CA2498867A1 - System and method for the localization of released computer program - Google Patents
System and method for the localization of released computer program Download PDFInfo
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- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
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Abstract
A system and a method for localization of a base language computer software product into a target language computer software product. Input resource files were copied into a source directory, and synchronized with a reference directory and a synchronization directory; the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory are flagged, and translated;
the changes are tracked in the reference directory.
the changes are tracked in the reference directory.
Description
Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the development of computer software. In particular; the present invention relates to the development of multi-language computer software.
Background of the Invention As computers have become more prevalent, many computer programs are now distributed throughout the world to geographic regions having a wide range of languages and other geographic differences. Thus, it has become desirable for software developers to be able to market their products to those people who do not speak the native language of the software developers. In particular, it is beneficial that software developed in a base language, for example in English, be available for individual geographic and linguistic regions, a process known as localization.
In addition, when a software product is marketed to a bilingual country such as Canada, national and local laws may dictate that computer software must be presented in the official languages of that country.
The process of localizing computer software largely involves translating exposed resource strings in base language, such as text messac,~e, menu, and button, into a target language. Resource strings are series of characters manipulated as a group, and are used to display text and other characters through a graphical user interface (GUI) generated on a computer display. The process of localizing computer software is time-consuming and expensive. The resource strings must be translated to allow the user to operate the program. The most direct way to do this is to search the entire program source code for every resource string, and translating each of these to the target language, with the translated resource strings subsequently compiled into runtime files for individual operating system platforms. This development method ensures that a relatively stable base version of the code is available for the internationalization and localization processes.
This approach has several problems. One problem is that the use of this method means that the software must be specifically translated and compiled for each intended language. This, of course, is an expensive process in itself, and means that any change in the source code requires each language version of the code to be edited and recompiled. The compiled runtime files are then placed into their required locations within a file structure to be called when needed. Another limitation is that since a resource library file is generated at build time on a particular operating system platform, it is limited to use on that one platform. Yet another problem is that the sale and distribution of the additional target language versions of the software is delayed.
More significantly, obstacles are created in terms of futuire upgrades for the software via periodic maintenance releases. Software defects in the base code, when discovered and subsequently repaired during the internationalization and localization processes, will result various target language versions of the product produced via a traditional software development method ultimately differ' from the originally released base language version.
These differences increase as the software developer seeks to prepare and distribute periodic maintenance releases of the product to upgrades its customer's software and to correct deficiencies often discovered through the customer's use of the product.
Where multiple customers have a variety of base and target language versions of the same software, the time and costs associated with the preparation and delivery of a maintenance release are significantly increased because the base from which changes are to be implemented is not uniform.
In addition, customers of the base language version of the software product also typically discover defects. As these defects are corrected by the software developer before the internationalization and localization processes, the corrections are typically incorporated into the subsequent target language versions, compounding complexity of the changes which must be implemented in order to correct the defects discovered during internationalization and localization, thereby creating the potential for further delay in the delivery of the target language versions of the computer softwa re One localization method for instruction manuals, books, and computer programs containing words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs appropriate to the native language of a user, is described as creating a spread;>heet which contains one or more words in the base language, and correlates those base language components with corresponding components of other target languages. This method presents a problem in that the translation is performed on text isolaired in a separate file, without any kind of context. The translation will therefore often contain errors which would not be present if the translation had been performed according to the context in which the text appears.
Another described method creates a localized version of a target computer software by first loading a localization kit, creating a binary version of the localized materials, and then overlay this binary version of the localized matE;rials onto a binary version of the target computer program product to produce a localized target computer program. This method requires additional software in the form of a localization kit. It also has to be run for all resource strings of the base language version. When the binary version of the localized materials are laid onto a binary version of the target computer program product language modules, the target computer program would have to be stopped, perhaps uninstalled and re-installed. This necessitates periods of time when the computer program is not available.
Another method for providing language translators with contextual information for the to be translated target text has also be described. The translator is presented with a graphical user interface in the base language, can them interactively translate each text label on the screen. The ability to edit the text within the application is achieved by adding an editor function to the software application itself. Each text label in the application is stored in a localization file with a specific rE;source bundle name and by a key. When the editor is activated, the text object is introspected for its source data, and the translator can edit the text directly. This method has the disadvantages that a translator is required, in addition to the extra function of the editor in the computer software product.
Therefore, there is a need for a method and system to separate the localization from the software development process. Furthermore, there: is a need to compile and generate the runtime files after release of the base softvvare. What is also needed is a process for localizing computer software to reuse the previous translation in a more cost-effective, efficient and standardized manner.
Summary of the Invention According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for localizing a base language file for a computer software product. The method has the steps of: designating a source directory having input resource files;
synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory;
flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and tracking changes in the reference directory. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a computer readable medium storing instructions or statements for use in the execution in a computer of a method for localizing a base language file, the method comprising steps of: designating a source directory having input resource files; synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory; flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and tracking changes in the reference directory.
Brief Description of the Drawings The invention and the illustrated embodiments may be better understood, and the numerous objects, advantages, and features of the present invention and illustrated embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views of the non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention, and wherein;
Figure 1 depicts a system in which a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented;
Figure 2 depicts a software system in which a preferred Embodiment of the present invention may be implemented;
Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software;
Figure 4 illustrates steps of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software;
Figure 5 illustrates additional steps of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software;
Figure 6 illustrates exemplary steps of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software;
Figure 7 shows steps of a first use of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software; and Figure 8 shows steps of a subsequent use of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Reference will now be made in detail to some specific embodiments of the invention including the best modes contemplated by the inventors for carrying out the invention. Examples of these specific embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention is described in conjunction with these specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to the described embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.
