CA2261214C - Modem with firmware upgrade and power saving feature - Google Patents

Abstract

Updated operating code and parameters can be reprogrammed into a modem system with no disassembly of the modem hardware. The modem system includes an in-circuit reprogrammable memory chip in which operating code and parameters are stored. Two control programs control the reprogramming of updated operating code. One of the control programs is designed for manufacturing and testing purposes. The other control program allows remote reprogramming of updated operating code or parameters from a remote location such as a customer site. The modem system is portable, obtaining power from a standard 9 volt battery. Therefor, various power saving features are also incorporated into the modem system.

Description

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F;~l A nf the Tn~n1-; ~n The present invention relates to communications systems and in particular to a modem in which the firmware which controls the operation of the modem can be changed or upgraded remotely.
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Presently, there are several mechanisms through which software upgrades, bug fixes and the lS like are distributed to users. In systems employing firmware storage of operating programs, such as Electrically Pro~rdll-,~ble Read Only Memory (EPROM) and the like, bug fixes or enhancements to system firmware require programming a new EPROM with the updated code and shipping the new EPROM to the customer. A
technician then travels to the site, disassembles the hardware, and replaces the old EPROM with the new one.
Unfortunately, these methods are very inconvenient. First, a considerable time delay is encountered while waiting for the manufacturer to program and ship the replacement parts. Second, the hardware may not be operable if the user is waiting for a bug fix. Especially true in cases of bug fixes where the hardware might not be operable without the updated operating code. Also, the replacement of the old with the new EPROM requires a technician to travel to the site and use special tools to disassemble the hardware and replace the outdated on faulty part or parts. This results in an increased expense for repairs or up~rades because technician time and special t~ols are required. Current update methods are thus time consuming, expensive and inefficient.
There is a need in the art, therefore, for a modem which allows remote changes and/or upgrades to be made to the firmware stored operating code, without requiring disassembly and replacement of parts, technician time, or special tools, thus resulting in the more efficient and cost effective means of updating firmware.

To overcome the shortcomings in the art described above, and to provide other advantages which will become apparent upon reading and understanding the present specification, the present system is a modem system which includes hardware and software cul'~oLlents~ The system allows the user to connect to remote locations equipped with a similar system or with modems or facsimile machines over a single analog tel~phon~ line. The incorporation of various power saving features allow practical implementation of a small, lightweight and easily transportable modem system powered from a standard 9 volt battery. The present modem system also incorporates storage of operating code and parameters in an in-circuit repro~L~I.l~ble memory chip. A user can thus remotely upgrade system firmware with updates, bug fixes, enhancements or other new releases of system operating code by downloading the update over a phone line and reprogramming the memory chip in-circuit over the serial port.
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In the drawings, where like numerals refer to like components throughout the several views, Figure 1 shows the telecommunications envi,ûIllllent within which the present system may operate;
Figure 2 is a block diagram of the hardware components of the present system;
Figure 3 is a key for viewing the detailed electrical schematic diagrams of Figures 4A-7C to 35 facilitate underst~n~ing of the interconnections between the drawings;

Figures 4A-4E, 5A-5C and 6A-6C are detailed electrical schematic diagrams of the circuitry of the hardware components of the present system;
Figure 7 shows a flow diagram of the process for downloading the HEX files cont~'n;ng the updated operating code from a bulletin board to the host PC;
Figures 8A-8C show a flow diagram of the upgrade control program from the perspective of the host PC; and Figures 9A-9D show a flow diagram of the upgrade control program from the perspective of the modem.
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In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embo~'m~nts in which the inventions may be practiced.
These embc~ nt.q are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present inventions. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present inventions is defined by the appended claims.
Figure 1 shows a typical arrangement for the use of the present modem system. Hardware components 20 contain the present modem system and are connected to laptop computer 10. Hardware components 20 comm~nicate over a standard telephone line 30 to one of a variety of remote sites. For example, one of the remote sites may be equipped with the present modem system including hardware components 20a and laptop computer lOa. The present modem system can also connect over phone lines 30 to fax machine 60, to a personal computer and associated modem 40, or to a .

