CA2421122A1

CA2421122A1 - Novel nucleic acids and polypeptides

Info

Publication number: CA2421122A1
Application number: CA002421122A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Y. Tom Tang; Vinod Asundi; Ping Zhou; Aidong J. Xue; Feiyan Ren; Jie Zhang; Jian-Rui Wang; Qing A. Zhao; Dunrui Wang; Chenghua Liu; Radoje T. Drmanac; Tom Wehrman
Original assignee: Hyseq Inc
Current assignee: Hyseq Inc
Priority date: 2000-09-01
Filing date: 2001-08-31
Publication date: 2002-03-07
Also published as: WO2002018424A2; WO2002018424A3; EP1328636A2; AU2001292561A1; WO2002018424A9

Abstract

The present invention provides novel nucleic acids, novel polypeptide sequences encoded by these nucleic acids and uses thereof.

Description

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NOVEL NUCLEIC ACIDS AND POLYPEPTIDES
1. TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention provides novel polynucleotides and proteins encoded by such polynucleotides, along with uses for these polynucleotides and proteins, for example in therapeutic, diagnostic and research methods.

2. BACKGROUND
Technology aimed at the discovery of protein factors (including e.g., cytokines, such as lymphokines, interferons, circulating soluble factors, chemolcines, and interleulcins) has matured rapidly over the past decade. The now routine hybridization cloning and expression cloning teclmiques clone novel polynucleotides "directly" in the sense that they rely on information directly related to the discovered protein (i.e,, partial DNA/amino acid sequence of the protein in the case of hybridization cloning; activity of the protein in the case of expression cloning). More recent "indirect" cloning techniques such as signal sequence cloning, which isolates DNA
sequences based on the presence of a now well-recognized secretory leader sequence motif, as well as various fCR-based or low stringency hybridization-based cloning techniques, have advanced the state of the art by making available large numbers of DNA/amino acid sequences for proteins that are known to have biological activity, for example, by virtue oftheir secreted nature in the case of leader sequence cloning, by virtue of their cell or tissue source in the case of PCR-based techniques, or by virtue of structural similarity to other genes of known biological activity.
Identified polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences have numerous applications in, for example, diagnostics, forensics, gene mapping; identification of mutations responsible for genetic disorders or other traits, to assess biodiversity, and to produce many other types of data and products dependent on DNA and amino acid sequences.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The compositions of the present invention include novel isolated polypeptides, novel isolated polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, including recombinant DNA
molecules, cloned genes or degenerate variants thereof, especially naturally occurring variants such as allelic variants, antisense polynucleotide molecules, and antibodies that specifically recognize one or more epitopes present on such polypeptides, as well as hybridomas producing such antibodies.

The compositions of the present invention additionally include vectors, including expression vectors, containing the polynucleotides of the invention, cells genetically engineered to contain such polynucleotides and cells genetically engineered to express such polynucleotides.
The present invention relates to a collection or library of at least one novel nucleic acid sequence assembled from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) isolated mainly by sequencing by hybridization (SBI~, and in some cases, sequences obtained from one or more public databases.
The invention relates also to the proteins encoded by such polynucleotides, along with therapeutic, diagnostic and research utilities for these polynucleotides and proteins.
These nucleic acid sequences are designated as SEQ ID NO: 1-245. The polypeptides sequences are designated SEQ
ID NO: 246-490. The nucleic acids and polypeptides are provided in the Sequence Listing. In the nucleic acids provided in the Sequence Listing, A is adenosine; C is cytosine;
G is guanine; T is thymine; and N is unknown or any of the four bases.
The nucleic acid sequences of the present invention also include, nucleic acid sequences that hybridize to the complement of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 under stringent hybridization conditions;
nucleic acid sequences which are allelic variants or species homologues of any of the nucleic acid sequences recited above, or nucleic acid sequences that encode a peptide comprising a specific domain or truncation of the peptides encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1-245. A
polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to an identifying sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 or a degenerate variant or fragment thereof. The identifying sequence can be 100 base pairs in length.
The nucleic acid sequences of the present invention also include the sequence information from the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245. The sequence information can be a segment of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 that unquely identifies or represents the sequence information of SEQ ID NO: 1-245.
A collection as used in this application can be a collection of only one polynucleotide. The collection of sequence information or identifying information of each sequence can be provided on a nucleic acid array. In one embodiment, segments of sequence information are provided on a nucleic acid atTay to detect the polynucleotide that contains the segment. The array can be designed to detect full-match or mismatch to the polynucleotide that contains the segment. The collection can also be provided in a computer-readable format.
This invention also includes the reverse or direct complement of any of the nucleic acid sequences recited above; cloning or expression vectors containing the nucleic acid sequences; and host cells or organisms transformed with these expression vectors. Nucleic acid sequences (or their reverse or direct complements) according to the invention have numerous applications in a variety of techniques known to those skilled in the art of molecular biology, such as use as hybridization probes, use as primers for PCR, use in an array, use in computer-readable media, use in sequencing full-length genes, use for chromosome and gene mapping, use in the recombinant production of protein, and use in the generation of anti-sense DNA or RNA, their chemical analogs and the like.
In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 or novel segments or parts of the nucleic acids of the invention are used as primers in expression assays that are well known in the art. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 or novel segments or parts of the nucleic acids provided herein are used in diagnostics for identifying expressed genes or, as well known in the art and exemplified by Volliath et al., Science 258:52-59 (1992), as expressed sequence tags for physical mapping of the hiunan genome.
The isolated polynucleotides of the invention include, but are not limited to, a polynucleotide comprising any one of the nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 1-245; a polynucleotide comprising any of the full length protein coding sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245;
and a polynucleotide comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of the mature protein coding sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245. The polynucleotides of the present invention also include, but are not limited to, a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to (a) the complement of any one of the nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1-245; (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in the Sequence Listing; (c) a polynucleotide which is an allelic variant of any polynucleotides recited above; (d) a polynucleotide which encodes a species homolog (e.g. orthologs) of any of the proteins recited above; or (e) a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide comprising a specific domain or truncation of any of the polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in the Sequence Listing.
The isolated polypeptides of the invention include, but are not limited to, a polypeptide comprising any of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 246-490; or the correspondiizg full length or mature protein. Polypeptides of the invention also include polypeptides with biological activity that are encoded by (a) any of the polynucleotides having a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1-245; or (b) polynucleotides that hybridize to the complement of the polynucleotides of (a) under stringent hybridization conditions. Biologically or immunologically active variants of any of the polypeptide sequences in the Sequence Listing, and "substantial equivalents" thereof (e.g., with at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity) that preferably retain biological activity are also contemplated.
The polypeptides of the invention may be wholly or partially chemically synthesized but are preferably produced by recombinant means using the genetically engineered cells (e.g. host cells) of the invention.

The invention also provides compositions comprising a polypeptide of the invention.
Polypeptide compositions of the invention may further comprise an acceptable carrier, such as a hydrophilic, e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable, carrier.
The invention also provides host cells transformed or transfected with a polynucleotide of the invention.
The invention also relates to methods for producing a polypeptide of the invention comprising growing a culture of the host cells of the invention in a suitable culture medium under conditions permitting expression of the desired polypeptide, and purifying the polypeptide from the culture or from the host cells. Preferred embodiments include those in which the protein produced by such process is a mature form of the protein.
Polynucleotides according to the invention have numerous applications in a variety of techniques knoum to those skilled in the art of molecular biology. These techniques include use as hybridization probes, use as oligomers, or primers, for PCR, use for chromosome and gene mapping, use in the recombinant production of protein, and use in generation of anti-sense DNA
or RNA, their chemical analogs and the like. For example, when the expression of an mRNA is largely restricted to a particular cell or tissue type, polynucleotides of the invention can be used as hybridization probes to detect the presence of the particular cell or tissue mRNA in a sample using, e.g., iFa situ hybridization.
In other exemplary embodiments, the polynucleotides are used in diagnostics as expressed sequence tags for identifying expressed genes or, as well known in the art and exemplified by Vollrath et al., Science 258:52-59 (1992), as expressed sequence tags for physical mapping of the human genome.
The polypeptides according to the invention can be used in a variety of conventional procedures and methods that are currently applied to other proteins. For example, a polypeptide of the invention can be used to generate an antibody that specifically binds the polypeptide. Such antibodies, particularly monoclonal antibodies, are useful for detecting or quantitating the polypeptide in tissue. The polypeptides of the invention can also be used as molecular weight markers, and as a food supplement.
Methods are also provided for preventing, treating, or ameliorating a medical condition which comprises the step of administering to a mammalian subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a polypeptide of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In particular, the polypeptides and polynucleotides of the invention can be utilized, for example, in methods for the prevention and/or treatment of disorders involving aberrant protein expression or biological activity.

The present invention further relates to methods for detecting the presence of the polynucleotides or polypeptides of the invention in a sample. Such methods can, for example, be utilized as part of prognostic and diagnostic evaluation of disorders as recited herein and for the identification of subjects exhibiting a predisposition to such conditions. The invention provides a method for detecting the polynucleotides of the invention in a sample, comprising contacting the sample with a compound that binds to and forms a complex with the polynucleotide of interest for a period sufficient to form the complex and under conditions sufficient to form a complex and detecting the complex such that if a complex is detected, the polynucleotide of interest is detected. The invention also provides a method for detecting the polypeptides of the invention in a sample comprising contacting the sample with a compound that binds to and forms a complex with the polypeptide under conditions and for a period sufficient to form the complex and detecting the formation of the complex such that if a complex is formed, the polypeptide is detected.
The invention also provides kits comprising polynucleotide probes and/or monoclonal antibodies, and optionally quantitative standards, for carrying out methods of the invention.
Furthermore, the invention provides methods for evaluating the efficacy of drugs, and monitoring the progress of patients, involved in clinical trials for the treatment of disorders as recited above.
The invention also provides methods for the identification of compounds that modulate (i.e., increase or decrease) the expression or activity of the polynucleotides and/or polypeptides of the invention. Such methods can be utilized, for example, for the identification of compounds that can ameliorate symptoms of disorders as recited herein. Such methods can include, but are not limited to, assays for identifying compounds and other substances that interact with (e.g., bind to) the polypeptides of the invention. The invention provides a method for identifying a compound that binds to the polypeptides of the invention comprising contacting the compound with a polypeptide of the invention in a cell for a time sufficient to form a polypeptide/compound complex, wherein the complex drives expression of a reporter gene sequence in the cell; and detecting the complex by detecting the reporter gene sequence expression such that if expression of the reporter gene is detected the compound the binds to a polypeptide of the invention is identified.
The methods of the invention also provide methods for treatment which involve the administration of the polynucleotides or polypeptides of the invention to individuals exhibiting symptoms or tendencies. In addition, the invention encompasses methods for treating diseases or disorders as recited herein comprising administering compounds and other substances that modulate the overall activity of the target gene products. Compounds and other substances can effect such modulation either on the level of target gene/protein expression or target proteim activity.
The polypeptides of the present invention and the polynucleotides encoding them are also useful for the same functions known to one of skill in the art as the polypeptides and polynucleotides to which they have homology (set forth in Table 2); for which they have a signature region (as set forth in Table 3); or for which they have homology to a gene family (as set forth in Table 4). If no homology is set forth for a sequence, then the polypeptides and polynucleotides of the present invention are useful for a variety of applications, as described herein, including use in arrays for detection.
4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
4.1 DEFINITIONS
It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
The term "active" refers to those forms of the polypeptide which retain the biologic and/or immunologic activities of any naturally occurring polypepiide.
According to the invention, the terms "biologically active" or "biological activity" refer to a protein or peptide having structural, regulatory or biochemical functions of a naturally occmTing molecule.
Likewise "imrnunologically active" or "immunological activity" refers to the capability of the natural, recombinant or synthetic polypeptide to induce a specific immune response in appropriate animals or cells and to bind with specific antibodies.
The term "activated cells" as used in this application are those cells which are engaged in extracellular or intracellular membrane trafficking, including the export of secretory or enzymatic molecules as part of a normal or disease process.
The terms "complementary" or "complementarity" refer to the natural binding of polynucleotides by base pairing. For example, the sequence S'-AGT-3' binds to the complementary sequence 3'-TCA-5'. Complementarity between two single-stranded molecules may be "partial" such that only some of the nucleic acids bind or it may be "complete" such that total complementarity exists between the single stranded molecules. The degree of complementarity between the nucleic acid strands has significant effects on the efficiency and strength of the hybridization between the nucleic acid strands.
The term "embryonic stem cells (ES)" refers to a cell that can give rise to many differentiated cell types in an embryo or an adult, including the germ cells.
The term "germ line stem cells (GSCs)" refers to stem cells derived from primordial stem cells that provide a steady and continuous source of germ cells for the production of gametes. The term "primordial germ cells (PGCs)" refers to a small population of cells set aside from other cell lineages particularly from the yolk sac, mesenteries, or gonadal ridges during embryogenesis that have the potential to differentiate into germ cells and other cells. PGCs are the source from which GSCs and ES cells are derived. The PGCs, the GSCs and the ES cells are capable of self renewal.
Thus these cells not only populate the gexm line and give rise to a plurality of terminally differentiated cells that comprise the adult specialized organs, but are able to regenerate themselves.
The term "expression modulating fragment," EMF, means a series of nucleotides which modulates the expression of an operably linked ORF or another EMF.
As used herein, a sequence is said to "modulate the expression of an operably linked sequence" when the expression of the sequence is altered by the presence of the EMF. EMFs include, but are not limited to, promoters, and promoter modulating sequences (inducible elements). One class of EMFs are nucleic acid fragments which induce the expression of an operably linked ORF in response to a specific regulatory factor or physiological event.
1 S The terms "nucleotide sequence" or "nucleic acid" or "polynucleotide" or "oligonculeotide" are used interchangeably and refer to a heteropolymer of nucleotides or the sequence of these nucleotides. These phrases also refer to DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single-stranded or double-stranded and may represent the sense or the antisense strand, to peptide nucleic acid (PNA) or to any DNA-like or RNA-like material. In the sequences herein A is adenine, C is cytosine, T is thymine, G is guanine and N
is A, C, G or T
(U). It is contemplated that where the polynucleotide is RNA, the T (thymine) in the sequences provided herein is substituted with U (uracil). Generally, nucleic acid segments provided by this invention may be assembled from fragments of the genome and short oligonucleotide linkers, or from a series of oligonucleotides, or from individual nucleotides, to provide a synthetic nucleic acid which is capable of being expressed in a recombinant transcriptional unit comprising regulatory elements derived from a microbial or viral operon, or a eukaryotic gene.
The terms "oligonucleotide fragment" or a "polynucleotide fragment", "portion," or "segment" or "probe" or ''primer" are used interchangeably and refer to a sequence of nucleotide residues which are at least about 5 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 7 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 9 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 11 nucleotides and most preferably at least about 17 nucleotides. The fragment is preferably less than about 500 nucleotides, preferably less than about 200 nucleotides, more preferably less than about 100 nucleotides, more preferably less than about 50 nucleotides and most preferably less than 30 nucleotides. Preferably the probe is from about 6 nucleotides to about 200 nucleotides, preferably from about 15 to about 50 nucleotides, more preferably from about 17 to 30 nucleotides and most preferably from about 20 to 25 nucleotides. Preferably the fragments can be used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), various hybridization procedures or microarray procedures to identify or amplify identical or related parts of mRNA or DNA
molecules. A
fragment or segment may uniquely identify each polynucleotide sequence of the present invention. Preferably the fragment comprises a sequence substantially similar to any one of SEQ
ID NO: 1-245.
Probes may, for exayple, be used to determine whether specific mRNA molecules are present in a cell or tissue or to isolate similar nucleic acid sequences from chromosomal DNA as described by Walsh et al. (Walsh, P.S. et al., 1992, PCR Methods Appl 1.241-250). They may be labeled by nick translation, Klenow fill-in reaction, PCR, or other methods well known in the art. Probes of the present invention, their preparation and/or labeling are elaborated in Sambrook, J. et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; or Ausubel, F.M. et al., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley ~ Sons, New York NY, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The nucleic acid sequences of the present invention also include the sequence information from the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245. The sequence information can be a segment of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 that uniquely identifies or represents the sequence information of that sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-245. One such segment can be a twenty-mer nucleic acid sequence because the probability that a twenty-mer is fully matched in the human genome is 1 in 300. In the human genome, there are three billion base pairs in one set of chromosomes. Because 42° possible twenty-mers exist, there are 300 times more twenty-mers than there are base pairs in a set of human chromosomes. Using the same analysis, the probability for a seventeen-mer to be fully matched in the human genome is approximately 1 in 5. When these segments are used in arrays for expression studies, fifteen-mer segments can be used. The probability that the fifteen-mer is fully matched in the expressed sequences is also approximately one in five because expressed sequences comprise less than approximately 5% of the entire genome sequence.
Similarly, when using sequence information for detecting a single mismatch, a segment can be a twenty-five mer. The probability that the twenty-five mer would appear in a human genome with a single mismatch is calculated by multiplying the probability for a full match (1-42') times the increased probability for mismatch at each nucleotide position (3 x 25). The probability that an eighteen mer with a single mismatch can be detected in an array for expression studies is approximately one in five. The probability that a twenty-mer with a single mismatch can be detected in a hurnan genome is approximately one in five.

The term "open reading frame," ORF, means a series of nucleotide triplets coding for amino acids without any termination codons and is a sequence translatable into protein.
_ The terms "operably linked" or "operably associated" refer to functionally related nucleic acid sequences. For example, a promoter is operably associated or operably linked with a coding sequence if the promoter controls the transcription of the coding sequence.
While operably linked nucleic acid sequences can be contiguous and in the same reading frame, certain genetic elements e.g. repressor genes are not contiguously linked to the coding sequence but still control transcription/translation of the coding sequence.
The term "pluripotent" refers to the capability of a cell to differentiate into a number of differentiated cell types that are present in an adult organism. A pluripotent cell is restricted in its differentiation capability in comparison to a totipotent cell.
The terms "polypeptide" or "peptide" or "amino acid sequence" refer to an oligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide or protein sequence or fragment thereof and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules. A polypeptide "fragment," "portion," or "segment" is a stretch of amino acid residues of at least about 5 amino acids, preferably at least about 7 amino acids, more preferably at least about 9 amino acids and most preferably at least about 17 or more amino acids. The peptide preferably is not greater than about 500 amino acids, more preferably less than 200 amino acids more preferably less than 1 SO amino acids and most preferably less than 100 amino acids. Preferably the peptide is from about 5 to about 200 amino acids. To be active, any polypeptide must have sufficient length to display biological and/or immunological activity.
The term "naturally occurring polypeptide" refers to polypeptides produced by cells that have not been genetically engineered and specifically contemplates various polypeptides arising from post-translational modifications of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and acylation.
The term "translated protein coding portion" means a sequence which encodes for the full length protein which may include any leader sequence or any processing sequence.
The term "mature protein coding sequence" means a sequence which encodes a peptide or protein without a signal or leader sequence. The "mature protein portion"
means that portion of the protein which does not include a signal or leader sequence. The peptide may have been produced by processing in the cell which removes any leader/signal sequence.
The mature protein portion may or may not include an initial methionine residue. The methionine residue may be removed from the protein during processing in the cell. The peptide may be produced synthetically or the protein rnay have been produced using a polynucleotide only encoding for the mature protein coding sequence.

The term "derivative" refers to polypeptides chemically modified by such techniques as ubiquitination, labeling (e.g., with radionuclides or various enzymes), covalent polymer attachment such as pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol) and insertion or substitution by chemical synthesis of amino acids such as ornithine, which do not normally occur in human proteins.
The term "variant"(or "analog") refers to any polypeptide differing from naturally occurring polypeptides by amino acid insertions, deletions, and substitutions, created using, a g., recombinant DNA techniques. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be replaced, added or deleted without abolishing activities of interest, may be found by comparing the sequence of the particular polypeptide with that of homologous peptides and minimizing the number of amino acid sequence changes made in regions of high homology (conserved regions) or by replacing amino acids with consensus sequence.
Alternatively, recombinant variants encoding these same or similar polypeptides may be synthesized or selected by making use of the "redundancy" in the genetic code.
Various codon substitutions, such as the silent changes which produce various restriction sites, may be introduced to optimize cloning into a plasmid or viral vector or expression in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic system. Mutations in the polynucleotide sequence may be reflected in the polypeptide or domains of other peptides added to the polypeptide to modify the properties of any part of the polypeptide, to change characteristics such as ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, or degradation/turnover rate.
Preferably, amino acid "substitutions" are the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemical properties, i. e.
, conservative amino acid replacements. "Conservative" amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved. For example, nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine; and negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. "Insertions" or "deletions" are preferably in the range of about 1 to 20 amino acids, more preferably 1 to 10 amino acids. The variation allowed may be experimentally determined by systematically malciiig insertions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids in a polypeptide molecule using recombinant DNA techniques and assaying the resulting recombinant variants for activity.
Alternatively, where alteration of function is desired, insertions, deletions or non-conservative alterations can be engineered to produce altered polypeptides. Such alterations can, for example, alter one or more of the biological functions or biochemical characteristics of the polypeptides of the invention. For example, such alterations may change polypeptide characteristics such as ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, or degradation/turnover rate. Further, such alterations can be selected so as to generate polypeptides that are better suited for expression, scale up and the like in the host cells chosen for expression.
For example, cysteine residues can be deleted or substituted with another amino acid residue in order to eliminate disulfide bridges.
The terms "purified" or "substantially purified" as used herein denotes that the indicated nucleic acid or polypeptide is present in the substantial absence of other biological macxomolecules, e.g., polynucleotides, proteins, and the like. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide or polypeptide is purified such that it constitutes at least 95% by weight, more preferably at least 99% by weight, of the indicated biological macromolecules present (but water, buffers, and other small molecules, especially molecules having a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons, can be present).
The term "isolated" as used herein refers to a nucleic acid or polypeptide separated fiom at least one other component (e.g., nucleic acid or polypeptide) present with the nucleic acid or polypeptide in its natural source. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid or polypeptide is found in the presence of (if anything) only a solvent, buffer, ion, or other component normally present in a solution of the same. The terms "isolated" and "purified" do not encompass nucleic acids or polypeptides present in their natural source.
The term "recombinant," when used herein to refer to a polypeptide or protein, means that a polypeptide or protein is derived from recombinant (e.g., microbial, insect, or mammalian) expression systems. "Microbial" refers to recombinant polypeptides or proteins made in bacterial or fungal (e.g., yeast) expression systems. As a product, "recombinant microbial" , defines a polypeptide or protein essentially free of native endogenous substances and unaccompanied by associated native glycosylation. Polypeptides or proteins expressed in most bacterial cultures, e.g., E. colt, will be free of glycosylation modifications; polypeptides or proteins expressed in yeast will have a glycosylation pattern in general different from those expressed in mammalian cells.
The term "recombinant expression vehicle or vector" refers to a plasmid or phage or virus or vector, for expressing a polypeptide fiom a DNA (RNA) sequence. An expression vehicle can comprise a transcriptional unit comprising an assembly of (1) a genetic element or elements having a regulatory role in gene expression, for example, promoters or enhancers, (2) a structural or coding sequence which is transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein, and (3) appropriate transcription initiation and termination sequences. Structural units intended for use in yeast or eukaryotic expression systems preferably include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. Alternatively, where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, it may include an amino terminal methionine residue. This residue may or may not be subsequently cleaved from the expressed recombinant protein to provide a final product.
The teen "recombinant expression system" means host cells which have stably integrated a recombinant transcriptional unit into chromosomal DNA or carry the recombinant transcriptional unit extrachromosomally. Recombinant expression systems as defined herein will express heterologous polypeptides or proteins upon induction of the regulatory elements linked to the DNA segment or synthetic gene to be expressed. This term also means host cells which have stably integrated a recombinant genetic element or elements having a regulatory role in gene expression, for example, promoters or enhancers. Recombinant expression systems as defined herein will express polypeptides or proteins endogenous to the cell upon induction of the regulatory elements linked to the endogenous DNA segment or gene to be expressed. The cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
The term "secreted" includes a protein that is transported across or tluough a membrane, including transport as a result of signal sequences in its amino acid sequence when it is expressed in a suitable host cell. "Secreted" proteins include without limitation proteins secreted wholly (e.g., soluble proteins) or partially (e.g., receptors) from the cell in which they are expressed.
"Secreted" proteins also include without limitation proteins that are transported across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. "Secreted" proteins are also intended to include proteins containing non-typical signal sequences (e.g. Interleulcin-1 Beta, see I~rasney, P.A. and Young, P.R. (1992) Cytolcine 4(2): 134 -143) and factors released from damaged cells (e.g.
Interleulcin-1 Receptor Antagonist, see Arend, W.P. et. al. (1998) Annu. Rev.
Immunol.
16:27-55) Where desired, an expression vector may be designed to contain a "signal or leader sequence" which will direct the polypeptide through the membrane of a cell.
Such a sequence may be naturally present on the polypeptides of the present invention or provided from heterologous protein sources by recombinant DNA techniques.
The term "stringent" is used to refer to conditions that are commonly understood in the art as stringent. Stringent conditions can include highly stringent conditions (i.e., hybridization to filter-bound DNA in 0.5 M NaHPO4, 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1 mM
EDTA at 65°C, and washing in O.1X SSC/0.1% SDS at 68°C), and moderately stringent conditions (i.e., washing in 0.2X SSC/0.1% SDS at 42°C). Other exemplary hybridization conditions are described herein in the examples.

In instances of hybridization of deoxyoligonucleotides, additional exemplary stringent hybridization conditions include washing in 6X SSC/0.05% sodium pyrophosphate at 37°C (for 14-base oligonucleotides), 48°C (for 17-base oligos), 55°C (fox 20-base oligonucleotides), and 60°C (for 23-base oligonucleotides).
As used herein, "substantially equivalent" can refer both to nucleotide and amino acid sequences, for example a mutant sequence, that varies from a reference sequence by one or more substitutions, deletions, or additions, the net effect of which does not result in an adverse functional dissimilarity between the reference and subject sequences.
Typically, such a substantially equivalent sequence varies from one of those listed herein by no more than about 35% (i.e., the number of individual residue substitutions, additions, and/or deletions in a substantially equivalent sequence, as compared to the corresponding reference sequence, divided by the total number of residues in the substantially equivalent sequence is about 0.35 or less).
Such a sequence is said to have 65% sequence identity to the listed sequence.
In one embodiment, a substantially equivalent, e.g., mutant, sequence of the invention varies from a listed sequence by no more than 30°l0 (70% sequence identity); in a variation of this embodiment, by no more than 25% (75% sequence identity); and in a further variation of this embodiment, by no more than 20% (80% sequence identity) and in a :further variation of this embodiment, by no more than 10% (90% sequence identity) and in a further variation of this embodiment, by no more that 5% (95% sequence identity). Substantially equivalent, e.g., mutant, amino acid sequences according to the invention preferably have at least 80% sequence identity with a listed amino acid sequence, more preferably at least 85% sequence identity, more preferably at least 90% sequence identity, more preferably at least 95% identity, more preferably at least 98%
identity, and most preferably at least 99% identity. Substantially equivalent nucleotide sequences of the invention can have lower percent sequence identities, taking into account, for example, the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code. Preferably, nucleotide sequence has at least about 65% identity, more preferably at least about 75% identity, more preferably at least about 80% sequence identity, more preferably at least about 85% sequence identity, more preferably at least about 90% sequence identity, and most preferably at least about 95% identity, more preferably at least about 98% sequence identity, and most preferably at least about 99%
sequence identity. For the purposes of the present invention, sequences having substantially equivalent biological activity and substantially equivalent expression characteristics are considered substantially equivalent. For the purposes of determining equivalence, truncation of the mature sequence (e.g., via a mutation which creates a spurious stop codon) should be disregarded. Sequence identity may be determined, e.g., using the Jottzn Hein method (Hero, J.

