbage (in fact we may not even use the bed of coals if the mirrors are hot enough (ie with magnifying by capturing wide spread sunlight and focusing/concentrating the sun light on to a smaller more intense spot) to produce the heat. In such an alternate case, coal is strictly used for input into the steam reforming (gasification process) ... saving money on coal.
12. The heat from this system can also be used in Molten metal smelters...
13. Other products of gasification include: Ammonia, Ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch fuels,(diesel), Hydrogen, Methanol, Methyl Acetate, SNG, Urea and Urea ammonium nitrate.

SYNGAS:
Hydrogen (H2) + Nitrogen (N2) = Ammonia (NH3) Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Diesel (C18H38) Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Methanol (CH3OH) Carbon Monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H2) = Methane (CH4) + Water (H2O) 1. The CO2 from the above process can be used in green houses.
2. The green houses are framed with material (membrane) that lets only O2 pass through in one direction and CO2 through the other direction.
3. Additionally to max the respiration effect the gasses in the greenhouses at (sunrise have the gasses - CO2 drawn out and O2 pumped in).
4. At sunset the gasses - O2 is drawn out and CO2 is pumped in (ie. the CO2 from the above industrial and energy generation processes)...

29 The process above that produces Ammonia (NH3), Urea and Urea ammonium nitrate, can be harvested for micro algae (bio fuels), and any and all plants cultivations.
Re: Use of CO2 by product of the above Processes 1. We could grow algae with an air in the container (ie. in the plastic and/or vat holding the algae), the liquid is agitated, such that the (ie bags are spun/massaged/manipulated), vats can be stirred like a water wheel bringing the liquid to splash into the sir... With addition of CO2 and (O2 if necessary), depending on photosynthesis time. The vapour gas is extracted and replaced from CO2 to O2 just before sun rise and sun set.
2. Additionally proper timing of CO2 and O2 can be aerated into the liquid.
And the (CO2/O2) membrane can be further used which can be surrounded a further enclosure with concentrated CO2 in the day and O2 in the night.

Another addition to this patent is to use Ultra Violet to sterilize urine and/or manure before applying as fertilizer, we could even invent our own brand of fertilizer whereby we mix urine with (sewage) with Bokashi (EM), and other micro organisms together with sugar (for the micro organisms to use their enzymes) especially the Bokashi that is known for odourless composting, to treat the urine...then before the urine (or the liquid upper part of sewage), are treated with Ultra Violet light and/or (high end includes furanone, chitin and/or micro algae extract)... and bottled like fish fertilizer.

In micro organisms and algae nitrogen and hydrogen catalysts help produce H2 fusion reactor fuel (GP 0.5%) Microorganisms with an oxygen-producing photosynthesis that have a hydrogen metabolism are cyanobacteria and green algae. Naturally the micro organisms thrive on maltose/sucrose and erythrose (we can extract from beet, sugar cane, maple syrup, honey, molasses)... carbohydrates are used as acceptor molecules for ammonium.

The microorganisms produce reduced hydrogen (good for fusion reactor fuel) via the nitrogen to ammonia fixation process involving the use of enzymes (specifically hydrogenases):

1. NiFe Hydrogenase.
2. Fe Hydrogenase.
3. Molybdenum Nitrogenase (Monitrogenase).
4. Nitrogenase molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein.
5. Dinitrogebnase.
6. glutomate dehydrogenase.
7. glutamine synthethase.
8. glutamate synthethase.

Of which catalyze the reversible (some bi-directional) reduction from protons to molecular hydrogen as follows:

2H + 2e- = H2

30 By combining nitrogen fixation with hydrogenase the hydrogen production can be substantially increased.

Therefore we could artificially synthesize or harvest these enzymes from the micro organisms and algae mix with hydrogen and supply with electrons, even pass a voltage (any and all sources - see above), and try to artificially produce H2.

We could so isolate the genes that cause the production of the enzymes and create plasmid and place it in E. coli bacteria and cultivate.

We are continuing to search and developing for other more effective enzymes...
The trick seems to be to speed up metabolism of nutrients and photosynthesis to produce more hydrogen. Genetically engineering cells that have eliminated anything that impedes the process of hydrogen production. We can put probes in landfills and garbage dumps to sense for concentrations of hydrogen (even probes underground level - for micro organisms that don't require sun light) where there might be colonies of micro organisms that are very effective at producing hydrogen (perhaps even from breaking down plastic)...