network of personal computers 90. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize the wide variety of communication interconnections possible with the present system by reading and understanding the following detailed description.
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Figure 2 is a block diagram of the hardware components of the present system corresponding to reference number 20 of Figure 1. These components form the link between the user, the laptop or personal computer (PC) and the telephone line interface.
The preferred embodiment of the present system preferably includes a data pump circuit 211, which includes a digital telephone coder-decoder (CODEC) and a digital signal processor (DSP) for communicating over the telephone line interface 209.
The data pump DSP of circuit 211 perfonms functions such as modulation, demodulation and echo cancellation to communicate over the teleph~ne line interface 209 using a plurality of telecommunications standards including FAX and modem protocols. The main controller circuit 213 directly controls the DSP data pump circuit 211.
As described more fully below, the main 25 controller circuit 213 includes, in the preferred embodiment, a microprocessor which controls the functions and operation of all of the hardware components shown in Figure 2. me main controller is connected to RAM circuit 216 and a proyr~u~ble and 30 electrically erasable read only memory or Flash PROM
circuit 217. me Flash PROM circuit 217 includes non-volatile memory in which the executable control yr~l~ for the main controller circuits 213 are stored.
The RS232 serial interface 215 communicates to the serial port of the personal computer which is running the software components of the present system.
me RS232 serial interface circuit 215 is connected to a serial input/output circuit 214 with main controller circuit 213.
Data is received from the telephone line over telep~one line interface circuit 209 and forwarded by the data pump circuit 211 and the main controller circuit 213 over the serial line interface circuit 215 to the personal computer.
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The detailed electrical schematic diagrams comprise Figures 4A-E, 5A-C, 6A-C and 7A-C. Figure 3 shows a key for how the schematic diagrams may be conveniently arranged to view the passing of signals on the electrical lines between the diagrams. The electrical connections between the electrical schematic diagrams are through the designators listed next to each wire. For example, on the right side of Figure 4A, address lines A0-Al9 are attached to an address bus for which the individual electrical lines may appear on other pages as A0-Al9 or may collectively be connected to other schematic diagrams through the designator "A" in the circle connected to the collective bus. In a like fashion, other electrical lines designated with symbols such as RNGL
on the lower left-hand side of Figure 4A may connect to other schematic diagrams using the same signal designator RNGL.
Beginning with the electrical schematic diagram of Figures 4D and 4E, the DAA circuitry (telephone line interface) is shown. The telephone line connection in the preferred embodiment is through connector J201 which is a standard six-pin modular RJ-11 jack. In the schematic diagram of Figure 4E, only the tip and ring connections of the first telephone circuit of the RJ-ll modular connector are used.
Ferrite beads FB201 and FB202 are placed on the tip and ring wires of the telephone line connections to reduce high frequency or RF noise that may radiate from telephone line. The incoming telephone line is also overvoltage protected through SIDACTOR R205. The inCo~ing telephone line is full wave rectified by the full wave bridge comprised of diodes CR230, CR226, CR227 and CR228 of Figure 4D.
Also connected across the incoming telephone line is a ring detect circuit. Optical isolator U220 (part model number CNY17) senses the ring voltage threshold when it exceeds the breakdown voltages on zener diodes CR201 and CR202.
The DAA circuitry is physically isolated from the rest of the system by transformer T1, optocoupler U220 and two solid state relays X215 and X202 which are optically coupled. Connector J203 is a four pin he~r used for automatic testing during manufacturing and for diagnostics.
Relay X215 shown in Figure 4D is used to accomplish pulse dialing by opening and shorting the tip and ring wires. Transistor Q203 along with the associated discrete resistors comprise a holding circuit to provide a current path or current loop on the telephone line to grab the line. The DAA
circuitry shown in Figures 4D and 4E can be customized to interface to the varying telephone standards used in the United States and in many different European countries.
Connector J202 shown in Figure 4D connects the telephone line interface circuitry described above to connector J102 shown in Figure 6A and thusly to the rest of the circuit. Incoming RXA signals are buffered by the two operational amplifiers U104 as shown in Figure 6B. m e first stage of buffering is used to drive the transmit carrier signal to the telephone line. m e second stage of the input buffering is configured for a moderate amount of gain before driving the signal into CODEC U101. m is stage is also used to reduce the amount of transmit signal that is fed back into the receiver. m e signal from amplifiers U104 is also fed to speaker driver U105, which drives speaker X101.
Data and address buses A and B shown in Figures 4A and 4B connect the Z80180 microprocessor in microcontroller U5 with the Z80 KIO circuit U4 and a gate array circuit U3, and to other portions of the electrical schematic diagrams. Gate array U3, also shown in Figures 4A and 4B, includes the "glue logic"
used to support various functions in the hardware components of the present invention. Gate array U3 includes miscellaneous latch and buffer circuits for the present system which normally would be found in discrete SSI or MSI integrated circuits. By combining a wide variety of miscellaneous support circuits into a single gate array, a much reduced design complexity and manufacturing cost is achieved.
CODEC chip U101 shown in Figure 6B, interface chip U1 shown in Figure 5A and digital signal processor (DSP) chip U2 shown in Figure 5A
comprise a data pump chip set manufactured and sold by AT&T Microelectronics. A detailed description of the operation of these three chips in direct connection and cooperation with one another is described in the publication entitled "AT&T V.32bis/V.32/FAX High-Speed Data Pump Chip Set Data Book" published by AT&T
Microelectronics, December 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference. This AT&T data pump chip set comprises the core of an integrated, two-wire full duplex modem which is capable of operation over standard telephone lines or leased lines. Th2 data pump chip set conforms to the teleco ~ ln;cations specifications in CCITT recom~n~tions V.32bis, V.32, V.22bis, V.22, V.23, V.21 and is compatible with the Bell 212A and 103 m~dems. Speeds of 14,400, 9600, 4800, 2400, 1200, 12,000 and 300 bits per second are supported. This data pump chip set consists of a ROM-coded DSP16A digital signal processor U2, and interface chip U1 and an AT&T T7525 l; n~r CODEC U101.