(1990) Methods Enzymol. 183:626-645). Identity between sequences can also be determined by other methods known in the art, e.g. by varying hybridization conditions.
The temp "totipotent" refers to the capability of a cell to differentiate into all of the cell types of an adult organism.
The term "transformation" means introducing DNA into a suitable host cell so that the DNA is replicable, either as an extrachromosomal element, or by chromosomal integration. The term "transfection" refers to the taking up of an expression vector by a suitable host cell, whether or not any coding sequences are in fact expressed. The term "infection" refers to the introduction of nucleic acids into a suitable host cell by use of a virus or viral vector.
As used herein, an "uptake modulating fragment," UMF, means a series of nucleotides which mediate the uptake of a linlced DNA fragment into a cell. UMFs can be readily identified using known UMFs as a target sequence or target motif with the computer-based systems described below. The presence and activity of a UMF can be confirmed by attaching the suspected UMF to a marker sequence. The resulting nucleic acid molecule is then incubated with an appropriate host under appropriate conditions and the uptake of the marker sequence is determined. As described above, a UMF will increase the frequency of uptake of a linked marker sequence.
Each of the above terms is meant to encompass all that is described for each, unless the context dictates otherwise.
4.2 NUCLEIC ACIDS OF THE INVENTION
Nucleotide sequences of the invention are set forth in the Sequence Listing.
The isolated polynucleotides of the invention include a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245; a polynucleotide encoding any one of the peptide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 246-490; and a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the mature protein coding sequence of the polypeptides of any one of SEQ ID NO:
246-490. The polynucleotides of the present invention also include, but are not limited to, a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions to (a) the complement of any of the nucleotides sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245; (b) nucleotide sequences encoding any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO: 246-490;
(c) a polynucleotide which is an allelic variant of any polynucleotide recited above; (d) a polynucleotide which encodes a species homolog of any of the proteins recited above; or (e) a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide comprising a specific domain or truncation of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 246-490. Domains of interest may depend on the nature of the encoded polypeptide; e.g., domains in receptor-like polypeptides include ligand-binding, extracellular, transmembrane, or cytoplasmic domains, or combinations thereof;
domains in immunoglobulin-like proteins include the variable immunoglobulin-like domains;
domains in enzyme-like polypeptides include catalytic and substrate binding domains; and domains in ligand polypeptides include receptor-binding domains.
The polynucleotides of the invention include naturally occurring or wholly or partially synthetic DNA, e.g., cDNA and genomic DNA, and RNA, e.g., mRNA. The polynucleotides may include all of the codhzg region of the cDNA or may represent a portion of the coding region of the cDNA.
The present invention also provides genes corresponding to the cDNA sequences disclosed herein. The corresponding genes can be isolated in accordance with known methods using the sequence infornation disclosed herein. Such methods include the preparation of probes or primers from the disclosed sequence information for identification and/or amplification of genes in appropriate genomic libraries or other sources of genomic materials. Further 5' and 3' sequence can be obtained using methods knounl in the art. For example, full length cDNA or genomic DNA that corresponds to airy of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 can be obtained by screening appropriate cDNA or genomic DNA libraries under suitable hybridization conditions using any of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 or a portion thereof as a probe.
Alternatively, the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 may be used as the basis for suitable prlmer(s) that allow identification and/or amplification of genes in appropriate genomic DNA or cDNA libraries.
The nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be assembled from ESTs and sequences (including cDNA and genomic sequences) obtained from one or more public databases, such as dbEST, gbpri, and UluGene. The EST sequences can provide identifying sequence information, representative fragment or segment information, or novel segment information for the full-length gene.
The polynucleotides of the invention also provide polynucleotides including nucleotide sequences that are substantially equivalent to the polynucleotides recited above. Polynucleotides according to the invention can have, e.g., at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, more typically at least about 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, more typically at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more typically at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, sequence identity to a polynucleotide recited above.
Included within the scope of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention are nucleic acid sequence fragments that hybridize under stringent conditions to any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID N0: 1-245, or complements thereof, which fragment is greater than about 5 nucleotides, preferably 7 nucleotides, more preferably greater than 9 nucleotides and most preferably greater than 17 nucleotides. Fragments of, e.g. 15, 17, or 20 nucleotides or more that are selective for (i.e. specifically hybridize to) any one of the polynucleotides of the invention are contemplated. Probes capable of specifically hybridizing to a polynucleotide can differentiate polynucleotide sequences of the invention from other polynucleotide sequences in the same family of genes or can differentiate human genes from genes of other species, and are preferably based on unique nucleotide sequences.
The sequences falling within the scope of the present invention are not limited to these specific sequences, but also include allelic and species variations thereof.
Allelic and species variations can be routinely determined by comparing the sequence provided 11 SEQ ID NO: 1-245, a representative fragment thereof, or a nucleotide sequence at least 90%
identical, preferably 95%
identical, to SEQ ID NO: 1-245 with a sequence from another isolate of the same species.
Fiu-themnore, to accommodate codon variability, the invention ilicludes nucleic acid molecules coding for the same amino acid sequences as do the specific ORFs disclosed herein. In other words, in the coding region of an OlRF, substitution of one codon for another codon that encodes the same amino acid is expressly contemplated.
The nearest neighbor or homology result for the nucleic acids of the present invention, including SEQ ID NO: 1-245, can be obtained by searching a database using an algorithm or a program. Preferably, a BLAST which stands for Basic Local Aligmnent Search Tool is used to search for local sequence alignments (Altshul, S.F.1 Mol. Evol. 36 290-300 (1993) and Altschul S.F. et al. J. Mol. Biol. 21:403-410 (1990)). Alternatively a FASTA version 3 search against Genpept, using Fastxy algorithm.
Species homologs (or orthologs) of the disclosed polynucleotides and proteins are also provided by the present invention. Species homologs may be isolated and identified by making suitable probes or primers from the sequences provided herein and screening a suitable nucleic acid source from the desired species.
The invention also encompasses allelic variants of the disclosed polynucleotides or proteins; that is, naturally-occurring alternative forms of the isolated polynucleotide which also encode proteins which are identical, homologous or related to that encoded by the polynucleotides.
The nucleic acid sequences of the invention are further directed to sequences which encode variants of the described nucleic acids. These amino acid sequence variants may be prepared by methods known in the art by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into a native or variaait polynucleotide. There are two variables in the construction of amino acid sequence variants: the location of the mutation and the nature of the mutation. Nucleic acids encoding the amino acid sequence variants are preferably constructed by mutating the polynucleotide to encode an amino acid sequence that does not occur in nature.
These nucleic acid alterations can be made at sites that differ in the nucleic acids from different species (variable positions) or in highly conserved regions (constant regions). Sites at such locations will typically be modified in series, e.g., by substituting first with conservative choices (e.g., hydrophobic amino acid to a different hydrophobic amino acid) and then with more distant choices (e.g., hydrophobic amino acid to a charged amino acid), and then deletions or insertions may be made at the target site. Amino acid sequence deletions generally range from about 1 to 30 residues, preferably about 1 to 10 residues, and are typically contiguous.
Amino acid insertions include amino- and/or carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one to one hundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues. Intrasequence insertions may range generally from about 1 to 10 amino residues, preferably from 1 to 5 residues. Examples of terminal insertions include the heterologous signal sequences necessary for secretion or for intracellular targeting in different host cells and sequences such as FLAG or poly-histidine sequences useful for purifying the expressed protein.
In a preferred method, polynucleotides encoding the novel amino acid sequences are changed via site-directed mutagenesis. This method uses oligonucleotide sequences to alter a polynucleotide to encode the desired amuno acid variant, as well as sufficient adjacent nucleotides on both sides of the changed amino acid to form a stable duplex on either side of the site of being changed. In general, the techniques of site-directed mutagenesis are well known to those of skill in the art and this technique is exemplified by publications such as, Edelman et al., DNA 2:183 (1983). A versatile and efficient method for producing site-specific changes in a polynucleotide sequence was published by Zoller and Smith, Nucleic Acids Res.
10:6487-6500 (1982). PCR may also be used to create amino acid sequence variants of the novel nucleic acids.
When small amounts of template DNA are used as starting material, primers) that differs slightly in sequence from the corresponding region in the template DNA can generate the desired amino acid variant. PCR amplification results in a population of product DNA
fragments that differ from the polynucleotide template encoding the polypeptide at the position specified by the primer. The product DNA fragments replace the corresponding region in the plasmid and this gives a polynucleotide encoding the desired amino acid variant.
A further technique for generating amino acid variants is the cassette mutagenesis technique described in Wells et al., GeyZe 34:315 (1985); and other mutagenesis techniques well known in the art, such as, for example, the techniques in Sambrook et al., supra, and Cm°r°ent Pf°otocols in Molecula~° Biology, Ausubel et al. Due to the inherent degeneracy of the genetic code, other DNA sequences which encode substantially the same or a functionally equivalent amino acid sequence may be used in the practice of the invention for the cloning and expression of these novel nucleic acids. Such DNA sequences include those which are capable of hybridizing to the appropriate novel nucleic acid sequence under stringent conditions.
Polynucleotides encoding preferred polypeptide truncations of the invention can be used to generate polynucleotides encoding chimeric or fusion proteins comprising one or more domains of the invention and heterologous protein sequences.
The polynucleotides of the invention additionally include the complement of any of the polynucleotides recited above. The polynucleotide can be DNA (genomic, cDNA, amplified, or synthetic) or RNA. Methods and algorithms for obtaining such polynucleotides are well knomi to those of skill in the art a~ld can include, for example, methods for determining hybridization conditions that can routinely isolate polynucleotides of the desired sequence identities.
In accordance with the invention, polynucleotide sequences comprising the mature protein coding sequences corresponding to any one of SEQ ID NO: 1-245, or functional equivalents thereof, may be used to generate recombinant DNA molecules that direct the expression of that nucleic acid, or a functional equivalent thereof, in appropriate host cells. Also included are the cDNA inserts of ably of the clones identified herein.
A polynucleotide according to the invention can be joined to any of a variety of other nucleotide sequences by well-established recombinant DNA techniques (see Sambroolc J et al.
(1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY). Useful nucleotide sequences for joining to polynucleotides include an assortment of vectors, e.g., plasmids, cosmids, lambda phage derivatives, phagemids, and the like, that are well known in the art. Accordingly, the invention also provides a vector including a polynucleotide of the invention and a host cell containing the polynucleotide. In general, the vector contains an origin of replication functional in at least one organism, convenient restriction endonuclease sites, and a selectable marker for the host cell. Vectors according to the invention include expression vectors, replication vectors, probe generation vectors, and sequencing vectors. A host cell according to the invention can be a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell and can be a unicellular organism or part of a multicellular organism.
The present invention further provides recombinant constructs comprising a nucleic acid having any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 or a fragment thereof or any other polynucleotides of the invention. In one embodiment, the recombinant constructs of the present invention comprise a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, into which a nucleic acid having any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 or a fragment thereof is inserted, in a forward or reverse orientation. In the case of a vector comprising one of the ORFs of the present invention, the vector may fuuher comprise regulatory sequences, including for example, a promoter, operably linked to the ORF. Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art and are commercially available for generating the recombinant constructs of the present invention. The following vectors are provided by way of example.
Bacterial: pBs, phagescript, PsiXl74, pBluescript SK, pBs KS, pNHBa, pNHl6a, pNHl8a, pNH46a (Stratagene); pTrc99A, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRITS (Pharmacia).
Eulcaryotic: pWLneo, pSV2cat, pOG44, PXTI, pSG (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, pSVL
(Phannacia).
The isolated polynucleotide of the invention may be operably linked to an expression control sequence such as the pMT2 or pED expression vectors disclosed in Kaufman et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4485-4490 (1991 ), in order to produce the protein recombinantly. Many suitable expression control sequences are lmown in the art. General methods of expressing recombinant proteins are also known and are exemplified in R. Kaufman, Methods irz Enzymology 185, 537-566 (1990). As defined herein "operably linked" means that the isolated polynucleotide of the invention and an expression control sequence are situated within a vector or cell in such a way that the protein is expressed by a host cell which has been transformed (transfected) with the ligated polynucleotide/expression control sequence.
Promoter regions can be selected from any desired gene using CAT
(chloramphenicol transferase) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers. Two appropriate vectors are pKK232-8 and pCM7. Particular named bacterial promoters include lacI, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda PR, and trc. Eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV
thymidine kinase, early and late SV40, LTRs from retrovirus, and mouse metallothionein-I. Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
Generally, recombinant expression vectors will include origins of replication and selectable markers permitting transformation of the host cell, e.g., the ampicillin resistance gene of E. coli and S. cer°evisiae TRP1 gene, and a promoter derived from a highly-expressed gene to direct transcription of a downstream structural sequence. Such promoters can be derived from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), a-factor, acid phosphatase, or heat shock proteins, among others. The heterologous structural sequence is assembled in appropriate phase with translation initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of translated protein into the periplasmic space or extracellular medium. Optionally, the heterologous sequence can encode a fusion protein including an amino terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics, e.g., stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinant product.
Useful expression vectors for bacterial use are constructed by inserting a structural DNA
sequence encoding a desired protein together with suitable translation initiation and termination signals in operable reading phase with a functional promoter. The vector will comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector and to, if desirable, provide amplification within the host. Suitable prokaryotic hosts for transformation include E. colt, Bacillus subtilis, Sal~zotzella typhimurium and various species within the genera Pseudonzorcas, St~eptomyces, and Staphylococcus, although others may also be employed as a matter of choice.
As a representative but non-limiting example, useful expression vectors for bacterial use can comprise a selectable marker and bacterial origin of replication derived from commercially available plasmids comprising genetic elements of the well known cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017). Such commercial vectors include, for example, pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) and GEM 1 (Promega Biotech, Madison, WI, USA).
These pBR322 "backbone" sections axe combined with an appropriate promoter and the structural sequence to be expressed. Following transformation of a suitable host strain and growth of the host strain to an appropriate cell density, the selected promoter is induced or derepressed by appropriate means (e.g., temperature shift or chemical induction) and cells are cultured for an additional period. Cells are typically harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resulting crude extract retained for further purification.
Polynucleotides of the invention can also be used to induce immune responses.
For example, as described in Fan et al., Nat. Biotech. 17:870-872 (1999), incorporated herein by reference, nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide may be used to generate antibodies against the encoded polypeptide following topical administration of naked plasmid DNA or following injection, and preferably intramuscular injection of the DNA. The nucleic acid sequences are preferably inserted in a recombhlant expression vector and may be in the form of naked DNA.
4.3 ANTISENSE NUCLEIC ACIDS
Another aspect of the invention pertains to isolated antisense nucleic acid molecules that are hybridizable to~or complementary to the nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-245, or fragments, analogs or derivatives thereof. An "antisense"
nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a "sense" nucleic acid encoding a protein, e.g., complementary to the coding strand of a double-stranded cDNA
molecule or complementary to an mRNA sequence. In specific aspects, antisense nucleic acid molecules are provided that comprise a sequence complementary to at least about 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides or an entire coding strand, or to only a portion thereof. Nucleic acid molecules encoding fragments, homologs, derivatives and analogs of a protein of any of SEQ ID

NO: 246-490 or antisense nucleic acids complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 1-245 are additionally provided.
In one embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a "coding region"
of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence of the invention. The term "coding region" refers to the region of the nucleotide sequence comprising codons which are translated into amino acid residues. In another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a "noncoding region" of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence of the invention. The term "noncoding region" refers to 5' and 3' sequences which flank the coding region that are not translated into amino acids (i.e., also referred to as 5' and 3' untranslated regions).
Given the coding strand sequences encoding a nucleic acid disclosed herein (e.g., SEQ ID
NO: 1-245), antisense nucleic acids of the invention can be designed according to the rules of Watson and Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to the entire coding region of an mRNA, but more preferably is an oligonucleotide that is antisense to only a portion of the coding or noncoding region of a mRNA.
For example, the antisense oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region surrounding the translation start site of a mRNA. An antisense oligonucleotide can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides in length. An antisense nucleic acid of the invention can be constructed using chemical synthesis or enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide) can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides can be used.
Examples of modified nucleotides that can be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid include: 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxyhnethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine.
Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i. e., RNA
transcribed fiom the.
inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest, described further in the following subsection).
The antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention axe typically administered to a subject or generated i~ situ such that they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding a protein according to the invention to thereby inhibit expression of the protein, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule that binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. An example of a route of administration of antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention includes direct injection at a tissue site. Alternatively, antisense nucleic acid molecules can be modified to target selected cells and then administered systemically. For example, for systemic administration, antisense molecules can be modified such that they specifically bind to receptors or antigens expressed on a selected cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisense nucleic acid molecules to peptides or antibodies that bind to cell surface receptors or antigens. The antisense nucleic acid molecules can also be delivered to cells using the vectors described herein. To achieve sufficient intracellular concentrations of antisense molecules, vector constructs in which the antisense nucleic acid molecule is placed under the control of a strong pol II or pol III promoter are preferred.
In yet another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid molecule of the invention is an a-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An a-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual /3-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res 15: 6625-6641). The a~ztisense nucleic acid molecule can also comprise a 2'-o-methylribonucleotide (moue et al.
(1987) Nucleic Acids Res 15: 6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA -DNA analogue (moue et al. (1987) FEBS Lett 215: 327-330).
4.4 RIBOZYMES AND PNA MOIETIES
In still another embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid of the invention is a ribozyme.
Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region.
Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described in Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Naturre 334:585-591)) can be used to catalytically cleave a mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of a mRNA. A ribozyme having specificity for a nucleic acid of the invention can be designed based upon the nucleotide sequence of a DNA disclosed herein (r. e., SEQ ID NO: 1-245). For example, a derivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of the active site is complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved in an mRNA of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 (see, e.g., Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No.
4,987,071; and Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,742). Alternatively, polynucleotides of the invention can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules.
See, e.g., Bartel et al., (1993) Sciehce 261:1411-1418.
Alternatively, gene expression can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region (e.g., promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the gene in target cells. See generally, Helene. (1991) Antica~zcer Drug Des. 6: 569-84; Helene. et al. (1992) Any. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
660:27-36; and Maher (1992) Bioassays 14: 807-15.
In various embodiments, the nucleic acids of the invention can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety or phosphate backbone to improve, e.g., the stability, hybridization, or solubility of the molecule. For example, the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids can be modified to generate peptide nucleic acids (see Hyrup et al. ( 1996) Bioo~g Meel Clzem 4: 5-23). As used herein, the terms "peptide nucleic acids" or "PNAs"
refer to nucleic acid mimics, e.g., DNA mimics, in which the deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and only the four natural nucleobases are retained. The neutral backbone of PNAs has been shown to allow for specific hybridization to DNA and RNA under conditions of low ionic strength. The synthesis of PNA oligomers can be performed using standard solid phase peptide synthesis protocols as described in Hyrup et al.
(1996) above;
Perr y-O'Keefe et al. ( 1996) P1VAS 93: 14670-675.
PNAs of the invention ca~1 be used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
For example, PNAs can be used as antisense or antigene agents for sequence-specific modulation of gene expression by, e.g., inducing transcription or translation arrest or inhibiting replication.
PNAs of the invention can also be used, e.g., in the analysis of single base pair mutations in a gene by, e.g., PNA directed PCR clamping; as artificial restriction enzymes when used in combination with other enzymes, e.g., Sl nucleases (Hyrup B. (1996) above); or as probes or primers for DNA sequence and hybridization (Hyrup et al. (1996), above; Perry-O'Keefe (1996), above).
In another embodiment, PNAs of the invention can be modified, e.g., to enhance their stability or cellular uptake, by attaching lipophilic or other helper groups to PNA, by the formation of PNA-DNA chimeras, or by the use of liposomes or other techniques of drug delivery lazo~m in the art. For example, PNA-DNA chimeras can be generated that may combine the advantageous properties of PNA and DNA. Such chimeras allow DNA
recognition enzymes, e.g., RNase H and DNA polymerases, to interact with the DNA portion while the PNA
portion would provide high binding affinity and specificity. PNA-DNA chimeras can be linked using linkers of appropriate lengths selected in terms of base stacking, number of bonds between the nucleobases, and orientation (Hyrup (1996) above). The synthesis of PNA-DNA chimeras can be performed as described in Hyrup (1996) above and Finn et al. (1996) Nucl Acids Res 24:
3357-63. For example, a DNA chain can be synthesized on a solid support using standard phosphoramidite coupling chemistry, and modified nucleoside analogs, e.g., 5'-(4-methoxytrityl)amino-5'-deoxy-thymidine phosphoramidite, can be used between the PNA
and the 5' end of DNA (Mag et al. (1989) Nucl Acid Res 17: 5973-88). PNA
monomers are then coupled in a stepwise manner to produce a chimeric molecule with a 5' PNA
segment and a 3' DNA segment (Finn et al. (1996) above). Alternatively, chimeric molecules can be synthesized with a 5' DNA segment and a 3', PNA segment. See, Petersen et al. (1975) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 5: 1119-11124.
In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide may include other appended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cell receptors i~ vivo), or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al., 1989, Pi°oc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. U.SA. 86:6553-6556;
Lemaitre et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:648-652; PCT Publication No.
W088/09810) or the blood-braui barrier (see, e.g., PCT Publication No. W089/10134). In addition, oligonucleotides can be modified with hybridization triggered cleavage agents (See, e.g., Krol et al., 1988, BioTechnigues 6:958-976) or intercalating agents. (See, e.g., Zon, 1988, Pha~in. Res.
5: 539-549). To this end, the oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, e.g., a peptide, a hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, a transport agent, a hybridization-triggered cleavage agent, etc.
4.5 HOSTS
The present invention further provides host cells genetically engineered to contain the polynucleotides of the invention. For example, such host cells may contain nucleic acids of the invention introduced into the host cell using lcnown transformation, transfection or infection methods. The present invention still further provides host cells genetically engineered to express the polynucleotides of the invention, wherein such polynucleotides are in operative association with a regulatory sequence heterologous to the host cell which drives expression of the polynucleotides in the cell.
Knowledge of nucleic acid sequences allows for modification of cells to permit, or increase, expression of endogenous polypeptide. Gells can be modified (e.g., by homologous recombination) to provide increased polypeptide expression by replacing, in whole or in part, the naturally occurring promoter with all or part of a heterologous promoter so that the cells express the polypeptide at higher levels. The heterologous promoter is inserted in such a manner that it is operatively linked to the encoding sequences. See, for example, PCT
International Publication No. W094/12650, PCT International Publication No. W092/20808, and PCT
International Publication No. W091/09955. It is also contemplated that, in addition to heterologous promoter DNA, amplifiable marker DNA (e.g., ada, dhfr, and the multifunctional CAD gene which encodes carbamyl phosphate synthase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) and/or intros DNA may be inserted along with the heterologous promoter DNA. If linked to the coding sequence, amplification of the marker DNA by standard selection methods results iri co-amplification of the desired protein coding sequences in the cells.
The host cell can be a higher eukaryotic host cell, such as a mammalian cell, a lower eukaryotic host cell, such as a yeast cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell. Introduction of the recombinant construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAF-dextran mediated transfection, or electroporation (Davis, L. et al., Baste Methods isa Molecular° Biology (1986)). The host cells containing one of the polynucleotides of the invention, can be used in conventional manners to produce the gene product encoded by the isolated fragment (in the case of an ORF) or can be used to produce a heterologous protein under the control of the EMF.
Any host/vector system can be used to express one or more of the ORFs of the present invention. These include, but are not limited to, eukaryotic hosts such as HeLa cells, Cv-1 cell, COS cells, 293 cells, and Sf~ cells, as well as prolcaryotic host such as E.
colt and B. subtilis.
The most preferred cells are those which do not normally express the particular polypeptide or protein or which expresses the polypeptide or protein at low natural level.
Mature proteins can be expressed in mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, or other cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce such proteins using RNAs derived from the DNA constructs of the present invention. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described by Sambrook, et al., in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, New York (1989), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Various mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protein. Examples of mammalian expression systems include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney fibroblasts, described by Gluzman, Cell 23:175 (1981). Other cell lines capable of expressing a compatible vector are, for example, the C127, monkey COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, human kidney 293 cells, hiunan epidermal A431 cells, human Go1o205 cells, 3T3 cells, CV-1 cells, other transformed primate cell lines, normal diploid cells, cell strains derived from in vitro culture of primary tissue, primary explants, HeLa cells, mouse L
cells, BHK, HL-60, U937, HaK or Jurkat cells. Mammalian expression vectors will comprise an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and also any necessary ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences, and 5' flanking nontranscribed sequences. DNA sequences derived from the SV40 viral genome, for example, SV40 origin, early promoter, enhancer, splice, and polyadenylation sites rnay be used to provide the required nontranscribed genetic elements. Recombinant polypeptides and proteins produced in bacterial culture are usually isolated by initial extraction from cell pellets, followed by one or more salting-out, aqueous ion exchange or size exclusion chromatography steps.
Protein refolding steps can be used, as necessary, in completing configuration of the mature protein.
Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps. Microbial cells employed in expression of proteins can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents. ' Alternatively, it may be possible to produce the protein in lower eukaryotes such as yeast or insects or in prokaryotes such as bacteria. Potentially suitable yeast strains include Sacchar°ornyces cer°evisiae, SchizosaeclZar°omyces por~abe, Kluyverornyces strains, Candida, or any yeast strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. Potentially suitable bacterial strains include Eschenichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salrnohella typhimu>~iur~a, or any bacterial strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. If the protein is made in yeast or bacteria, it may be necessary to modify the protein produced therein, for example by phosphorylation or glycosylation of the appropriate sites, in order to obtain the functional protein. Such covalent attachments may be accomplished using known chemical or enzymatic methods.
In another embodiment of the present invention, cells and tissues may be engineered to express an endogenous gene comprising the polynucleotides of the invention under the control of inducible regulatory elements, in which case the regulatory sequences of the endogenous gene may be replaced by homologous recombination. As described herein, gene targeting can be used to replace a gene's existing regulatory region with a regulatory sequence isolated from a different gene or a novel regulatory sequence synthesized by genetic engineering methods. Such regulatory sequences may be comprised of promoters, enhancers, scaffold-attachment regions, negative regulatory elements, transcriptional initiation sites, regulatory protein binding sites or combinations of said sequences. Alternatively, sequences which affect the structure or stability of the RNA or protein produced may be replaced, removed, added, or otherwise modified by targeting. These sequence include polyadenylation signals, mRNA stability elements, splice sites, leader sequences for enhancing or modifying transport or secretion properties of the protein, or other sequences which alter or improve the function or stability of protein or RNA
molecules.
The targeting event may be a simple insertion of the regulatory sequence, placing the gene under the control of the new regulatory sequence, e.g., inserting a new promoter or enhances or both upstream of a gene. Alternatively, the targeting event may be a simple deletion of a regulatory element, such as the deletion of a tissue-specific negative regulatory element.
Alternatively, the targeting event may replace an existing element; for example, a tissue-specific enhances can be replaced by an enhances that has broader or different cell-type specificity than the naturally occurring elements. Here, the naturally occurring sequences are deleted and new sequences are added. In all cases, the identification of the targeting event may be facilitated by the use of one or more selectable marker genes that are contiguous with the targeting DNA, allowing for the selection of cells in which the exogenous DNA has integrated into the host cell genome. The identification of the targeting event may also be facilitated by the use of one or more marker genes exhibiting the property of negative selection, such that the negatively selectable marker is linked to the exogenous DNA, but configured such that the negatively selectable marker flanks the targeting sequence, and such that a correct homologous recombination event with sequences in the host cell genome does not result in the stable integration of the negatively selectable marker. Markers useful for this purpose include the Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (TK) gene or the bacterial xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (gpt) gene.
The gene targeting or gene activation techniques which can be used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are more particularly described in U.S. Patent No. 5,272,071 to Chappel; U.S. Patent No. 5,578,461 to Sherwin et al.; International Application No.
PCT/US92/09627 (W093/09222) by Selden et al.; and International Application No.
PCT/US90/06436 (W091/06667) by Skoultchi et al., each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
4.6 POLYPEPTIDES OF THE INVENTION
The isolated polypeptides of the invention include, but are not limited to, a polypeptide CO111pr1Slllg: the amino acid sequences set forth as any one of SEQ ID NO: 246-490 or an amino acid sequence encoded by any one of the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 1-245 or the corresponding full length or mature protein. Polypeptides of the invention also include polypeptides preferably with biological or immunological activity that are encoded by: (a) a polynucleotide having any one of the nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID
NO: 1-245 or (b) polynucleotides encoding any one of the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ
ID NO: 246-490 or (c) polynucleotides that hybridize to the complement of the polynucleotides of either (a) or (b) under stringent hybridization conditions. The invention also provides biologically active or innnunologically active variants of any of the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NO:
246-490 or the corresponding full length or mature protein; and "substantial equivalents" thereof (e.g., with at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, typically at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, more typically at least about 98%, or most typically at least about 99%
amino acid identity) that retain biological activity. Polypeptides encoded by allelic variants may have a similar, increased, or decreased activity compared to polypeptides comprising SEQ ID
NO: 246-490.
Fragments of the proteins of the present invention which are capable of exhibiting biological activity are also encompassed by the present invention. Fragments of the protein may be in linear form or they may be cyclized using lalown methods, for example, as described in H.
U. Saragovi, et al., Bio/Technology 10, 773-778 (1992) and in R. S. McDowell, et al., J. Amer.
Chem. Soc. 114, 9245-9253 (1992), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Such fragments may be fused to carrier molecules such as immunoglobulins for many purposes, including increasing the valency of protein binding sites.
The present invention also provides both full-length and mature forms (for example, without a signal sequence or precursor sequence) of the disclosed proteins.
The protein coding sequence is identified in the sequence listing by translation of the disclosed nucleotide sequences. The mature form of such protein rnay be obtained by expression of a full-length polynucleotide in a suitable mammalian cell or other host cell. The sequence of the mature form of the protein is also determinable from the amino acid sequence of the full-length form. Where proteins of the present invention are membrane bound, soluble forms of the proteins are also provided. In such forms, part or all of the regions causing the proteins to be membrane bound are deleted so that the proteins are fully secreted from the cell in which they are expressed.
Protein compositions of the present invention may further comprise an acceptable carrier, such as a hydrophilic, e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable, carrier.
The present invention further provides isolated polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid fragments of the present invention or by degenerate variants of the nucleic acid fragments of the present invention. By "degenerate variant" is intended nucleotide fragments which differ from a nucleic acid fragment of the present invention (e.g., an ORF) by nucleotide sequence but, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode an identical polypeptide sequence.
Preferred nucleic acid fragments of the present invention are the ORFs that encode proteins.

A variety of methodologies known in the art can be utilized to obtain any one of the isolated polypeptides or proteins of the present invention. At the simplest level, the amino acid sequence can be synthesized using commercially available peptide synthesizers.
The synthetically-constructed protein sequences, by virtue of sharing primary, secondary or tertiary structural and/or conformational characteristics with proteins may possess biological properties in common therewith, including protein activity. This technique is particularly useful in producing small peptides and fragments of larger polypeptides. Fragments are useful, for example, in generating antibodies against the native polypeptide. Thus, they may be employed as biologically active or immunological substitutes for natural, purified proteins in screening of therapeutic compounds and in immunological processes for the development of antibodies.
The polypeptides and proteins of the present invention can alternatively be purified from cells which have been altered to express the desired polypeptide or protein.
As used herein, a cell is said to be altered to express a desired polypeptide or protein when the cell, through genetic manipulation, is made to produce a polypeptide or protein which it normally does not produce or which the cell normally produces at a lower level. One skilled in the art can readily adapt procedures for introducing and expressing either recombinant or synthetic sequences into eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells in order to generate a cell which produces one of the polypeptides or proteins of the present invention.
The invention also relates to methods for producing a polypeptide comprising growing a culture of host cells of the invention in a suitable culture medimn, and purifying the protein from the cells or the culture in which the cells are grown. For example, the methods of the invention include a process for producing a polypeptide in which a host cell containing a suitable expression vector that includes a polynucleotide of the invention is cultured under conditions that allow expression of the encoded polypeptide. The polypeptide can be recovered from the culture, conveniently from the culture medium, or from a lysate prepared from the host cells and further purified. Preferred embodiments include those in which the protein produced by such process is a full length or mature form of the protein.
In an alternative method, the polypeptide or protein is purified from bacterial cells which naturally produce the polypeptide or protein. One skilled in the art can readily follow known methods for isolating polypeptides and proteins in order to obtain one of the isolated polypeptides or proteins of the present invention. These include, but.are not limited to, immunochromatography, HPLC, size-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, and immuno-affinity chromatography. See, e.g., Scopes, Protein Purification:
Prifzciples aid Po°actice, Springer-Verlag (1994); Sambrook, et al., in Molecular Cloning: A Labor~ato~y Manual; Ausubel et al., Current P~~otocols in Molecular Biology. Polypeptide fragments that retain biological/immunological activity include fragments comprising greater than about 100 amino acids, or greater than about 200 amino acids, and fragments that encode specific protein domains.
The purified polypeptides can be used in in vitro binding assays which are well known in the art to identify molecules which bind to the polypeptides. These molecules include but axe not limited to, for e.g., small molecules, molecules from combinatorial libraries, antibodies or other proteins. The molecules identified in the binding assay are then tested for antagonist or agonist activity in in vivo tissue culture or animal models that are well known in the art. In brief, the molecules are titrated into a plurality of cell cultures or animals and then tested for either cell/animal death or prolonged survival of the animal/cells.
In addition, the peptides of the invention or molecules capable of binding to the peptides may be complexed with toxins, e.g., ricin or cholera, or with other compounds that are toxic to cells. The toxin-binding molecule complex is then targeted to a tumor or other cell by the specificity of the binding molecule for SEQ ID NO: 246-490.
The protein of the invention may also be expressed as a product of transgenic animals, e.g., as a component of the milk of transgenic cows, goats, pigs, or sheep which are characterized by somatic or germ cells containing a nucleotide sequence encoding the protein.
The proteins provided herein also include proteins characterized by amino acid sequences similar to those of purified proteins but into which modification are naturally provided or deliberately engineered. For example, modifications, in the peptide or DNA
sequence, can be made by those skilled in the art using known techniques. Modifications of interest in the protein sequences may include the alteration, substitution, replacement, insertion or deletion of a selected amino acid residue in the coding sequence. For example, one or more of the cysteine residues may be deleted or replaced with another amino acid to alter the conformation of the molecule. Techniques for such alteration, substitution, replacement, insertion or deletion ar a well known to those skilled in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,584).
Preferably, such alteration, substitution, replacement, insertion or deletion retains the desired activity of the protein. Regions of the protein that are important for the protein function can be determined by various methods known in the art including the alanine-scanning method which involved systematic substitution of single or strings of amino acids with alanine, followed by testing the resulting alanine-containing variant for biological activity. This type of analysis determines the importance of the substituted amino acids) in biological activity. Regions of the protein that are important for protein function may be determined by the eMATRIX program.
Other fragments and derivatives of the sequences of proteins which would be expected to retain protein activity in whole or in part and are useful for screening or other immunological methodologies may also be easily made by those skilled in the art given the disclosures herein.
Such modifications are encompassed by the present invention.
The protein may also be produced by operably linking the isolated polynucleotide of the invention to suitable control sequences in one or more insect expression vectors, and employing an insect expression system. Materials and methods for baculovirus/insect cell expression systems are commercially available in kit form from, e.g., Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif., U.S.A.
(the MaxBatTM kit), and such methods are well known in the art, as described in Summers and Smith, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987), incorporated herein by reference. As used herein, an insect cell capable of expressing a polynucleotide of the present invention is "transformed."
The protein of the invention rnay be prepared by culturing transformed host cells under culture conditions suitable to express the recombinant protein. The resulting expressed protein may then be purified from such culture (i.e., from culture medium or cell extracts) using known purification processes, such as gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The purification of the protein may also include an affinity column containing agents which will bind to the protein; one or more colunm steps over such affinity resins as concanavalin A-agarose, heparin-toyopearlTM or Cibacrom blue 3GA SepharoseTM; one or more steps involving hydrophobic interaction chromatography using such resins as phenyl ether, butyl ether, or propyl ether; or immunoaffinity chromatography.
Alternatively, the protein of the invention may also be expressed in a form which will facilitate purification. For example, it may be expressed as a fusion protein, such as those of maltose binding protein (MBP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) or thioredoxin (TRX), or as a His tag. Kits for expression and purification of such fusion proteins are commercially available from New England BioLab (Beverly, Mass.), Pharmacia (Piscataway, N.J.) and Invitrogen, respectively. The protein can also be tagged with an epitope and subsequently purified by using a specific antibody directed to such epitope. One such epitope ("FLAG~") is commercially available from Kodak (New Haven, Conn.).
Finally, one or more reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) steps employing hydrophobic RP-HPLC media, e.g., silica gel having pendant methyl or other aliphatic groups, can be employed to further purify the protein. Some or all of the foregoing purification steps, in various combinations, can also be employed to provide a substantially homogeneous isolated recombinant protein. The protein thus purified is substantially free of other mammalian proteins and is defined in accordance with the present invention as an "isolated protein."