In this specification and the appended clairins, the singular forms "a," "an,"
and "the"
include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
Reference throughout the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment"
a means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention.
Thus, the appearance of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment"
in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Referring to Figure 1, a block diagram of a system in which a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented is illustrated. The system (10) may be, for example, one of the general purpose computers. The system (10) includes processor (12), which in the exemplary embodiment are each connected cache memory (14), the cache (14) is connected in turn to a system bus (16).
Also connected to system bus (16) are a system memory (18) and a host bridge (20).
Host bridge (20) I/O bus (22) to system bus (16), relaying and/or transforming data transactions from one bus to the other. In the exemplary embodiment, the system (10) includes graphics adapter (24) connected to IIO bus (22), receiving user interface information for display device (26). Peripheral devices such as universal serial bus devices (34), and input/output (IIO) device (30), which may include a conventional mouse, a key board, or the like, are connected via an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bridge (28), or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) bridge (32) to IIO bus (22), respectively. Host bridge (20) is also connected to PCI device (38) via PCI
bridge (36).
n 7 The exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 1 is providE:d solely for the purposes of explaining the invention and those skilled in the art will recognize that numerous variations are possible, both in form and function. For in:>tance, the system (10) may also include a digital video disk (DVD) drive, and numerous other optional components. All such variations are believed to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. The system (10) and the exemplary figures below are provided solely as examples for the purposes of explanation and are not intended to imply architectural limitations. In fact, this method and system can be easily adapted for use on any programmable computer system, or netvvork of systems, on which software applications can be executed.
The term "internationalization" is intended to include any method for designing and coding a software product so that it can be made to function for international use, or the like. A product is internationalized if a target languagE: version is created and does not interfere with the current or planned national language support of other products; or with the current base language version.
The term "file" is intended to include any collection of information stored under one name on a disk.
The term "base language" is intended to include the language, or a variant thereof, which are used to develop the computer software product, for example: English.
The term "target language" is intended to include the language other than the base language, for which a market demand exists for the computer software product.
Examples include, but are not limited to: German; :>panish; French; Japanese;
Danish; Dutch; Italian; Portuguese; Swedish; Chinese; Korean; Czech; Finnish;
Greek; Hebrew.
The term "target language version" is intended to include a variant of a base language product that is targeted to a particular market.
The term "localization" is intended to describe the translating and adding process to adapt a base language product to accommodate target languages, conventions, and cultures.
The term "resource strings" is intended to include a seriE~s of characters manipulated as a group, and are used to display text and other characters, non-limiting examples include text message, menu, and button. Resource strings may be displayed on a graphical user interface (GUI) or written to a file or a database.
The term "input resource files" is intended to include files that contain message strings, such as error messages and warnings, as well as menu text and user interface text, or the like. Input resource files can be, for example, XML
files.
Referring to Figure 2, a computer software system (40), wherein the present invention can be implemented, is provided for prograrnming the operation of the computer system (10). Software system (40), which is stored in system memory (18) and on disk memory, includes an operating system (46). Operating system (46) is the executive or supervisor for the system (10), directing both task management and data management. Localization process (42) stores, retrieves, and manipulates information in directories.
As illustrated in Figures 1 to 3, the system (10) and software system (40) are used for localization of software products.
Referring to Figure 3, according to one embodiment of the present invention, all input resource files from the software product's installation reside in a source directory (54), and may be copied into another designated source directory. The source directory (54) contains the original input resource files with resource strings copied from the message file directory. The base language, such as English, may be specified in the name of the files. The source dire<;tory may further comprise processing instructions for localization. The processing instructions may provide information on, for example, the format of the files to be generated. The processing instructions may further provide the sub-directory tree structure required by i:he released product, which is used to determine the location for the generated output during generation.
These processing instructions are used both during the synchronization and generation process.
A reference directory (56) contains copies of the latest input resourcE; files in base language after synchronization. The reference files will be used during the next localization project to determine which messages were added or updated. 'The target language may be specified in the name of the files. A synchronization directory (58) contains the resource files that are used to localize the resource strings. In subsequent versions of the product, new messages are added, obsolete messages are deleted, and updated messages are flagged. The source directory (54), the reference directory (56) and the synchronization directory (58) are synchroniized (64, 65, 66, 68). Files in reference directory (56) are used to keep track of chances for the localization of the subsequent versions of the computer software product. Files in the synchronization directory (58) are the files to be translated. All the resource strings to be translated are flagged in files in synchronization directory. The resource strings flagged in the synchronization directory are then translated and valid~~ted. A target directory (60) contains the generated output in a format required by the product, for example but not limited to binary, Java properties, and other formats. Runtime files are then generated (72) into the directory structure required by the software product (52), to the target directory (60). To use the localized runtime filets, the generated output can be copied back to where the product is installed (70), if the localized runtime files are located in the target directory (60). To localize the next release of the computer software product, the files in the source directory (54), the reference directory (56) and synchronization directory (56) will be synchronized, and the new and changed resource strings since previous release will be flagged. i~nly these flagged resource strings then need to be translated, helping to reduce the. cost of translation significantly.