Another source is hyperthermophilic archaea ie. those found in North Sea, Alaska and Siberia one example is Desulfurcoccus fermentans (known to produce hydrogen) be injected into non-cellulose eating archaeons (whose own nucleus have been removed) and also the cellulose eating organism genes could be micro injected into E.
coli and/or micro algae... Also fungi genes.

We are also considering using a version of modified leghaemoglobin to use for human blood haemoglobin.

We are also using any and all mutation methods and techniques on fungi to cultivate a fungi that produces antibiotic compounds that are effective against antibiotic resistant diseases.

For cultivation of plants, we are trying to grow a plant artificially without the root system by creating a substrate of plant hormones such as auxin and gibberellin... and to avoid rot, chitin/furanone/micro algae extract, as well as pressure possibly by wrapping a balloon opening ring snugly around and further secured by a fit to job elastic/rubber band and then applying pressure so the maltose/sucrose and erythrose (we can extract from beet, sugar cane, maple syrup, honey, molasses, dates, fruits that are rotting sped up by ethylene) - we could use mirrors to boil down/evaporate down and concentrate the sugars (mirrors provide free heat)... substrate can be absorbed up into the stem/trunk during/mimicing the cycles of day/night requirements of the plant's daily cycles (We might try Jellyfish poison for inflammatory type diseases and perhaps in small amounts to cells infected by disease (ie. cancer)).

Re: Partial (and Reversed) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell to produce H2 Cathode Reactions (negative voltage): emersed in 4H+ + 4e- = (produces) 2H2

31 Anode Reactions (positive voltage): emersed in H2O = (produces) O2 + 4H+ + 4e-Overall Cell Reactions: 2H2O = 2H2 + O2 Re: Heavy Water in diluted solutions of NACL (Sodium Chloride) and LiCI
(Lithium Chloride) The water is entangled with the (any and all) electrolyte(s) (salts), these electrolytes (salts) whose ions are diluted away produce hydrogen bonds.

Re: Steaming Reforming 1. Endothermic Catalytic conversion: ethanol; methane; bitumen; gasoline; with steam (H2O), under pressure and heat... the products are H2 (hydrogen); CO2 (Carbon Dioxide); CH4 (Methane) and CO (Carbon Monoxide)...
2. Then comes the Shift Reaction: CO reacts with steam the products are CO2 and H2. Undesirable gases are eliminated absorption (membrane separation)...
3. Partial Oxidation uses thermal conversion ie. tailings (bitumen from oil and/or tar sands), adding O2 (oxygen) and steam (H2O), We could try this process with garbage and sewage as well perhaps mixed with natural gas, oil, and coal (dust)...

New ways to produce to produce hydrogen and also include processing bio fuels, ie.
ethanol (bitumen perhaps even tailings bitumen fro oil/tar sands wastes) with carbon-supported tin dioxide nanoparticles, catalyzed platinum, rhodium and/or cerium oxide ... which has the positive side effect of converting CO (carbon monoxide) to less poisonous CO2 (carbon dioxide). Other catalysts include small metallic nano particles deposited on larger nano particles.

Another option is to use photosynthetic microorganisms to produce hydrogen gas and the by product of bio plastics. Also plastic waste could from collections of household kitchens wrappings and/or no longer wanted, broken or needed Rubbermaid/Tupperware could be traded in for free or a share of the profits as discount for further purchase of exchanged items (we could do that for garbage and kitchen compost as well)... Plastic wastes can be converted through syngas into methanol.
Furthermore we could use old tires for such conversion processes... Another possibility is for boats to harvest ocean islands of floating plastic that doesn't breakdown for the here paragraph mentioned technology. We could also take ant and all electronics casing apart, and their poisonous interiors components could be slagged with a plasma torch facility...

Re: Bio Fuels as Hydrogen Source Also we can use lignin-derived fraction from separated from bio fuels and/or any and all combustible substances (ie. in addition to ethanol), whereby this carbohydrate-lignin-derived (biomass, any and all convertible waste) fraction can be catalytically steam reformed to produce hydrogen.