The polypeptides of the invention include analogs (variants). This embraces fragments, as well as peptides in which one or more amino acids has been deleted, inserted, or substituted.
Also, analogs of the polypeptides of the invention embrace fusions of the polypeptides or modifications of the polypeptides of the invention, wherein the polypeptide or analog is fused to another moiety or moieties, e.g., targeting moiety or another therapeutic agent. Such analogs may exhibit improved properties such as activity and/or stability. Examples of moieties which rnay be fused to the polypeptide or an analog include, for example, targeting moieties which provide for the delivery of polypeptide to pancreatic cells, e.g., antibodies to pancreatic cells, antibodies to immune cells such as T-cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, etc., as well as receptor and ligands expressed on pancreatic or immune cells. Other moieties which may be fused to the polypeptide include therapeutic agents which are used for treatment, for example, immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin, SK506, azathioprine, CD3 antibodies and steroids. Also, polypeptides may be fused to immune modulators, and other cytokines such as alpha or beta interferon.
4.6.1 DETERMINING POLYPEPTIDE AND POLYNUCLEOTIDE IDENTITY
AND SIMILARITY
Preferred identity and/or similarity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in computer programs including, but are not limited to, the GCG program package, including GAP
(Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12(1):387 (1984); Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI), BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX, FASTA
(Altschul, S.F.
et al., J. Molec. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990), PSI-BLAST (Altschul S.F. et al., Nucleic Acids Res.
vol. 25, pp. 3389-3402, herein incorporated by reference), eMatrix software (Wu et al., J. Comp.
Biol., Vol. 6, pp. 219-235 (1999), herein incorporated by reference), eMotif software (Nevill-Manning et al, ISMB-97, Vol. 4, pp. 202-209, herein incorporated by reference), pFam software (Sonnhammer et al., Nucleic Acids Res., Vol. 26(1), pp. 320-322 (1998), herein incorporated by reference) and the Kyte-Doolittle hydrophobocity prediction algorithm (J. Mol Biol, 157, pp.
105-31 (1982), incorporated herein by reference). The BLAST programs are publicly available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and other sources (BLAST
Manual, Altschul, S., et al. NCB NLM NIH Bethesda, MD 20894; Altschul, S., et al., J. Mol.
Biol. 215:403-410 (1990).
4.7 CHIMERIC AND FUSION PROTEINS
The invention also provides chimeric or fusion proteins. As used herein, a "chimeric protein" or "fusion protein" comprises a polypeptide of the invention operatively linked to another polypeptide. Within a fusion protein the polypeptide according to the invention can correspond to all or a portion of a protein according to the invention. In one embodiment, a fusion protein comprises at least one biologically active portion of a protein according to the invention. In aalother embodiment, a fusion protein comprises at least two biologically active portions of a protein according to the invention. Within the fusion protein, the term "operatively linked" is intended to indicate that the polypeptide according to the invention and the other polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. The polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus.
For example, in one embodiment a fusion protein comprises a polypeptide according to the invention operably linked to the extracellular domain of a second protein.
In another embodiment, the fusion protein is a GST-fusion protein in which the polypeptide sequences of the invention are fused to the C-terminus of the GST (i.e., glutathione S-transferase) sequences.
In aaiother embodiment, the fusion protein is an immunoglobulin fusion protein in which the polypeptide sequences according to the invention comprise one or more domains fused to sequences derived from a member of the immunoglobulin protein family. The immunoglobulin fusion proteiizs of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a subject to inhibit an interaction between a ligand and a protein of the invention on the surface of a cell, to thereby suppress signal transduction in vivo. The immunoglobulin fusion proteins can be used to affect the bioavailability of a cognate ligand.
Inhibition of the ligand/protein interaction may be useful therapeutically for both the treatment of proliferative and differentiative disorders, e,g., cancer as well as modulating (e.g., promoting or inhibiting) cell survival. Moreover, the immunoglobulin fusion proteins of the invention can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies in a subject, to purify ligands, and in screening assays to identify molecules that inhibit the interaction of a polypeptide of the invention with a ligand.
A chimeric or fusion protein of the invention can be produced by standard recombinant DNA teclmiques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences are ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, e.g., by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA
synthesizers.
Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers that give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments that can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Ausubel et al. (eds.) CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, dohll Wiley &
Sons, 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). A nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of the invention can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the protein of the invention.
4.8 GENE THERAPY
Mutations in the polynucleotides of the invention may result in loss of normal function of ttie encoded protein. The invention thus provides gene therapy to restore normal activity of the polypeptides of the invention; or to treat disease states involving polypeptides of the invention.
Delivery of a functional gene encoding polypeptides of the invention to appropriate cells is effected ex vivo, i~ situ, or isZ vivo by use of vectors, and more particularly viral vectors (e.g., adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, or a retrovirus), or ex vivo by use of physical DNA transfer methods (e.g., liposomes or chemical treatments). See, for example, Anderson, Nature, supplement to vol. 392, no. 6679, pp.25-20 (1998). For additional reviews of gene therapy technology see Friedmaaln, Science, 244: 1275-1281 (1989); Verma, Scientific American: 68-84 (1990); and Miller, Nature, 357: 455-460 (1992). Introduction of any one of the nucleotides of the present invention or a gene encoding the polypeptides of the present invention can also be accomplished with extrachromosomal substrates (transient expression) or artificial chromosomes (stable expression). Cells may also be cultured ex vivo in the presence of proteins of the present invention in order to proliferate or to produce a desired effect on or activity in such cells.
Treated cells can then be introduced ifz vivo for therapeutic purposes.
Alternatively, it is contemplated that in other human disease states, preventing the expression of or inhibiting the activity of polypeptides of the invention will be useful in treating the disease states. It is contemplated that antisense therapy or gene therapy could be applied to negatively regulate the expression of polypeptides of the invention.
Other methods inlubiting expression of a protein include the introduction of antisense molecules to the nucleic acids of the present invention, their complements, or their translated RNA
sequences, by methods known in the art. Further, the polypeptides of the present invention can be iWibited by using targeted deletion methods, or the insertion of a negative regulatory element such as a silencer, which is tissue specific.
The present invention still fiu-ther provides cells genetically engineered in vivo to express the polynucleotides of the invention, wherein such polynucleotides are in operative association with a regulatory sequence heterologous to the host cell which drives expression of the polynucleotides in the cell. These methods can be used to increase or decrease the expression of the polynucleotides of the present invention.
Knowledge of DNA sequences provided by the invention allows for modification of cells to permit, increase, or decrease, expression of endogenous polypeptide. Cells can be modified (e.g., by homologous recombination) to provide increased polypeptide expression by replacing, in whole or in part, the naturally occurring promoter with all or part of a heterologous promoter so that the cells express the protein at higher levels. The heterologous promoter is inserted in such a manner that it is operatively linked to the desired protein encoding sequences. See, for example, PCT International Publication No. WO 94/12650, PCT International Publication No. WO 92120808, and PCT
International Publication No. WO 91/09955. It is also contemplated that, in addition to heterologous promoter DNA, a~nplifiable marker DNA (e.g., ada, dhfr, and the multifunctional CAD gene which encodes carbamyl phosphate synthase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) and/or intron DNA may be iilserted along with the heterologous promoter DNA. If linked to the desired protein coding sequence, amplification of the marker DNA by standard selection methods results in co-amplification of the desired protein coding sequences in the cells.
In another embodiment of the present invention, cells and tissues may be engineered to express an endogenous gene comprising the polynucleotides of the invention under the control of inducible regulatory elements, in which case the regulatory sequences of the endogenous gene may be replaced by homologous recombination. As described herein, gene targeting can be used to replace a gene's existing regulatory region with a regulatory sequence isolated from a different gene or a novel regulatory sequence synthesized by genetic engineering methods.
Such regulatory sequences may be comprised of promoters, enhancers, scaffold-attaclunent regions, negative regulatory elements, transcriptional initiation sites, regulatory protein binding sites or combinations of said sequences. Alternatively, sequences which affect the structure or stability of the RNA or protein produced may be replaced, removed, added, or otherwise modified by targeting. These sequences include polyadenylation signals, mRNA stability elements, splice sites, leader sequences for enhancing or modifying transport or secretion properties of the protein, or other sequences which alter or improve the function or stability of protein or RNA molecules.
The targeting event may be a simple insertion of the regulatory sequence, placing the gene under the control of the new regulatory sequence, e.g , inserting a new promoter or enhancer or both upstream of a gene. Alternatively, the targeting event may be a simple delefiion of a regulatory element, such as the deletion of a tissue-specific negative regulatory element. Alternatively, the targeting event may replace an existing element; for example, a tissue-specific enhancer can be replaced by an eWancer that has broader or different cell-type specificity than the naturally occurring elements. Here, the naturally occurring sequences are deleted and new sequences are added. In all cases, the identification of the targeting event may be facilitated by the use of one or more selectable marker genes that are contiguous with the targeting DNA, allowing for the selection of cells in which the exogenous DNA has integrated into the cell genome. The identification of the targeting event may also be facilitated by the use of one or more marker genes exhibiting the property of negative selection, such that the negatively selectable marker is linked to the exogenous DNA, but configured such that the negatively selectable marker flanks the targeting sequence, and such that a correct homologous recombination event with sequences in the host cell genome does not result in the stable integration of the negatively selectable marlcer.
Markers useful for this purpose include the Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine lcinase (TK) gene or the bacterial xantlune-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (gpt) gene.
The gene targeting or gene activation techniques which can be used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are more particularly described in U.S. Patent No.
5,272,071 to Chappel;
U.S. Patent No. 5,578,461 to Sherwin et al.; W temational Application No.

(W093/09222) by Selden et al.; and International Application No.

(W091/06667) by Skoultchi et al., each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
4.9 TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
In preferred methods to determine biological functions of the polypeptides of the invention in vivo, one or more genes provided by the invention are either over expressed or inactivated in the germ line of animals using homologous recombination [Capecchi, Science 244:1288-1292 (1989)]. Animals in which the gene is over expressed, under the regulatory control of exogenous or endogenous promoter elements, are known as transgenic animals.
Animals in which an endogenous gene has been inactivated by homologous recombination are referred to as "knockout" animals. Knockout animals, preferably non-human mammals, can be prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,557,032, incorporated herein by reference. Transgenic animals are useful to determine the roles polypeptides of the invention play in biological processes, and preferably in disease states. Transgenic animals are useful as model systems to identify compounds that modulate lipid metabolism. Transgenic animals, preferably non-human mammals, are produced using methods as described in U.S. Patent No 5,489,743 and PCT
Publication No. W094128122, incorporated herein by reference.
Transgenic animals can be prepared wherein all or part of a promoter of the polynucleotides of the invention is either activated or inactivated to alter the level of expression of the polypeptides of the invention. Inactivation can be carried out using homologous recombination methods described above. Activation can be achieved by supplementing or even replacing the homologous promoter to provide for increased protein expression.
The homologous promoter can be supplemented by insertion of one or more heterologous enhancer elements known to confer promoter activation in a particular tissue.
The polynucleotides of the present invention also make possible the development, through, e.g., homologous recombination or knock out strategies, of animals that fail to express polypeptides of the invention or that express a variant polypeptide. Such animals are useful as models for studying the ivy vivo activities of polypeptide as well as for studying modulators of the polypeptides of the invention.
In preferred methods to determine biological functions of the polypeptides of the invention isz vivo, one or more genes provided by the invention are either over expressed or inactivated in the germ line of animals using homologous recombination [Capecchi, Science 244:1288-1292 (1989)]. Animals in which the gene is over expressed, under the regulatory control of exogenous or endogenous promoter elements, are known as transgenic animals.
Anmals in which an endogenous gene has been inactivated by homologous recombination are referred to as "knockout" animals. Knockout animals, preferably non-human mammals, can be prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,557,032, incorporated herein by reference. Transgenic animals are useful to determine the roles polypeptides of the invention play in biological processes, and preferably in disease states. Transgenic animals are useful as model systems to identify compounds that modulate lipid metabolism. Transgenic animals, preferably non-human mammals, are produced using methods as described in U.S. Patent No 5,489,743 and PCT
Publication No. W094/28122, incorporated herein by reference.
Transgenic animals can be prepared wherein all or part of the polynucleotides of the invention promoter is either activated or inactivated to alter the level of expression of the polypeptides of the invention. Inactivation can be carried out using homologous recombination methods described above. Activation can be achieved by supplementing or even replacing the homologous promoter to provide for increased protein expression. The homologous promoter can be supplemented by insertion of one or more heterologous enhancer elements known to confer promoter activation in a particular tissue.
4.10 USES AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
The polynucleotides and proteins of the present invention are expected to exhibit one or more of the uses or biological activities (including those associated with assays cited herein) identified herein. Uses or activities described for proteins of the present invention may be provided by administration or use of such proteins or of polynucleotides encoding such proteins (such as, for example, in gene therapies or vectors suitable for introduction of DNA). The mechanism underlying the particular condition or pathology will dictate whether the polypeptides of the invention, the polynucleotides of the invention or modulators (activators or inhibitors) thereof would be beneficial to the subj ect in need of treatment.
Thus, "therapeutic compositions of the invention" include compositions comprising isolated polynucleotides (including recombinant DNA molecules, cloned genes and degenerate variants thereof or polypeptides of the invention (including full length protein, mature protein and truncations or domains thereof), or compounds and other substances that modulate the overall activity of the target gene products, either at the level of target gene/protein expression or target protein activity. Such modulators include polypeptides, analogs, (variants), including fragments and fusion proteins, antibodies and other binding proteins; chemical compounds that directly or indirectly activate or inhibit the polypeptides of the invention (identified, e.g., via drug screening assays as described herein); antisense polynucleotides and polynucleotides suitable fox triple helix formation; and in particular antibodies or other binding partners that specifically recognize one or more epitopes of the polypeptides of the invention.
The polypeptides of the present invention may likewise be involved in cellular activation or in one of the other physiological pathways described herein.
4.10.1 RESEARCH USES AND UTILITIES
The polynucleotides provided by the present invention can be used by the research community for various purposes. The polynucleotides can be used to express recombinant protein for analysis, characterization or therapeutic use; as markers for tissues in which the corresponding protein is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in disease states); as molecular weight markers on gels;
as chromosome markers or tags (when labeled) to identify chromosomes or to map related gene positions; to compare with endogenous DNA sequences in patients to identify potential genetic disorders; as probes to hybridize and thus discover novel, related DNA
sequences; as a source of information to derive PCR primers for genetic fingerprinting; as a probe to "subtract-out" known sequences in the process of discovering other novel polynucleotides; for selecting and making oligomers for attachment to a "gene chip" or other support, including for examination of expression patterns; to raise anti-protein antibodies using DNA immunization techniques; and as an antigen to raise anti-DNA antibodies or elicit another immune response.
V~lhere the polynucleotide encodes a protein which binds or potentially binds to another protein (such as, for example, in a receptor-ligand interaction), the polynucleotide can also be used in interaction trap assays (such as, for example, that described in Gyuris et al., Cell 75:791-803 (1993)) to identify palynucleotides encoding the other protein with which binding occurs or to identify inhibitors of the binding interaction.

The polypeptides provided by the present invention can similarly be used in assays to determine biological activity, including in a panel of multiple proteins for high-throughput screening; to raise antibodies or to elicit another immune response; as a reagent (including the labeled reagent) in assays designed to quantitatively determine levels of the protein (or its receptor) in biological fluids; as markers for tissues in which the corresponding polypeptide is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in a disease state); and, of course, to isolate correlative receptors or ligands.
Proteins involved in these binding interactions can also be used to screen for peptide or small molecule inhibitors or agonists of the binding interaction.
Any or all of these research utilities are capable of being developed into reagent grade or lcit format for commercialization as research products.
Methods for performing the uses listed above are well known to those skilled in the art.
References disclosing such methods include without limitation "Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual", 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch and T. Maniatis eds., 1989, and "Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques", Academic Press, Bergen S. L. and A. R. Kimmel eds., 1987.
4.10.2 NUTRITIONAL USES
Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention can also be used as nutritional sources or supplements. Such uses include without limitation use as a protein or amino acid supplement, use as a caxbon source, use as a nitrogen source and use as a source of carbohydrate. In such cases the polypeptide or polynucleotide of the invention can be added to the feed of a particular organism or can be administered as a separate solid or liquid preparation, such as in the form of powder, pills, solutions, suspensions or capsules. In the case of microorganisms, the polypeptide or polymcleotide of the invention can be added to the medium in or on which the microorganism is cultured.
4.10.3 CYTOHINE AND CELL PROLIFERATIONIDIFFERENTIATION
ACTIVITY
A polypeptide of the present invention may exhibit activity relating to cytokine, cell proliferation (either inducing or inhibiting) or cell differentiation (either inducing or inhibiting) activity or may induce production of other cytokines in certain cell populations. A
polynucleotide of the invention can encode a polypeptide exhibiting such attributes. Many protein factors discovered to date, including all known cytokines, have exhibited activity in one or more factor-dependent cell proliferation assays, and hence the assays serve as a convenient confirmation of cytokine activity. The activity of therapeutic compositions of the present invention is evidenced by any one of a number of routine factor dependent cell proliferation assays for cell lines including, without limitation, 32D, DA2, DAlG, T10, B9, B9/11, BaF3, MC9/G, M+(preB M+), 2E8, RBS, DA1, 123, Tl 165, HT2, CTLL2, TF-1, Mo7e, CMK, HUVEC, and Caco. Therapeutic compositions of the invention can be used in the following:
Assays for T-cell or thymocyte proliferation include without limitation those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A. M. Kruisbeek, D.
H. Margulies, E.
M. Shevach, W. Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, IyZ Tjitr°o assays for Mouse Lymphocyte Function 3.1-3.19; Chapter 7, Immunologic studies in Humans); Takai et al., J. Immunol. 137:3494-3500, 1986; Bertagnolli et al., J.
Immunol.
145:1706-1712, 1990; Bertagnolli et al., Cellular Immunology 133:327-341, 1991; Bertagnolli, et al., I. Immunol. 149:3778-3783, 1992; Bowman et al., I. Immunol. 152:1756-1761, 1994.
Assays for cytokine production and/or proliferation of spleen cells, lymph node cells or thymocytes include, without limitation, those described in: Polyclonal T cell stimulation, Kruisbeek, A. M. and Shevach, E. M. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J. E.
e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 3.12.1-3.12.14, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1994; and Measurement of mouse axzd human interleulcin-y, Schreiber, R. D. In Current Protocols in Irmnunology. J. E. e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 6.8.1-6.8.8, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1994.
Assays for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic and lymphopoietic cells include, without limitation, those described in: Measurement of Human and Murine Interleukin 2 and Interleukin 4, Bottomly, K., Davis, L. S. and Lipslcy, P. E. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J. E. e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 6.3.1-6.3.12, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1991;
deVries et al., J. Exp. Med. 173:1205-121 l, 1991; Moreau et al., Nature 336:690-692, 1988;
Greenberger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:2931-2938, 1983;
Measurement of mouse and human interleukin 6--Nordan, R. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J. E.
Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 6.6.1-6.6.5, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1991; Smith et al., Proc.
Natl. Aced. Sci.
U.S.A. 83:1857-1861, 1986; Measurement of human Interleukin 11--Bennett, F., Giannotti, J., Clark, S. C. and Turner, K. J. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J. E.
Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp.

6.15.1 John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1991; Measurement of mouse and human Interleukin 9--Ciarletta, A., Giannotti, J., Clarlc, S. C. and Turner, K. J. In Current Protocols in T_m_m__unology.
J. E. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 6.13.1, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1991.
Assays for T-cell clone responses to antigens (which will identify, among others, proteins that affect APC-T cell interactions as well as direct T-cell effects by measuring proliferation and cytokine production) include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A. M. Kruisbeek, D. H. Margulies, E. M.
Shevach, W Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, Ivy Tliti°o assays for Mouse Lymphocyte Function; Chapter 6, Cytokines and their cellular receptors;
Chapter 7, Irrununologic studies in Humans); Weinberger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 77:6091-6095, 1980; Weinberger et al., Eur. J. Immun. 11:405-411, 1981; Takai et al., J.
Immunol.
137:3494-3500, 1986; Takai et al., J. Immunol. 140:508-512, 1988.
4.10.4 STEM CELL GROWTH FACTOR ACTIVITY
A polypeptide of the present invention may exhibit stem cell growth factor activity and be involved in the proliferation, differentiation and survival of pluripotent and totipotent stem cells including primordial germ cells, embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and/or germ line stem cells. Administration of the polypeptide of the invention to stem cells in vivo or ex vavo is expected to maintain and expand cell populations in a totipotential or pluripotential state which would be useful for re-engineering damaged or diseased tissues, transplantation, manufacture of bio-pharmaceuticals and the development of bio-sensors. The ability to produce large quantities of human cells has important working applications for the production of human proteins which currently must be obtained from non-hwnan sources or donors, implantation of cells to treat diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and other neurodegenexative diseases;
tissues for grafting such as bone marrow, skin, cartilage, tendons, bone, muscle (including cardiac muscle), blood vessels, cornea, neural cells, gastrointestinal cells and others; and organs for transplantation such as kidney, liver, pancreas (including islet cells), heart and lung.
It is contemplated that multiple different exogenous growth factors andlor cytokines may be administered in combination with the polypeptide of the invention to achieve the desired effect, including any of the growth factors listed herein, other stem cell maintenance factors, and specifically including stem cell factor (SCF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3L), any of the interleukins, recombinant soluble IL-6 receptor fused to IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha), G-CSF, GM-CSF, thrombopoietin (TPO), platelet factor 4 (PF-4), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), neural growth factors and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).
Since totipotent stem cells can give rise to viutually any mature cell type, expansion of these cells in culture will facilitate the production of large quantities of mature cells. Techniques for culturing stem cells are known in the art and administration of polypeptides of the invention, optionally with other growth factors andlor cytolcines, is expected to enhance the survival and proliferation of the stem cell populations. This can be accomplished by direct administration of the polypeptide of the invention to the culture medium. Alternatively, stroma cells transfected with a polynucleotide that encodes for the polypeptide of the invention can be used as a feeder layer for the stem cell populations in culture or in vivo. Stromal support cells for feeder layers may include embryonic bone marrow fibroblasts, bone marrow stromal cells, fetal liver cells, or cultured embryonic fibroblasts (see U.S. Patent No. 5,690,926).
Stem cells themselves can be transfected with a polynucleotide of the invention to induce autocrine expression of the polypeptide of the invention. This will allow for generation of undifferentiated totipotential/pluripotential stem cell lines that are useful as is or that can then be differentiated into the desired mature cell types. These stable cell lines can also serve as a source of undifferentiated totipotential/pluripotential mRNA to create cDNA libraries and templates for polymerise chain reaction experiments. These studies would allow for the isolation and identification of differentially expressed genes in stem cell populations that regulate stem cell proliferation and/or maintenance.
Expansion and maintenance of totipotent stem cell populations will be useful in the treatment of many pathological conditions. For example, polypeptides of the present invention may be used to manipulate stem cells in culture to give rise to neuroepithelial cells that can be used to augment or replace cells damaged by illness, autoimmune disease, accidental damage or genetic disorders. The polypeptide of the invention may be useful for inducing the proliferation of neural cells and for the regeneration of nerve and brain tissue, i.e. for the treatment of central and peripheral nervous system diseases and neuropathies, as well as mechanical and traumatic disorders which involve degeneration, death or trauma to neural cells or nerve tissue. In addition, the expanded stem cell populations can also be genetically altered for gene therapy purposes and to decrease host rejection of replacement tissues after grafting or implantation.
Expression of the polypeptide of the invention and its effect on stem cells can also be manipulated to achieve controlled differentiation of the stem cells into more differentiated cell types. A broadly applicable method of obtaining pure populations of a specific differentiated cell type from undifferentiated stem cell populations involves the use of a cell-type specific promoter driving a selectable marker. The selectable marker allows only cells of the desired type to survive. For example, stem cells can be induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (Wobus et al., Differentiation, 48: 173-182, (1991); Klug et al., J. Clin. Invest., 98(1): 216-224, (1998)) or skeletal muscle cells (Browder, L. W. In: Pf~ifzciples of Tissue Eyaginee~~ing eds. Lanza et al., Academic Press (1997)). Alternatively, directed differentiation of stem cells can be accomplished by culturing the stem cells in the presence of a differentiation factor such as retinoic acid and an antagonist of the polypeptide of the invention which would inhibit the effects of endogenous stem cell factor activity and allow differentiation to proceed.
1z uit~~o cultures of stem cells can be used to determine if the polypeptide of the invention exhibits stem cell growth factor activity. Stem cells are isolated from any one of various cell sources (including hematopoietic stem cells and embryonic stem cells) and cultured on a feeder layer, as described by Thompson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, U.S.A., 92: 7844-7848 (1995), in the presence of the polypeptide of the invention alone or in combination with other growth factors or cytokines. The ability of the polypeptide of the invention to induce stem cells proliferation is determined by colony formation on semi-solid support e.g. as described by Bernstein et al., Blood, 77: 2316-2321 (1991).
4.10.5 HEMATOPOIESIS REGULATING ACTIVITY
A polypeptide of the present invention may be involved in regulation of hematopoiesis and, consequently, in the treatment of myeloid or lymphoid cell disorders.
Even marginal biological activity in support of colony forming cells or of factor-dependent cell lines indicates involvement in regulating hematopoiesis, e.g. in supporting the growth and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells alone or in combination with other cytokines, thereby indicating utility, for example, in treating various anemias or for use in conjunction with irradiation/chemotherapy to stimulate the production of erythroid precursors andlor erythroid cells; in supporting the growth and proliferation of myeloid cells such as granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages (i.e., traditional CSF activity) useful, for example, in conjunction with chemotherapy to prevent or treat consequent myelo-suppression; in supporting the growth and proliferation of megakaryocytes and consequently of platelets thereby allowing prevention or treatment of various platelet disorders such as thrombocytopenia, and generally for use in place of or complimentary to platelet transfusions; and/or in supporting the growth and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells which are capable of maturing to airy and all of the above-mentioned hematopoietic cells and therefore find therapeutic utility in various stem cell disorders (such as those usually treated with transplantation, including, without limitation, aplastic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), as well as in repopulating the stem cell compartment post irradiation/chemotherapy, either i~-vivo or ex-vivo (i.e., in conjunction with bone marrow transplantation or with peripheral progenitor cell transplantation (homologous or heterologous)) as normal cells or genetically manipulated for gene therapy.
Therapeutic compositions of the invention can be used in the following:
Suitable assays for proliferation and differentiation of various hematopoietic lines are cited above.
Assays fox embryonic stem cell differentiation (which will identify, among others, proteins that influence embryonic differentiation hematopoiesis) include, without limitation, those described in: Johansson et al. Cellular Biology 15:141-151, 1995; Keller et al., Molecular and Cellular Biology 13:473-486, 1993; McGlanahan et al., Blood 81:2903-2915, 1993.

Assays for stem cell survival and differentiation (which will identify, among others, proteins that regulate lympho-hematopoiesis) include, without limitation, those described in:
Methylcellulose colony forming assays, Freshney, M. G. In Culture of Hematopoietic Cells. R. I.
Freshney, et al. eds. Vol pp. 265-268, Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1994;
Hirayama et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5907-5911, 1992; Primitive hematopoietic colony forming cells with high proliferative potential, McNiece, I. I~. and Briddell, R. A. In Culture of Hematopoietic Cells. R. I. Freshney, et al. eds. Vol pp. 23-39, Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1994; Neben et al., Experimental Hematology 22:353-359, 1994; Cobblestone area forming cell assay, Ploemacher, R. E. In Culture of Hematopoietic Cells. R. I. Freshney, et al.
eds. Vol pp. 1-21, Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1994; Long term bone marrow cultures in the presence of stromal cells, Spooncer, E., Dexter, M. and Allen, T. In Culture of Hematopoietic Cells. R. I.
Freshney, et al. eds. Vol pp. 163-179, Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1994;
Long term culture initiating cell assay, Sutherland, H. J. In Culture of Hematopoietic Cells. R.
I. Freshney, et al.
eds. Vol pp. 139-162, Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1994.
4.10.6 TISSUE GROWTH ACTIVITY
A polypeptide of the present invention also may be involved in bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament and/or nerve tissue growth or regeneration, as well as in wound healing and tissue repair and replacement, and in healing of burns, incisions and ulcers.
A polypeptide of the present invention which induces cartilage and/or bone growth in circwnstances where bone is not normally formed, has application in the healing of bone fractures and cartilage damage or defects in humans and other animals.
Compositions of a polypeptide, antibody, binding partner, or other modulator of the invention may have prophylactic use in closed as well as open fracture reduction and also in the improved fixation of artificial joints. De novo bone formation induced by an osteogenic agent contributes to the repair of congenital, trauma induced, or oncologic resection induced craniofacial defects, and also is useful in cosmetic plastic surgery.
A polypeptide of this invention may also be involved in attracting bone-forming cells, stimulating growth of bone-forming cells, or inducing differentiation of progenitors of bone-forming cells. Treatment of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone degenerative disorders, or periodontal disease, such as through stimulation of bone and/or cartilage repair or by blocking inflammation or processes of tissue destruction (collagenase activity, osteoclast activity, etc.) mediated by inflammatory processes may also be possible using the composition of the invention.

Another category of tissue regeneration activity that may involve the polypeptide of the present invention is tendon/ligament formation. Induction of tendonlligament-like tissue or other tissue formation in circumstances where such tissue is not normally formed, has application in the healing of tendon or ligament tears, deformities and other tendon or ligament defects in humans and other animals. Such a preparation employing a tendonligament-like tissue inducing protein may have prophylactic use in preventing damage to tendon or ligament tissue, as well as use in the improved fixation of tendon or ligament to bone or other tissues, and in repairing defects to tendon or ligament tissue. De novo tendon/ligament-like tissue formation induced by a composition of the present invention conhibutes to the repair of congenital, trauma induced, or other tendon or ligament defects of other origin, and is also useful in cosmetic plastic surgery for attachment or repair of tendons or ligaments. The compositions of the present invention may provide enviromnent to attract tendon- or ligament-forming cells, stimulate growth of tendon- or ligament-forming cells, induce differentiation of progenitors of tendon- or ligament-forming cells, or induce growth of tendon/ligament cells or progenitors ex vivo for return in vivo to effect 1 S tissue repair. The compositions of the invention may also be useful in the treatment of tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and other tendon or ligament defects. The compositions may also include an appropriate matrix and/or sequestering agent as a carrier as is well known in the art.
The compositions of the present invention may also be useful for proliferation of neural cells and for regeneration of nerve and brain tissue, i.e. for the treatment of central and peripheral nervous system diseases and neuropathies, as well as mechanical and traumatic disorders, which involve degeneration, death or trauma to neural cells or nerve tissue. More specifically, a composition may be used in the treatment of diseases of the peripheral nervous system, such as peripheral nerve injuries, peripheral neuropathy and localized neuropathies, and central nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, atnyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Shy-Drager syndrome. Further conditions which may be treated in accordance with the present invention include mechanical and traumatic disorders, such as spinal cord disorders, head trauma and cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke.
Peripheral neuropathies resulting from chemotherapy or other medical therapies may also be treatable using a composition of the invention.
Compositions of the invention may also be useful to promote better or faster closure of non-healing wounds, including without limitation pressure ulcers, ulcers associated with vascular insufficiency, surgical and traumatic wounds, and the like.
Compositions of the present invention may also be involved in the generation or regeneration of other tissues, such as organs (including, for example, pancreas, liver, intestine, kidney, skin, endothelium), muscle (smooth, skeletal or cardiac) and vascular (including vascular endothelium) tissue, or for promoting the growth of cells comprising such tissues. Part of the desired effects may be by inhibition or modulation of fibrotic scarring may allow normal tissue to regenerate. A polypeptide of the present invention may also exhibit angiogenic activity.
A composition of the present invention may also be useful for gut protection or regeneration and treatment of lung or liver fibrosis, reperfusion injury in various tissues, and conditions resulting from systemic cytokine damage.
A composition of the present invention may also be useful for promoting or inhibiting differentiation of tissues described above from precursor tissues or cells; or for inhibiting the growth of tissues described above.
Therapeutic compositions of the invention can be used in the following:
Assays for tissue generation activity include, without limitation, those described in:
International Patent Publication No. W095/16035 (bone, cartilage, tendon);
International Patent Publication No. W095/05846 (nerve, neuronal); International Patent Publication No.
W091/07491 (skin, endothelium).
Assays for wound healing activity include, without limitatioy those described in: Winter, Epidermal Wound Healing, pps. 71-112 (Maibach, H. I. and Rovee, D. T., eds.), Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago, as modified by Eaglstein and Mertz, J.
Invest. Dermatol 71:382-84 (1978).
4.10.7 IMMUNE STIMULATING OR SUPPRESSING ACTIVITY
A polypeptide of the present invention may also exhibit immune stimulating or immune suppressing activity, including without limitation the activities for which assays are described herein. A polynucleotide of the invention can encode a polypeptide exhibiting such activities. A
protein may be useful in the treatment of various immune deficiencies and disorders (including severe combined immunodeficiency (SLID)), e.g., in regulating (up or down) growth and proliferation of T and/or B lymphocytes, as well as effecting the cytolytic activity of NK cells and other cell populations. These immune deficiencies may be genetic or be caused by viral (e.g., HIV) as well as bacterial or fungal infections, or may result from autoimmune disorders. More specifically, infectious diseases causes by viral, bacterial, fungal or other infection may be treatable using a protein of the present invention, including infections by HIV, hepatitis viruses, herpes viruses, mycobacteria, Leishmania spp., malaria spp. and various fungal infections such as candidiasis. Of course, in this regard, proteins of the present invention may also be useful where a boost to the immune system generally may be desirable, i.e., in the treatment of cancer.
Autoimmune disorders which may be treated using a protein of the present invention include, for example, connective tissue disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis; autoirnmune pulmonary inflammation, Guillain-Barre syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitis, myasthenia gravis, graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune inflammatory eye disease. Such a protein (or antagonists thereof, including antibodies) of the present invention may also to be useful in the treatment of allergic reactions and conditions (e.g., anaphylaxis, serum sickness, drug reactions, food allergies, insect venom allergies, mastocytosis, allergic rhinitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, urticaria, angioedema, eczema, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, erythema multifonne, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic hceratoconjunctivitis, venereal keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis and contact allergies), such as asthma (particularly allergic asthma) or other respiratory problems. Other conditions, in which immune suppression is desired (including, for example, organ transplantation), may also be treatable using a protein (or antagonists thereof) of the present invention. The therapeutic effects of the polypeptides or antagonists thereof on allergic reactions can be evaluated by in vivo animals models such as the cumulative contact enhancement test (Lastbom et al., Toxicology 125: 59-66, 1998), skin prick test (Hoffmann et al., Allergy 54: 446-54, 1999), guinea pig skin sensitization test ('Voter et al., Arch. Toxocol. 73: 501-9), and murine local lymph node assay (Kimber et al., J. Toxicoh. Environ. Health 53: 563-79).
Using the proteins of the invention it may also be possible to modulate immune responses, in a number of ways. Down regulation may be in the form of inhibiting or blocking an immune response already in progress or may involve preventing the induction of an immune response. The functions of activated T cells may be inhibited by suppressing T
cell responses or by inducing specific tolerance in T cells, or both. Immunosuppression of T
cell responses is generally an active, non-antigen-specific, process which requires continuous exposure of the T
cells to the suppressive agent. Tolerance, which involves inducing non-responsiveness or anergy in T cells, is distinguishable from immunosuppression in that it is genexally antigen-specific and persists after exposure to the tolerizing agent has ceased. Operationally, tolerance can be demonstrated by the lack of a T cell response upon reexposure to specific antigen in the absence of the tolerizing agent.
Down regulating or preventing one or more antigen functions (including without limitation B lymphocyte antigen functions (such as, for example, B7)), e.g., preventing high level lymphokine synthesis by activated T cells, will be useful in situations of tissue, skin and organ transplantation and in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). For example, blockage of T cell function should result in reduced tissue destruction in tissue transplantation. Typically, in tissue transplants, rejection of the transplant is initiated t111ough its recognition as foreign by T cells, followed by an inunune reaction that destroys the transplant. The administration of a therapeutic composition of the invention may prevent cytokine synthesis by immune cells, such as T cells, and thus acts as an immunosuppressant. Moreover, a lack of costimulation may also be sufficient to anergize the T cells, thereby inducing tolerance in a subject. Induction of long-term tolerance by B lymphocyte antigen-blocking reagents may avoid the necessity of repeated administration of these blocking reagents. To achieve sufficient immunosuppression or tolerance in a subject, it may also be necessary to block the function of a combination of B lymphocyte antigens.
The efficacy of particular therapeutic compositions in preventing organ transplant rejection or GVHD can be assessed using animal models that are predictive of efficacy in hiunans. Examples of appropriate systems which can be used include allogeneic cardiac grafts in rats and xenogeneic pancreatic islet cell grafts in mice, both of which have been used to examine the immunosuppressive effects of CTLA4Ig fusion proteins in vivo as described in Lenschow et al., Science 257:789-792 (1992) and Turka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 89:11102-11105 (1992). In addition, marine models of GVHD (see Paul ed., Fundamental Immunology, Raven Press, New York, 1989, pp. 846-847) can be used to determine the effect of therapeutic compositions of the invention on the development of that disease.
Blocking antigen function may also be therapeutically useful for treating autoimmune diseases. Many autoimmune disorders are the result of inappropriate activation of T cells that are reactive against self tissue and which promote the production of cytokines and autoantibodies involved in the pathology of the diseases. Preventing the activation of autoreactive T cells may reduce or eliminate disease symptoms. Administration of reagents which block stimulation of T
cells can be used to inhibit T cell activation and prevent production of autoantibodies or T
cell-derived cytokines which may be involved in the disease process.
Additionally, blocking reagents may induce antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells which could lead to long-term relief from the disease. The efficacy of blocking reagents in preventing or alleviating autoimmune disorders can be determined using a number of well-characterized animal models of human autoimmune diseases. Examples include marine experimental autoimmune encephalitis, systemic lupus erythmatosis in MRL/lprllpr mice or NZB hybrid mice, marine autoimmune collagen arthritis, diabetes mellitus in NOD mice and BB rats, and marine experimental myasthenia gravis (see Paul ed., Fundamental Immunology, Raven Press, New York, 1989, pp.
840-856).
Upregulation of an antigen function (e.g., a B lymphocyte antigen function), as a means of up regulating immune responses, may also be useful in therapy. Upregulation of immune responses may be in the form of enhancing an existing immune response or eliciting an initial immune response. For example, enhancing an immune response may be useful in cases of viral infection, including systemic viral diseases such as influenza, the common cold, and encephalitis.