Figure 4 illustrates the steps of one embodiment of the present invention. At (80) all input resource files from the product's installation residE: in a source directory (54), and may be copied into another designated source directory; at (82) the files in the source directory and the reference directory are compared; files in reference directory are used to keep track of changes for the localization of the subsequent version of the same product (83); the source directory, the reference directory and synchronization directory are then synchronized (84). Files in synchronization directory are the files to be translated. All the resource strings to be translated are flagged in files in synchronization directory (86); at next step (88) the resource strings flagged in the above step in the synchronization directory are translated; at next step (90) the files are validated in the synchronization directory; at (92) the runtime files are generated into the directory structures required by thE: software product.
Referring to Figure 5, the present invention may further have two additional steps: to use the localized runtime files, the generated output is copied back to where the product is installed (94); and for localizing the next release of the same product (96), the invention synchronizes the files in the source directory, the reference directory and synchronization directory, and flags the new and changed resource strings since previous release. Only these flagged resource strings then need to be translated, helping to reduce the cost of translation significantly.
Figure 6 describes the four steps of the localization procEas: Synchronization (100) to create or update a set of message files, and indicate me sages to be translated. The messages files could be, for example, XML files; translation (102) to translate the message files created from above to the locale of interest; validation (104), for example but not limited to, UTF8 encoding in some XML message files is validated;
XML message is validated against the schema and the existence of attribute "translate" is checked; Generation (106) to generate the final message files, to place the target message files into required directory structurE:, and optionally to package the generated message files.
Variables used in embodiments of the present invention rnay include:
5 Variable Source_Directory specifies the location of the directory that will contain copies of the original resource files, for example, C:ITramslation/src in Windows.
Variable Source Locale specifies the language code of the original resource files from which the resource strings is localized such as en; fr; de; ja, for English, French, German, Japanese, respectively; with a default of en.
10 Variable Synchronization Directory specifies the location of the directory that will contain the resource files that the user translates or modifies, for example, C:ITranslationlSync.
Variable Reference Directory specifies the location of thE: directory that will contain unchanged copies of the original resource files used in a given localization project. In a subsequent localization project, these files are used to determine which resource strings were added, deleted, or updated. The user can create this directory as a subdirectory of the synchronization directory, for example:, C:/TranslationlSyncIRef Variable Sandbox Directory specifies the location of the directory that will act as temporary workspace for the system, for example, C:ITranslation/Sandbox.
Variable Target Directory specifies the location of the directory that will contain the target resource files, for example, C:ITranslationlTarget.
Variable Target Locale List specifies one or more language codes, separated by a comma, into which the resource strings will be translated, for example, it, ru, pl, es, pt, and zh-cn.
Variable Package File specifies the name and location of the compressed file (.zip) that will contain the packaged target resource files, for e~;ample, C:ITranslationlLocalizationOut.zip.
Variable Log File specifies name and location of the log file that will contain processing information, for example, C:ITranslationlLocalization.log Variable Component Name_List specifies names of the product components, separated by a comma, that represent the component elE:ment in the input resource files for which the messages are localized.
Figure 7 is another example of the localization method according to the present invention when used for the first time to translate the base language version to a target language version. The source directory (54) contains the original input resource files to be translated for the first time. For example, all the input resource files may be copied from the product's install location message file directory and subdirectories to the source directory. The source direci:ory (54) may use the name specified for the Source Directory variable during config~rration.
Referring to Figures 6 and 7, the resource files are copied (68) to the synchronization directory (58). A translate attribute is added to the string elements in the resource files in the synchronization directory. The value of this attribute is set to new. At the same time the reference directory (56) is copied, updated (64) and contains copies of the latest input resource files. The synchronization directory (58) and the reference directory (56) may be automatically created in the location specified by the Synchronization_Directory and Reference Directory variables during configuration.
The synchronization directory (58) contains the resource files that are used to localize the resource strings. Files in reference directory (56) are used to keep track of changes for the localization of the subsequent versions of the computer software product. The file names in both synchronization and reference directories may include the target locale strings. . For example, if fr, es are specified in the Target Locale variables during configuration, the file names will contain these locale strings. Resource files in the reference directory are automatically renamed to include the REF suffix in their name. For example, a file named CAM AAA es.xml becomes CAM AAA es REF.xml.
The synchronization directory (58) is the translation directory. The files in the synchronization directory contain the resource strings i:o be localized. Files in the synchronization directory (58) are translated (102) or otherwise modified based on a translate attribute. Only files in the synchronization directory contain resource strings, for example, in messages and user interface text, with this attribute. The attribute "new" identifies all resource strings for the first localization project, and all new resource strings added after each subsequent localization project. The attribute "changed" identifies resource strings changed after the last localization project.
Resource strings containing the translate attribute "new" or °°changed" will be modified. Examples for files in the synchronization directory (58) are:
CAM AAA es.xml to translate the resource strings to Spanish and CAM_AAA_it.xml to modify the resource strings in Italian. Once the resource strings are translated or localized, the translate attributes may be deleted globally"
The files in the reference directory (56) are used as a reference for subsequent localization projects, and are usually not for editing. For example, the synchronization directory (58) contains a file named CAM AAA fr.xml, and the reference directory (56) contains a file named CAM AAA_fr REF.xml. A file in the reference directory, for example CAM AAA fr REF.xml may be a copy of the file from the source directory for the chosen base language, as in CAM_AAA en.xml. Performing a subsequent iteration of the process entails comparing each input string from the new CAM AAA en.xml to that in the CAM AAA fr REF.xml. If there is a difference, this string is copied from the base language file to the synchronization file and flagged as new or changed. The reference file is subsequently reel<~ced with the corresponding file from the source directoryHere, the file CAM AAA fr.xml in the synchronization directory is used for translation.