32 Re: Below Are A Comprehensive Traditional List of Reactors: Their Catalysts and Products We will focus on the mix match recipe of catalysts and reactants used for different reactions interchangeability for our above technologies.
The Table is taken from MRS Bulletin...

33 Re: Steam-Reforming Reactions Methane:
CH4 + H2O (heat) = CO 3H2 Propane:

C3H8 + 3H2O (heat) = 3CO + 7H2 Ethanol:

C2H5OH + H2O (heat) = 2CO + 4H2 We could also use Bitumen form oil and tar sands also recover bitumen from the waste tailings ponds. Under this patent my includes the use of (ie. any and all bird feathers -since the birds are getting stuck in the tar), then why not use bird feathers to recover the waste bitumen, almost like panning for gold although we might want to mechanize and remotely control the operation for health reasons. We could also use velore, Velcro, angora, wool, al paqua (old down feathers), fleece, quilt (shaggy), carpet (shaggy), saw dust, furry drapes. Also we could use microorganisms that are known to convert plastic into ethanol, and feed-added (to the mixture of tailings or even straight from the raw materials direct oil/tar sands) with sugar to keep the microorganisms healthy and productive turning the oil/tar sands bitumen into ethanol (hydrogen), we could also add steam (feed-added coal dust) to the oil/tar sands (direct raw materials and/or tailings) possibly using a 360 degree x-ray, to read the composition and the layers and/or bunches and/or types of patterns to recognize the type of make up internals of the batch of clay that can be physically removed. Thus the clay can be removed in large pieces before pulverizing the entire batch materials of and getting the clay mixed up with the bitumen.

Re: Muons Finally there is the Muon version of Fusion Reaction. In this case muons from decaying pions are sent to ablock of H1, H2, H3 hydrogen isotopes (protium, deuterium and tritium)... see below as further factors that may optimize the process (depending on which criterias are based on):

1. Laser and/or Light (FEL and/or EB) of any type - testing varying intensities and strengths and coverage (spread relative to plasma density and size of container).
Also we are experimenting with pulse guiding with preformed channels; pulse front steepening using thin foils; compensate the accelerated particle dephasing in the so-called unlimited acceleration scheme and particle injection into the pulse wakefield. Also Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be used when coherent radiation for its characteristic of intense monochromatic radiation is desirable.
Alternatively the Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) can be used to accelerate charged particles at high gradient. Mirrors can line the chambers of the plasma fuel such that the lasers/electrons or other beams and/or photon source are recycled (bounced back into the interior of the chamber(s). Furthermore we are testing various laser/electrons/photons beam intensities and width coverage as well a channeled through one or mores series of convex versus concave

34 lenses... (ie. the first pulse breaksdown spark in the gas, the excited hot plasma forms a channel that guides the second laser pulse into the channel (this format can be used to ignite the gas in the centre of the Torodial system whereby the gas is channeled through the centre (depth hole of the doughnut bottleneck for maximum coverage of the fuel by the accelerator). We could use the characteristics of the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (good for quantum teleportation) - to create a plasma wave that is resonant and has high uniformity that can produce large amplitude waves. In contrast the Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) characteristics can be used in short laser pulse form with frequency higher than the plasma fuel's own frequency, such that the wake of plasma oscillations are excited a phenomenon observed in ponderomotive forces. In order to increase wave amplitude we could use multiple pulses and varying time interval from pulse to pulse. Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield Accelerator (combination of Raman Forward Scattering - RFS and LWFA). As well we could use ion beams and solid-state glass laser.
2. Large Pyroelectric Crystal (with and/or without) also ferro/piezo and/or thermocouple where one end is emersed in cold water and the other end is emersed in the fuel chambers to warm the fuel as well as all of which run a voltage possibly with electrodes (at least enough to excite) - heated by arrays of mirrors to save money - such that it can ignite a plasma arc torch.
3. One time laying down heavy weight to save money is uses hydraulic/pneumatic support and is lifted only rarely for maintenance. Possibly with a large piston (air tight that presses into the chamber further compressing the furnace/chambers' interior space) that in addition to the pressure from above, the pistons explodes shoving the piston unit into the already pressured chamber increasing the pressure exponentially and instantly thus creating a form of Fast Ignition.
Both increase density.
4. Radio Frequency.
5. Ultra Violet.
6. Microwaves.
7. Large Array of Large Mirrors.
8. I propose a Fast Ignition that is mad from aluminium cheaper than gold, and if thin enough and welded to break up properly could also take away the need for the plastic casing.
9. X-rays.
10. Electrostatic fields.
11. Two counter-propagating beams (pump and probe) that drive a plasma wave that backscatters the pump, amplifying the probe.