The AT&T data pump chip set is available from AT&T
Microelectronics.
The chip set U1, U101 and U2 on Figures 5A
and 6B perform all A/D, D/A, modulation, demodulation and echo cancellation of all signals placed on or taken from the telephone line, and perfonms DTMF tone generation and detection, signal analysis of call progress tones, etc. The transmission of information on the telephone line from CODEC U101 is through buffers U104, and through line buffer U105 as described above.
The main controller of controller circuit 213 and the support circuits 212, 214, 215, 216 and 217 are shown in Figures 4A-4C and 5A. In the preferred embodiment of the present system, the main controller U5 shown in Figures 4A and 4B is a Z80180 eight-bit microcontroller chip. In the preferred implementation, microcontroller chip U5 is a Z80180 microprocessor, by Zilog, Inc. of Campbell, California. The Zilog Z80180 eight-bit microprocessor operates at a 12.288 MHz internal clock speed by means of an external crystal XTAL, which in the preferred embodiment, is a 24.576 MHz crystal. The crystal circuit includes capacitors C1 and C2 which are 20 pf capacitors and resistor R15 which is a 33 ohm resistor. The crystal and support circuitry is connected according to manufacturer's specifications found in the Zilog Intelligent Peripheral Controllers Data Book published by Zilog, Inc. The product description for the Z80180 Z180 MPU from the Z80 CPU
Product Specification pages 351-392 of the Zilog 1991 Intelligent Peripheral Controllers databook is incorporated herein by reference.
The Z80180 microprocessor in microcontroller chip U5 is intimately connected to a serial/parallel I/O counter timer chip U4 which is, in the preferred embo~;mPnt, a Zilog 84C90 CMOS Z80 KIO
serial/parallel/counter/timer integrated circuit ~ ., .