Before generating the target resource files (106), the localized files in the synchronization directory are validated (106). The validation process checks to ensure that the localized files conform to a specified schema, and the translate attribute in the localized files is removed.
The target resource files containing the localized resource strings are generated (106). The target directory (60) may be created in the location specified in the Target Directory variable. The structure of the target directory (60) may be identical to the structure of the product installation directory. The target directory (60) contains the generated output in a format required by the product.
Figure 8 describes an example where the localization process is used for subsequent release of a computer software product. The source clirectory (54), the reference directory (56) and the synchronization directory (58) are synchronized (65, 110, 112).
The source directory (54) contains the input resource files to be translated after the first time localization. The resource files in the synchronization directory (58) are updated. At the same time the reference directory (56) is copied, updated (64) and contains copies of the latest input resource files for the chosen base language. One embodiment of the present invention permits a user to choose from which of the bundled languages to translate from, for example, those files in the source directory.
Other input resource files shipped with the product may be ignored. The synchronization directory (58) contains the resource files that are used to localize the resource strings. Files in reference directory (56) are used to keep track of changes for the localization of the subsequent versions of the computer software product.
Files in the synchronization directory (58) are then translated. The difference between the new version of files in the source directory (.54) and the previous version saved in the reference directory (56) are flagged in files in synchronization directory (58). The files in synchronization directories may be updated by inserting the translate attribute in the string elements that are new or changed. The resource strings flagged in the synchronization directory are then translated and validated.
Since only new and changed resource strings are translated, the localization cost is reduced. The resource files containing the localized resource strings are then generated. A target directory (60) contains the generatecl output in a format required by the product.
Therefore, the source directory (54), the referencE: directory (56) and the synchronization directory (58) keep track of changes made to the resource strings in different releases of the computer program product and identifies the resource strings that are new or changed.
Therefore, the present invention separates the localization of a computer software product from the development of the computer software product, which enables the computer software product to be localized by a third party rather than the software manufacturer after the computer software product is released. The computer software product supplies its. specifications and requirements as part of the input to the components. Compilation/generation of runtime files can be done for released software, runtime files may be placed into the directory required by the software product.
Re-using the previous translation when localizing the subsequent release of the same computer software product in the present invention significantly reduces the cost of translation.
The components of the present invention, which perform; synchronization, validation, and generation, is product neutral and platform independent (both software and hardware). The components of the present invention that perform synchronization, validation, and generation is software and hardware platform independent, and can be used on any OS platform. The present invention validates the translated files before generating runtime files to ensure the integrity of the files before generating runtime files.
The invention can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations thereof. Apparatus of the invention can be implemented in a computer program product tangiibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method actions can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. The invention can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receivE; data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. Each computer program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory andloir a random access memory.
Generally, a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks;
magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application~pecific integrated circuits). Further, a computer data signal representing the software code which may be embedded in a carrier wave may be transmitted via a communication network. Such a computer readable memory and a computer data signal are also withiin the scope of the present invention, as well as the hardware, software and the cornbination thereof.
The present invention has been described with regard t:o one or more embodiments.
However, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.
Background of the Invention As computers have become more prevalent, many computer programs are now distributed throughout the world to geographic regions having a wide range of languages and other geographic differences. Thus, it has become desirable for software developers to be able to market their products to those people who do not speak the native language of the software developers. In particular, it is beneficial that software developed in a base language, for example in English, be available for individual geographic and linguistic regions, a process known as localization.
In addition, when a software product is marketed to a bilingual country such as Canada, national and local laws may dictate that computer software must be presented in the official languages of that country.
The process of localizing computer software largely involves translating exposed resource strings in base language, such as text messac,~e, menu, and button, into a target language. Resource strings are series of characters manipulated as a group, and are used to display text and other characters through a graphical user interface (GUI) generated on a computer display. The process of localizing computer software is time-consuming and expensive. The resource strings must be translated to allow the user to operate the program. The most direct way to do this is to search the entire program source code for every resource string, and translating each of these to the target language, with the translated resource strings subsequently compiled into runtime files for individual operating system platforms. This development method ensures that a relatively stable base version of the code is available for the internationalization and localization processes.
This approach has several problems. One problem is that the use of this method means that the software must be specifically translated and compiled for each intended language. This, of course, is an expensive process in itself, and means that any change in the source code requires each language version of the code to be edited and recompiled. The compiled runtime files are then placed into their required locations within a file structure to be called when needed. Another limitation is that since a resource library file is generated at build time on a particular operating system platform, it is limited to use on that one platform. Yet another problem is that the sale and distribution of the additional target language versions of the software is delayed.
More significantly, obstacles are created in terms of futuire upgrades for the software via periodic maintenance releases. Software defects in the base code, when discovered and subsequently repaired during the internationalization and localization processes, will result various target language versions of the product produced via a traditional software development method ultimately differ' from the originally released base language version.
These differences increase as the software developer seeks to prepare and distribute periodic maintenance releases of the product to upgrades its customer's software and to correct deficiencies often discovered through the customer's use of the product.