To avoid the muons bonding with waste alpha and helion particles (which removes the muons from its ability to catalyze the hydrogen isotopes) we could also have electrodes where the positive anode would attract the negative muons while the negative cathode would attract the positive alpha particles and hellions and the electrodes repel the other oppositely charged particles vice versa.
We could then use absorption and/or membrane-separation to separate muons from alpha particles and helions.

We could do all these processes in pulses.

35 Furthermore we could also wait until the oppositely charged attract/repel electrodes that separate by and are organized by charge then shut down the electrode and add an electron bath especially to the negative cathode where the positively charged alpha particles and helions have congregated, the negatively charged electrons will naturally bond with positive alpha particles and helions... these new particles of electrons, alpha particles/helions can then be separated (and collected) also by absorption and/or membrane-separation the helium can be used to feed Fusion Reactor fuel (see the main parts of this invention).

Once the alpha particles and hellions have been largely removed the muons can go through another phase of catalyzing the hydrogen isotopes fusion.

An additional new method herewith setfourth in this paragraph is also to place the electrode-stick a positive (rod) anode down (the depth of a) into the centre of a Torodial and Tokamak and Stellarator systems, the purpose is to attract negatively charged muons where they can catalyze the DT reactions. We could make undulating (and/or with teeth sticking close enough to attract the positive charged alpha helion particles, yet the teeth are far enough away so as not to impede with the movement of the DT
fuel around the inner Torodial Doughnut) wall negative cathodes surrounding the We are testing quantum entangling the pions.. then dividing these pions and mixing them with additional quantities of pions and quantum entangling these together as well... and then we convert the original or at the earliest and latest or inbetween batches into muons and and Bell-State Measurement to convert all into muons.

Known Methods For Muon Reactions:

As well we could inject tritium and/or deuterium beam into DT fuel contained by in a magnetic mirror. The idea that constant addition of fuel will enhance the chances of desired muon catalyzed reactions.

And also there is the use of electronuclear blankets...
(Ukraine 2.5% of 35%) (DLD 2.5% of 35%) Re: Converting the energy into electricity In All cases a rectenna can be used to convert the microwave energy (possibly surrounding the furnace) into electricity.

We plan to use the heat to electricity technologies for cars, houses, high rises and/or ships.

We plan to use thermocoupling for any and all inside and outside (which have temperature differentials) to create feed of electricity.

Also we could use pyroelectric crystals where the heat (temperature differentials) are exchanging (GP 0.07%) outside and inside is there and any and all places where temperature changes...

Other ways that heat can be converted into energy/electricity include:

36 Re: Blimp Rotor Wind Blades A Large Rugged (balancing weight to lasing under the sun, wind and rain and tugging) Blimp whose outer skin is lined with solar cells; and either has a string to line up rotor wind blades to generate electricity. There can be small props on each end to keep the Blimp from being carried away with wind and also aim the rotor wind blades into the wind... at the same time we could have mylar flaps on the blimp itself that causes the blimp to spin as well. Possibly with wires on both sides to save energy from the props fighting the wind and having the wind carrying away the Blimp. Also the side wires stabilize the Blimp from turbulence...

Re: Other new blimp designs includes a Blimp with light medium speed (so it doesn't drag the whole Blimp) helicopter rotors spinning either one on each side or 4 rotors one on each end of an X connector (possibly pivoting like the Osprey airplane).
The helicopters synchronize and help the Blimp to lift heavy loads (cargo are placed in inflatable air/bag with the same capacity as regular cargo containers) and if need to speed the rotor pivot sideways like the Osprey. (GP1%) Re: An Underwater (number of stacks depends on how deep the water is) Stackable Water blade rotor shaped like the motorless lawn mower sideways blade The horizontal baldes are powered by the movements of the tides.
Re: Water Blade Rotor (same as wind mills) Locks Canals This part of this energy patent involves putting windmill type blades parallel along the Lock/Canal tucked behind grills, while the empty pathway for the canal from side to side are large enough to clear the largest ships.