available from Zilog, Inc. This multi-function I/O
chip U4 combines the functions of a parallel input/output port, a serial input/output port, bus control circuitry, and a clock timer circuit in one chip. The Zilog Z84C90 product specification describes the detailed internal operations of this circuit in the Zilog Intelligent Peripheral Controllers 1991 Handbook available from Zilog, Inc.
Z84C90 CMOS Z80KIO Product specification pgs. 205-224 of the Zilog 1991 Intelligent Peripheral Controllers databook is incorporated herein by reference.
The memory chips which operate in conjunction with the Z180 microprocessor in microcontroller chip U5 are shown in Figure 4C. The connections A, B correspond to the connections to the address and data buses, respectively, found on Figure 4A. Memory chip U7 is a read-only memory (ROM) chip which is electrically reproyrdllll~ble in circuit. This proyLa~l,~ble ROM, typically referred to as a flash PROM, holds the operating code and operating parameters for the present system in a non-volatile memory. Upon power-up, microcontroller chip U5 executes the program code that is stored in the flash PROM U7. In the preferred embodiment, RAM chip U6 is a pseudostatic R~M which is a dynamic R~M with a built-in refresh. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that a wide variety of memory chips may be used and substituted for pseudo-static RAM U6 and flash PROM U7 without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The interface between the main controller circuit 213 and the personal computer is through SIO
circuit 214 and RS232 serial interface 215. RS232 connection J103 is shown on Figure 6A with the associated RS232 driver circuit U102 and interface and ring detect circuitry used to generate and receive the appropriate RS232 standard signals for a serial communications interface with a personal computer.
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Figure 6C is a detailed electrical schematic diagram showing the generation of various voltages for powering the hardware components of the electrical schematic diagrams described herein. The power for the present hardware components described herein is received from either a standard 9 volt battery or through AC adaptor J104 which is a standard 3 Pin Power Jack. When the AC adaptor is plugged in, the battery is disconnected. Power is controlled by power switch S101. The preferred modem system is designed to run off of a standard 9 Volt battery, thus resulting in a small, lightweight and easily transportable package. However, it shall be understood that the modem could also be run from any other power source using standard interfaces and conversion circuitry known well in the art. 5 volt regulator U107 is a linear regulator with a low drop out voltage of about 5.3. Q102 is a MOS~l which controls on/off as directed by power switch S101.
Power switch S101 turns on MOSFET Q102, and has three positions, on, off, or auto. In auto position, power switch S101 senses the Data Terminal Ready Signal from the computer, and if that is not present, then the power to the modem is turned off completely. Thus, if no communications software is loaded, the modem is automatically off such that no power is wasted. From the circuitry of Figure 6C, the +9 volts DC is regulated down to 5 volts, and is also inverted via U106 to get a negative voltage. The negative voltage is used to drive the RS232 driver U102 shown in Figure 6A. As a result, five volts are derived for operating - the various memory, logic and controller chips and support circuitry of the present system.
Figure 5B shows connector J1 which interfaces with connector J101 shown in Figure 6A.
Figure 5C shows the interconnection of the status LED's found on the front display of the modem of the present invention.

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Referring again to Figure 5A, the interface chip Ul, discussed in detail above is shown. Also shown in the upper left portion of Figure 5A is power saving circuitry which is incorporated into the present modem system to enable the practical implementation of a small, lightweight and easily portable modem suitable for use with a laptop computer, for example. The power saving features of the present modem system allow the design to be powered from a standard 9 volt battery as discussed above with respect to Figure 6C.
In order to conserve power, various power saving features are provided which allow the present modem system to be put in a low power, or "sleep~
mode. In sleep mode the power to the modem is greatly reduced. There are three main power saving features in the sleep mode. First, additional circuitry has been added in the preferred embodiment to allow additional power savings to be realized. Second, the AT&T data pump chip set has a built in low power mode.
Third, the Z180 MPU U5 also has a built in low power mode.
The AT&T data pump chip set U1, U2 and U101 described in detail above has the ability to be put into a low power mode. When in low power mode, the CODEC bit clock ToODEC generated by interface chip U1 shown on Figure 5A is slowed to 115kHz to provide a required clock signal to DSP chip U2 and CODEC U101.
The data pump chip set enters sleep mode automatically after a reset, a disconnect or by user command. The chip set automatically wakes up when a ring signal or host command is received. The built-in sleep mode of the AT&T data pump chip set is described in more detail in the aforementioned publication entitled ~AT&T V.32 bits/V.32/FAX High-Speed Data Pump Chip Set Data Book" published by AT&T Microelectronics, December 1991.