Where multiple customers have a variety of base and target language versions of the same software, the time and costs associated with the preparation and delivery of a maintenance release are significantly increased because the base from which changes are to be implemented is not uniform.
In addition, customers of the base language version of the software product also typically discover defects. As these defects are corrected by the software developer before the internationalization and localization processes, the corrections are typically incorporated into the subsequent target language versions, compounding complexity of the changes which must be implemented in order to correct the defects discovered during internationalization and localization, thereby creating the potential for further delay in the delivery of the target language versions of the computer softwa re One localization method for instruction manuals, books, and computer programs containing words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs appropriate to the native language of a user, is described as creating a spread;>heet which contains one or more words in the base language, and correlates those base language components with corresponding components of other target languages. This method presents a problem in that the translation is performed on text isolaired in a separate file, without any kind of context. The translation will therefore often contain errors which would not be present if the translation had been performed according to the context in which the text appears.
Another described method creates a localized version of a target computer software by first loading a localization kit, creating a binary version of the localized materials, and then overlay this binary version of the localized matE;rials onto a binary version of the target computer program product to produce a localized target computer program. This method requires additional software in the form of a localization kit. It also has to be run for all resource strings of the base language version. When the binary version of the localized materials are laid onto a binary version of the target computer program product language modules, the target computer program would have to be stopped, perhaps uninstalled and re-installed. This necessitates periods of time when the computer program is not available.
Another method for providing language translators with contextual information for the to be translated target text has also be described. The translator is presented with a graphical user interface in the base language, can them interactively translate each text label on the screen. The ability to edit the text within the application is achieved by adding an editor function to the software application itself. Each text label in the application is stored in a localization file with a specific rE;source bundle name and by a key. When the editor is activated, the text object is introspected for its source data, and the translator can edit the text directly. This method has the disadvantages that a translator is required, in addition to the extra function of the editor in the computer software product.
Therefore, there is a need for a method and system to separate the localization from the software development process. Furthermore, there: is a need to compile and generate the runtime files after release of the base softvvare. What is also needed is a process for localizing computer software to reuse the previous translation in a more cost-effective, efficient and standardized manner.
Summary of the Invention According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for localizing a base language file for a computer software product. The method has the steps of: designating a source directory having input resource files;
synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory;
flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and tracking changes in the reference directory. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a computer readable medium storing instructions or statements for use in the execution in a computer of a method for localizing a base language file, the method comprising steps of: designating a source directory having input resource files; synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory; flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and tracking changes in the reference directory.
Brief Description of the Drawings The invention and the illustrated embodiments may be better understood, and the numerous objects, advantages, and features of the present invention and illustrated embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views of the non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention, and wherein;
Figure 1 depicts a system in which a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented;
Figure 2 depicts a software system in which a preferred Embodiment of the present invention may be implemented;
Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software;
Figure 4 illustrates steps of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software;
Figure 5 illustrates additional steps of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software;
Figure 6 illustrates exemplary steps of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software;
Figure 7 shows steps of a first use of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software; and Figure 8 shows steps of a subsequent use of an embodiment of the present invention for localization of base language computer software.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Reference will now be made in detail to some specific embodiments of the invention including the best modes contemplated by the inventors for carrying out the invention. Examples of these specific embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention is described in conjunction with these specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to the described embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.
In this specification and the appended clairins, the singular forms "a," "an,"
and "the"
include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
Reference throughout the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment"
a means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention.
Thus, the appearance of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment"
in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Referring to Figure 1, a block diagram of a system in which a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented is illustrated. The system (10) may be, for example, one of the general purpose computers. The system (10) includes processor (12), which in the exemplary embodiment are each connected cache memory (14), the cache (14) is connected in turn to a system bus (16).
Also connected to system bus (16) are a system memory (18) and a host bridge (20).
Host bridge (20) I/O bus (22) to system bus (16), relaying and/or transforming data transactions from one bus to the other. In the exemplary embodiment, the system (10) includes graphics adapter (24) connected to IIO bus (22), receiving user interface information for display device (26). Peripheral devices such as universal serial bus devices (34), and input/output (IIO) device (30), which may include a conventional mouse, a key board, or the like, are connected via an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bridge (28), or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) bridge (32) to IIO bus (22), respectively. Host bridge (20) is also connected to PCI device (38) via PCI
bridge (36).
n 7 The exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 1 is providE:d solely for the purposes of explaining the invention and those skilled in the art will recognize that numerous variations are possible, both in form and function. For in:>tance, the system (10) may also include a digital video disk (DVD) drive, and numerous other optional components. All such variations are believed to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. The system (10) and the exemplary figures below are provided solely as examples for the purposes of explanation and are not intended to imply architectural limitations. In fact, this method and system can be easily adapted for use on any programmable computer system, or netvvork of systems, on which software applications can be executed.
The term "internationalization" is intended to include any method for designing and coding a software product so that it can be made to function for international use, or the like. A product is internationalized if a target languagE: version is created and does not interfere with the current or planned national language support of other products; or with the current base language version.
The term "file" is intended to include any collection of information stored under one name on a disk.
The term "base language" is intended to include the language, or a variant thereof, which are used to develop the computer software product, for example: English.
The term "target language" is intended to include the language other than the base language, for which a market demand exists for the computer software product.