Furthermore since cities are already built around such canals, we plan to widen/renovate the canals build tunnels for magnetic levitation, slow cargo train and/or highway and/or and rail ferry.

Re: Solar Panels and/or Mirrors We pump in salt water and/or (recyclable ethanol and/or other bio fuel), uses the heat pressure increase to drive hydraulic motor electricity generator also the technology could use mechanical energy of the steam powered hydraulics to move magnets that drive a copper coil.

Other technologies that can be used to convert heat from the fusion reactor (and my mirror/(optional) coal bed/plasma torch toxic (gas and steam turbines) and fumes;
exhaust cleansing/burning scrubber) above to generate electricity that have not new are below:

1. IAUS solar design includes super-efficient bladeless turbine.
2. Thermator.
3. Shockwave Power Reactor.
4. Honda patents exhaust-heat-to-energy process.
5. Ergenics.

37 6. Michaud Atmospheric Vortex Engine.
7. Ghosh Energy form Atmospheric Heat.
8. US 7019412 - Power Generation methods and systems.
9. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).
10. EIC solutions.
11. ThermoElectric Generator (TEG).
12. ReGen Power Systems.
13. JX Crystals ThermoPhotoVotaics.
14. Electra Therm.
15. Ormat technologies.
16. Ameriqon.
17. Custom Thermelectric.
18. Matteran Energy produces electricity and refridgeration from near ambient heat.
19. Fellows' Thermoacoustic Cycle (TAC) Generator.
20. TEG 5000.
21. Thermoelectric battery and power plant.
22. Advanced Solutions amorphous nanostructures.
23. Johnson Electro Mechanical Systems.
24. New Technology Can Turn Waste Into Electricity - University of Columbus and Caltech.
25. Beakon Technologies.
26. Cheap Efficient Thermoelectrics via Nanomaterials.
27. CUBE Technology.
28. New Engine to Slash 50% off Emissions - Epicam's dexpressor.
29. Encore's Accelerated Magnetic Piston Generator.
30. Transpacific Energy - Advanced Organic Rankine Cycle.
31. Evaporation Heat Engines.
32. Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) energy extraction methods at room.
33. ENECO Chip Heat to Electricity.
34. Rauen Environmental Heat Engine.
35. Nansulate Paint Creates Efficient Thermal Barrier.
36. Organic Thermoelectric Material from UC Berkeley.
37. Air conditioning via Peltier Effect.

38. Creating Power Out of Thin Air - Sydrec.

39. High-Performance Thermoelectric Capability in Silicon Nanowires.

40. Nanotech - Nansulate Paint May Soon Generate Electricity from Thermal Differences.

41. Maxwell's Pressure Demon and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

42. Charles M. Brown Chip Update.

43. Power Chips.TM. Convert Heat to Electricity.

44. Solar technology that works at night - INL and MicroContinuum.

45. Reincarnated material turns waste heat into power.

46. Nova Thermal Electric Chips.

47. A Sound to Turn Heat into Electricity.

48. New nanostructured thin film shows promise for efficient solar energy conversion.

49. An Alternative to your Alternator.

50. Active Building Envelope system provides heating and cooling.

51. Belleza Thermoelectric Generator.

52. High Merit Thermoelectrics.

53. Micropelt.

54. Nanocoolers.

55. RTI International.

56. StarDrive Engineering.

57. Acoustic Stove, Fridge, Generator Could Aid Third World - Store Cooking Refrigeration and Electricity (SCORE).

58. Thermal Acoustic Generator.

59. Deluge Inc's Thermal Hydraulic Engine Generates from Low Heat Input -Natural Energy Engine.

Re: Removable Sand Trough Underneath the Reactors Described in the Patent Material Above In addition to heat to electricity converters that can be placed underneath, a trough underneath that holds sand (as well as anything that need high heat to slag and/or dry - even garbage and/or sewage - possibly pre-dried by mirrors) mould could be used to melt sand blocks.

Re: Multiple Fast Injection Units Multiple lasers and pellets ie. located in four corners of the container could be used in addition (in combination/conjunction) to other exciting plasma technologies mentioned in the patent material above can be used simultaneously... (0.001 %
GP)