Alternatively, anti-viral immune responses may be enhanced in an.infected patient by removing T cells fiom the patient, costimulating the T cells in vitro with viral antigen-pulsed APCs either expressing a peptide of the present invention or together with a stimulatory form of a soluble peptide of the present invention and reintroducing the in vitro activated T cells into the patient. Another method of enhancing anti-viral immune responses would be to isolate infected cells from a patient, transfect them with a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the present invention as described herein such that the cells express all or a portion of the protein on their surface, and reintroduce the transfected cells into the patient. The infected cells would now be capable of delivering a costimulatory signal to, and thereby activate, T cells in vivo.
A polypeptide of the present invention may provide the necessary stimulation signal to T
cells to induce a T cell mediated immune response against the transfected tumor cells. In addition, tumor cells which lack MHC class I or MHC class II molecules, or which fail to reexpress sufficient mounts of MHC class I or MHC class II molecules, can be transfected with nucleic acid encoding all or a portion of (e.g., a cytoplasmic-domain truncated portion) of an MHC class I alpha chain protein and (32 microglobulin protein or an MHC class II alpha chain protein and an MHC class II beta chain protein to thereby express MHC class I
or MHC class II
proteins on the cell surface. Expression of the appropriate class I or class II MHC in conjunction with a peptide having the activity of a B lymphocyte antigen (e.g., B7-l, B7-2, B7-3) induces a T
cell mediated immune response against the transfected tumor cell. Optionally, a gene encoding arl antisense construct which blocks expression of an MHC class II associated protein, such as the invariant chain, can also be cotransfected with a DNA encoding a peptide having the activity of a B lymphocyte antigen to promote presentation of tumor associated antigens and induce tumor specific immunity. Thus, the induction of a T cell mediated immune response in a human subject may be sufficient to overcome tumor-specific tolerance in the subject.
The activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
Suitable assays for thymocyte or splenocyte cytotoxicity include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A.
M. Kruisbeek, D.
H. Margulies, E. M. Shevach, W. Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, In Vitro assays for Mouse Lymphocyte Function 3.1-3.19;
Chapter 7, Immunologic studies in Humans); Herrmann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA
78:2488-2492, 1981; Herrmami et al., J. Immunol. 128:1968-1974, 1982; Handa et al., J.
Immunol. 135:1564-1572, 1985; Takai et al., I. Immunol. 137:3494-3500, 1986;
Talcai et al., J.
Immunol. 140:508-512, 1988; Bowman et al., J. Virology 61:1992-1998;
Bertagnolli et al., Cellular Immunology 133:327-341, 1991; Brown et al., J. Immunol. 153:3079-3092, 1994.

Assays for T-cell-dependent immunoglobulin responses and isotype switching (which will identify, among others, proteins that modulate T-cell dependent antibody responses and that affect ThllTh2 profiles) include, without limitation, those described in:
Maliszewski, J.
Immunol. 144:3028-3033, 1990; and Assays for B cell function: In vitro antibody production, Mond, J. J. and Brunswick, M. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J. E. e.a.
Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 3.8.1-3.8.16, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1994.
Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays (which will identify, among others, proteins that generate predominantly Thl and CTL responses) include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A. M. Kruisbeek, D.
H. Margulies, E.
M. Shevach, W. Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, In Vitro assays for Mouse Lymphocyte Function 3.1-3.19; Chapter 7, Immunologic studies in Humans); Talcai et al., J. Immunol. 137:3494-3500, 1986; Takai et al., J.
Immunol. 140:508-512, 1988; Bertagnolli et al., J. Immunol. 149:3778-3783, 1992.
Dendritic cell-dependent assays (which will identify, among others, proteins expressed by dendritic cells that activate naive T-cells) include, without limitation, those described in: Guery et al., J. Immunol. 134:536-544, 1995; Inaba et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 173:549-559, 1991; Macatonia et al., Journal of Immunology 154:5071-5079, 1995; Porgador et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 182:255-260, 1995; Nair et al., Journal of Virology 67:4062-4069, 1993; Huang et al., Science 264:961-965, 1994; Macatonia et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 169:1255-1264, 1989; Bhardwaj et al., Journal of Clinical Investigation 94:797-807, 1994; and Inaba et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 172:631-640, 1990.
Assays for lymphocyte survival/apoptosis (which will identify, among others, proteins that prevent apoptosis after superantigen induction and proteins that regulate lymphocyte homeostasis) include, without limitation, those described in: Darzynkiewicz et al., Cytometry 13:795-808, 1992; Gorczyca et al., Leukemia 7:659-670, 1993; Gorczyca et al., Cancer Research 53:1945-1951, 1993; Itoh et al., Cell 66:233-243, 1991; Zacharchulc, Journal of Immunology 145:4037-4045, 1990; Zamai et al., Cytometry 14:891-897, 1993; Gorczyca et al., International Journal of Oncology 1:639-648, 1992.
Assays for proteins that influence early steps of T-cell commitment and development include, without limitation, those described in: Antica et al., Blood 84:111-117, 1994; Fine et al., Cellular Immunology 155:111-122, 1994; Galy et al., Blood 85:2770-2778, 1995;
Toki et al., Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. USA 88:7548-7551, 1991.
4.10.8 ACTIVIN/INHIBIN ACTIVITY

A polypeptide of the present invention may also exhibit activin- or inhibin-related activities. A polynucleotide of the invention may encode a polypeptide exhibiting such characteristics. lnhibins are characterized by their ability to inhibit the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), while activins and are characterized by their ability to stimulate the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Thus, a polypeptide of the present invention, alone or in heterodimers with a member of the inhibin family, may be useful as a contraceptive based on the ability of inhibins to decrease fertility in female mammals and decrease spermatogenesis in male mammals. Administration of sufficient amounts of other inhibins can induce infertility in these mammals. Alternatively, the polypeptide of the invention, as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with other protein subunits of the inhibin group, may be useful as a fertility inducing therapeutic, based upon the ability of activin molecules in stimulating FSH
release from cells of the anterior pituitary. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.
4,798,885. A
polypeptide of the invention may also be useful for advancement of the onset of fertility in sexually immature mammals, so as to increase the lifetime reproductive performance of domestic animals such as, but not limited to, cows, sheep and pigs.
The activity of a polypeptide of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods.
Assays for activin/inhibin activity include, without limitation, those described in: Vale et al., Endocrinology 91:562-572, 1972; Ling et al., Nature 321:779-782, 1986;
Vale et al., Nature 321:776-779, 1986; Mason et al., Nature 318:659-663, 1985; Forage et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 83:3091-3095, 1986.
4.10.9 CHEMOTACTIC/CHEMOKINETIC ACTIVITY
A polypeptide of the present invention may be involved in chemotactic or chemokinetic activity for mammalian cells, including, for example, monocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, T-cells, mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial and/or endothelial cells. A
polynucleotide of the invention can encode a polypeptide exhibiting such attributes. Chemotactic and chemokinetic receptor activation can be used to mobilize or attract a desired cell population to a desired site of action. Chemotactic or chemokinetic compositions (e.g. proteins, antibodies, binding partners, or modulators of the invention) provide particular advantages in treatment of wounds and other trauma to tissues, as well as in treatment of localized infections. For example, attraction of lymphocytes, monocytes or neutrophils to tumors or sites of infection may result in improved irmnune responses against the tumor or infecting agent.
A protein or peptide has chemotactic activity for a particular cell population if it can stimulate, directly or indirectly, the directed orientation or movement of such cell population.

Preferably, the protein or peptide has the ability to directly stimulate directed movement of cells.
Whether a particular protein has chemotactic activity for a population of cells can be readily determined by employing such protein or peptide in any known assay for cell chemotaxis.
Therapeutic compositions of the invention can be used in the following:
Assays for chemotactic activity (which will identify proteins that induce or prevent chemotaxis) consist of assays that measure the ability of a protein to induce the migration of cells across a membrane as well as the ability of a protein to induce the adhesion of one cell population to another cell population. Suitable assays for movement and adhesion include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A.
M. Kruisbeelc, D. H. Marguiles, E. M. Shevach, W. Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 6.12, Measurement of alpha and beta Chemokines 6.12.1-6.12.28; Taub et al. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1370-1376, 1995; Lind et al.
APMIS 103:140-146, 1995; Muller et al Eur. J. Immunol. 25:1744-1748; Gruber et al. J. of Immunol.
152:5860-5867, 1994; Johnston et al. J. of Immunol. 153:1762-1768, 1994.
4.10.10 HEMOSTATIC AND THROMBOLYTIC ACTIVITY
A polypeptide of the invention may also be involved in hemostasis or tlrrombolysis or thrombosis. A polynucleotide of the invention can encode a polypeptide exhibiting such attributes. Compositions may be useful in treatment of various coagulation disorders (including hereditary disorders, such as hemophiliac) or to enhance coagulation and other hemostatic events in treating wounds resulting from trauma, surgery or other causes. A
composition of the invention may also be useful for dissolving or inhibiting formation of thromboses and for treatment and prevention of conditions resulting therefrom (such as, for example, infarction of cardiac and central nervous system vessels (e.g., stroke).
Therapeutic compositions of the invention can be used in the following:
Assay for hemostatic and thrombolytic activity include, without limitation, those described in: Linet et al., J. Clin. Pharmacol. 26:131-140, 1986; Burdick et al., Thrombosis Res.
45:413-419, 1987; Humplliey et al., Fibrinolysis 5:71-79 (1991); Schaub, Prostaglandins 35:467-474, 1988.

4.10.11 CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
Polypeptides of the invention may be involved in cancer cell generation, proliferation or metastasis. Detection of the presence or amount of polynucleotides or polypeptides of the invention may be useful for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of one or more types of cancer. For example, the presence or increased expression of a polynucleotide/polypeptide of the invention may indicate a hereditary risk of cancer, a precancerous condition, or an ongoing malignancy.
Conversely, a defect in the gene or absence of the polypeptide may be associated with a cancer condition. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with cancer or a predisposition to cancer may also be useful for diagnosis or prognosis.
Cancer treatine~its promote tumor regression by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inhibiting angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels that is necessary to support tumor growth) and/or prohibiting metastasis by reducing tumor cell motility or invasiveness.
Therapeutic compositions of the invention may be effective in adult and pediatric oncology including in solid phase tumors/malignancies, locally advanced tumors, human soft tissue sarcomas, metastatic cancer, including lymphatic metastases, blood cell malignancies including multiple myeloma, acute and chronc leukemias, and lymphomas, head and neck cancers iilcluding mouth cancer, larynx cancer and thyroid cancer, lung cancers including small cell carcinoma and non-small cell cancers, breast cancers including small cell carcinoma and ductal carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancers including esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer and polyps associated with colorectal neoplasia, pancreatic cancers, liver cancer, urologic cancers including bladder cancer and prostate cancer, malignancies of the female genital tract including ovarian carcinoma, uterine (including endometrial) cancers, and solid tumor in the ovarian follicle, kidney cancers including renal cell carcinoma, brain cancers including intrinsic brain tumors, neuroblastoma, astrocytic brain tumors, gliomas, metastatic tumor cell invasion in the central nervous system, bone cancers including osteomas, skin cancers including malignant melanoma, tumor progression of human skin keratinocytes, squaxnous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, hemangiopericytoma and I~arposi's sarcoma.
Polypeptides, polynucleotides, or modulators of polypeptides of the invention (including inhibitors and stimulators of the biological activity of the polypeptide of the invention) may be administered to treat cancer. Therapeutic compositions can be administered in therapeutically effective dosages alone or in combination with adjuvant cancer therapy such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, thermotherapy, and laser therapy, and may provide a beneficial effect, e.g. reducing tumor size, slowing rate of tumor growth, inhibiting metastasis, or otherwise improving overall clinical condition, without necessarily eradicating the cancer.
The composition can also be administered in therapeutically effective amounts as a portion of an anti-cancer cocktail. An anti-cancer cocktail is a mixture of the polypeptide or modulator of the invention with one or more anti-cancer drugs in addition to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for delivery. The use of anti-cancer cocktails as a cancer treatment is routine.
Anti-cancer drugs that are well known in the art and can be used as a treatment in combination with the polypeptide or modulator of the invention include: Actinomycin D, Aminoglutethimide, Asparaginase, Bleomycin, Busulfan, Carboplatin, Carmustine, Chlorambucil, Cisplatin (cis-DDP), Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine HCl (Cytosine arabinoside), Dacarbazine, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin HCI, Doxorubicin HCI, Estramustine phosphate sodium, Etoposide (V
16-213), Floxuridine, 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), Flutamide, Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide), Ifosfamide, Interferon Alpha-2a, Interferon Alpha-2b, Leuprolide acetate (LHRH-releasing factor analog), Lomustine, Mechlorethamine HCl (nitrogen mustard), Melphalan, Mercaptopurine, Mesna, Methotrexate (MTX), Mitomycin, Mitoxantrone HCI, Octreotide, Plicamycin, Procarbazine HCI, Streptozocin, Tamoxifen citrate, Thioguanine, Thiotepa, Vinblastine sulfate, Vincristine sulfate, Amsacrine, Azacitidine, Hexamethylmelamine, Interleukin-2, Mitoguazone, Pentostatin, Semustine, Teniposide, and Vindesine sulfate.
In addition, therapeutic compositions of the invention may be used for prophylactic treatment of cancer. There are hereditary conditions and/or environmental situations (e.g.
exposure to carcinogens) known in the art that predispose an individual to developing cancers.
Under these circumstances, it may be beneficial to treat these individuals with therapeutically effective doses of the polypeptide of the invention to reduce the risk of developing cancers.
b2 vita°o models can be used to determine the effective doses of the polypeptide of the invention as a potential cancer treatment. These ifz vita°o models include proliferation assays of cultured tumor cells, growth of cultured tumor cells in soft agar (see Freshney, (1987) Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique, Wily-Liss, New York, NY Ch 18 and Ch 21), tumor systems in nude mice as described in Giovanella et al., J. Natl. Can.
Inst., 52: 921-30 (1974), mobility and invasive potential of tumor cells in Boyden Chamber assays as described in Pillcington et al., Anticancer Res., 17: 4107-9 (1997), and angiogenesis assays such as induction of vascularization of the chick chorioallantoic membrane or induction of vascular endothelial cell migration as described in Ribatta et al., Intl. J. Dev. Biol., 40: 1189-97 (1999) and Li et al., Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 17:423-9 (1999), respectively. Suitable tumor cells lines are available, e.g. from American Type Tissue Culture Collection catalogs.
4.10.12 RECEPTORILIGAND ACTIVITY
A polypeptide of the present invention may also demonstrate activity as receptor, receptor ligand or inhibitor or agonist of receptor/ligand interactions. A
polynucleotide of the invention can encode a polypeptide exhibiting such characteristics. Examples of such receptors and ligands include, without limitation, cytokine receptors and their ligands, receptor lcinases and their ligands, receptor phosphatases and their ligands, receptors involved in cell-cell interactions and their ligands (including without limitation, cellular adhesion molecules (such as selectins, integrins and their ligands) and receptor/ligand pairs involved in antigen presentation, antigen recognition and development of cellular and humoral immune responses.
Receptors and ligands are also useful for screening of potential peptide or small molecule inhibitors of the relevant receptor/ligand interaction. A protein of the present invention (including, without limitation, fragments of receptors and ligands) may themselves be useful as inhibitors of receptor/ligand interactions.
The activity of a polypeptide of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
Suitable assays for receptor-ligand activity include without limitation those described in:
Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A. M. I~ruisbeek, D. H.
Margulies, E. M.
Shevach, W. Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley- Interscience (Chapter 7.28, Measurement of Cellular Adhesion under static conditions 7.28.1- 7.28.22), Talcai et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6864-6868, 1987; Bierer et al., J. Exp. Med. 168:1145-1156, 1988;
Rosenstein et al., J. Exp. Med. 169:149-160 1989; Stoltenborg et al., J.
Immunol. Methods 175:59-68, 1994; Stitt et al., Cell 80:661-670, 1995.
By way of example, the polypeptides of the invention may be used as a receptor for a ligand(s) thereby transmitting the biological activity of that ligand(s).
Ligands may be identified through binding assays, affinity chromatography, dihybrid screening assays, BIAcore assays, gel overlay assays, or other methods lazown in the art.
Studies characterizing drugs or proteins as agonist or antagonist or partial agonists or a partial antagonist require the use of other proteins as competing ligands. The polypeptides of the present invention or ligand(s) thereof may be labeled by being coupled to radioisotopes, colorimetric molecules or a toxin molecules by conventional methods. ("Guide to Protein Purification" Murray P. Deutscher (ed) Methods in Enzymology Vol. 182 (1990) Academic Press, Inc. San Diego). Examples of radioisotopes include, but are not limited to, tritiiun and carbon-14 . Examples of colorimetric molecules include, but are not limited to, fluorescent molecules such as fluorescamine, or rhodamine or other colorimetric molecules.
Examples of toxins include, but are not limited, to ricin.
4.10.13 DRUG SCREENING
This invention is particularly useful for screening chemical compounds by using the novel polypeptides or binding fragments thereof in any of a variety of drug'screening techniques.
The polypeptides or fragments employed in such a test may either be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface or located intracellularly. One method of drug screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the polypeptide or a fragment thereof. Drugs are screened against such transformed cells in competitive binding assays. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, can be used for standard binding assays. One may measure, for example, the formation of complexes between polypeptides of the invention or fragments and the agent being tested or examine the diminution in complex formation between the novel polypeptides and an appropriate cell line, which are well known in the art.
Sources for test compounds that may be screened for ability to bind to or modulate (i.e., increase or decrease) the activity of polypeptides of the invention include (1) inorganic and organic chemical libraries, (2) natural product libraries, and (3) combinatorial libraries comprised of either random or mimetic peptides, oligonucleotides or organic molecules.
Chemical libraries may be readily synthesized or purchased from a number of commercial sources, and may include structural analogs of known compounds or compounds that are identified as "hits" or "leads" via natural product screening.
The sources of natural product libraries are microorganisms (including bacteria and fungi), animals, plants or other vegetation, or marine organisms, and libraries of mixtures for screening may be created by: (1) fermentation and extraction of broths from soil, plant or marine microorganisms or (2) extraction of tile organisms themselves. Natural product libraries include polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and (non-naturally occurring) variants thereof. For a review, see Science 282:63-68 (1998).
Combinatorial libraries are composed of large numbers of peptides, oligonucleotides or organic compounds and can be readily prepared by traditional automated synthesis methods, PCR, cloning or proprietary synthetic methods. Of particular interest are peptide and oligonucleotide combinatorial libraries. Still other libraries of interest include peptide, protein, peptidomimetic, multiparallel synthetic collection, recombinatorial, and polypeptide libraries.
For a review of combinatorial chemistry and libraries created therefrom, see Myers, Cu~~~~. Opi32.
Biotech~ol. 8:701-707 (1997). For reviews and examples of peptidomimetic libraries, see Al-Obeidi et al., Mol. Biotechnol, 9(3):205-23 (1998); Hruby et al., Cun~ Opin Chem Biol, 1(1):114-19 (1997); Dorner et al., Bioo~°g Med Clzenz, 4(5):709-15 (1996) (alkylated dipeptides).
Identification of modulators through use of the various libraries described herein permits modification of the candidate "hit" (or "lead") to optimize the capacity of the "hit" to bind a polypeptide of the invention. The molecules identified in the binding assay are then tested for antagonist or agonist activity in in vivo tissue culture or animal models that are well known in the art. In brief, the molecules are titrated into a plurality of cell cultures or animals and then tested for either cell/animal death or prolonged survival of the animal/cells.
The bindirig molecules thus identified may be complexed with toxins, e.g., ricin or cholera, or with other compounds that are toxic to cells such as radioisotopes. The toxin-binding molecule complex is then targeted to a tumor or other cell by the specificity of the binding molecule for a polypeptide of the invention. Alternatively, the binding molecules may be complexed with imaging agents for targeting and imaging purposes.
4.10.14 ASSAY FOR RECEPTOR ACTIVITY
The invention also provides methods to detect specific binding of a polypeptide e.g. a ligand or a receptor. The art provides numerous assays particularly useful for identifying previously unknown binding partners for receptor polypeptides of the invention. For example, expression cloning using mammalian or bacterial cells, or dihybrid screening assays can be used to identify polynucleotides encoding binding partners. As another example, affinity chromatography with the appropriate immobilized polypeptide of the invention can be used to isolate polypeptides that recognize and bind polypeptides of the invention.
There are a number of different libraries used for the identification of compounds, and in particular small molecules, that modulate (i. e., increase or decrease) biological activity of a polypeptide of the invention.
Ligands for receptor polypeptides of the invention can also be identified by adding exogenous ligands, or coclctails of ligands to two cells populations that are genetically identical except for the expression of the receptor of the invention: one cell population expresses the receptor of the invention whereas the other does not. The response of the two cell populations to the addition of ligands(s) are then compared. Alternatively, an expression library can be co-expressed with the polypeptide of the invention in cells and assayed for an autocrine response to identify potential ligand(s). As still another example, BIAcore assays, gel overlay assays, or other methods known in the art can be used to identify binding partner polypeptides, including, (1) organic and inorganic chemical libraries, (2) natural product libraries, and (3) combinatorial libraries comprised of random peptides, oligonucleotides or organic molecules.
The role of dovmstream intracellular signaling molecules in the signaling cascade of the polypeptide of the invention can be determined. For example, a chimeric protein in which the cytoplasmic domain of the polypeptide of the invention is fused to the extracellular portion of a protein, whose ligand has been identified, is produced in a host cell. The cell is then incubated with the ligand specific for the extracellular portion of the chimeric protein, thereby activating the chimeric receptor. KnOWIl downstream proteins involved in intracellular signaling can then be assayed for expected modifications i.e. phosphorylation. Other methods known to those in the art can also be used to identify signaling molecules involved in receptor activity.
4.10.15 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY

Compositions of the present invention may also exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity may be achieved by providing a stimulus to cells involved in the inflammatory response, by inhibiting or promoting cell-cell interactions (such as, for example, cell adhesion), by inhibiting or promoting chemotaxis of cells involved in the inflammatory process, inhibiting or promoting cell. extravasation, or by stimulating or suppressing production of other factors which more directly inhibit or promote an inflammatory response. Compositions with such activities can be used to treat inflammatory conditions including chronic or acute conditions), including without limitation intimation associated with infection (such as septic shock, sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)), ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxin lethality, arthritis, complement-mediated hyperacute rejection, nephritis, cytokine or chemokine-induced lung injury, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease or resulting from over production of cytokines such as TNF or IL-1. Compositions of the invention may also be useful to treat anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity to an antigenic substance or material.
Compositions of this invention may be utilized to prevent or treat conditions such as, but not limited to, sepsis, acute pancreatitis, endotoxin shock, cytokine induced shock, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammatory arthritis, pancreatic cell damage from diabetes mellitus type l, graft versus host disease, inflammatory bowel disease, inflamation associated with pulmonary disease, other autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease, an antiproliferative agent such as for acute or chronic mylegenous leukemia or in the prevention of premature labor secondary to intrauterine infections.
4.10.16 LEUKEMIAS
Leulcemias and related disorders may be treated or prevented by administration of a therapeutic that promotes or inhibits function of the polynucleotides and/or polypeptides of the invention. Such leukemias and related disorders include but are not limited to acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, erythroleukemia, chronic leukemia, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (for a review of such disorders, see Fishman et al., 1985, Medicine, 2d Ed., J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia).
4.10.17 NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS
Nervous system disorders, involving cell types which can be tested for efficacy of intervention with compounds that modulate the activity of the polynucleotides and/or polypeptides of the invention, and which can be treated upon thus observing an indication of therapeutic utility, include but are not limited to nervous system injuries, and diseases or disorders which result in either a disconnection of axons, a diminution or degeneration of neurons, or demyelination. Nervous system lesions which may be treated in a patient (including human and non-human mammalian patients) according to the invention include but are not limited to the following lesions of either the central (including spinal cord, brain) or peripheral nervous systems:
(i) traumatic lesions, including lesions caused by physical injury or associated with surgery, for example, lesions which sever a portion of the nervous system, or compression injuries;
(ii) ischemic lesions, in which a lack of oxygen in a portion of the nervous system results u1 neuronal injury or death, including cerebral infarction or ischemia, or spinal cord infarction or ischemia;
(iii) infectious lesions, in which a portion of the nervous system is destroyed or injured as a result of infection, for example, by an abscess or associated with infection by human immunodeficiency virus, herpes zoster, or herpes simplex virus or with Lyme disease, tuberculosis, syphilis;
(iv) degenerative lesions, in which a portion of the nervous system is destroyed or injured as a result of a degenerative process including but not limited to degeneration associated with.Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;
(v) lesions associated with nutritional diseases or disorders, in which a portion of the nervous system is destroyed or injured by a nutritional disorder or disorder of metabolism including but not limited to, vitamin B 12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, Wernicke disease, tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, Marchiafava-Bignami disease (primary degeneration of the corpus callosum), and alcoholic cerebellar degeneration;
(vi) neurological lesions associated with systemic diseases including but not limited to diabetes (diabetic neuropathy, Bell's palsy), systemic lupus erythematosus, carcinoma, or sarcoidosis;
(vii) lesions caused by toxic substances including alcohol, lead, or particular neurotoxins; and (viii) demyelinated lesions in which a portion of the nervous system is destroyed or injured by a demyelinating disease including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus-associated myelopathy, transverse myelopathy or various etiologies, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and central pontine myelinolysis.
Therapeutics which are useful according to the invention for treatment of a nervous system disorder may be selected by testing for biological activity in promoting the survival or differentiation of neurons. For example, and not by way of limitation, therapeutics which elicit any of the following effects may be useful according to the invention:
(i) increased survival time of neurons in culture;
(ii) increased sprouting of neurons in culture or in vivo;
(iii) increased production of a neuron-associated molecule in culture or i~
vivo, e.g., choline acetyltransferase or acetylcholinesterase with respect to motor neurons; or (iv) decreased symptoms of neuron dysfunction in vivo.
Such effects may be measured by any method known in the art. In prefeiTed, non-limiting embodiments, increased survival of neurons may be measured by the method set forth in Arakawa et al. (1990, J. Neurosci. 10:3507-3515); increased sprouting of neurons may be detected by methods set forth in Pestronk et al. (1980, Exp. Neurol. 70:65-82) or Brown et al.
(1981, Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 4:17-42); increased production of neuron-associated molecules may be measured by bioassay, enzymatic assay, antibody binding, Northern blot assay, etc., depending on the molecule to be measured; and motor neuron dysfunction may be measured by assessing the physical manifestation of motor neuron disorder, e.g., weakness, motor netuon conduction velocity, or functional disability.
In specific embodiments, motor neuron disorders that may be treated according to the invention include but are not limited to disorders such as infarction, infection, exposure to toxin, trauma, surgical damage, degenerative disease or malignancy that may affect motor neurons as well as other components of the nervous system, as well as disorders that selectively affect neurons such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and including but not limited to progressive spinal muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar palsy, primary lateral sclerosis, infantile and juvenile muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood (Fazio-Londe syndrome), poliomyelitis and the post polio syndrome, and Hereditary Motorsensory Neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease).
4.10.18 OTHER ACTIVITIES
A polypeptide of the invention may also exhibit one or more of the following additional activities or effects: inhibiting the growth, infection or function of, or killing, infectious agents, including, without limitation, bacteria, viruses, fungi and other parasites;
effecting (suppressing or enhancing) bodily characteristics, including, without limitation, height, weight, hair color, eye color, skin, fat to lean ratio or other tissue pigmentation, or organ or body part size or shape (such as, for example, breast augmentation or diminution, change in bone form or shape);
effecting biorhythms or circadian cycles or rhythms; effecting the fertility of male'or female subjects; effecting the metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, processing, utilization, storage or elimination of dietary fat, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals, co-factors or other nutritional factors or component(s); effecting behavioral characteristics, including, without limitation, appetite, libido, stress, cognition (including cognitive disorders), depression (including depressive disorders) and violent behaviors; providing analgesic effects or other pain reducing effects; promoting differentiation and growth of embryonic stem cells in lineages other than hematopoietic lineages; hormonal or endocrine activity; in the case of enzymes, correcting deficiencies of the enzyme and treating deficiency-related diseases; treatment of hyperproliferative disorders (such as, for example, psoriasis); immunoglobulin-like activity (such as, for example, the ability to bind antigens or complement); and the ability to act as an antigen in a vaccine composition to raise an immune response against such protein or another material or entity which is cross-reactive with such protein.
4.10.19 IDENTIFICATION OF POLYMORPHISMS
The demonstration of polymorphisms makes possible the identification of such polymorphisms in human subjects and the pharmacogenetic use ofthis information for diagnosis and treatment. Such polymorphisms may be associated with, e.g., differential predisposition or susceptibility to various disease states (such as disorders involving inflammation or immune response) or a differential response to drug administration, and this genetic information can be used to tailor preventive or therapeutic treatment appropriately. For example, the existence of a polymorphism associated with a predisposition to inflammation or autoirmnune disease malces possible the diagnosis of this condition in humans by identifying the presence of the polymorphism.
Polymorphisms can be identified in a variety of ways known in the art which all generally involve obtaining a sample from a patient, analyzing DNA from the sample, optionally involving isolation or amplification of the DNA, and identifying the presence of the polymorphism in the DNA. For example, PCR may be used to amplify an appropriate fragment of genomic DNA which may then be sequenced. Alternatively, the DNA may be subjected to allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization (in which appropriate oligonucleotides are hybridized to the DNA under conditions permitting detection of a single base mismatch) or to a single nucleotide extension assay (in which an oligonucleotide that hybridizes immediately adjacent to the position of the polymorphism is extended with one or more labeled nucleotides).
In addition, traditional restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (using restriction enzymes that provide differential digestion of the genomic DNA depending on the presence or absence of the polymorphism) may be performed. Arrays with nucleotide sequences of the present invention can be used to detect polymorphisms. The array can comprise modified nucleotide sequences of the present invention in order to detect the nucleotide sequences of the present invention. In the alternative, any one of the nucleotide sequences of the present invention can be placed on the array to detect changes from those sequences.
Alternatively a polymorphism resulting in a change in the amino acid sequence could also be detected by detecting a corresponding change in amino acid sequence of the protein, e.g., by an antibody specific to the variant sequence.
4.10.20 ARTHRITIS AND INFLAMMATION
The immunosuppressive effects of the compositions of the invention against rheumatoid arthritis is determined in an experimental animal model system. The experimental model system is adjuvant induced arthritis in rats, and the protocol is described by J.
Holoshitz, et at., 1983, Science, 219.56, or by B. Waksman et al., 1963, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl.
Immunol., 23:129.
Induction of the disease can be caused by a single injection, generally intradermally, of a suspension of killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The route of injection can vary, but rats may be injected at the base of the tail with an adjuvant mixture. The polypeptide is administered in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) at a dose of about 1-5 mg/kg. The control consists of administering PBS only.
The procedure for testing the effects of the test compound would consist of intradermally injecting killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in CFA followed by immediately administering the test compound and subsequent treatment every other day until day 24. At 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, and 24 days after injection of Mycobacterium CFA, an overall arthritis score may be obtained as described by J. Holoskitz above. An analysis of the data would reveal that the test compound would have a dramatic affect on the swelling of the joints as measured by a decrease of the arthritis score.
4.11 THERAPEUTIC METHODS
The compositions (including polypeptide fragments, analogs, variants and antibodies or other binding partners or modulators including antisense polynucleotides) of the invention have numerous applications in a variety of therapeutic methods. Examples of therapeutic applications include, but are not limited to, those exemplified herein.
4.11.1 EXAMPLE
One embodiment of the invention is the administration of an effective amount of the .
polypeptides or other composition of the invention to individuals affected by a disease or disorder that can be modulated by regulating the peptides of the invention.
While the mode of administration is not particularly important, parenteral administration is preferred. An exemplary mode of administration is to deliver an intravenous bolus. The dosage of the polypeptides or other composition of the invention will normally be determined by the prescribing physician. It is to be expected that the dosage will vary according to the age, weight, condition and response of the individual patient. Typically, the amount of polypeptide administered per dose will be in the range of about 0.01 ~g/kg to 100 mg/kg of body weight, with the preferred dose being about 0.1 ~g/kg to 10 mg/lcg of patient body weight.
For parenteral administration, polypeptides of the invention will be formulated in an injectable form combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle. Such vehicles axe well known in the art and examples include water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and solutions consisting of small amounts of the human serum albumin. The vehicle may contain minor amounts of additives that maintain the isotonicity and stability of the polypeptide or other active ingredient.
The preparation of such solutions is within the skill of the art.
4.12 PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS AND ROUTES OF
ADMINISTRATION
A protein or other composition of the present invention (fiom whatever source derived, including without limitation from recombinant and non-recombinant sources and including antibodies and other binding partners of the polypeptides of the invention) may be administered to a patient in need, by itself, or in pharmaceutical compositions where it is mixed with suitable carriers or excipient(s) at doses to treat or ameliorate a variety of disorders. Such a composition may optionally contain (in addition to protein or other active ingredient and a carrier) diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials well known in the art. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient(s). The characteristics of the carrier will depend on the route of administration. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also contain cytokines, lymphokines, or other hematopoietic factors such as M-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IFN, TNFO, TNFl, TNF2, G-CSF, Meg-CSF, thrombopoietin, stem cell factor, and erytluopoietin. In further compositions, proteins of the invention may be combined with other agents beneficial to the treatment of the disease or disorder in question. These agents include various growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factors (TGF-a, and TGF-(3), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), as well as cytokines described herein.