Examples include, but are not limited to: German; :>panish; French; Japanese;
Danish; Dutch; Italian; Portuguese; Swedish; Chinese; Korean; Czech; Finnish;
Greek; Hebrew.
The term "target language version" is intended to include a variant of a base language product that is targeted to a particular market.
The term "localization" is intended to describe the translating and adding process to adapt a base language product to accommodate target languages, conventions, and cultures.
The term "resource strings" is intended to include a seriE~s of characters manipulated as a group, and are used to display text and other characters, non-limiting examples include text message, menu, and button. Resource strings may be displayed on a graphical user interface (GUI) or written to a file or a database.
The term "input resource files" is intended to include files that contain message strings, such as error messages and warnings, as well as menu text and user interface text, or the like. Input resource files can be, for example, XML
files.
Referring to Figure 2, a computer software system (40), wherein the present invention can be implemented, is provided for prograrnming the operation of the computer system (10). Software system (40), which is stored in system memory (18) and on disk memory, includes an operating system (46). Operating system (46) is the executive or supervisor for the system (10), directing both task management and data management. Localization process (42) stores, retrieves, and manipulates information in directories.
As illustrated in Figures 1 to 3, the system (10) and software system (40) are used for localization of software products.
Referring to Figure 3, according to one embodiment of the present invention, all input resource files from the software product's installation reside in a source directory (54), and may be copied into another designated source directory. The source directory (54) contains the original input resource files with resource strings copied from the message file directory. The base language, such as English, may be specified in the name of the files. The source dire<;tory may further comprise processing instructions for localization. The processing instructions may provide information on, for example, the format of the files to be generated. The processing instructions may further provide the sub-directory tree structure required by i:he released product, which is used to determine the location for the generated output during generation.
These processing instructions are used both during the synchronization and generation process.
A reference directory (56) contains copies of the latest input resourcE; files in base language after synchronization. The reference files will be used during the next localization project to determine which messages were added or updated. 'The target language may be specified in the name of the files. A synchronization directory (58) contains the resource files that are used to localize the resource strings. In subsequent versions of the product, new messages are added, obsolete messages are deleted, and updated messages are flagged. The source directory (54), the reference directory (56) and the synchronization directory (58) are synchroniized (64, 65, 66, 68). Files in reference directory (56) are used to keep track of chances for the localization of the subsequent versions of the computer software product. Files in the synchronization directory (58) are the files to be translated. All the resource strings to be translated are flagged in files in synchronization directory. The resource strings flagged in the synchronization directory are then translated and valid~~ted. A target directory (60) contains the generated output in a format required by the product, for example but not limited to binary, Java properties, and other formats. Runtime files are then generated (72) into the directory structure required by the software product (52), to the target directory (60). To use the localized runtime filets, the generated output can be copied back to where the product is installed (70), if the localized runtime files are located in the target directory (60). To localize the next release of the computer software product, the files in the source directory (54), the reference directory (56) and synchronization directory (56) will be synchronized, and the new and changed resource strings since previous release will be flagged. i~nly these flagged resource strings then need to be translated, helping to reduce the. cost of translation significantly.
Figure 4 illustrates the steps of one embodiment of the present invention. At (80) all input resource files from the product's installation residE: in a source directory (54), and may be copied into another designated source directory; at (82) the files in the source directory and the reference directory are compared; files in reference directory are used to keep track of changes for the localization of the subsequent version of the same product (83); the source directory, the reference directory and synchronization directory are then synchronized (84). Files in synchronization directory are the files to be translated. All the resource strings to be translated are flagged in files in synchronization directory (86); at next step (88) the resource strings flagged in the above step in the synchronization directory are translated; at next step (90) the files are validated in the synchronization directory; at (92) the runtime files are generated into the directory structures required by thE: software product.
Referring to Figure 5, the present invention may further have two additional steps: to use the localized runtime files, the generated output is copied back to where the product is installed (94); and for localizing the next release of the same product (96), the invention synchronizes the files in the source directory, the reference directory and synchronization directory, and flags the new and changed resource strings since previous release. Only these flagged resource strings then need to be translated, helping to reduce the cost of translation significantly.
Figure 6 describes the four steps of the localization procEas: Synchronization (100) to create or update a set of message files, and indicate me sages to be translated. The messages files could be, for example, XML files; translation (102) to translate the message files created from above to the locale of interest; validation (104), for example but not limited to, UTF8 encoding in some XML message files is validated;
XML message is validated against the schema and the existence of attribute "translate" is checked; Generation (106) to generate the final message files, to place the target message files into required directory structurE:, and optionally to package the generated message files.
Variables used in embodiments of the present invention rnay include:
5 Variable Source_Directory specifies the location of the directory that will contain copies of the original resource files, for example, C:ITramslation/src in Windows.
Variable Source Locale specifies the language code of the original resource files from which the resource strings is localized such as en; fr; de; ja, for English, French, German, Japanese, respectively; with a default of en.
10 Variable Synchronization Directory specifies the location of the directory that will contain the resource files that the user translates or modifies, for example, C:ITranslationlSync.
Variable Reference Directory specifies the location of thE: directory that will contain unchanged copies of the original resource files used in a given localization project. In a subsequent localization project, these files are used to determine which resource strings were added, deleted, or updated. The user can create this directory as a subdirectory of the synchronization directory, for example:, C:/TranslationlSyncIRef Variable Sandbox Directory specifies the location of the directory that will act as temporary workspace for the system, for example, C:ITranslation/Sandbox.
Variable Target Directory specifies the location of the directory that will contain the target resource files, for example, C:ITranslationlTarget.
Variable Target Locale List specifies one or more language codes, separated by a comma, into which the resource strings will be translated, for example, it, ru, pl, es, pt, and zh-cn.
Variable Package File specifies the name and location of the compressed file (.zip) that will contain the packaged target resource files, for e~;ample, C:ITranslationlLocalizationOut.zip.
Variable Log File specifies name and location of the log file that will contain processing information, for example, C:ITranslationlLocalization.log Variable Component Name_List specifies names of the product components, separated by a comma, that represent the component elE:ment in the input resource files for which the messages are localized.
Figure 7 is another example of the localization method according to the present invention when used for the first time to translate the base language version to a target language version. The source directory (54) contains the original input resource files to be translated for the first time. For example, all the input resource files may be copied from the product's install location message file directory and subdirectories to the source directory. The source direci:ory (54) may use the name specified for the Source Directory variable during config~rration.
Referring to Figures 6 and 7, the resource files are copied (68) to the synchronization directory (58). A translate attribute is added to the string elements in the resource files in the synchronization directory. The value of this attribute is set to new. At the same time the reference directory (56) is copied, updated (64) and contains copies of the latest input resource files. The synchronization directory (58) and the reference directory (56) may be automatically created in the location specified by the Synchronization_Directory and Reference Directory variables during configuration.
The synchronization directory (58) contains the resource files that are used to localize the resource strings. Files in reference directory (56) are used to keep track of changes for the localization of the subsequent versions of the computer software product. The file names in both synchronization and reference directories may include the target locale strings. . For example, if fr, es are specified in the Target Locale variables during configuration, the file names will contain these locale strings. Resource files in the reference directory are automatically renamed to include the REF suffix in their name. For example, a file named CAM AAA es.xml becomes CAM AAA es REF.xml.
The synchronization directory (58) is the translation directory. The files in the synchronization directory contain the resource strings i:o be localized. Files in the synchronization directory (58) are translated (102) or otherwise modified based on a translate attribute. Only files in the synchronization directory contain resource strings, for example, in messages and user interface text, with this attribute. The attribute "new" identifies all resource strings for the first localization project, and all new resource strings added after each subsequent localization project. The attribute "changed" identifies resource strings changed after the last localization project.
Resource strings containing the translate attribute "new" or °°changed" will be modified. Examples for files in the synchronization directory (58) are:
CAM AAA es.xml to translate the resource strings to Spanish and CAM_AAA_it.xml to modify the resource strings in Italian. Once the resource strings are translated or localized, the translate attributes may be deleted globally"
The files in the reference directory (56) are used as a reference for subsequent localization projects, and are usually not for editing. For example, the synchronization directory (58) contains a file named CAM AAA fr.xml, and the reference directory (56) contains a file named CAM AAA_fr REF.xml. A file in the reference directory, for example CAM AAA fr REF.xml may be a copy of the file from the source directory for the chosen base language, as in CAM_AAA en.xml. Performing a subsequent iteration of the process entails comparing each input string from the new CAM AAA en.xml to that in the CAM AAA fr REF.xml. If there is a difference, this string is copied from the base language file to the synchronization file and flagged as new or changed. The reference file is subsequently reel<~ced with the corresponding file from the source directoryHere, the file CAM AAA fr.xml in the synchronization directory is used for translation.
Before generating the target resource files (106), the localized files in the synchronization directory are validated (106). The validation process checks to ensure that the localized files conform to a specified schema, and the translate attribute in the localized files is removed.
The target resource files containing the localized resource strings are generated (106). The target directory (60) may be created in the location specified in the Target Directory variable. The structure of the target directory (60) may be identical to the structure of the product installation directory. The target directory (60) contains the generated output in a format required by the product.
Figure 8 describes an example where the localization process is used for subsequent release of a computer software product. The source clirectory (54), the reference directory (56) and the synchronization directory (58) are synchronized (65, 110, 112).
The source directory (54) contains the input resource files to be translated after the first time localization. The resource files in the synchronization directory (58) are updated. At the same time the reference directory (56) is copied, updated (64) and contains copies of the latest input resource files for the chosen base language. One embodiment of the present invention permits a user to choose from which of the bundled languages to translate from, for example, those files in the source directory.
Other input resource files shipped with the product may be ignored. The synchronization directory (58) contains the resource files that are used to localize the resource strings. Files in reference directory (56) are used to keep track of changes for the localization of the subsequent versions of the computer software product.
Files in the synchronization directory (58) are then translated. The difference between the new version of files in the source directory (.54) and the previous version saved in the reference directory (56) are flagged in files in synchronization directory (58). The files in synchronization directories may be updated by inserting the translate attribute in the string elements that are new or changed. The resource strings flagged in the synchronization directory are then translated and validated.
Since only new and changed resource strings are translated, the localization cost is reduced. The resource files containing the localized resource strings are then generated. A target directory (60) contains the generatecl output in a format required by the product.
Therefore, the source directory (54), the referencE: directory (56) and the synchronization directory (58) keep track of changes made to the resource strings in different releases of the computer program product and identifies the resource strings that are new or changed.