The pharmaceutical composition may further contain other agents which either enhance the activity of the protein or other active ingredient or complement its activity or use in treatment. Such additional factors and/or agents may be included in the pharmaceutical composition to produce a synergistic effect with protein or other active ingredient of the invention, or to minimize side effects. Conversely, protein or other active ingredient of the present invention may be included in formulations of the particular clotting factor, cytokine, lymphokine, other hematopoietic factor, thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factor, or anti-inflammatory agent to minimize side effects of the clotting factor, cytokine, lymphokine, other hematopoietic factor, thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factor, or anti-inflammatory agent (such as IL-lRa, IL-1 Hyl, IL-1 Hy2, anti-TNF, corticosteroids, immimosuppressive agents). A protein of the present invention may be active in multimers (e.g., heterodimers or homodimers) or complexes with itself or other proteins. As a result, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise a protein of the invention in such multimeric or complexed form.
As an alternative to being included in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention including a first protein, a second protein or a therapeutic agent may be concurrently administered with the first protein (e.g., at the same time, or at differing times provided that therapeutic concentrations of the combination of agents is achieved at the treatment site).
Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds of the instant application may be fOLllld in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences," Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, latest edition. A therapeutically effective dose further refers to that amount of the compound sufficient to result in amelioration of symptoms, e.g., treatment, healing, prevention or amelioration of the relevant medical condition, or an increase in rate of treatment, healing, prevention or amelioration of such conditions. When applied to an individual active ingredient, administered alone, a therapeutically effective dose refers to that ingredient alone. When applied to a combination, a therapeutically effective dose refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously.
In practicing the method of treatment or use of the present invention, a therapeutically effective amount of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention is administered to a mammal having a condition to be treated. Protein or other active ingredient of the present invention may be administered in accordance with the method of the invention either alone or in combination with other therapies such as treatments employing cytokines, lympholcines or other hematopoietic factors. When co- administered with one or more cytokines, lymphokines or other hematopoietic factors, protein or other active ingredient of the present invention may be administered either simultaneously with the cytolcine(s), lymphokine(s), other hematopoietic factor(s), thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factors, or sequentially. If administered sequentially, the attending physician will decide on the appropriate sequence of administering protein or other active ingredient of the present invention in combination with cytokine(s), lymphokine(s), other hematopoietic factor(s), thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factors.
4.12.1 ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
Suitable routes of administration may, for example, include oral, rectal, transmucosal, or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections. Administration of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention used in the pharmaceutical composition or to practice the method of the present invention can be carried out in a variety of conventional ways, such as oral ingestion, inhalation, topical application or cutaneous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, parenteral or intravenous injection. Intravenous administration to the patient is preferred.
Alternately, one may administer the compound in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the compound directly into a arthritic joints or in fibrotic tissue, often in a depot or sustained release formulation. In order to prevent the scarring process frequently occurring as complication of glaucoma surgery, the compounds may be administered topically, for example, as eye drops. Furthermore, one may administer the drug in a targeted drug delivery system, for example, in a liposome coated with a specific antibody, targeting, for example, arthritic or fibrotic tissue. The liposomes will be targeted to and taken up selectively by the afflicted tissue.
The polypeptides of the invention are administered by any route that delivers an effective dosage to the desired site of action. The determination of a suitable route of administration and an effective dosage for a particular indication is within the level of skill in the art. Preferably for wound treatment, one administers the therapeutic compound directly to the site. Suitable dosage ranges for the polypeptides of the invention can be extrapolated from these dosages or from similar studies in appropriate animal models. Dosages can then be adjusted as necessary by the clinician to provide maximal therapeutic benefit.
4.12.2 COMPOSITIONS/FORMULATIONS
Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in a conventional mamer using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. These pharmaceutical compositions may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
When a therapeutically effective amount of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention is administered orally, protein or other active ingredient of the present invention will be in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, solution or elixir. When administered in tablet form, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may additionally contain a solid carrier such as a gelatin or an adjuvant. The tablet, capsule, and powder contain from about 5 to 95% protein or other active ingredient of the present invention, and preferably from about 25 to 90% protein or other active ingredient of the present invention. When administered in liquid form, a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, oils of animal or plant origin such as peanut oil, mineral oil, soybean oil, or sesame oil, or synthetic oils may be added. The liquid fomn of the pharmaceutical composition may further contain physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution, or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.
I5 When administered in liquid form, the pharmaceutical composition contains from about 0.5 to 90% by weight of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention, and preferably from about 1 to 50% protein or other active ingredient of the present invention.
When a therapeutically effective amount of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention is administered by intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, protein or other active ingredient of the present invention will be in the form of a pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solution. The preparation of such parenterally acceptable protein or other active ingredient solutions, having due regard to pH, isotonicity, stability, and the like, is within the skill in the art. A preferred pharmaceutical composition for intravenous, cutaneous, or subcutaneous injection should contain, in addition to protein or other active ingredient of the present invention, an isotonic vehicle such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection, or other vehicle as known in the art. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also contain stabilizers, preservatives, buffers, antioxidants, or other additives known to those of skill in the art. For injection, the agents of the invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
For oral administration, the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well lmown in the art. Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained from a solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If desired, disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate. Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, caxbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration. For buccal administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
For administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampules or in mufti-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
Phamnaceutical formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
The compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides. In addition to the formulations described previously, the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
Thus, for example, the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
A pharmaceutical carrier for the hydrophobic compounds of the invention is a co-solvent system comprising benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase. The co-solvent system may be the VPD co-solvent system. VPD
is a solution of 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% wlv of the nonpolar surfactant polysorbate 80, and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300, made up to volume in absolute ethanol. The VPD co-solvent system (VPD:SVi~ consists of VPD diluted 1:1 with a 5% dextrose in water solution.
This co-solvent system dissolves hydrophobic compounds well, and itself produces low toxicity upon systemic administration. Naturally, the proportions of a co-solvent system may be varied considerably without destroying its solubility and toxicity characteristics. Furthermore, the identity of the co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other low-toxicity nonpolar surfactants may be used instead of polysorbate 80; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose. Alternatively, other delivery systems for hydrophobic pharmaceutical compounds may be employed. Liposomes and emulsions are well known examples of delivery vehicles or carriers for hydrophobic drugs. Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide also may be employed, although usually at the cost of greater toxicity.
Additionally, the compounds may be delivered using a sustained-release system, such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the therapeutic agent.
Various types of sustained-release materials have been established and are well known by those skilled in the art. Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature, release the compounds for a few weeks up to over 100 days. Depending on the chemical nature and the biological stability of the therapeutic reagent, additional strategies for protein or other active ingredient stabilization may be employed.
10~ The pharmaceutical compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients. Examples of such carriers or exeipients include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols. Many of the active ingredients of the invention may be provided as salts with pharmaceutically compatible counter ions. Such pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the flee acids and which are obtained by reaction with inorganic or organic bases such as sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonia, trialkylamine, dialkylamine, monoalkylamine, dibasic amino acids, sodium acetate, potassium benzoate, triethanol amine and the like.
The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be in the form of a complex of the proteins) or other active ingredients) of present invention along with protein or peptide antigens. The protein and/or peptide antigen will deliver a stimulatory signal to both B and T
lymphocytes. B lymphocytes will respond to antigen through their surface immunoglobulin receptor. T lymphocytes will respond to antigen through the T cell receptor (TCR) following presentation of the antigen by MHC proteins. MHC and structurally related proteins iizcluding those encoded by class I and class II MHC genes on host cells will serve to present the peptide antigens) to T lymphocytes. The antigen components could also be supplied as purified MHC-peptide complexes alone or with co-stimulatory molecules that can directly signal T cells.
Alternatively antibodies able to bind surface immunoglobulin and other molecules on B cells as well as antibodies able to bind the TCR and other molecules on T cells can be combined with the pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be in the form of a liposome in which protein of the present invention is combined, in addition to other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, with amphipathic agents such as lipids which exist in aggregated form as micelles, insoluble monolayers, liquid crystals, or lamellar layers in aqueous solution. Suitable lipids for liposomal formulation include, without limitation, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sulfatides, lysolecithins, phospholipids, saponin, bile acids, and the like.
Preparation of such liposomal formulations is within the level of skill in the art, as disclosed, for example, in U.S.
Patent Nos. 4,235,871; 4,501,728; 4,837,028; and 4,737,323, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The amount of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will depend upon the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and on the nature of prior treatments which the patient has undergone. Ultimately, the attending physician will decide the amount of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention with which to treat each individual patient. Initially, the attending physician will administer low doses of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention and observe the patient's response. Larger doses of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention may be administered until the optimal therapeutic effect is obtained for the patient, and at that point the dosage is not increased further. It is contemplated that the various pharmaceutical compositions used to practice the method of the present invention should contaiil about 0.01 p,g to about 100 mg (preferably about 0.1 ~g to about 10 mg, more preferably about 0.1 ~g to about 1 mg) of protein or other active ingredient of the present invention per kg body weight. For compositions of the present invention which axe useful for bone, cartilage, tendon or ligament regeneration, the therapeutic method includes administering the composition topically, systematically, or locally as an implant or device. When administered, the therapeutic composition for use in this invention is, of course, in a pyrogen-free, physiologically acceptable form. Further, the composition may desirably be encapsulated or injected in a viscous form for delivery to the site of bone, cartilage or tissue damage. Topical administration may be suitable for wound healing and tissue repair. Therapeutically useful agents other than a protein or other active ingredient of the invention which may also optionally be included in the composition as described above, may alternatively or additionally, be administered simultaneously or sequentially with the composition in the methods of the invention. Preferably for bone andlor cartilage formation, the composition would include a matrix capable of delivering the protein-containing or other active ingredient-containing composition to the site of bone and/or cartilage damage, providing a structure for the developing bone and cartilage and optimally capable of being resorbed into the body. Such matrices may be formed of materials presently in use for other implanted medical applications.
The choice of matrix material is based on biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, cosmetic appearance and interface properties. The particular application of the compositions will define the appropriate formulation. Potential matrices for the compositions may be biodegradable and chemically defined calcium sulfate, tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid and polyanhydrides. Other potential materials are biodegradable and biologically well-defined, such as bone or dermal collagen. Further matrices are comprised of pure proteins or extracellular matrix components.
Other potential matrices are nonbiodegradable and chemically defined, such as sintered hydroxyapatite, bioglass, aluminates, or other ceramics. Matrices may be comprised of combinations of any of the above mentioned types of material, such as polylactic acid and hydroxyapatite or collagen and tricalcium phosphate. The bioceramics may be altered in composition, such as in calcium-aluminate-phosphate and processing to alter pore size, particle size, particle shape, and biodegradability. Presently preferred is a 50:50 (mole weight) copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid in the form of porous particles having diameters ranging from 150 to 800 microns.
In some applications, it will be useful to utilize a sequestering agent, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or autologous blood clot, to prevent the protein compositions from disassociating from the matrix.
A preferred family of sequestering agents is cellulosic materials such as alkylcelluloses (including hydroxyallcylcelluloses), including methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose; hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose, the most preferred being cationic salts of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Other preferred sequestering agents include hyaluronic acid, sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol), polyoxyethylene oxide, carboxyvinyl polymer and polyvinyl alcohol).
The amount of sequestering agent useful herein is 0.5-20 wt %, preferably 1-10 wt % based on total formulation weight, which represents the amount necessary to prevent desoiption of the protein from the polymer matrix and to provide appropriate handling of the composition, yet not so much that the progenitor cells are prevented from infiltrating the matrix, thereby providing the protein the opportunity to assist the osteogenic activity of the progenitor cells. In fiu-ther compositions, proteins or other active ingredients of the invention may be combined with other agents beneficial to the treatment of the bone and/or cartilage defect, wound, or tissue in question. These agents include various growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factors (TGF-oc and TGF-(3), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF).
The therapeutic compositions are also presently valuable for veterinary applications.
Particularly domestic animals and thoroughbred horses, in addition to humans, are desired patients for such treatment with proteins or other active ingredients of the present invention. The dosage regimen of a protein-containing pharmaceutical composition to be used in tissue regeneration will be determined by the attending physician considering various factors which modify the action of the proteins, e.g., amount of tissue weight desired to be formed, the site of damage, the condition of the damaged tissue, the size of a wound, type of damaged tissue (e.g., bone), the patient's age, sex, and diet, the severity of any infection, time of administration and other clinical factors. The dosage may vary with the type of matrix used in the reconstitution and with inclusion of other proteins in the pharmaceutical composition. For example, the addition of other known growth factors, such as IGF I (insulin like growth factor I), to the final composition, may also effect the dosage. Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment of tissue/bone growth and/or repair, for example, X-rays, histomorphometric determinations and tetracycline labeling.
Polynucleotides of the present invention cam also be used for gene therapy.
Such polynucleotides can be introduced either in vivo or ex vivo into cells for expression in a maanmalian subj ect. Polynucleotides of the invention may also be administered by other known methods for introduction of nucleic acid into a cell or organism (including, without limitation, in the form of viral vectors or naked DNA). Cells may also be cultured ex vivo in the presence of proteins of the present invention in order to proliferate or to produce a desired effect on or activity in such cells. Treated cells can then be introduced in vivo for therapeutic purposes.
4.12.3 EFFECTIVE DOSAGE
Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an effective amount to achieve its intended purpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount effective to prevent development of or to alleviate the existing symptoms of the subject being treated. Determination of the effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein. For any compound used in the method of the invention; the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from appropriate in vitro assays. For example, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating concentration range that can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. For example, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating concentration range that includes the ICSO as determined in cell culture (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half maximal inhibition of the protein's biological activity).
Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of the compound that results in amelioration of symptoms or a prolongation of survival in a patient. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LDso (the dose lethal to SO% of the population) and the EDSO (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio between LDSO and EDSO. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred.
The data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the EDSO with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. See, e.g., Fingl et al., 1975, in "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Ch. 1 p.1. Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the desired effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC). The MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from i~ vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.
Dosage intervals can also be determined using MEC value. Compounds should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 50-90%. In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the drug may not be related to plasma concentration.
An exemplary dosage regimen for polypeptides or other compositions of the invention will be in the range of about 0.01 qg/kg to 100 mg/lcg of body weight daily, with the preferred dose being about 0.1 pgllcg to 25 mglkg of patient body weight daily, varying in adults and children. Dosing may be once daily, or equivalent doses may be delivered at longer or shorter intervals.
The amount of composition administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's age and weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician.
4.12.4 PACKAGING
The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. Compositions comprising a compound of the invention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
4.13 ANTIBODIES
Also included in the invention are antibodies to proteins, or fragments of proteins of the invention. The term "antibody" as used herein refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that specifically binds (immunoreacts with) an antigen. Such antibodies include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, Fab, Fan° and F~a~~~2 fragments, and an Fab expression library. In general, an antibody molecule obtained from humans relates to any of the classes IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD, which differ from one another by the nature of the heavy chain present in the molecule. Certain classes have subclasses as well, such as IgGI, IgG2, and others. Furthermore, in humans, the light chain may be a kappa chain or a lambda chain. Reference herein to antibodies includes a reference to all such classes, subclasses and types of human antibody species.
An isolated related protein of the invention may be intended to serve as an antigen, or a portion or fragment thereof, and additionally can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that immunospecifically bind the antigen, using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. The full-length protein can be used or, alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide fragments of the antigen for use as immunogens. An antigenic peptide fragment comprises at Least 6 amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of the full length protein, such as the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID
N0: 246-490, and encompasses an epitope thereof such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with the full length protein or with any fragment that contains the epitope.
Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at least 10 amino acid residues, or at least 15 amino acid residues, or at least 20 amino acid residues, or at least 30 amino acid residues. Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are regions of the protein that are located on its surface; commonly these are hydrophilic regions.
In certain embodiments of the invention, at least one epitope encompassed by the antigenic peptide is a region of -related protein that is located on the surface of the protein, e.g., a hydrophilic region. A hydrophobicity analysis of the human related protein sequence will indicate which regions of a related protein are particularly hydrophilic and, therefore, are likely to encode surface residues useful for targeting antibody production. As a means for targeting antibody production, hydropathy plots showing regions of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity may be generated by any method well laiown in the art, including, for example, the I~yte Doolittle or the Hopp Woods methods, either with or without Fourier transformation. See, e.g., Hopp and Woods, 1981, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 3824-3828; Kyte and Doolittle 1982, J.
Mol. Biol. 157: 105-142, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Antibodies that are specific for one or more domains within an antigenic protein, or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof, are also provided herein.
A protein of the invention, or a derivative, fragment, analog, homolog or ortholog thereof, may be utilized as an immunogen in the generation of antibodies that immunospecifically bind these protein components.
Various procedures known within the art may be used for the production of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies directed against a protein of the invention, or against derivatives, fragments, analogs homologs or onhologs thereof (see, for example, Antibodies:
A Laboratory Manual, Harlow E, and Lane D, 1988, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, incorporated herein by reference). Some of these antibodies are discussed below.
4.13.1 POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES
For the production of polyclonal antibodies, various suitable host animals (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse or other mammal) may be immunized by one or more injections with the native protein, a synthetic variant thereof, or a derivative of the foregoing. An appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example, the naturally occurring immunogenic protein, a chemically synthesized polypeptide representing the immunogenic protein, or a recombinantly expressed immunogenic protein. Furthermore, the protein may be conjugated to a second protein known to be immunogenic in the mammal being immunized.
Examples of such immunogenic proteins include but are not limited to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, and soybean trypsin ii~lubitor. The preparation can further include an adjuvant. Various adjuvants used to increase the immunological response include, but are not limited to, Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), surface active substances (e.g., lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, dinitrophenol, etc.), adjuvants usable in humans such as Bacille Calmette-Guerin and Corynebacterium parvum, or similar immunostimulatory agents. Additional examples of adjuvants which can be employed include MPL-TDM adjuvant (monophosphoryl Lipid A, synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate).
The polyclonal antibody molecules directed against the immunogenic protein can be isolated fiom the mammal (e.g., from the blood) and further purified by well known techniques, such as affinity chromatography using protein A or protein G, which provide primarily the IgG
fraction of immune serum. Subsequently, or alternatively, the specific antigen which is the target of the immunoglobulin sought, or an epitope thereof, may be immobilized on a column to purify the immune specific antibody by immunoaffinity chromatography.
Purification of immunoglobulins is discussed, for example, by D. Wilkinson (The Scientist, published by The Scientist, Inc., Philadelphia PA, Vol. 14, No. 8 (April 17, 2000), pp. 25-28).
4.13.2 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
The term "monoclonal antibody" (MAb) or "monoclonal antibody composition", as used herein, refers to a population of antibody molecules that contain only one molecular species of antibody molecule consisting of a unique light chain gene product and a unique heavy chain gene product. In particular, the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the monoclonal antibody are identical in all the molecules of the population. MAbs thus contain an antigen binding site capable of imtnunoreacting with a particular epitope of the antigen characterized by a unique binding affinity for it.
Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using hybridoma methods, such as those described byKohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975). In a hybridoma method, a mouse, hamster, or other appropriate host animal, is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent. Alternatively, the lymphocytes can be immunized in vitro.
The immunizing agent will typically include the protein antigen, a fragment thereof or a fusion protein thereof. Generally, either peripheral blood lymphocytes are used if cells of human origin are desired, or spleen cells or lymph node cells are used if non-human mammalian sources are desired. The lymphocytes are then fused with an immortalized cell line using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies:
Principles and Practice, Academic Press, (1986) pp. 59-103). Immortalized cell lines are usually transformed manlinalian cells, particularly myeloma cells'of rodent, bovine and human origin.
Usually, rat or mouse myeloma cell lines are employed. The hybridoma cells can be cultured in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, immortalized cells. For example, if the parental cells laclc the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine ("HAT
medium"), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.
Preferred immortalized cell lines are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high level expression of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium. More preferred immortalized cell lines are murine myeloma lines, which can be obtained, for instance, from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California and the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia. Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal aaztibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol., 133:3001 (1984); Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, Marcel Delcker, Inc., New Yorlc, (1987) pp.
51-63).
The culture medium in which the hybridoma cells are cultured can then be assayed for the presence of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen.
Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybridoma cells is determined by imrnunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Such techniques and assays are knovm in the art. The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson and Pollard, Anal. Biochem., 107:220 (1980).
Preferably, antibodies having a high degree of specificity and a high binding affinity for the target antigen are isolated.
After the desired hybridoma cells are identified, the clones can be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods. Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium and RPMI-1640 medium.
Alternatively, the hybridoma cells can be grown in vivo as ascites in a marmnal.
The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones can be isolated or purified from the culture medium or ascites fluid by conventional immunoglobulili purification procedures such as, for example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
The monoclonal antibodies can also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567. DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies). The hybridoma cells of the invention serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA can be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovaxy (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells. The DNA also can be modified, for example, by substituting the coding sequence for human heavy and light chain constant domains in place of the homologous mw-ine sequences (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567;
Morrison, Nature 368, 812-13 (1994)) or by covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or part ofthe coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide. Such a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide can be substituted for the constant domains of an antibody of the invention, or can be substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody of the invention to create a chimeric bivalent antibody.
4.13.3 HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES
The antibodies directed against the protein antigens of the invention can further comprise humanized antibodies or human antibodies. These antibodies are suitable for administration to humans without engendering an immune response by the human against the administered immunoglobulin. Humanized forms of antibodies are chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab')2 or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) that are principally comprised of the sequence of a human immunoglobulin, and contain minimal sequence derived from a non-human immunoglobulin.
Hwnanization can be performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988);
Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. (See also U.S. Patent No.
5,225,539.) In some instances, Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Hwnanized antibodies can also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-hwnan immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin (Jones et al., 1986; Riechmann et al., 1988; and Presta, Curr.
Op. Struct. Biol., 2:593-596 (1992)).
4.13.4 HUMAN ANTIBODIES
Fully human antibodies relate to antibody molecules in which essentially the entire sequences of both the light chain and the heavy chain, including the CDRs, arise from human genes. Such antibodies are termed "human antibodies", or "fully human antibodies" herein.
Human monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by the trioma technique; the human B-cell hybridoma technique (see Kozbor, et al., 1983 Immunol Today 4: 72) and the EBV
hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (see Cole, et al., 1985 In:
MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES AND CANCER THERAPY, Alan R. Liss, W c., pp. 77-96). Human monoclonal antibodies may be utilized in the practice of the present invention and may be produced by using human hybridomas (see Cote, et al., 1983. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 2026-2030) or by transforming human B-cells with Epstein Barr Virus in vitro (see Cole, et al., 1985 In:
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CANCER THERAPY, Alari R. L1SS, IriC., pp. 77-96).
In addition, human antibodies can also be produced using additional techniques, including phage display libraries (Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381 (1991);
Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581 (1991)). Similarly, human antibodies can be made by introducing human immunoglobulin loci into transgenic animals, e.g., mice in which the endogenous immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated.
Upon challenge, human antibody production is observed, which closely resembles that seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, assembly, and antibody repertoire. This approach is described, for example, in U.S. PatentNos. 5,545,807; 5,545,806; 5,569,825;
5,625,126;
5,633,425; 5,661,016, and in Marks et al. (Bio/Technolo~y 10, 779-783 (1992));
Lonberg et al.
(Nature 368 856-859 (1994)); Morrison ( Nature 368, 812-13 (1994)); Fishwild et al,( Nature Bioteclmolo~y 14, 845-51 (1996)); Neuberger (Nature Biotechnolo~y 14, 826 (1996)); and Lonberg and Huszar (Intern. Rev. Immunol. 13 65-93 (1995)).
Human antibodies may additionally be produced using transgenic nonhuman animals which are modified so as to produce fully human antibodies rather than the animal's endogenous antibodies in response to challenge by an antigen. (See PCT publication W094/02602). The endogenous genes encoding the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains in the nonhuman host have been incapacitated, and active loci encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulins are inserted into the host's genome. The human genes are incorporated, for example, using yeast artificial chromosomes containing the requisite human DNA segments. An animal which provides all the desired modifications is then obtained as progeny by crossbreeding intermediate transgenic animals containing fewer than the full complement of the modifications. The preferred embodiment of such a nonhuman animal is a mouse, and is termed the XenomouseTM
as disclosed in PCT publications WO 96/33735 and WO 96/34096. This animal produces B cells which secrete fully human immunoglobulins. The antibodies can be obtained directly from the animal after immunization with an immunogen of interest, as, for example, a preparation of a polyclonal antibody, or alternatively from immortalized B cells derived from the animal, such as hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, the genes encoding the immunoglobulins with human variable regions can be recovered and expressed to obtain the antibodies directly, or can be further modified to obtain analogs of antibodies such as, for example, single chain Fv molecules.

An example of a method of producing a nonhuman host, exemplified as a mouse, lacking expression of an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain is disclosed in U.S.
Patent No.
5,939,598. It can be obtained by a method including deleting the J segment genes from at least one endogenous heavy chain locus in an embryonic stem cell to prevent rearrangement of the locus and to prevent formation of a transcript of a rearranged immuno~lobulin heavy chain locus, the deletion being effected by a targeting vector containing a gene encoding a selectable marker;
and producing from the embryonic stem cell a transgenic mouse whose somatic and germ cells contain the gene encoding the selectable marker.
A method for producing an antibody of interest, such as a human antibody, is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,916,771. It includes introducing an expression vector that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain into one mammalian host cell in culture, introducing an expression vector containing a nucleotide sequence encoding a light chain into another mammalian host cell, and fusing the two cells to form a hybrid cell. The hybrid cell expresses an antibody containing the heavy chain and the light chain.
In a further improvement on this procedure, a method for identifying a clinically relevant epitope on an imxnunogen, and a correlative method for selecting an antibody that binds immunospecifically to the relevant epitope with high affinity, are disclosed in PCT publication WO 99/53049.
4.13.5 Fab FRAGMENTS AND SINGLE CHAIN ANTIBODIES
According to the invention, techniques can be adapted for the production of single-chain antibodies specific to an antigenic protein of the invention (see e.g., U.S.
Patent No. 4,946,778).
In addition, methods can be adapted for the construction of Fab expression libraries (see e.g., Huse, et al., 1989 Science 246: 1275-1281) to allow rapid and effective identification of monoclonal Fay fragments with the desired specificity for a protein or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof. Antibody fragments that contain the idiotypes to a protein antigen may be produced by techniques known in the art including, but not limited to:
(i) an F~ab~)z fragment produced by pepsin digestion of an antibody molecule; (ii) an Fflb fragment generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of an F~ab')2 fragment; (iii) an Fab fragment generated by the treatment of the antibody molecule with papain and a reducing agent and (iv) F~ fragments.
4.13.6 BISPECIFIC ANTIBODIES
Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal, preferably human or humauzed, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different antigens. In the present case, one of the binding specificities is for an antigenic protein of the invention. The second binding target is any other antigen, and advantageously is a cell-surface protein or receptor or receptor subunit.
Methods for malting bispecific antibodies are known in the art. Traditionally, the recombinant production of bispecific antibodies is based on the co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy-chain/light-chain pairs, where the two heavy chains have different specificities (Milstein and Cuello, Nature, 305:537-539 (1983)). Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of ten different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific structure. The purification of the correct molecule is usually accomplished by affinity chromatography steps. Similar procedures are disclosed in WO 93/08829, published 13 May 1993, and in Trauneclcer et al., 1991 EMBO J., 10:3655-3659.
Antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining sites) can be fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. The fusion preferably is with an immLmoglobulin heavy-chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant region (CHl) containing the site necessary for light-chain binding present in at least one of the fusions.
DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy-chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism. For further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al., Methods in Enzymolo~y_, 121:210 (1986).
According to another approach described in WO 96/2701 l, the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recombinant cell culture. The preferred interface comprises at least a part of the CH3 region of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g.
tyrosine or tryptophan). Compensatory "cavities" of identical or similar size to the large side chains) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g. alanine or threonine). This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers.
Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g.
F(ab')Z bispecific antibodies). Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have been described in the literature. For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical liutage. Brerman et al., Science 229:81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab')Z
fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab' fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab'-TNB
derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab'-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the other Fab'-TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes.
Additionally, Fab' fragments can be directly recovered from E. colt and chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies. Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med. 175:217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized bispecific antibody F(ab')2 molecule. Each Fab' fragment was separately secreted from E. colt and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the ErbB2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well as trigger the lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast tumor targets.
Various techniques for malting and isolating bispeciflc antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been described. For example, bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al., J. hnlnunol. 148(5):1547-1553 (1992). The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab' portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion. The antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody homodimers. The "diabody"
technology described by Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for making bispecific antibody fragments. The fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VL) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain.
Accordingly, the V,j and VL domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary VL and VH
domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
Another strategy for making bispeciflc antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers has also been reported. See, Gruber et al., J. Immunol. 152:5368 (1994).
Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated. For example, trispecific antibodies can be prepared. Tutt et al., J. Immunol. 147:60 (1991).
Exemplary bispecific antibodies can bind to two different epitopes, at least one of which originates in the protein antigen of the invention. Alternatively, an anti-antigenic arm of an immunoglobulin molecule can be combined with an arm which blllds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g. CD2, CD3, CD28, or B7), or Fc receptors for IgG (FcyR), such as FcyRI (CD64), Fc~yRII (CD32) and FcyRIII (CD 16) so as to focus cellular defense mechanisms to the cell expressing the particular antigen. Bispecific antibodies can also be used to direct cytotoxic agents to cells which express a particular antigen. These antibodies possess an antigen-binding arm and an arm which binds a cytotoxic agent or a radionuclide chelator, such as EOTUBE, DPTA, DOTA, or TETA. Another bispecific antibody of interest binds the protein antigen described herein and further binds tissue factor (TF).
4.13.7 HETEROCONJUGATE ANTIBODIES
Heteroconjugate antibodies are also within the scope of the present invention.
Heteroconjugate antibodies are composed of two covalently joined antibodies.
Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (LJ.S. Patent No. 4,676,980), and for treatment of HIV infection (WO 91100360; WO 92/200373;
EP 03089).
It is contemplated that the antibodies can be prepared in vitro using known methods in synthetic protein chemistry, including those involving crosslinking agents. For example, immunotoxins can be constructed using a disulfide exchange reaction or by forming a thioether bond.
Examples of suitable reagents for this purpose include iminothiolate and metlryl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate and those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
4,676,980.
4.13.8 EFFECTOR FUNCTION ENGINEERING
It can be desirable to modify the antibody of the invention with respect to effector function, so as to enhance, e.g., the effectiveness of the antibody in treating cancer. For example, cysteine residues) can be introduced into the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric antibody thus generated can have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). See Caron et al., J. Exp Med., 176:
1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, J. Immimol., 148: 2918-2922 (1992). Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced anti-tumor activity can also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al. Cancer Research, 53: 2560-2565 (1993). Alternatively, an antibody can be engineered that has dual Fc regions and can thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC
capabilities.
See Stevenson et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Design, 3: 219-230 (1989).
4.13.9 IMMUNOCONJUGATES
The invention also pertains to irmnunoconjugates comprising an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g., an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate).

Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the generation of such immunoconjugates have been described above. Enzyrnatically active toxins and fragments thereof that can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin, and the tricothecenes. A
variety of radionuclides are available for the production of radioconjugated antibodies.
Examples include 212Bi' 131I' 131In~ 90Y~ ~d lssRe.
Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein-coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidoberlzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene).
For example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al., Science, 238: 1098 (1987).
Carbon-14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See W094/11026.
In another embodiment, the antibody can be conjugated to a "receptor" (such as streptavidin) for utilization in tumor pretargeting wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a "ligand" (e.g., avidin) that is in tum conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.
4.14 COMPUTER READABLE SEQUENCES
In one application of this embodiment, a nucleotide sequence of the present invention can be recorded on computer readable media. As used herein, "computer readable media" refers to any medium which can be read and accessed directly by a computer. Such media include, but are not limited to: magnetic storage media, such as floppy discs, hard disc storage medium, and magnetic tape; optical storage media such as CD-ROM; electrical storage media such as RAM
and ROM; and hybrids of these categories such as magnetic/optical storage media. A skilled artisan can readily appreciate hOW any of the presently la-lown computer readable mediums can be used to create a manufacture comprising computer readable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of the present invention. As used herein, "recorded"
refers to a process for storing information on computer readable medium. A skilled artisan can readily adopt any of the presently known methods for recording information on computer readable medium to generate manufactures comprising the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention.
A variety of data storage structures are available to a skilled artisan for creating a computer readable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of the present invention. The choice of the data storage structure will generally be based on the means chosen to access the stored information. In addition, a variety of data processor programs and formats can be used to store the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention on computer readable medium. The sequence information can be represented in a word processing text file, formatted in commercially-available software such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word, or represented in the form of an ASCII file, stored in a database application, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, or the like. A skilled artisan can readily adapt any number of data processor structur ing formats (e.g. text file or database) in order to obtain computer readable medium having recorded thereon the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention.
By providing any of the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 1-245 or a representative fragment thereof; or a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 in computer readable form, a skilled artisan can routinely access the sequence information for a variety of purposes. Computer software is publicly available which allows a skilled artisan to access sequence information provided in a computer readable medium. The examples which follow demonstrate how software which implements the BLAST (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)) and BLAZE (Brutlag et al., Comp.
Chem. 17:203-207 (1993)) search algorithms on a Sybase system is used to identify open reading frames (ORFs) within a nucleic acid sequence. Such ORFs may be protein encoding fragments and may be useful in producing commercially important proteins such as enzymes used in fermentation reactions and in the production of commercially useful metabolites.
As used herein, "a computer-based system" refers to the hardware means, software means, and data storage means used to analyze the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention. The minimum hardware means of the computer-based systems of the present invention comprises a central processing unit (CPU), input means, output means, and data storage means. A skilled artisan can readily appreciate that any one of the currently available computer-based systems are suitable for use in the present invention. As stated above, the computer-based systems of the present invention comprise a data storage means having stored therein a nucleotide sequence of the present invention and the necessary hardware means and software means for suppouting and implementing a search means. As used herein, "data storage means" refers to memory which can store nucleotide sequence information of the present invention, or a memory access means which can access manufactures having recorded thereon the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention.
As used herein, "search means" refers to one or more programs which are implemented on the computer-based system to compare a target sequence or target structural motif with the sequence information stored within the data storage means. Search means are used to identify fragments or regions of a known sequence which match a particular target sequence or target motif. A variety of known algorithms are disclosed publicly and a variety of commercially available software for conducting search means are and can be used in the computer-based systems of the present invention. Examples of such software includes, but is not limited to, Smith-Waterman, MacPattern (EMBL), BLASTN and BLASTA (NPOLYPEPTIDEIA). A
skilled artisan can readily recognize that any one of the available algorithms or implementing software packages for conducting homology searches can be adapted for use in the present computer-based systems. As used herein, a "target sequence" can be any nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of six or more nucleotides or two or more aanino acids. A
skilled artisan can readily recognize that the longer a target sequence is, the less likely a target sequence will be present as a random occurrence in the database. The most preferred sequence length of a target sequence is from about 10 to 300 amino acids, more preferably from about 30 to 100 nucleotide residues. However, it is well recognized that searches for commercially important fiagments, such as sequence fragments involved in gene expression and protein processing, may be of .
shorter length.
As used herein, "a target structural motif," or "target motif," refers to any rationally selected sequence or combination of sequences in which the sequences) are chosen based on a three-dimensional configuration which is formed upon the folding of the target motif. There are a variety of target motifs known in the art. Protein target motifs include, but axe not limited to, enzyme active sites and signal sequences. Nucleic acid target motifs include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, hairpin structures and inducible expression elements (protein binding sequences).
4.15 TRIPLE HELIX FORMATION
In addition, the fragments of the present invention, as broadly described, can be used to control gene expxession tluough triple helix formation or antisense DNA or RNA, both of which methods are based on the blndmg of a polynucleotide sequence to DNA or RNA.
Polynucleotides suitable for use in these methods are preferably 20 to 40 bases in length and are designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription (triple helix - see Lee et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 6:3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science 15241:456 (1988); and Dervan et al., Science 251:1360 (1991)) or to the mRNA itself (antisense - Olmno, J.
Neurochem. 56:560 (1991); Oligodeoxynucleotides as Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL (1988)). Triple helix-formation optimally results in a shut-off of RNA transcription from DNA, while antisense RNA hybridization blocks translation of an mRNA
molecule into polypeptide. Both techniques have been demonstrated to be effective in model systems.
Information contained in the sequences of the present invention is necessary for the design of an antisense or triple helix oligonucleotide.
4.16 DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS AND KITS
The present invention further provides methods to identify the presence or expression of one of the ORFs of the present invention, or homolog thereof, in a test sample, using a nucleic acid probe or antibodies of the present invention, optionally conjugated or otherwise associated with a suitable label.
In general, methods for detecting a polynucleotide of the invention can comprise contacting a sample with a compound that binds to and forms a complex with the polynucleotide for a period sufficient to form the complex, and detecting the complex, so that if a complex is detected, a polynucleotide of the invention is detected in the sample. Such methods can also comprise contacting a sample under stringent hybridization conditions with nucleic acid primers that anneal to a polynucleotide of the invention under such conditions, and amplifying annealed polynucleotides, so that if a polynucleotide is amplified, a polynucleotide of the invention is detected in the sample.
In general, methods for detecting a polypeptide of the invention can comprise contacting a sample with a compound that binds to and forms a complex with the polypeptide for a period sufficient to form the complex, and detecting the complex, so that if a complex is detected, a polypeptide of the invention is detected in the sample.
In detail, such methods comprise incubating a test sample with one or more of the antibodies or one or more of the nucleic acid probes of the present invention and assaying for binding of the nucleic acid probes or antibodies to components within the test sample.
Conditions for incubating a nucleic acid probe or antibody with a test sample vary.
Incubation conditions depend on the format employed in the assay, the detection methods employed, and the type and nature of the nucleic acid probe or antibody used in the assay. One skilled in the axt will recognize that any one of the commonly available hybridization, amplification or irrununological assay formats can readily be adapted to employ the nucleic acid probes or antibodies of the present invention. Examples of such assays can be found in Chard, T., An Introduction to Radioimmunoassay and Related Techniques, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1986); Bullock, G.R. et al., Techniques in Immunocytochemistry, Academic Press, Orlando, FL Vol. 1 (1982), Vol. 2 (1983), Vol. 3 (1985);
Tijssen, P., Practice and Theory of immunoassays: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1985). The test samples of the present invention include cells, protein or membrane extracts of cells, or biological fluids such as sputum, blood, serum, plasma, or urine. The test sample used in the above-described method will vary based on the assay format, nature of the detection method and the tissues, cells or extracts used as the sample to be assayed. Methods for preparing protein extracts or membrane extracts of cells are well known in the art and can be readily be adapted in order to obtain a sample which is compatible with the system utilized.
In another embodiment of the present invention, kits are provided which contain the necessary reagents to carry out the assays of the present invention.
Specifically, the invention provides a compartment kit to receive, in close confinement, one or more containers which comprises: (a) a first container comprising one of the probes or antibodies of the present invention; and (b) one or more other containers comprising one or more of the following: wash reagents, reagents capable of detecting presence of a bound probe or antibody.
In detail, a compartment kit includes any kit in which reagents are contained in separate containers. Such containers include small glass containers, plastic containers or strips of plastic or paper. Such containers allows one to efficiently transfer reagents from one compartment to another compartment such that the samples and reagents are not cross-contaminated, and the agents or solutions of each container can be added in a quantitative fashion from one compartment to another. Such containers will include a container which will accept the test sample, a container which contains the antibodies used in the assay, containers which contain wash reagents (such as phosphate buffered saline, Tris-buffers, etc.), and containers which contain the reagents used to detect the bound antibody or probe. Types of detection reagents include labeled nucleic acid probes, labeled secondary antibodies, or in the alternative, if the primary antibody is labeled, the enzymatic, or antibody binding reagents which are capable of reacting with the labeled antibody. One skilled in the art will readily recognize that the disclosed probes and antibodies of the present invention can be readily incorporated into one of the established lcit formats which are well known in the art.
4.17 MEDICAL IMAGING
The novel polypeptides and binding partners of the invention are useful in medical imaging of sites expressing the molecules of the invention (e.g., where the polypeptide of the invention is involved in the immune response, for imaging sites of inflammation or infection).
See, e.g., Kunkel et al., U.S. Pat. NO. 5,413,778. Such methods involve chemical attachment of a labeling or imaging agent, administration of the labeled polypeptide to a subject in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and imaging the labeled polypeptide i~
vivo at the target site.
4.18 SCREENING ASSAYS
Using the isolated proteins and polynucleotides of the invention, the present invention further provides methods of obtaining and identifying agents which bind to a polypeptide encoded by an ORF corresponding to any of the nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:
1-245, or bind to a specific domain of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid. In detail, said method comprises the steps of:
(a) contacting an agent with an isolated protein encoded by an ORF of the present invention, or nucleic acid of the invention; and (b) determining whether the agent binds to said protein or said nucleic acid.
In general, therefore, such methods for identifying compounds that bind to a polynucleotide of the invention can comprise contacting a compound with a polynucleotide of the invention for a time sufficient to form a polynucleotide/compound complex, and detecting the complex, so that if a polynucleotide/compound complex is detected, a compound that binds to a polynucleotide of the invention is identified.
Likewise, in general, therefore, such methods for identifying compounds that bind to a polypeptide of the invention can comprise contacting a compound with a polypeptide of the invention for a time sufficient to form a polypeptide/compound complex, and detecting the complex, so that if a polypeptide/compound complex is detected, a compound that binds to a polynucleotide of the invention is identified.
Methods for identifying compounds that bind to a polypeptide of the invention can also comprise contacting a compound with a polypeptide of the invention in a cell for a time sufficient to form a polypeptide/compound complex, wherein the complex drives expression of a receptor gene sequence in the cell, and detecting the complex by detecting reporter gene sequence expression, so that if a polypeptide/compound complex is detected, a compound that binds a polypeptide of the invention is identified.
Compounds identified via such methods can include compounds which modulate the activity of a polypeptide of the invention (that is, increase or decrease its activity, relative to activity observed in the absence of the compound). Alternatively, compounds identified via such methods can include compounds which modulate the expression of a polynucleotide of the invention (that is, increase or decrease expression relative to expression levels observed in the absence of the compound). Compounds, such as compounds identified via the methods of the invention, can be tested using standard assays well laiown to those of skill in the art for their ability to modulate activity/expression.
The agents screened in the above assay can be, but are not limited to, peptides, carbohydrates, vitamin derivatives, or other pharmaceutical agents. The agents can be selected and screened at random or rationally selected or designed using protein modeling techniques.
For random screening, agents such as peptides, carbohydrates, pharmaceutical agents and the like are selected at random and are assayed for their ability to bind to the protein encoded by the ORF of the present invention. Alternatively, agents may be rationally selected or designed.
As used herein, an agent is said to be "rationally selected or designed" when the agent is chosen based on the configuration of the particular protein. For example, one skilled in the art can readily adapt currently available procedures to generate peptides, pharmaceutical agents and the like, capable of binding to a specific peptide sequence, in order to generate rationally designed antipeptide peptides, for example see Hurby et al., Application of Synthetic Peptides: Antisense Peptides," In Synthetic Peptides, A User's Guide, W.H. Freeman, NY (1992), pp.
289-307, and Kaspczak et al., Biochemistry 28:9230-8 (1989), or pharmaceutical agents, or the like.
In addition to the foregoing, one class of agents of the present invention, as broadly described, can be used to control gene expression through binding to one of the ORFs or EMFs of the present invention. As described above, such agents can be randomly screened or rationally designed/selected. Targeting the ORF or EMF allows a skilled artisan to design sequence specific or element specific agents, modulating the expression of either a single ORF or multiple ORFs which rely on the same EMF for expression control. One class of DNA binding agents are agents which contain base residues which hybridize or form a triple helix formation by binding to DNA or RNA. Such agents can be based on the classic phosphodiester, ribonucleic acid backbone, or can be a variety of sulfhydryh or polymeric derivatives which have base attachment capacity.
Agents suitable for use in these methods preferably contain 20 to 40 bases and are designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription (triple helix - see Lee et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 6:3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science 241:456 (1988); and Dervan et al., Science 251:1360 (1991)) or to the mRNA itself (antisense - Okano, J.
Neurochem. 56:560 (1991); Oligodeoxynucleotides as Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL (1988)). Triple helix-formation optimally results in a shut-off of RNA transcription from DNA, while antisense RNA hybridization blocks translation of an mRNA
molecule into pohypeptide. Both techniques have been demonstrated to,be effective in model systems.

Information contained in the sequences of the present invention is necessary for the design of an antisense or triple helix oligonucleotide and other DNA binding agents.
Agents which bind to a protein encoded by one of the ORFs of the present invention can be used as a diagnostic agent. Agents which bind to a protein encoded by one of the ORFs of the present invention can be formulated using known techniques to generate a pharmaceutical composition.
4.19 USE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AS PROBES
Another aspect of the subject invention is to provide for pohypeptide-specific nucleic acid hybridization probes capable of hybridizing with naturally occurring nucleotide sequences. The hybridization probes of the subject invention may be derived from any of the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO: 1-245. Because the corresponding gene is only expressed in a limited number of tissues, a hybridization probe derived from any of the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID
NO: 1-245 can be used as an indicator of the presence of RNA of cell type of such a tissue in a sample.
Any suitable hybridization technique can be employed, such as, for example, in situ hybridization. PCR as described in US Patents Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,965,188 provides additional uses for oligonucleotides based upon the nucleotide sequences. Such probes used in PCR may be of recombinaizt origin, may be chemically synthesized, or a mixture of both. The probe will comprise a discrete nucleotide sequence for the detection of identical sequences or a degenerate pool of possible sequences for identification of closely related genomic sequences.
Other means for producing specific hybridization probes for nucleic acids include the cloning of nucleic acid sequences into vectors for the production of mRNA
probes. Such vectors are known in the art and are commercially available and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of the appropriate RNA polymerase as T7 or polymerase and the appropriate radioactively labeled nucleotides. The nucleotide sequences may be used to construct hybridization probes for mapping their respective genomic sequences. The nucleotide sequence provided herein may be mapped to a chromosome or specific regions of a chromosome using well known genetic and/or chromosomal mapping techniques.
These techniques include in situ hybridization, liucage analysis against known chromosomal markers, hybridization screening with libraries or flow-sorted chromosomal preparations specific to known chromosomes, and the like. The technique of fluorescent in situ hybridization of chromosome spreads has been described, among other places, in Venna et al (1988) Human Chromosomes: A Manual of Basic Techniques, Pergamon Press, New Yorlc NY.

Fluorescent ifz situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and other physical chromosome mapping techniques may be correlated with additional genetic map data. Examples of genetic map data can be found in the 1994 Genome Issue of Science (265:1981f). Correlation between the location of a nucleic acid on a physical chromosomal map and a specific disease (or predisposition to a specific disease) may help delimit the region of DNA
associated with that genetic disease. The nucleotide sequences of the subject invention may be used to detect differences in gene sequences between normal, carrier or affected individuals.
4.20 PREPARATION OF SUPPORT BOUND OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
Oligonucleotides, i.e., small nucleic acid segments, may be readily prepared by, for example, directly synthesizing the oligonucleotide by chemical means, as is commonly practiced using an automated oligonucleotide synthesizer.
Support bound oligonucleotides may be prepared by any of the methods k~iomz to those of skill in the art using airy suitable support such as glass, polystyrene or Teflon. One strategy is to precisely spot oligonucleotides synthesized by standard synthesizers.
Immobilization can be achieved using passive adsorption (Inouye & Hondo, (1990) J. Clin. Microbiol.
28(6) 1469-72);
using UV light (Nagata et al., 1985; Dahlen et al., 1987; Monissey & Collins, (1989) Mol. Cell Probes 3(2) 189-207) or by covalent binding of base modified DNA (Kelley et al., 1988; 1989); all references being specifically incorporated herein.
Another strategy that may be employed is the use of the strong biotin-streptavidin interaction as a linker. For example, Broude et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 91 (8) 3072-6, describe the use of biotinylated probes, although these are duplex probes, that are immobilized on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. Streptavidill-coated beads may be purchased from Dynal, Oslo.
Of course, this same liucing chemistry is applicable to coating any surface with streptavidin.
Biotinylated probes may be purchased from various sources, such as, e.g., Operon Technologies (Alameda, CA).
Nune Laboratories (Naperville, IL) is also selling suitable material that could be used. Nunc Laboratories have developed a method by which DNA can be covalently bound to the microwell surface termed Covalink NH. CovaLinlc NH is a polystyrene surface grafted with secondary amino groups (>NH) that serve as bridge-heads for further covalent coupling.
CovaLink Modules may be purchased from Nunc Laboratories. DNA molecules may be bound to CovaLink exclusively at the 5'-end by a phosphorasnidate bond, allowing in unobilization of more than 1 pmol of DNA
(Rasmussen et al., (1991) Anal. Biochem. 198(1) 138-42).
The use of CovaLink NH strips for covalent binding of DNA molecules at the 5'-end has been described (Rasmussen et al., ( 1991 ). In this technology, a phosphoramidate bond is employed (Chu et al., (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11 (8) 6513-29). This is beneficial as immobilization using ony a single covalent bond is preferred. The phosphoramidate bond joins the DNA to the CovaLink NH secondary amino groups that are positioned at the end of spacer arms covalently grafted onto the polystyrene surface through a 2 nor long spacer arm. To link an oligonucleotide to CovaLink NH via an phosphoramidate bond, the oligonucleotide terminus must have a 5'-end phosphate group. It is, perhaps, even possible for biotin to be covalently bound to CovaLinlc and then streptavidin used to bind the probes.
More specifically, the linkage method includes dissolving DNA in water (7.5 ng/,ul) and denaturing for 10 min. at 95°C and cooling on ice for 10 min. Ice-cold 0.1 M 1-methylimidazole, pH 7.0 (1-MeIm~), is then added to a final concentration of 10 mM 1-MeIm~. The single-stranded DNA solution is then dispensed into CovaLinlc NH strips (75 ~l/well) standing on ice.
Carbodiimide 0.2 M 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC), dissolved in 10 mM 1-MeIm~, is made fresh and 25 y1 added per well. The strips are incubated for 5 hours at 50°C. After incubation the strips are washed using, e.g., Nunc-Irnlnuno Wash; first the wells are washed 3 times, then they are soaked with washing solution for 5 min., and finally they are washed 3 tunes (where in the washing solution is 0.4 N NaOH, 0.25% SDS heated to 50°C).
It is contemplated that a further suitable method for use with the present invention is that described in PCT Patent Application WO 90/03382 (Southern & Maskos), incorporated herein by reference. This method of preparing an oligonucleotide bound to a support involves attaching a nucleoside 3'-reagent through the phosphate group by a covalent phosphodiester link to aliphatic hydroxyl groups carried by the support. The oligonucleotide is then synthesized on the supported nucleoside and protecting groups removed from the synthetic oligonucleotide chain order standard conditions that do not cleave the oligonucleotide fiom the support. Suitable reagents include nucleoside phosphoramidite and nucleoside hydrogen phosphorate.
An on-chip strategy for the preparation of DNA probe for the preparation of DNA probe arrays may be employed. For example, addressable laser-activated photodeprotection may be employed in the chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides directly on a glass surface, as described by Fodor et al. (1991 ) Science 251 (4995) 767-73, incorporated herein by reference. Probes may also be immobilized on nylon supports as described by Van Ness et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res.
19(12) 3345-50; or linked to Teflon using the method of Duncan & Cavalier (1988) Anal. Biochem.
169(1) 104-8; all references being specifically incorporated herein.
To link an oligonucleotide to a nylon support, as described by Van Ness et al.
(1991), requires activation of the nylon surface via alkylation and selective activation of the 5'-amine of oligonucleotides with cyanuric chloride.

One particular way to prepare support bovmd oligonucleotides is to utilize the light-generated synthesis described by Pease et al., (1994) PNAS USA 91(11) 5022-6, incorporated herein by reference). These authors used current photolithographic techniques to generate arrays of immobilized oligonucleotide probes (DNA chips). These methods, in which light is used to direct the synthesis of oligonucleotide probes in high-density, miniaturized arrays, utilize photolabile 5'-protected N acyl-deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites, surface linker chemistry and versatile combinatorial synthesis strategies. A matrix of 256 spatially defined oligonucleotide probes may be generated in this manner.
4.21 PREPARATION OF NUCLEIC ACID FRAGMENTS
The nucleic acids may be obtained from any appropriate source, such as cDNAs, genomic DNA, chromosomal DNA, microdissected cluomosome bands, cosmid or YAC inserts, and RNA, including mRNA without any amplification steps. For example, Sambroolc et al.
(1989) describes three protocols for the isolation of lugh molecular weight DNA from mammalian cells (p.
9.14-9.23 ).
DNA fragments may be prepared as clones in M13, plasmid or lambda vectors and/or prepared directly from genomic DNA or cDNA by PCR or other amplification methods. Samples may be prepared or dispensed in multiwell plates. About 100-1000 ng of DNA
samples may be prepared in 2-500 ml of final vohune.
The nucleic acids would then be fragmented by any of the methods known to those of skill in the art including, for example, using restriction enzymes as described at 9.24-9.28 of Sambroolc et al. (1989), shearing by ultrasound and NaOH treatment.
Low pressure shearing is also appropriate, as described by Sclu-iefer et al.
(1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18(24) 7455-6, incorporated herein by reference). In this method, DNA samples are passed through a small French pressure cell at a variety of low to intemnediate pressures. A lever device allows controlled application of lov~T to intermediate pressures to the cell. The results of these studies indicate that low-pressure shearing is a useful alternative to sonic and enzymatic DNA
fragmentation methods.
One particularly suitable way for fragmenting DNA is contemplated to be that using the two base recognition endonuclease, CviJI, described by Fitzgerald et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Res.
20(14) 3753-62. These authors described an approach for the rapid fiagmentation and fractionation of DNA into particular sizes that they contemplated to be suitable for shotgun cloning and sequencing.
The restriction endonuclease CviJI normally cleaves the recognition sequence PuGCPy between the G and C to leave blunt ends. Atypical reaction conditions, which alter the specificity of this enzyme (CviJI**), yield a quasi-random distribution of DNA fragments form the small molecule pUCl9 (2688 base pairs). Fitzgerald et al. (1992) quantitatively evaluated the randomness of this fragmentation strategy, using a CviJI* * digest of pUC 19 that was size fractionated by a rapid gel filtration method and directly ligated, without end repair, to a lac Z minus M13 cloning vector. Sequence analysis of 76 clones showed that CviJI**
restricts pyGCPy and PuGCPu, in addition to PuGCPy sites, and that new sequence data is accumulated at a rate consistent with random fragmentation.
As reported in the literature, advantages of this approach compared to sonication and agarose gel fractionation include: smaller amounts of DNA are required (0.2-0.5 pg instead of 2-5 pg); and fewer steps are involved (no preligation, end repair, chemical extraction, or agarose gel electrophoresis and elution are needed Irrespective of the mamler in which the nucleic acid fragments are obtained or prepared, it is important to denature the DNA to give single stranded pieces available for hybridization. This is achieved by incubating the DNA solution for 2-5 minutes at 80-90°C. The solution is then cooled quickly to 2°C to prevent renaturation of the DNA fragments before they are contacted with the chip. Phosphate groups must also be removed from genomic DNA by methods knomn in the art.
4.22 PREPARATION OF DNA ARRAYS
Arrays may be prepared by spotting DNA samples on a support such as a nylon membrane.
Spotting may be performed by using arrays of metal pins (the positions of which correspond to an array of wells in a microtiter plate) to repeated by transfer of about 20 n1 of a DNA solution to a nylon membrane. By offset printing, a density of dots higher than the density of the wells is achieved. One to 25 dots may be accommodated in 1 mmZ, depending on the type of label used. By avoiding spotting in some preselected n iunber of rows and columns, separate subsets (subarrays) may be formed. Samples in one subarray may be the same genomic segment of DNA
(or the same gene) from different individuals, or may be different, overlapped genomic clones. Each of the subarrays may represent replica spotting of the same samples. In one example, a selected gene segment rnay be amplified from 64 patients. For each patient, the amplified gene segment may be in one 96-well plate (all 96 wells containing the same sample). A plate for each of the 64 patients is prepared. By using a 96-pin device, all samples may be spotted on one 8 x 12 cm membrane.
Subarrays may contain 64 samples, one from each patient. Where the 96 subarrays are identical, the dot span may be 1 mmz and there may be a 1 rmn space between subarrays.
Another approach is to use membranes or plates (available from NUNC, Naperville, Illinois) which may be partitioned by physical spacers e.g. a plastic grid molded over the membrane, the grid being similar to the sort of membrane applied to the bottom of multiwell plates, or hydrophobic strips. A fixed physical spacer is not preferred for imaging by exposure to flat phosphor-storage screens or x-ray films.
The present invention is illustrated in the following examples. Upon consideration of the present disclosure, one of skill in the art will appreciate that many other embodiments a.nd variations may be made in the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the broader aspects of the present invention not be limited to the disclosure of the following examples. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the exemplified embodiments which are intended as illustrations of single aspects of the invention, and compositions and methods wluch are fwctionally equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Indeed, numerous modifications and variations in the practice of the invention are expected to occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the present preferred embodiments. Consequently, the only limitations which should be placed upon the scope of the invention are those which appear in the appended claims.
All references cited within the body of the instant specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
5. EXAMPLES
5.1 EXAMPLE 1 Novel Nucleic Acid Seauences Obtained From Various Libraries A plurality of novel nucleic acids were obtained from cDNA libraries prepared from various human tissues and in some cases isolated from a genomic library derived froth human chromosome using standard PCR, SBH sequence signature analysis and Sanger sequencing teclmiques. The inserts of the library were amplified with PCR using primers specific for the vector sequences which fla~zlc the inserts. Clones from cDNA libraries were spotted on nylon membrane filters and screened with oligonucleotide probes (e.g., 7-mess) to obtain signature sequences. The clones were clustered into groups of similar or identical sequences. Representative clones were selected for sequenciilg.
In some cases, the 5' sequence of the amplified insects was then deduced using a typical Sanger sequencing protocol. PCR products were purified and subjected to fluorescent dye terminator cycle sequencing. Single pass gel sequencing was done using a 377 Applied Biosystems (ABI) sequencer to obtain the novel nucleic acid sequences.
5.2 EXA1VII'LE 2 Assemblage of Novel Nucleic Acids The nucleic acids of the present invention, were assembled using an EST
sequence as a seed. Then a recursive algorithm was used to extend the seed EST into an extended assemblage, by pulling additional sequences from different databases (i.e., Hyseq's database containing EST

sequences, dbEST, gb pri, UniGene, and exons from public domain genomic sequences predicated by GenScan) that belong to this assemblage. The algorithm terminated when there was no additional sequences from the above databases that would extend the assemblage. Further, inclusion of component sequences into the assemblage was based on a BLASTN hit to the extending assemblage with BLAST score greater than 300 and percent identity greater than 95%.
Using PHRAP (Univ. of Washington) or CAP4 (Paracel), full-length gene sequences and their corresponding protein sequences were generated from the assemblage. Any frame shifts and incorrect stop codons were corrected by hand editing. During editing, the sequence was checked using FASTXY algorithm against Genbank (i.e., dbEST, gb pri, UniGene, and Genpept). Other computer programs which may have been used in the editing process were phredPluap and Consed (University of Washington) and ed-ready, ed-ext and gc-zip-2 (Hyseq, Inc.). In some cases RACE
(Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) was performed to further extend the sequence in the 5' direction. The full-length nucleotide sequences are shown in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:
1-245. The corresponding polypeptide sequences are SEQ ID NO: 246-490.
Table 1 shows the various tissue sources of SEQ ID NO: 1-245.
The nearest neighbor results for polypeptides encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1-245 (i.e. SEQ
ID NO: 246-490) were obtained by a BLASTP (version 2.0a1 19MP-WashU) search against Genpept release 124 using BLAST algorithm. The nearest neighbor result showed the closest homologue with functional annotation for SEQ ID NO. 1-245 from Genpept. The translated amino acid sequences for which the nucleic acid sequence encodes are shown in the Sequence Listing. The homologs with identifiable functions for SEQ ID NO: 1-245 are shown in Table 2 below.
Using eMatrix software package (Stanford University, Stanford, CA) (Wu et al., J. Comp.
Biol., Vol. 6 pp. 219-235 (1999) herein incorporated by reference), polypeptides encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1-245 (i.e. SEQ ID NO: 246-490) were examined to determine whether they had identifiable signature regions. Table 3 shows the signature region found in the indicated polypeptide sequences, the description of the signature, the eMatrix p-values) and the positions) of the signature within the polypeptide sequence.
Using the pFam software program (Sonnhatnmer et al., Nucleic Acids Res., Vol.
26(1) pp. 320-322 (1998) herein incorporated by reference) polypeptides encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1-245 (i.e. SEQ ID NO: 246-490) were examined for domains with homology to certain peptide domains. Table 4 shows the name of the domain found, the description, the p-value and the pFam score for the identified domain within the sequence.
The GeneAtlas'~' software package (Molecular Simulations Inc. (MSI), San Diego, CA) was used to predict the three=dimensional structure models for the polypeptides encoded by SEQ

ID NO 1-216 (i.e. SEQ ID NO: 246-490). Models were generated by (1) PSI-BLAST
which is a multiple alignment sequence profile-based searching developed by Altschul et al, (Nucl. Acids.
Res. 25, 3389-3408 (1997)), (2) High Throughput Modeling (HTM) (Molecular Simulations Inc.
(MSI) San Diego, CA,) which is an automated sequence and structure searching procedure (http://www.msi.comn, and (3) SeqFoldTM which is a fold recognition method described by Fischer and Eisenberg (J. Mol. Biol. 209, 779-791 (1998)). This analysis was carried out, in part, by comparing the polypeptides of the invention with the known NMR
(nuclear magnetic resonance) a~ld x-ray crystal three-dimensional structures as templates. Table 5 shows, "PDB
ID", the Protein DataBase (PDB) identifier given to template structure; "Chain ID", identifier of the subcomponent of the PDB template structure; "compound Information", information of the PDB template structw-e and/or its subcomponents; "PDB Function Annotation"
gives function of the PDB template as annotated by the PDB files (http:/www.rcsb.or /g PDB/);
start and end amino acid position of the protein sequence aligned; PSI-BLAST score, the verify score, the SeqFold score, and the Potentials) of Mean Force (PMF). The verify score is produced by GeneAtlasT"' software (MSI), is based on Dr. Eisenberg's Profile-3D tlueading program developed in Dr.
David Eisenberg's laboratory (US patent no. 5,436,850 and Luthy, Bowie, and Eisenberg, Nature, 356:83-85 (1992)) and a publication by R. Sanchez and A. Sali, Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 95:13597-12502. The verify score produced by GeneAtlas normalizes the verify score for proteins with different lengths so that a unified cutoff can be used to select good models as follows:
Verify score (normalized) _ (raw score -1/2 high score)/(1/2 high score) The PFM score, produced by GeneAtlasT"' software (MSI), is a composite scoring function that depends in part on the compactness of the model, sequence identity in the alignment used to build the model, pairwise and surface mean force potentials (MFP). As given in Table 5, a verify score between 0 to 1.0, with 1 being the best, represents a good model.
Similarly, a PMF score between 0 to 1.0, with 1 being the best, represents a good model. A
SeqFoldTM score of more than 50 is considered significant. A good model may also be determined by one of skill in the art based all the information in Table 5 taken in totality.
The nucleotide sequence within the sequences that codes for signal peptide sequences and their cleavage sites can be determined from using Neural Network SignalP V 1.1 program (from Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, The Technical University of Denmark).
The process for identifying prokaryotic and eulcaryotic signal peptides and their cleavage sites are also disclosed by Henrilc Nielson, Jacob Engelbrecht, Soren Brunak, and Gunnar von Heijne in the publication "

Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites"
Protein Engineering, Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-6 (1997), incorporated herein by reference. A maximum S score and a mean S score, as described in the Nielson et al, as reference, were obtained for the polypeptide sequences. Table 6 shows the position of the signal peptide in each of the polypeptides and the maximiun score and mean score associated with that signal peptide.
Table 7 correlates each of SEQ ID NO: 1-245 to a specific chromosomal location.
Table 8 is a correlation table of the novel polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID
NO: 1-245, and their corresponding priority full length nucleotide sequences in the priority application USSN 09/654,935, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Tissue Tissue/RNALibrarySEQ ID NO:
Origin Source Name adult GIBCO AB3001 8 24 38 42 56 63-64 93-94 113 130 brain 183 195-196 206 210 adult GIBCO ABD003 2-4 15 19-21 29 31-32 34-39 41-43 brain 45 54 56 67 80 82 84 88 adult Clontech ABR001 2-3 17 33 35 43 56 62 67 84 113 brain 191 220 adult Clontech ABR006 2-4 34 82 89 101-102 113 127 146 brain 152 158 162 181 191 adult Clontech ABR008 2-4 9-12 15 17 19 21 24 29 36-41 brain 54 64 70 74-75 77 79-80 adult BioChain ABR012 2-3 54 brain adult BioChain ABR013 17 43 209 240 brain adult Invitro ABR014 23 43 227 232 brain en adult InvitroQenABR015 43 54 65 67 89 142 159 232 brain adult InvitrogenABR016 2-3 28 54 56 64 104 159 229 brain adult InvitrogenABT004 2-3 23 30 33 36-38 40 100 145 152 brain 154 177 191 206 220 cultured StratageneADP001 2-3 15 29 36 38 40 43 56 100 104-105 preadipocytes 159 177 182 206 236 240 adrenal Clontech ADR002 11-12 19-20 28 37-38 42 50 56 70 gland 76 82 84 102 104-105 adult GIBCO AHR001 2-5 8-9 11-12 19-22 24 29 36 38 heart 40 43 45 47 54 56 62-63 159 I 66 169 l77-178 adult GIBCO AICD0012-3 7-9 11-12 15 18 20-21 24 26-27 kidney 29 31-33 36-43 52 54 adult InvitrogenAKT002 6 8-9 11-12 18 33 36-37 40 43 46 kidney 56 64 82 84 86-87 91 107 adult GIBCO ALG001 5 15 20 29 43 47 54 56 88 103 130 lung 173 177 183 191 214 lymph Clontech ALNOOI 8 29 36 46 104 130 159 183 206 node 214 240 young GIBCO ALV001 2-3 11-12 15 19 37-38 40 43 47 liver 56 62 70 94 103 107 112 adult InvitrogenALV002 2-3 10-12 15 20 22 26-27 37 50 liver 89 143 148-149 173 181 adult Clontech ALV003 21 181 232 liver adult IuvitrogenAOV001 2-3 8 10-12 14-15 19-23 26-29 31-32 ovary 34 36-43 47 50 56 62-adult Clontech APL001 43 159 169 206 240 placenta placenta InvitrogenAPL002 20 26-27 36 38 64 71 100 178 196 adult GIBCO ASP001 2-3 8 26-27 29 35 37 42-43 46-47 spleen 54 56 62 64 87 94 104 adult GIBCO ATS001 5 8 11-12 20 23-24 29 31-32 37-38 testis 41 43 54 56 62 64 86 89 adult InvitrogenBLD001 8 54 159 195 206 bladder ~

Tissue Tissue/RNALibrarySEQ ID NO:
Origin Source Name bone marrowClontech BMD001 2-5 8-12 19 22 26-27 29 31-32 34 bone marrowClontech BMD002 2-3 5 8 11-12 15 21 26-27 29 36 bone marrowClontech BMD004 232 bone marrowClonetechBMD007 43 232 adult InvitrogenCLN001 38 43 45-46 50 84 87 143 193 195 colon 222 244 mixture various CTL016 20 of 16 tissues-vendors mRNAs*

mixture various CTL021 46 54 159 232 of 16 tissues-vendors mRNAs*

mixture various CTL028 159 237 of 16 tissues-vendors mRNAs*

adult BioChain CVX001 2-3 8 I I-12 15 21 24 31-32 35-36 cervix 39-43 46 56 62-65 70 82 endothelialStrategeneEDT001 2-4 8 10-12 15 21-24 28-30 33-34 cells 56 62 64 67 70 72 80 82 86 94 103-104 fetal Clontech FBR001 43 130 199 brain fetal Clontech FBR004 31-32 brain fetal Clontech FBR006 2-4 8 10 29 39 41 43 49 70 77 80 brain 82 84 89 94 104-105 118 fetal InvitrogenFBT002 2-3 8 11-12 29 37 43 67 82 89 134 brain 142-143 152 159 177 fetal InvitrogenFHR001 41 heart fetal Clontech FICD0012-3 10-12 17 29 38 40 43 54 69 kidney 75 80 127 159 229 231 236 fetal Clontech FKD002 56 kidney fetal InvitrogenFKD007 19 36 43 56 159 kidney fetal Clontech FLG001 2-3 54 69 109 l13 lung fetal InvitrogenFLG003 10 21 35 43 50 54 69 80 92 125-126 lung 143 148-149 158-159 fetal Columbia FLS001 1-5 7-12 14-15 18-24 26-28 30 36-38 liver- 40-43 50 54 56 62 64 spleen University 70 72 75 82 84 86 89 91 94-95 98 fetal Columbia FLS002 1-4 6 10-12 14-15 I7-18 20-22 29-30 liver- 33 36 38-40 42 45 56 spleen University 62-64 70 75 80 82 91-92 94-95 98 fetal Columbia FLS003 94 112 167 181 I83 185 223 232 liver-s leen University fetal InvitrogenFLV001 1-3 6-8 I5 18 23 36-39 43 62 80 liver 82 143 145 152 177 181 Tissue Tissue/RNALibrarySEQ ID NO:
Origin Source Name fetal Clontech FLV004 2-3 22 24 36 82 109 122-123 152 liver 162 181 232 fetal InvitrogenFMS001 5 28 43 47 56 72 78-79 100 137-138 muscle 144 152 154 159 169 fetal Invitro FMS002 5 137-138 241 muscle en fetal InvitrogenFSK001 2-3 8 10 21 35-36 40 43 54 56 62-63 skin 65 69 71 80 84 91 fetal InvitrogenFSK002 2-3 8 I 1-12 21 24 26-27 29 40 skin 43 50 62 82 88 94 98 104 fetal BioChain FSP001 183 s teen umbilicalBioChain FUC001 2-3 5 7-8 15 20 26-27 31-32 34 cord 36 38-40 43 45 50 54 56 62 fetal GIBCO HFB001 2-3 8 10-12 15 20-22 24 28-29 31-33 brain 36-38 41 43 54 62 64 macro InvitroaenHMP001 8 169 hage infant Columbia IB2002 2-3 9-12 15 20-21 23-24 33-34 38 brain 41-43 49 56 63-64 84 89 University 100 104-105 107 I 13 118 146 148-150 infant Columbia IB2003 2-3 11-12 17 100 113 150 158 166 brain 178 191 220-221 223 University 227 infant Columbia IBMOD2 43 117 173 brain University infant Columbia IBS001 23 29 54 94 109 166 220 brain University fibroblastStrategeneLFB001 2-3 8 11-12 19 29 36-37 43 45 54 lung tumorInvitrogenLGT002 2-3 5-6 8 11-12 20-22 24 38 40-41 lymphocytesATCC LPC001 2-3 11-12 20 22 38 42 50 54 73 leukocyteGIBCO LUC001 2-4 8 10-12 15 17 19-22 24 26-27 leukocyteClontech LUC003 20 42 80 94 105 140 165 191 205 melanoma Clontech MEL004 42-43 56 64 82 103 107 130 202 from cell Line ATCC #CRL

mammary InvitrogenMMG001 2-4 8-9 1 I-12 15 17 21 26-27 35-36 gland 65 71 80 84 87 89 92 94-95 100-102 induced StrategeneNTD001 2-3 29 34 43 45 54 70 89 159 224-225 neuron cells retinoic StrategeneNTR001 20 124 130 150 152 178 202 217 acid-induced neuronal cells neuronal StratetreneNTU001 40 43 47 72 131 217 237 cells pituitaryClontech PIT004 15 37-38 43 56 130-131 240 gland Tissue Tissue/RNALibrarySEQ ID NO:
Origin Source Name placenta Clontech PLA003 2-3 prostate Clontech PRT001 5 11-12 43 62 65 83 103 134 152 rectum Invitro REC001 2-3 15 18 26-27 43 54 56 73 80 en . 130 145 152 183 199 244 salivary Clontech SAL001 14 17 29 43 47 70 98 104 132 159 gland 178 196 204 232-233 salivary Clontech SALs03 37 137-138 244 gland skin fibroblastATCC SFB001 43 47 skin fibroblastATCC SFB002 54 skin fibroblastATCC SFB003 100 small intestineClontech SIN001 21 34 46 73-74 86 103 107 130 137-138 skeletal Clontech SKM001 5 20 45 79 86 137-138 152 206 muscle skeletal Clontech SKIvI002137-138 muscle skeletal ClonetechSKMS03 137-138 muscle skeletal NULL SKMS04 137-138 muscle spinal Clontech SPC001 29 40 43 54 69 75 88-89 91 152 cord 159 162 178 191 195 206 adult spleenClontech SPLc01 6 46 50 70 130 140 152 216 240 stomach Clontech STO001 18 21 63 67 71 107 159 210 220 thalamus Clontech THA002 9 21 42 45 89 100 117 IG2 183 220 thymus ClonetechTHM001 2-3 8 11-12 15 21 23-24 29 38-40 thymus Clontech THMc02 2-4 10-12 22 26-27 31-32 38 43 thyroid Clontech THR001 2-3 5 8 10-12 17-18 20-21 23-24 gland 29 38 42-43 45 49 54 56 trachea Clontech TRC001 2-3 15 19 36-37 40 47 54 65 72 uterus Clontech UTR001 8 31-32 54 56 178 183 206 232 236 ~ ~ 243 *The 16 tissue-mRNAs and their vendor source, are as follows: 1) Normal adult brain mRNA (Iilvitrogen), 2) normal adult kidney mRNA (Invitrogen), 3) normal adult liver mRNA
(Invitrogen), 4) nomnal fetal brain mRNA (Invitrogen), 5) normal fetal kidney mRNA (Invitrogen), 6) nomnal fetal liver mRNA (Ziivitrogen), 7) normal fetal skin mRNA
(Invitrogen), 8) hiunan adrenal gland tnRNA (Clontech), 9) human bone marrow mRNA (Clontech), 10) human leukemia l5nnphablastic mRNA (Clontech), 11) human thymus mRNA (Clontech), 12) human lymph node mRNA (Clontech), 13) human spinal cord mRNA (Clontech), 14) human thyroid mRNA
(Clontech), 15) human esophagus mRNA (BioChain), 16) human conceptional umbilical cord mRNA (BioChain).

SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Number Identity NO:

246 AF145657DrosophilaBcDNA.GH10120 728 38 melanogaster 247 X58141 Homo mRNA for erytln~ocyte adducin3826 99 alpha subunit.

sa iens 248 L29296 Homo (clone: SS20BlE6.0) alpha-adducin3387 99 gene, exons Sapiens 14, 15, 16.

249 AAB6396 Homo 26-MAR-2001 26-MAY-2000 Human1095 97 prostate sapiens cancer associated antigen protein sequence SEQ

ID N0:1325.

250 M29458 Homo carbonic anhydrase III gene,1441 100 exon 7.

Sapiens 251 AJ006529Gallus utative phosphatase 867 60 anus 252 Y08302 Homo mRNA for MAP kinase phosphatase1996 100 4.

Sapiens 253 X53280 Homo BTF3a mRNA. 1048 100 sa iens 254 AB013790Ateles immunoglobulin alpha heavy 74 43 chain belzebuth 255 AK027387Homo FLJ14481 fis, clone MAMMA1002351,964 100 highly sapiens similar to Mus musculus dynactin subunit p25 ( 25) mRNA.

256 AK001686Homo FLJ10824 fis, clone NT2RP4001086.3013 93 Sapiens 257 AIC001686Homo FLJ10824 fis, clone NT2RP4001086.4089 98 sa iens 258 AK026076Homo FLJ22423 fis, clone HRC08678.689 100 sa iens 259 AY037207ArabidopsisAT3g22240/MMP21-1 66 31 thaliana 260 AAW5839 Homo 14-SEP-1998 09-OCT-1997 Human797 92 4 Sapiens spermidinelspermine N 1-acetyltransferase.

261 AF220051Homo hematopoietic stem/progenitor844 98 cells protein sa iens MDS031 mRNA, complete cds.

262 AB017563Homo gene, exon 10 and complete 2283 100 cds.

Sapiens 263 J03910 Homo (clone 14VS) metallothionein-IG367 98 (MT1G) gene, Sapiens complete cds.

264 X56351 Homo ALASl (ALASH) mRNA for delta-3333 100 Sapiens aminolevulinate synthase (housekeeping) (EC

2.3. i .3 7).

266 U79241 Homo clone 23759 mRNA, partial 2304 100 cds.

Sapiens 267 AF068291Homo mRNA, partial cds. 699 99 Sapiens 268 BC007235Homo clone MGC:15430, mRNA, complete398 100 cds.

Sapiens 269 X69151 Homo mRNA for subunit C of vacuolar1958 100 proton-Sapiens ATPase V 1 domain.

270 AF271784Homo mRNA, complete cds. 1017 92 sapiens 271 AB025220Homo mRNA for p40phox, complete 1737 100 cds.

sapiens 272 AB025220Hamo mRNA for p40phox, complete 1644 96 cds.

sa iens 273 BC001426Homo Similar to ubiquinol-cytochrome346 100 c reductase Sapiens hinge protein, clone MGG:1361, mRNA, complete cds.

SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Number Identity NO:

274 AL050051Homo cDNA DKFZp566D193 (from clone481 98 Sapiens DKFZp566D193); artial cds.

275 BC002517Homo Pirin, clone MGC:2083, mRNA,1543 100 complete cds.

sa iens 276 X69962 Homo FMR-1 mRNA. 2384 100 sapiens 277 L29074 Homo X mental retardation syndrome2144 92 protein (FMRl) Sapiens gene, alternative splice products, complete cds;

and pseudogene, complete sequence.

278 AIC001711Homo FLJI0849 fis, clone NT2RP400I414,2179 99 highly Sapiens similar to SEPTIN 2 HOMOLOG.

279 AK027641Homo FLJI4735 fis, clone NT2RP3002054.651 99 sapiens 280 BC009256Homo clone MGC:14860, mRNA, complete1065 94 cds.

sa iens 281 AL110239Homo cDNA DKFZp566E144 (fi-om 1234 99 clone Sapiens DKFZ 566E144 ; com lete cds.

282 BC008714Homo prostatic binding protein, 1017 100 clone MGC:8531, Sapiens mRNA, complete cds.

283 BC004374Homo ARPI (actin-related protein 1949 100 1, yeast) homolog B

Sapiens (centractin beta), clone MGC:10568, mRNA, complete cds.

284 AF20I334Homo mRNA, complete cds. 2395 100 sapiens 285 BC008743Homo zyxin, clone MGC:3071, mRNA,3145 100 complete cds.

sa iens 286 BC005957Homo solute carrier family 25 1557 100 (mitochondrial carrier;

Sapiens peroxisomal membrane protein, 34kD), member 17, clone MGC:14604, mRNA, complete cds.

287 AF273053Homo tumor antigen se89-1 mRNA, 3570 82 complete cds.

sapiens 288 AB028893Homo U32, U33, U34, U35, RPS11, 595 100 U35 genes for Sapiens ribosomal protein Ll3a and SI I, U32, U33, U34, U35, and U35 snoRNA, complete cds and sequence.

289 AC003973Homo from chromosome 19, BAC 33152,5273 81 complete Sapiens sequence.

290 AF253978Homo mRNA, partial cds. 487 85 sapiens 291 AP018265syntheticimmunoglobulin lambda light 278 79 chain construct 292 BC005134Homo Similar to ribosomal protein1102 99 L14, clone Sapiens MGC: I 1208, mRNA, complete cds.

293 AI<000869Homo FLJ10007 fis, clone HEMBA1000193.2635 100 Sapiens 294 AAB7322 Homo 11-MAY-2001 11-AUG-2000 Human2127 98 9 Sapiens phosphatase MTMR7_h.

295 BC003618Homo Similar to putative nuclear 3042 100 protein, clone Sapiens MGC:1819, mRNA, complete cds.

296 AAB5434 Homo 09-MAR-2001 08-MAR-2000 Human4092 99 6 Sapiens pancreatic cancer antigen protein sequence SEQ

ID N0:798.

297 AK000330Homo FLJ20323 fis, clone HEP09648.2229 100 Sapiens 298 AF176701Homo protein FBL9 mRNA, partial 1072 100 cds.

Sapiens 299 X54977 Bos taurus17,000 dalton myosin light 789 100 chain 300 AL096746Homo cDNA DKFZp586E1322 (from 1186 100 clone Sapiens DKFZp586E1322); partial cds.

SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Number Identity NO:

301 BC000502Homo ribosomal protein L17, clone970 100 MGC:8457, Sapiens mRNA, complete cds.

302 AC004079Homo clone RP1-167F23 from 7p15, 1965 100 complete Sapiens sequence.

303 X92485 Plasmodiumpval 149 55 vivax 304 AK006347Mus putative 429 86 musculus 305 AL137544I-Iomo cDNA DKFZp434A1520 (from 974 98 clone sa iens DKFZ 434A1520); artial cds.

306 AC006276Homo 19, cosmid 828379, complete 900 99 sequence.

sa iens 307 AK024297Homo FLJ14235 fis, clone NT2RP4000167.2325 100 Sapiens 308 AK005941Mus putative 460 88 musculus 309 AF265440Homo mRNA, complete cds. 1413 100 Sapiens 311 AB027251Homo for zinc finger protein (ZFD25),4369 100 complete cds.

Sapiens 312 AK008240Mus putative 455 100 musculus 313 AAB7533 Homo 03-APR-2001 01-JLJN-2000 138 60 Human secreted 7 Sapiens protein sequence encoded by gene 47 SEQ ID

N0:156.

314 AF321191Homo (PRX) mRNA, complete cds, 7312 99 alternatively Sapiens spliced.

315 AF225417Homo kDa protein mRNA, complete 3701 99 cds.

sapiens 316 AK000265Homo FLJ20258 fis, clone COLF7250.2797 97 Sapiens 317 D90070 Homo ATL-derived PMA-responsive 278 100 (APR) peptide Sapiens mRNA.

318 U79725 Homo A33 antigen precursor mRNA, 1678 100 complete cds.

Sapiens 319 M83679 Rattus RAB15 1077 97 norve icus 320 AIC024715Homo FLJ21062 fis, clone CA501044.927 98 sa iens 321 AK000075Homo FLJ20068 fis, clone COL01755.1729 99 sa iens 322 AC007954Homo 14 clone RPI1-493617 and 4243 100 CTD-2516D11 reap Sapiens 14q24.3, complete sequence.

323 233905 Homo gene for 43kD acetylcholine 2150 99 receptor-associated Sapiens protein (Rapsyn).

324 AF030027Equine 71 118 22 herpesvirus 325 AJ291606Xenopus gamma tubulin ring protein 2024 55 laevis 326 AAB6461 Homo 22-MAR-2001 Ol-JLJN-2000 197 72 Human secreted 0 Sapiens protein BLAST search protein SEQ ID NO:

120.

327 AAB5367 Homo 09-MAR-2001 O8-MAR-2000 I-Iuman694 99 colon 7 Sapiens cancer antigen protein sequence SEQ ID

N0:1217.

328 AF159055Homo zipper-like protein (LZLP) 116 79 mRNA, complete Sapiens cds.

329 AL 160111Homo 1 of a novel human mRNA from2126 100 chromosome sa iens 22.

SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Number Identity NO:

330 AF159055Homo zipper-like protein (LZLP) 130 80 mRNA, complete sapiens cds.

331 AK026264Homo FLJ22611 fis, clone HSI04961.685 96 sa iens 332 X57809 Homo rearranged immunoglobulin 1223 100 lambda light chain sapiens mRNA.

333 AAB8744 Homo 22-MAY-2001 31-AUG-2000 Human513 75 gene 32 0 Sapiens encoded secreted protein fi-agment, SEQ ID

N0:181.

334 AK012475Mus putative 2259 84 musculus 335 AF090930Homo HQ0478 PR00478 mRNA, complete146 72 cds.

Sapiens 33G AL080196Homo cDNA DKFZp434C212 (from clone2292 94 Sapiens DICFZp434C212).

337 AK019766Mus putative 1288 71 musculus 338 X69398 Homo mRNA for OA3 antigenic surface1632 100 determinant.

sa iens 339 AK019305Mus putative 506 96 musculus 340 AL078630Mus 573K1_15 (mm17M1-6 (novel 1023 81 7 transmembrane musculusreceptor (rhodopsin family) (olfactory receptor LIKE) protein)) 341 AF118078Homo PR01848 574 100 Sapiens 342 AIC005566Mus putative 1218 94 musculus 343 U71363 Homo zinc finger protein zfp6 1367 70 (2F6) mRNA, partial sa iens cds.

344 AIC015315Mus putative 556 76 musculus 345 AF218451Homo substrate p130Cas mRNA, complete4579 99 cds.

Sapiens 346 AF151046Hoino HSPC212 1345 87 sapiens 347 AF151046Homo HSPC212 817 74 sapiens 348 214244 Homo coxVIIb mRNA for cytochrome 426 100 c oxidase sapiens subunit VIIb.

349 BC001037Homo ribosomal protein L35a, clone581 100 MGC:1639, Sapiens mRNA, complete cds.

351 AAB4501 Homo 12-FEB-2001 09-MAR-2000 Human142 57 secreted 8 sa iens protein encoded by ene 4 i homologue.

352 AAY9488 Homo 12-JUN-2000 22-JUL-1999 Human540 99 protein Sapiens clone HP10550.

353 AF161557Homo HSPC072 472 100 sapiens 354 AAG0143 Homo 06-OCT-2000 21-FEB-2000 Human353 92 secreted 8 sapiens protein, SEQ ID NO: 5519.

355 AF161507Homo HSPC158 1197 99 Sapiens 356 AL122111Homo cDNA DKFZp434A1721 (from 2868 99 clone sapiens DKFZp434A1721).

357 AF349540Homo XIII secreted phospholipase 1073 100 A2 mRNA, Sapiens complete cds.

358 AF274714Homo protein-related protein (ORP1)2363 100 mRNA, Sapiens complete cds.

359 AAG0379 Homo 06-OCT-2000 21-FEB-2000 Human222 67 secreted SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Namber Identity NO:

3 sa iens rotein, SEQ ID NO: 7874.

360 BC000705Homo clone MGC:861, mRNA, complete908 100 cds.

Sapiens 361 AAG0378 Homo 06-OCT-2000 21-FEB-2000 Human188 60 secreted 9 sa iens rotein, SEQ ID NO: 7870.

362 AAB6281 Homo 02-MAY-2001 06-JUL-2000 Human501 96 nervous 0 sapiens system associated protein NSPRT3 amino acid se uence.

363 AF161370Homo mRNA, partial cds. 654 91 sapiens 364 AKOII592Mus putative 1245 66 musculus 365 AIC002154Homo FLJ11292 fis, clone PLACE1009665.230 64 Sapiens 366 AF159297Zea maysextensin-like protein 349 28 367 AF125096Homo HSPC042 protein 137 96 Sapiens 368 AF 125096Homo HSPC042 protein 243 98 sa iens 369 AK001745Homo FLJ10883 fis, clone NT2RP4001946,1880 99 weakly sapiens similar to PROTEIN-L-ISOASPARTATE
O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (EC 2.1.1.77).

370 AF151783Homo (MEG3) mRNA, complete cds. 3651 99 Sapiens 371 X16707 Homo fra-I mRNA. 1443 100 Sapiens 372 AF176555Homo anchoring protein 220 mRNA, 9783 99 complete cds.

sa iens 373 X78121 Homo mRNA. 3404 100 Sapiens 374 U82670 Homo Xq28 psHMG 17 pseudogene, 2513 99 complete Sapiens sequence; and melanoma antigen family AL

(MAGEA1) and zinc finger protein 275 (ZNF275) genes, complete cds.

375 AIC018726Mus putative 670 100 musculus 376 BC000187Homo cytochrome c oxidase subunit379 100 VIc, clone Sapiens MGC:1520, mRNA, complete cds.

377 AAY8754 Homo 18-JUL-2000 03-NOV-1997 Human729 100 disease-8 sa iens associated cahnodulin rotein (DACP-1).

378 AK003198Mus putative 562 100 musculus 379 AIC000496Homo FLJ20489 fis, clone I<AT08285.333 69 Sapiens 380 AF130079Homo PR02852 308 74 sa iens 381 AAY9196 Homo 19-JUL-2000 17-SEP-1999 Human1293 96 1 Sapiens cytoskeleton associated rotein 16 (CYSKP-16).

382 M15202 Rattus troponin T class IIIa beta 1155 94 norve icus 383 AF026276Homo skeletal troponin T (TNNT3) 1205 94 gene, complete Sapiens cds.

384 AF090694Homo RNA binding protein (VAPOR-2)2519 98 mRNA, Sapiens complete cds.

385 BC007655Homo protein phosphatase I, regulatory1051 100 (inhibitor) Sapiens subunit 2, clone MGC: L327, mRNA, complete cds.

386 AFI61533Homo HSPC048 573 100 Sapiens SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Number Identity NO:

387 BC002801Homo p47, clone MGC:3347, mRNA, 1812 96 complete cds.

Sapiens 388 AK027878Homo FLJ 14972 fis, clone THYRO 2669 98 1000715.

Sapiens 389 AF161418Homo HSPC300 378 100 sa iens 390 AK010720Mus putative 105 28 musculus 391 X66358 Homo mRNA KKIALRE for serine/threonine1929 99 protein sapiens kinase.

392 AF290612Homo Q0310 liver nuclear protein 2246 98 mRNA, complete Sapiens cds.

393 U69263 Homo precursor, mRNA, complete 4516 99 cds.

Sapiens 394 U69263 Homo precursor, mRNA, complete 4021 99 cds.

sapiens 395 AK000838Homo FLJ20831 fis, clone ADICA03080.761 100 sapiens 396 AK006393Mus putative 819 90 musculus 397 AF312033Mus ASR2A 4584 97 musculus 398 BC001904Homo Similar to phosphoglycerate 270 100 mutase 2 (muscle), sa iens clone MGC:2269, mRNA, complete cds.

399 Y14391 Homo for putative GTP-binding 2042 99 protein.

Sapiens 400 AF242528Homo finger protein 291 (ZNF291) 294 100 mRNA, complete sa iens cds.

401 AF116695Homo PR02221 173 46 sapiens 402 AAR3202 Homo 11-JUL-1993 14-AUG-1992 Sequence734 66 of a 0 sapiens eukaryotic transcription factor (TF).

403 AB049127Homo mRNA for MAP/microtubule 2227 73 affinity-regulating Sapiens kinase like 1, complete cds.

404 IC03250 Rattus ribosomal protein S 11 824 100 norve icus 405 AF144233Homo binding peptide mRNA, partial328 96 cds.

sapiens 406 AC007055Homo 14 clone BAC 201 F I map 519 100 14q24.3, complete sapiens sequence.

407 AK001752Homo FLJ10890 fis, clone NT2RP4002071.5019 99 Sapiens 408 AF090931Homo HQ0483$ PR00483 mRNA, complete133 58 cds.

sapiens 409 A28080 Mycobacteri34 IcDa protein 75 36 um avium subsp.

paratubercul osis 410 AL136704Homo cDNA DKFZp566A1524 (from 1662 99 clone Sapiens DKFZp566A1524); complete cds.

411 AL137347Homo cDNA DKFZp761M1511 (from 473 100 clone sa iens DKFZp761M1511); artial cds.

412 AIC027527Homo FLJ14621 fis, clone NT2RP2000079.1012 100 Sapiens 413 AAG0108 Homo 06-OCT-2000 21-FEB-2000 Human274 96 secreted 3 sapiens protein, SEQ ID NO: 5164.

414 BC009405Homo adenylate kinase 2, clone 1094 100 MGC:15301, mRNA, Sapiens complete cds.

SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Number Identity NO:

415 U34994 Homo dependent protein kinase 21178 100 catalytic subunit Sapiens (PRKDC) mRNA, complete cds;
alternatively spliced.

416 U47077 Homo protein kinase catalytic 21319 99 subunit (DNA-PKcs) Sapiens mRNA, complete cds.

417 U22229 Felis ribosomal protein L41 128 100 catus 418 AF361481Homo GTP-binding protein 1 (GTPBP3)1402 94 gene, Sapiens complete cds; nuclear gene for mitochondria) product.

419 BC000606Homo Similar to ribosomal protein1094 100 L14, clone Sapiens MGC:1644, mRNA, complete cds.

421 AAY7334 Homo 24-FEB-2000 04-MAY-1999 HTRM2171 73 clone Sapiens 438283 rotein sequence.

422 AK000632Homo FLJ20625 fis, clone ICAT04008.816 100 Sapiens 423 AC004668Homo clone CTA-27603 from 7q22-q31.1,1976 99 complete sa iens sequence.

424 AIC000496Homo FLJ20489 fis, clone KAT08285.238 73 Sapiens 425 AAY0278 Homo 11-JUN-1999 07-JUL-1998 Human82 43 secreted 5 Sapiens protein encoded by gene 51 clone HUKEX85.

426 AF118092Homo PR02061 1440 96 Sapiens 427 AIC000382Homo FLJ20375 fis, clone HUV00942.1330 99 Sapiens 428 Y15286 Homo for vacuolar proton-ATPase 459 100 subunit M9.2.

sapiens 429 AK014098Mus putative 524 68 musculus 430 AF286095Homo receptor (IL22R) mRNA, complete629 86 cds.

Sapiens 431 AK023266Homo FLJ13204 fis, clone NT2RP3004507,758 90 weakly Sapiens similar to MOB 1 PROTEIN.

432 AF047354Homo and spleen DNase precursor 1046 99 (LSD) mRNA, Sapiens complete cds.

433 X53682 Homo LAG-1 gene. 484 100 Sapiens 434 AC000064Homo BAC clone RG083M05 from 7q2I-7q22,298 I00 Sapiens complete sequence.

435 AL390921Arabidopsisputative protein 72 44 thaliana 436 AAB8744 Homo 22-MAY-2001 31-AUG-2000 Human1572 100 gene 32 0 sapiens encoded secreted protein fragment, SEQ ID

NO:181.

437 AP003001MesorhizobiO-linked GIcNAc ri-ansferase153 30 um loti 438 AIC000642Homo FLJ20635 fis, clone KAT03466.1854 99 Sapiens 439 248810 Homo mRNA for TX protease precursor.306 92 Sapiens 441 AC003002Homo DNA from overlapping chromosome436 98 Sapiens specific cosmids 829515 and 828253, genomic sequence, com fete se uence.

442 AF109377Mus ldlBp 3979 82 musculus 443 AF109377Mus ldlBp 2711 81 musculus 444 AAG0204 Homo 06-OCT-2000 21-FEB-2000 Human797 100 secreted 2 sapiens ~ ~
protein, SEQ ID NO: 6123.

SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Number Identity NO:

445 M17877 Plasmodiuminterspersed repeat antigen 291 27 falci arum 446 M17877 Plasmodiuminterspersed repeat antigen 291 27 falciparum 447 AB025784Rattus PPAR gamma coactivator 331. 46 norve icus 448 AK000755Homo FLJ20748 fis, clone HEP05772.831 96 Sapiens 449 AK001714Homo FLJ10852 fis, clone NT2RP4001498,2586 100 weakly Sapiens similar to ANKYRIN REPEAT-CONTAINING

PROTEIN AKR1.

450 AB042646Homo mRNA, complete cds. 1224 100 sa iens 451 AF125533Homo b5 reductase isoform mRNA, 1606 100 complete cds.

Sapiens 452 AAY0259 Homo 19-JUL-1999 09-OCT-1998 A 849 100 human 1 sapiens pro esterone receptor complex p23-like protein.

453 BC000600Homo Similar to from HeLa cyclin-dependent1106 100 kinase 2 Sapiens interacting protein, clone MGC:849, mRNA, complete cds.