Therefore, the present invention separates the localization of a computer software product from the development of the computer software product, which enables the computer software product to be localized by a third party rather than the software manufacturer after the computer software product is released. The computer software product supplies its. specifications and requirements as part of the input to the components. Compilation/generation of runtime files can be done for released software, runtime files may be placed into the directory required by the software product.
Re-using the previous translation when localizing the subsequent release of the same computer software product in the present invention significantly reduces the cost of translation.
The components of the present invention, which perform; synchronization, validation, and generation, is product neutral and platform independent (both software and hardware). The components of the present invention that perform synchronization, validation, and generation is software and hardware platform independent, and can be used on any OS platform. The present invention validates the translated files before generating runtime files to ensure the integrity of the files before generating runtime files.
The invention can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations thereof. Apparatus of the invention can be implemented in a computer program product tangiibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method actions can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. The invention can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receivE; data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. Each computer program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory andloir a random access memory.
Generally, a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks;
magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application~pecific integrated circuits). Further, a computer data signal representing the software code which may be embedded in a carrier wave may be transmitted via a communication network. Such a computer readable memory and a computer data signal are also withiin the scope of the present invention, as well as the hardware, software and the cornbination thereof.
The present invention has been described with regard t:o one or more embodiments.
However, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.
Claims (17)
1. A method for localizing a base language file for a computer software product comprising the steps of:
(i) designating a source directory having input resource files;
(ii) synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory;
(iii) flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
(iv) translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and (v) tracking changes in the reference directory.
(i) designating a source directory having input resource files;
(ii) synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory;
(iii) flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
(iv) translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and (v) tracking changes in the reference directory.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
(vi) validating the translated files in the synchronization directory; and (vii) generating runtime files into the directory structures required by the computer software product.
(vi) validating the translated files in the synchronization directory; and (vii) generating runtime files into the directory structures required by the computer software product.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the input resource files are copied from a product installation directory.
4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising the steps of:
(viii) copying the generated runtime files back the product installation directory; and (ix) continuing to step (ii) for a subsequent release of the computer software product,
(viii) copying the generated runtime files back the product installation directory; and (ix) continuing to step (ii) for a subsequent release of the computer software product,
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the resource strings in the synchronization directory are flagged by a translate attribute.
6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the resource files are XML files.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the XML files are UTF-8 encoded and wherein the translated files are validated for proper UTF-8 encoding.
8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the XML files are validated against a schema.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the source directory further comprises processing instructions for localization.
10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the processing instructions provide information on the format of the files to be generated.
11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the processing instructions provide the sub-directory tree structure required by the released product.
12. A computer software product for localizing a base language file of a second computer software product comprising:
a memory having microcontroller-readable code: embedded therein for rendering a page set having sequential logical pages, said code comprising:
code means for designating a source directory having input resource files;
code means for synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory;
code means for flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
code means for translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and code means for tracking changes in the reference directory.
a memory having microcontroller-readable code: embedded therein for rendering a page set having sequential logical pages, said code comprising:
code means for designating a source directory having input resource files;
code means for synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory;
code means for flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
code means for translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and code means for tracking changes in the reference directory.
13. The computer software product according to claim 9, further comprising:
code means for validating the translated files in the synchronization directory; and code means for generating runtime files into the directory structures required by the second computer software product.
code means for validating the translated files in the synchronization directory; and code means for generating runtime files into the directory structures required by the second computer software product.
14. The computer software product according to claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
code means for copying the generated runtime files back to the product installation directory; and code means for continued synchronization of the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory for a subsequent release of the computer software product.
code means for copying the generated runtime files back to the product installation directory; and code means for continued synchronization of the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory for a subsequent release of the computer software product.
15. A computer readable medium storing instructions or statements for use in the execution in a computer of a method for localizing a base language file, the method comprising steps of:
i) designating a source directory having input resource files;
ii) synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory;
iii) flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
iv) translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and v) tracking changes in the reference directory.
i) designating a source directory having input resource files;
ii) synchronizing the source directory, a reference directory and a synchronization directory;
iii) flagging the resource strings to be translated in the resource files in the synchronization directory;
iv) translating the flagged resource strings in the synchronization directory; and v) tracking changes in the reference directory.
16. The computer readable medium according to claim 12, further comprising the steps of:
vi) dating the translated files in the synchronization directory; and generating runtime files into the directory structures required by the computer software product.
vi) dating the translated files in the synchronization directory; and generating runtime files into the directory structures required by the computer software product.
17. The computer readable medium according to claim 13, further comprising the steps of:
vi) copying the generated runtime files back the product installation directory; and vii) continuing to step (ii) for a subsequent release of the computer software product.
vi) copying the generated runtime files back the product installation directory; and vii) continuing to step (ii) for a subsequent release of the computer software product.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002498867A CA2498867A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2005-02-28 | System and method for the localization of released computer program |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002498867A CA2498867A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2005-02-28 | System and method for the localization of released computer program |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2498867A1 true CA2498867A1 (en) | 2006-08-28 |
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ID=36938926
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CA002498867A Abandoned CA2498867A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2005-02-28 | System and method for the localization of released computer program |
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| CA (1) | CA2498867A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9727350B2 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2017-08-08 | Entit Software Llc | Localizing computer program code |
-
2005
- 2005-02-28 CA CA002498867A patent/CA2498867A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9727350B2 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2017-08-08 | Entit Software Llc | Localizing computer program code |
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