454 246937 Caenorhabditsimilarity with ribosomal 140 38 protein L21 is ele ans 455 AF161556Homo HSPC071 941 100 Sapiens 456 AF225971Homo (TUBG2) mRNA, complete cds. 2346 99 sa iens 458 AF343664Homo receptor translocation associated736 55 protein 2c sapiens (IRTA2) mRNA, complete cds, alternatively s liced.

459 AF191545Homo mRNA, complete cds. 4141 99 Sapiens 460 AF118082Homo PR01902 202 58 Sapiens 461 D00531 Oncorhynchuapopolysialoglycoprotein 512 30 s masou 462 211898 Homo OTF3 mRNA encoding octamer 1948 100 binding protein sapiens 3A.

464 AL 162044Homo cDNA DKFZp761 L08 I 2 (from 220 41 clone Sapiens DKFZp761 L0812); partial cds.

465 AL137301Homo cDNA DKFZp434N1429 (from 543 100 clone Sapiens DKFZp434N 1429); partial cds.

466 AB032593Homo for PXR2b, complete cds. 3201 100 Sapiens 467 AL050075Homo cDNA DKFZp566F0546 (from 407 100 clone Sapiens DKFZp566F0546); partial cds.

468 AK000732Homo FLJ20725 fs, clone HEP13903.1653 99 sa iens 469 AB049638Homo mRNA for mitochondrial ribosomal941 100 protein L11 Sapiens (L1 lmt), complete cds.

470 AB049638Homo mRNA for mitochondrial ribosomal737 99 protein Ll 1 Sapiens (L1 lmt), complete cdS.

471 AB014772Homo for MOP-3, complete cds. 1722 99 Sapiens 472 AAY5980 Homo 18-JAN-2000 03-APR-1998 Human778 100 normal 8 Sapiens ovarian tissue derived protein 85.

473 AF331S00multiplerecombinant envelope protein1177 92 sclerosis associated retrovirus SEQ AccessionSpecies Description Score ID Number Identity NO:

element 474 AF257330Homo protein mRNA, complete cds. 962 96 Sapiens 475 AK000632Homo FLJ20625 fis, clone KAT04008.809 99 Sapiens 476 M58511 Homo iron-responsive element-binding4968 99 protein/iron Sapiens regulatory protein 2 (IRE-BP2lIRP2) mRNA, partial cds.

477 AF181989Homo beta subunit variant (HBB) 588 90 mRNA, complete Sapiens cds.

478 AC003002Homo DNA from overlapping chromosome752 100 sapiens specific cosmids 829515 and 828253, genomic sequence, complete sequence.

479 BC002924Homo clone IMAGE:3956179, mRNA, 1221 99 partial cds.

Sapiens 480 AF109146Homo lectin superfamily 6 (CLECSF6)958 99 mRNA, Sapiens complete cds.

481 BC005374Homo Similar to RIKEN cDNA 1110001E24995 100 gene, Sapiens clone MGC:12490, mRNA, complete cds.

482 X75285 Mus fibulin-2 5621 81 musculus 483 AC007954Homo 14 clone RP11-493617 and 1342 100 CTD-2516D11 map sapiens 14q24.3, complete se uence.

484 AIC016295Mus putative 116 27 musculus 485 AB028893Homo U32, U33, U34, U35, RPS11, 434 100 U35 genes for Sapiens ribosomal protein Ll3a and S11, U32, U33, U34, U35, and U35 snoRNA, complete cds and se uence.

486 BC003681Homo clone IMAGE:3453235, mRNA, 2829 96 partial cds.

sapiens 487 AK009235Mus putative 1648 92 musculus 488 AF294900Homo beta-carotene 15,15'- dioxygenase2912 100 (BCDO) sa iens mRNA, com fete cds.

489 AAB4397 Homo 08-FEB-2001 08-MAR-2000 Human1051 86 cancer 9 sapiens associated protein sequence SEQ ID N0:1424.

490 AF220025Homo motif protein TRIMS isofoim 1299 95 alpha (TRIMS) sapiens mRNA, complete cds; alternatively spliced.

SEQ ID AccessionDescription ResultsV

NO: Number 247 PF00596 Class II Aldolases PF00596C 17.24 9.710e-20 and Adducin N- 217-terminal domain proteins.243 PF00596B 15.07 4.938e-14 13.89 4.079e-12 297-315 248 PF00596 Class II Aldolases PF00596C 17.24 9.710e-20 and Adducin N- 217-terminal domain proteins.243 PF00596B 15.07 4.938e-14 13.89 4.079e-12 297-315 250 BL00162 Eukaryotic-type carbonicBL00162C 17.78 1.000e-40 anhydrases 88-proteins. 12S BL00162E 14.93 6.478e-34 22.68 6.727e-30 226-260 22.92 5.179e-26 16-47 BL00162D 15.06 4.960e-22 151 BL00162B 21.43 5.345e-17 252 BL00383 Tyrosine specific proteinBL00383E 10.35 1.196e-11 phosphatases 288-roteins. 299 253 PD02749 TRANSCRIPTION PROTEIN PD02749B 12.75 1.000e-40 FACTOR BTF3 REGULATION120 PD02749C 13.96 3.739e-34 NULL. 136-170 PD02749A
9.56 6.000e-256 BL00824 Elongation factor 1 BL00824B 9.21 8.419e-09 beta/beta'/delta 281-chain proteins. 301 257 BL00824 Elongation factor 1 BL00824B 9.21 8.419e-09 beta/beta'/delta 281-chain proteins. 301 260 PF00583 Acetyltransferase (GNAT)PF00583A 12.53 3.571e-12 family. 175-262 PDO 1364 MUCIN GLYCOPROTEIN PD01364B 13.94 I.OOOe-10 PRECURSOR MEM. 352 263 PR00860 VERTEBRATE PR00860B 7.04 2.929e-20 METALLOTHIONEIN SIGNATUREPR00860C 9.61 1.474e-14 PR00860A 5.46 9.229e-12 264 BL00599 Aminotransferases class-IIBL00599B 18.93 8.800e-27 pyridoxal- 278-phosphate attachment 307 BL00599D 13.25 sit. 8.773e-13 9.13 5.235e-266 PDO1769 REDUCTASE PAPS PD01769C 21.60 8.393e-18 BIOSYNTHESIS PHOSPHOADENO.452 271 PR00497 NEUTROPHIL CYTOSOL PR00497D 11.91 I
FACTOR .176e-28 192-P40 SIGNATURE 214 PR00497E 10.43 1.123e-26 6.92 1.136e-4.99 1.125e-8.89 1.100e-8.66 1.138e-15 297-309 272 BL50002 Src homology 3 (SH3) BL50002A 14.19 6.538e-11 domain 177-proteins profile. 196 276 PF00013 ICH domain proteins PF00013 5.78 2.059e-10 family of RNA 268-280 binding proteins.

277 PF00013 ICH domain proteins PF00013 5.78 2.059e-10 family of RNA 268-280 bindin roteins.

280 PF00930 Dipeptidyl peptidase PF00930J 8.78 4.231e-09 IV (DPP IV) N- 394-415 terminal region.

282 BL01220 Phosphatidylethanolamine-bindingBL01220B 16.65 1.000e-40 protein family proteins.146 BL01220C 14.75 5.846e-34 22.62 3.400e-31 67-98 BL01220D

SEQ ID AccessionDescription Results'' NO: Number 18.75 5.364e-31 189-221 283 BL00406 Actins proteins. BL00406B 5.47 1.000e-40 BL00406C 6.75 1.000e-40 202 BL00406D 12.58 7.000e-40 8.44 6.087e-9.95 6.087e-29 11-46 284 BL00227 Tubulin subunits alpha,BL00227C 25.48 7.792e-26 beta, and 119-gamma proteins. 171 BL00227D 18.46 2.286e-20 19.29 4.720e-13 58-113 24.55 4.649e-12 1-35 285 BL00478 LIM domain proteins. BL00478B 14.79 3.739e-14 478 BL00478B 14.79 3.500e-12 14.79 6.000e-12 530-545 286 PR00927 ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE PR00927B 14.66 6.236e-14 288 BL00783 Ribosomal protein L13 BL00783C 22.43 8.071e-20 proteins. 87-117 BL00783A 14.55 1.600e-19 8-33 BL00783B 12.76 3.500e-12 289 PD01066 PROTEIN ZINC FINGER PD01066 19.43 2.500e-38 NU.

291 DM00031 IMMUNOGLOBULIN V REGION.DM00031A 16.80 8.364e-11 292 PD02808 PROTEIN RIBOSOMAL L14 PD02808A 12.03 3.739e-38 PROBABLE 60. PD02808B 19.19 8.500e-36 294 BL00383 Tyrosine specific proteinBL00383E 10.35 2.756e-12 phosphatases 263-proteins. 274 295 BL01160 Kinesin light chain BL01160B 19.54 8.093e-09 repeat proteins. 510-297 PR00706 PYROGLUTAMYL PEPTIDASEPR0070GB 10.56 G.870e-09 (C I S) FAMILY SIGNATURE

300 PR00453 VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR PR00453A 12.79 4.750e-15 TYPE A DOMAIN SIGNATURE

301 BL00464 Ribosomal protein L22 BL00464B 28.48 4.960e-35 proteuis. 106-151 BL00464A 29.41 9.700e-23 302 BL00027 'Homeobo~:' domain BL00027 26.43 6.727e-36 proteins. 158-307 BL01113 Clq domain proteins. BL01113A 17.99 2.558e-09 310 BL00226 Intermediate filamentsBL00226D 19.10 9.571e-40 proteins. 371-418 BL00226B 23.86 4.600e-38 13.23 9.500e-26 270-301 12.77 4.000e-16 104-119 3 I 1 PDO 1066 PROTEIN ZINC FINGER PD01066 19.43 5.135e-34 FINGER METAL-BINDING
NU.

312 PD01861 PROTEIN NUCLEAR PD01861A 14.06 4.393e-1 RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN SMALL

MRNA RNA.

315 BL00192 Cytochrome b/b6 heme-ligandBL00192A 11.90 3.700e-09 roteins. ~ 136 316 PR00049 WILM'S TUMOUR PROTEIN PR00049D 0.00 6.445e-11 318 DM00031 IMMUNOGLOBULIN V REGION.DM00031B 15.41 4.423e-11 SEQ ID AccessionDescription Results*

NO: Number 319 BL01115 GTP-binding nuclear BL01115A 10.22 7.455e-13 protein ran 9-53 proteins.

321 BL00378 Hexokinases proteins. BL00378A 19.01 8.375e-09 323 BL00405 43 Kd postsynaptic BL00405C 10.15 I.OOOe-40 protein. 65-115 BL00405D 6.60 1.000e-40 7.78 1.000e-16.83 1.000e-40 263-302 13.75 1.000e-40 302-339 BL00405J 13.28 1.000e-40 373 BL00405K 7.57 1.000e-40 15.33 6.538e-39 26-58 BL00405F
8.07 1.900e-38195-226 8.84 1.529e-34 166-192 BL00405A 9.73 1.643e-31 327 BL00048 Protamine P1 proteins.BL00048 6,39 8.475e-15 BL00048 6.39 2.918e-14 BL00048 6.39 5.279e-14 BL00048 6.39 5.721e-14 BL00048 6.39 7.197e-14 BL00048 6.39 8.082e-I4 BL00048 6.39 2.246e-13 BL00048 6.39 6_677e-13 BL00048 6.39 7.092e-13 BL00048 6.39 7.785e-13 BL00048 6.39 7.923e-13 BL00048 6,39 1.926e-12 BL00048 6.39 1.926e-I2 BL00048 6.39 2.456e-12 BL00048 6.39 6.294e-12 BL00048 6.39 7.221e-12 BL00048 6.39 7.750e-12 BL00048 6.39 9.868e-12 BL00048 6.39 1.125e-11 BL00048 6.39 2.375e-11 BL00048 6.39 6.875e-11 BL00048 6.39 8.125e-11 BL00048 6.39 8.250e-11 BL00048 6.39 8.250e-11 BL00048 6.39 1.947e-10 BL00048 6.39 3.605e-10 BL00048 6,39 4.908e-10 BL00048 6.39 5.974e-10 BL00048 6.39 7.039e-10 BL00048 6.39 7.750e-10 BL00048 6.39 7.987e-10 BL00048 6.39 9.526e-10 BL00048 6.39 1.225e-09 BL00048 6.39 3.363e-09 BL00048 6.39 4.038e-09 BL00048 6.39 5.950e-09 BL00048 6,39 6.288e-09 BL00048 6.39 6.400e-09 BL00048 6.39 6.738e-09 BL00048 6.39 7.863e-09 331 PR00221 CAULIMOVIRUS COAT PROTEINPR00221H 12.82 1.217e-09 SIGNATURE

332 BL00290 Immunoglobulins and BL00290A 20.89 1.529e-14 major 187-histocompatibility 210 BL00290B 13.17 com lex roteins. 9.000e-12 SEQ ID AccessionDescription Resultsr NO: Number 334 BL00415 Synapsins proteins. BL00415N 4.29 8.420e-10 336 PR00779 INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE-PR00779F 14.51 5.147e-09 SIGNATURE

338 DM00179 w KINASE ALPHA ADHESIONDM00179 13.97 7.158e-10 CELL. 117 339 BL00224 Clathrin light chain BL00224B 16.94 8.200e-09 proteins. 167-340 PR00237 RHODOPSIN-LIKE GPCR PR00237B 13.50 L.OOOe-11 SUPERFAMILY SIGNATURE

343 PD00066 PROTEIN ZINC-FINGER PD00066 13.92 5.154e-15 BINDI. 334 PD00066 13.92 2.800e-14 237-250 PD00066 13.92 8.800e-13.92 3.000e-13 293-306 13.92 9.217e-11 209-222 345 PR00452 SH3 DOMAIN SIGNATURE PR00452B 11.65 4.600e-15 347 BL00563 Stathmin family proteins.BL00563D I 1.38 4.835e-09 349 BL01105 Ribosomal protein L35AeBL01105A 17.37 I.OOOe-40 proteins. 16-61 BL01105B 12.95 1.000e-40 350 PD0241 PROTEIN TRANSCRIPTION PD02411 21.89 2.929e-15 REGULATION NUCLEAR. 2261 355 BL00464 Ribosomal protein L22 BL00464B 28.48 4.908e-10 proteins. 128-173 BL00464A 29.41 7.045e-09 358 BL01013 Oxysterol-binding proteinBL01013D 26.81 8.000e-26 family 358-proteins. 402 BL01013A 25.
I4 7.231 e-21 45-81 BL01013C 9.97 1.000e-13 11.33 I.OOOe-11 I10-121 366 PD02557 UREASE ACCESSORY PROTEINPD02557C 10.85 6.262e-09 UREF N1CICEL.

369 BL01279 Protein-L-isoaspartate(D-aspartate)BL01279A 24.27 7.614e-12 methyltransferase signa.I 15 371 PR00042 FOS TRANSFORMING PROTEINPR00042E 9.69 8.200e-25 SIGNATURE 178 PR00042D 8.97 9.735e-24 8.29 4.549e-10.70 2.983e-20 98-115 10.04 6.400e-20 39-57 373 PR00893 RAB ESCORT PR00893H 7.37 2.588e-34 (CHOROIDERAEMIA) PROTEIN439 PR00893J 1.42 1.500e-28 13.14 1.563e-28114-138 1S_10 2.500e-27 94-115 PR00893K 7.01 1.000e-26 b00-620 PR00893I 14.97 2.667e-26 10.55 1.134e-25 45-64 PR00893F

10.78 3.314e-25 294-313 PR00893E 13.94 1.231e-22 230 PR00893G 12.88 5.500e-22 8.07 6.192e-374 BL00028 Zinc finger, C2H2 type,BL00028 16.07 9.471e-14 domain 508-roteins. 525 BL00028 16.07 9.100e-13 SEQ ID AccessionDescription Resultsx NO: Number 424-441 BL00028 16.07 2.957e-16.07 4.115e-11 340-357 16.07 8.269e-11 452-469 BL00028 16.07 4.300e-10 329 BL00028 16.07 7.600e-10 375 PF01020 Ribosomal L40e family.PF01020 15.00 1.000e-40 377 PR00450 RECOVERIN FAMILY SIGNATUREPR00450C 12.22 7.840e-10 108 PR00450C 12.22 7.380e-09 52-74 PR00450C 12.22 7.835e-381 PF00992 Troponin. PF00992B 26.31 4.000e-30 213 PF00992A 16.67 2.636e-29 16.35 2.800e-15 244-262 382 PF00992 Troponin. PF00992B 26.31 4.000e-30 192 PF00992A 16.67 2.636e-29 79-114 PF00992C 16.35 2.800e-383 PF00992 Troponin. PF00992B 26.31 4.000e-30 197 PF00992A 16.67 2.636e-29 84-119 PF00992C 16.35 2.800e-384 PD02784 PROTEIN NUCLEAR PD02784B 26.46 8.307e-10 RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN. 498 385 PF01140 Matrix protein (MA), PF01140D 15.54 9.686e-09 p15. I 12-388 DM00892 3 RETROVIRAL PROTEINASE.DM00892C 23.55 3.323e-14 391 PR00109 TYROSINE ICINASE CATALYTICPR00109B 12.27 6.553e-13 393 PR00453 VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR PR00453A 12.79 9.571e-16 TYPE A DOMAIN SIGNATURE546 PR00453B 14.65 S.OOOe-13 394 PR00453 VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR PR00453A 12.79 9.571e-16 TYPE A DOMAIN SIGNATURE546 PR00453B 14.65 S.OOOe-13 399 PR00326 GTP1/OBG GTP-BINDING PR00326A 8.75 1.514e-09 402 PD00066 PROTEIN ZINC-FINGER PD00066 13.92 1.692e-10 BINDI. 248 403 BL00239 Receptor tyrosine kinaseBL00239B 25.15 1.529e-16 class II 106-proteins. 154 404 BL00056 Ribosomal protein S BL00056A 28.90 3.769e-32 17 proteins. 75-115 BL00056B 20.86 6.727e-23 406 BL00150 Acylphosphatase proteins.BL00150 25.33 1.000e-40 410 PR00245 OLFACTORY RECEPTOR PR00245D 10.47 5.224e-09 413 BL00019 Actinin-type actin-bindingBL00019A 12.56 1.000e-13 domain 38-49 proteins.

414 BL00113 Adenylate kinase proteins.BLOO1 I3B 20.49 5.667e-32 828 BL00113D 24.41 2.565e-27 12.82 2.286e-16 832-847 415 BL00915 Phosphatidylinositol BL00915B 22.78 9.022e-19 3- and 4-kinases 3750-proteins. 3788 BL00915C 22.43 6.250e-18 416 BL00915 Phosphatidylinositol BL00915B 22.78 9.022e-19 3- and 4-kinases 3750-SEQ ID AccessionDescription Results'' NO: Number proteins. 3788 BL00915C 22.43 6.250e-18 418 PR00326 GTP1/OBG GTP-BINDING PR00326A 8.75 2.364e-10 419 PD02808 PROTEIN RIBOSOMAL L14 PD02808A 12.03 3.739e-38 PROBABLE 60. PD02808B 19.19 8.500e-36 421 PDOI066 PROTEIN ZINC FINGER PD01066 19.43 4.767e-3126-65 ZINC-FINGER METAL-BINDING
NU.

423 BL00143 Insulinase family, BL00143B 14.41 4.115e-13 zinc-binding region 102-proteins. 117 426 BL00514 Fibrinogen beta and BL005I4C 17.41 L.OOOe-40 gamma chains C- 206-terminal domain proteins.243 BL00514D 15.35 7.000e-16 16.42 4.000e-15 150-166 11.68 6.885e-12 40-50 427 PR00536 MELANOCYTE STIMULATINGPR00536G 6.26 2.688e-09 SIGNATURE

432 PR00130 DNASE I SIGNATURE PR00130E 14.66 5.871e-16 176 PR00130D 8.65 2.862e-15 14.38 1.106e-11229-250 11.23 1.086e-10 176-206 PR00130G 7.22 2.340e-10 229 PR00130A 11.39 7.000e-10 433 PR00437 SMALL CXC CYTOKINE PR00437C 14.85 4.696e-09 SIGNATURE

445 PF00624 Flocculin repeat proteins.PF00624J 6.21 9.782e-10 446 PF00624 Flocculin repeat proteins.PF00624J 6.21 9.782e-10 447 PFO I Matrix protein (MA), PFO 1 140D 15.54 140 p15. 2.256e-09 222-449 PF00791 Domain present in ZO-1PF00791 B 28.49 8.515e-10 and UncS-like 120-netrin receptors. 175 450 BL00027 'Homeobox' domain proteins.BL00027 26.43 1.818e-21 451 BL00191 Cytoclu-ome b5 family,BL00191I< 17.38 4.951e-27 heme-binding 184-domain proteins. 228 BL00191J 11.37 6.447e-17 454 BL00028 Zinc finger, C2H2 type,BL00028 16.07 8.457e-09 domain 22-39 roteins.

456 BL00227 Tubulin subunits alpha,BL00227B 19.29 1.000e-40 beta, and 51-gamma proteins. 106 BL00227C 25.48 1.000e-40 18.46 1.000e-40 223-277 24.55 2.607e-31 2-36 21.16 4.316e-30 382-436 BL00227E 24.15 2.667e-23 457 PR00301 70 KD HEAT SHOCK PROTEINPR00301C 8.62 8.875e-11 458 DM00179 w KINASE ALPHA ADHESIONDM00179 13.97 6.870e-09 CELL. DMOOI79 13.97 8.435e-09 459 PR00756 MEMBRANE ALANYL PR00756D 10.58 1.529e-21 DIPEPTIDASE (M1) FAMILY383 PR00756B 14.06 5.737e-16 12.90 1.237e-13 205-221 11.91 4.094e-13 386-399 PR00756C I 1.60 6.108e-1 SEQ ID AccessionDescription Results NO: Number 461 PR00648 GPR3 ORPHAN RECEPTOR PR00648B 7.41 8.340e-09 462 BL00027 'Homeobox' domain proteins.BL00027 26.43 5.500e-27 466 PD00126 PROTEIN REPEAT DOMAIN PD00126A 22.53 2.862e-09 NUCLEA. 536 469 BL00359 Ribosomal protein L11 BL00359A 20.66 5.395e-23 proteins. 20-56 BL00359B 23.07 4.176e-19 107 BL00359C 22.18 2.000e-12 470 BL00359 Ribosomal protein Li BL00359B 23.07 4.176e-19 1 proteins. 40-81 BL00359C 22.18 2.000e-12 473 PF00429 ENV polyprotein (coat PF00429 31.08 3.195e-12 polyprotein). 299-476 BL00450 Aconitase family proteins.BL00450B 42.34 8.393e-30 336 BL00450D 21.14 2.800e-18 42.34 6.400e-12 341-396 13.76 2.406e-1 I

BL00450C 11.95 6.657e-10 477 BL01033 Globins profile. BL01033A 16.94 7.923e-18 BL01033B 13.81 1.000e-15 480 BL00615 C-type lectin domain BL00615A 16.68 5.500e-10 proteins. 78-96 BL00615B 12:?5 7.577e-09 482 BL01177 Anaphylatoxin domain BL01177E 20.64 5.800e-24 proteins. 1043-1070 BL01177C 17.39 5.333e-19 13.61 7.840e-16 703-719 17.50 1.900e-15 1022-1040 487 BL01032 Protein phosphatase BL01032H I 1.25 8.200e-09 2C proteins. 253-489 BL00290 Immunoglobulins and BL00290A 20.89 1.563e-15 major 154-histocompatibility 177 BL00290B 13.17 complex proteins. 9.000e-12 490 PR00245 OLFACTORY RECEPTOR PR00245A 18.03 5.886e-10 Results include in order: accession number subtype; raw score; p-value;
position of signature in amino acid sequence SEQ Pfam ModelDescription E-valuePfam ID Score NO:

247 Aldolase Class II Aldolase and Adducin7.3e-105361.8 II N-terminal 248 Aldolase Class II Aldolase and Adducin7.3e-105361.8 II N-terminal 249 mn RNA reco nition motif. 8.8e-0632.6 250 carb anhydraseEukaiyotic-type carbonic 7.8e-178604.2 anhydrase 252 DSPc Dual specificity phos hatase,3.6e-69243.2 catalytic doma 253 NAC NAC domain 4.7e-30113.3 255 hexapep Bacterial transferase hexapeptide6.2e-0633.1 260 AcetyltransfAcetyltransferase (GNAT) 2.8e-1977.5 family 262 i Immuno lobulin domain 5.2e-2069.5 263 metalthio Metallothionein 1.3e-2288.6 264 aminotran Aminotransferases class-II2.4e-109376.7 265 IPP_isomeraseIso entenyl-diphosphate 1.6e-128440.4 delta-isomerase 266 PAPS reductPhosphoadenosine phosphosulfate6.2e-1459.7 reductase 271 PX PX domain 7.4e-31115.9 272 PX PX domain 7.4e-31115.9 276 KH-domain KH domain 7.2e-1356.2 277 KH-domain KH domain 7.2e-1356.2 278 GTP CDC Cell division protein 7.6e-119408.2 280 abhydrolasePhospholipase/Carboxylesterase0.013 -41.9 282 PBP Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding7.8e-88305.2 protein 283 actin Actin 1e-174 574.6 284 tubulin Tubulin/FtsZ family 5e-99 342.4 285 LIM LIM domain containing proteins4.6e-36132.3 286 mito_carr Mitochondrial carrier proteins1.4e-41145.5 288 Ribosomal_L1Ribosomal protein L13 4.1e-56199.8 289 zf C2H2 Zinc finger, C2H2 type 5.4e-268903.7 291 i ImmunoQlobulin domain 0.053 11.5 292 Ribosomal_L1Ribosomal protein L14 3.4e-34127.0 4e 295 PH PH domain 3.1e-2077.3 296 Lysyl hydroLysyIhydrolase 0 2058.2 299 efhand EF hand 0.075 19.5 300 vwa von Willebrand factor type2.8e-35130.6 A domain 301 Ribosomal Ribosomal protein L22p/Ll7e4e-67 236.4 302 homeobox Homeobox domain 4e-34 126.8 309 IF3 Translation initiation 0.0004815.1 factor IF-3 310 filament Intermediate filament proteins9.2e-178604.0 311 zf C2H2 Zinc fin er, C2H2 type 5.6e-I43488.4 312 Sm Sm protein 5.6e-2699.7 314 PDZ PDZ domain (Also known 0.037 15.2 as DHR or GLGF) 316 SH3 SH3 domain 3.6e-1253.9 318 ig Immuno Lobulin domain 1.5e-1245.5 319 ras Ras family 5.1e-94325.8 321 SAM SAM domain (Sterile alpha 9.9e-1045.8 motif) 323 TPR TPR Domain 1.1e-1255.5 329 rrm RNA recognition motif. 4.7e-0943.5 332 i Immunoglobulin domain 1e-20 71.8 336 VPS9 Vacuolar sorting protein 1.1e-30115.4 9 (VPS9) domain 338 ig Immunoglobulin domain 0.0079 14.2 340 7tm 1 7 transmembrane receptor 2.7e-2066.6 (rhodo sin family) 342 Hydrolase haloacid dehalogenase-like7.9e-28105.9 hydrolase 343 zf C2H2 Zinc forger, C2H2 type 5.1e-35129.8 345 SH3 SH3 domain 2.2e-1461.2 349 Ribosomal_L3Ribosomal protein L35Ae 6e-77 269.0 5Ae SEQ Pfam ModelDescription E-valuePfam ID Sco re NO:

350 SET SET domain 1.1e-56201.7 358 Oxysterol Oxysterol-binding protein 3.4e-95329.7 BP

369 PCMT Protein-L-isoaspartate(D-aspartate)Se-10 1.8 O-methyl 370 PH PH domain 9.6e-0522.0 371 bZIP bZIP transcri tion factor 3.2e-0730.8 373 GDI GDP dissociation inhibitor7.4e-2564.8 374 zf C2H2 Zinc finger, C2H2 type 7.1e-78272.1 375 ubi uitin Ubi uitin family 3.7e-61193.6 377 ethand EF hand 1.5e-37138.2 381 Tro onin Tro onin 4.7e-42153.1 382 Troponin Troponin 4.7e-42153.1 383 Troponin Troponin 4.7e-42153.1 384 rnn RNA recognition motif. 7.5e-51182.4 387 UBX UBX domain 1.5e-2598.3 388 G- atch G-patch domain 4.4e-1046.9 391 kinase Eukaryotic protein kinase 1.2e-110381.1 domain 393 EGF EGF-like domain 3.6e-82286.4 394 EGF EGF-like domain 3.6e-82286.4 398 PGAM Phospho lycerate mutase 6.1e-0729.2 family 402 zf C2H2 Zinc finger, C2H2 type 4e-24 93.6 403 kiriase Eukaryotic protein kinase I.le-101351.3 domain 404 Ribosomal_SRibosomal protein S I7 6e-43 148.6 406 AcylphosphatasAcylphosphatase 8.5e-64225.4 a 407 TPR TPR Domain 1.2e-1462.1 414 adenylatekinaseAdenylate kinase 1.9e-119410.3 415 FAT FAT domain 9.3e-192650.4 416 FAT FAT domain 9.3e-192650.4 418 MMR HSRl GTPase of unknown function0.00015-32.8 419 Ribosomal_L1Ribosomal protein L14 3.4e-34127.0 4e 421 zf C2H2 Zinc fin er, C2H2 t a 5.2e-99342.3 423 Peptidase_M16Insulinase (Peptidase family4.3e-42153.3 M16) 426 fibrinogenFibrinogen beta and gamma 2.4e-68238.3 C chains, C-term 432 DNase I Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase1.2e-171583.6 I) 433 IL8 Small c okines (intecrine/chemokine2.3e-33115.6 , inter 437 TPR TPR Domain 4.4e-0840.3 440 PDZ PDZ domain (Also known 0.038 15.1 as DHR or GLGF) 445 zf C2H2 Zinc finger, C2H2 type 2.7e-2287.5 446 zf C2H2 Zinc finger, C2H2 t a 4.1e-2390.2 447 rrm RNA reco nition motif. 0.0029 24.3 449 ank Anl< re eat 4.1e-31116.8 451 Cyt reductaseFAD/NAD-binding Cytochrome7.7e-61215.5 reductase 455 Ribosomal Ribosomal LI8p/LSe family 0.084 -34.1 8p 456 tubulin Tubulin/FtsZ family 3.4e-283954.2 457 laminin Laminin G domain L 1e-51185.1 G

458 ig Immunoalobulin domain 2.7e-2380.1 459 Peptidase Peptidase family M1 6.4e-184533.4 Ml 462 pou Pou domain - N-terminal 1.3e-48175.0 to homeobox domain 466 TPR TPR Domain 2.4e-30114.2 469 Ribosomal Ribosomal protein L11 7.3e-53189.0 Ll 470 Ribosomal Ribosomal protein L11 7e-40 145.9 Ll 473 ENV_polyproteENV polyprotein (coat polyprotein)1.5e-37129.4 in ~76 aconitase Aconitase family (aconitate2e-I89 621.7 ~ hydratase) SEQ Pfam ModelDescription E-valuePfam ID Score NO:

477 lobin Globin 5.5e-44157.8 480 lectin Lectin C- a domain 1.5e-2185.0 c 482 EGF EGF-like domain 1e-22 88.9 487 PP2C Protein hos hatase 2C 1.1e-1351.7 489 i Immuno lobulindomain 1.8e-2071.0 _ 7tm-1 ' 7 transmembrane receptor 3.1e-1344.2 490 (rhodopsin family) ~ ~

U ;
Ca x W ~ x z x_ ~dN~ w a ~ o y-=
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DEMANDE OU BREVET VOLUMINEUX
LA PRESENTE PARTIE DE CETTE DEMANDE OU CE BREVET COMPREND
PLUS D'UN TOME.

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Claims

a) contacting the compound with the polypeptide of claim 10, in a cell, under conditions sufficient to form a polypeptide/compound complex, wherein the complex drives expression of a reporter gene sequence in the cell; and b) detecting the complex by detecting reporter gene sequence expression, so that if the polypeptide/compound complex is detected, a compound that binds to the polypeptide of claim 10 is identified.

19. A method of producing the polypeptide of claim 10, comprising, a) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1-245, a mature protein coding portion of SEQ ID NO: 1-245, an active domain coding portion of SEQ ID NO: 1-245, complementary sequences thereof and a polynucleotide sequence hybridizing under stringent conditions to SEQ ID NO: 1-245, under conditions sufficient to express the polypeptide in said cell; and b) isolating the polypeptide from the cell culture or cells of step (a).

20. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of any one of the polypeptides SEQ ID NO: 2146-490, the mature protein portion thereof, or the active domain thereof.

21. The polypeptide of claim 20 wherein the polypeptide is provided on a polypeptide array.

22. A collection of polynucleotides, wherein the collection comprising the sequence information of at least one of SEQ ID NO: 1-245.

23. The collection of claim 22, wherein the collection is provided on a nucleic acid array.

24. The collection of claim 23, wherein the array detects full-matches to any one of the polynucleotides in the collection.

25. The collection of claim 23, wherein the away detects mismatches to any one of the polynucleotides in the collection.

26. The collection of claim 22, wherein the collection is provided in a computer-readable format.

27. A method of treatment comprising administering to a mammalian subject in need thereof a therapeutic amount of a composition comprising a polypeptide of claim 10 or 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

28. A method of treatment comprising administering to a mammalian subject in need thereof a therapeutic amount of a composition comprising an antibody that specifically binds to a polypeptide of claim 10 or 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.