, In addition to the power saving sleep mode provided by the AT&T data pump chip set Ul, U2 and U101, the present invention provides additional power saving features. These features include providing an 5 external clock oscillator ~II,1. Circuitry is provided such that external clock oscillator XTL1 can also be put in sleep mode (disabled). This results in a significant power savings as the oscillator would consume power unnecessarily when the modem is not in use. When XTL1 is disabled, the clock to CODEC U101 is switched to a low frequency, a~roximately 100 kHz signal generated from K10 U4 of Figure 4A via N~ND
gate U10 of Figure 5B.
Crystal ~I~2 is a 20.275 MHZ crystal which 15 is used in conjunction with an internal oscillator provided on interface chip U1. The internal oscillator is described in the above listed documentation for interface chip U1.
The present modem system can be assembled 20 with either the crystal ~I~2/C17/C18 combination or the external clock oscillator XTL1/C19 combination.
With either combination, the power saving feature built into the AT&T data pump chip set Ul, U2 and U101 can be used. However, with the XTL1/C19 combination 25 the AT&T data pump chip set power saving feature and also the additional feature of disabling external oscillator XTALl can be used for even greater power savings. External clock oscillator XTL1 is part number CO2810 available from Raltron Corporation of Miami, Florida. External clock oscillator XTL1 has a frequency of 40.5504 ~/EIz and is described in more detail in the publication entitled "CLOCK OSC, Model CO2810 Series (SMD Type OSC)", published by Raltron Corporation, which is incorporated herein by reference. In the preferred embo~ nt, external clock oscillator XTL1 is used as the main clock for the AT&T data pump chip set Ul, U2 and U101 and runs at 40.5504 MHZ to drive the interface chip U1.

When the present modem system is off-hook and the Z180 MPU U5 is not processing, the Z180 MPU U5 can be put into a low power or SLEEP mode. The Z180 MPU SLEEP mode places the CPU into a state in which 5 the internal CPU clock stops, thereby consuming less current. The Z180 MPU U5 wakes up when one of the interrupts INT0, INTl or INT2 shown in Figures 4A and 4B is asserted.
INT0 wakes up the Z180 MPU U5 in response to interrupts generated by K10 U4. INTl wakes up the Z180 MPU U5 in response to a RNGL or watchdog timer (WDOUT-) signal. The watchdog is a slow timer (in the seconds) which allows the processor to keep track of time. For example, the processor must keep track of 15 the time for which the modem cannot call a blacklist of forbidden phone numbers. INT2 wakes up the Z180 MPU U5 in response to a DTE data signal (TD shown in Figure 5B).
The built in SLEEP mode of the Zilog Z180 20 MPU U5 is described in more detail in the aforementioned publication Zilog Intelligent Peripheral Controllers 1991 Handbook.
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The preferred modem system includes two 25 control programs which control the remote in-circuit ~e~Lcyr~l~lling of system firmware, a flash control program and a boot control program. The flash control p~Oyr~ll runs in the host PC and receives updated operating code downloaded from a bulletin board. The 30 updated code is downloaded to the host PC in the form of Intel HEX files. The flash control program processes the HEX files and creates the packets cont~;n;ng the updated code which are actually sent to the modem. Each packet contains a field containing 35 the packet length, the address at which to store the updated code, the actual program data and a checksum.
The boot control program running in the modem checks that the packet was correctly transmitted and programs . . .

CA 0226l2l4 l999-02-l8 the updated operating code at the address specified in the address field of the packet.
In summary, the flash control programs control the host PC side of the process of in-circuit S reprogramming of flash PROM U7. The boot control p~oyLdl" controls the modem side. As described above, flash PROM U7 is an in-circuit p~oyrdl,.,~ble and electrically erasable read only memory. As is well known to those of skill in the art, these memory chips allow in-circuit reprogramming of the operating code and parameters which are stored in the flash PROM chip U7. Although the present modem system is described with respect to a particular flash PROM U7, it shall be understood that any in-circuit reproyrdl,.,,dble memory configuration could be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Before flash PROM U7 is assembled in the modem circuit, the boot control program is burned, or proy,d"."ed into flash PROM U7 using conventional PROM
proy,al,-"ers and programming techniques.
When a bug fix, enh~nc~m~nt or other new release of system operating code becomes available, the flash control program is used to control the remote loading and processing of operating code downloaded over telephone line from a central bulletin board. The boot control program receives the updated code from the host PC over the serial port and controls in-circuit reprogramming of the new operating code into flash PROM U7.
The field proyrdl,.,~able feature of the modem system of the present invention has several advantages. Because a user can remotely load new operating code over a remote telephone connection, code updates can be obtained immediately as soon as they are available instead of waiting for new parts to be shipped. In addition, no physical removal or replacement of parts is required thus significantly reducing the chance of breakages. Further, no special tools are required to remove and replace parts, and no special PROM progrA~ml~ equipment is required to reprogram the memory chips. Finally, the need for a technician to travel to the remote site to perform the upgrade is avoided thus significantly reducing costs associated with the upgrade.
Detailed descriptions of the flash control program and boot control program will now be given.
The illustrative emko~lm~nts of the flash control program and boot control program described and shown herein is with special reference to a PC-based DOS
operating system. It shall be understood, however, that the present invention is in no way limited to a DOS operating system. The preferred modem system can also be used with a UNIX-based operating system, MacIntosh operating system, or any of a number of operating system platforms simply by customizing the user interface to run on the desired operating system.
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The flash control program is used to control the reprogramming of updated operating code and parameters into the flash part of the modem.
The updated operating code is distributed to the user according to the procedure shown in Figure 7.
To get the update, HEX files cont~;n;ng the updated operating code are downloaded over a phone line from a computer bulletin board to the host PC. The HEX files are preferably in the Intel MCS-86 HEX format. This is an industry st~n~rd for HEX files.
The HEX files contain entirely ASCII
characters and include three record types: Data Record, End Record and Extended Address Record. The formats of the three record types are described in detailed at page 27 of the User M~m~l for the Gtek EPROM p,oy,~[~er model 9000, dated 01-11-88, which is incorporated herein by reference, and are as follows:

CA 0226l2l4 l999-02-l8 Da~
Byte nlnnber Contents Colon(:) 2-3 Number of binary data bytes 4-5 Load address, hlgh byte 6-7 Load address, low byte 8-9 Record type, must be ''00'l 10-x Data bytes, 2 ASCII-E~:X characters 10 x+l - x+2 Checksum, two ASCII-H~ characters x+3 - x+4 carriage return (CR), line feed (LF) ~!nA Rb~o~ ~1 !~te nlm~r Contents Colon(:) 20 2-3 Record length, must be ''00' 4-7 Execution address 8-9 Record type, must be "01"
10-11 Checksum 12-13 CR,LF
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R~7te n-7rnber Contents 30 1 Colon(:) 2-3 Record length, should be "02"
4-7 Load address field, should be "0000"
8-9 Record type, must be "02"
10-13 USBA-this number multiplied by 16 is the new load offset address For our use only the first digit is used as the 64K bank offset value 14-15 Checksum 16-17 CR,LF
Figures 8A shows a detailed flow diagram of the flash control program 800. The beginning of the flash control program 800 is shown. First, the internal environment and variables are initialized.
The preferred flash control program 800 accepts either 45 comnand line parameters or can be run in a menu driven mode. The present state of the user interface screen is saved and cleared while the field upgrade control program is running. The screen is saved for later restoration after the reprogralr~ning is completed.

Flash control program 800 continues at control block 802, which starts the help system. The help system reports onscreen status messages to the user during various stages of reprogramming. At times information may be requested from the user. Also, error messages and possible courses of action are displayed when appropriate.
Next, flash control program 800 reads the setup file to determine which serial port the modem is connected through, the appropriate baud rate and other necessary setup information. The serial port is then initialized according to the setup information obt~; n~, Control block 804 allocates a 128 kbyte memory buffer in the host PC. This memory buffer is used to store processed HEX files cont~;n;ng the updated operating code to be proyrall.,,ed into the flash PROM in the modem. Processing of the HEX files is described in detail below with respect to Figure 8B.
If "AUTOMATIC MODE" is set at query 806, flash control program 800 automatically runs the user through the reprogramming procedure. However for certain manufacturing and R&D purposes, it is desirable for the user to have more control over the reprogramming procedure. Thus, automatic mode can be disabled. When automatic mode is disabled, the flash control program checks whether the name of the HEX
file to be proyr~~ ed is present on the command line.
If not, a user "PROCESS MENU" will appear on the screen at control block 807 with the choices "PORT
SETUP," "READ FILE," "PROGR~M," or "EXIT." The user can then select the functions to be performed. If the HEX file name was on the command line, the flash control program continues with READ AND PROCESS FILE
routine 810 described in detail below.
Otherwise, in AUTOMATIC MODE, flash control program 800 continues at the top right portion of Figure 8A with control block 808. Here all HEX files present in the host PC are found and their names displayed onscreen. The user chooses the name of the file to be pro~ra~ ,ed into the modem. If the desired file is not listed, the user can press the ESC key to exit the program.
Although the bytes of each record in the HEX
files downloaded from the bulletin board are sequential, the HEX records themselves are in no particular order within the file. The file must therefore be processed and sorted into a format which can be pro~ra"l"ed into the modem. READ AND PROCESS
FILE routine 810 reads the standard Intel HEX files stored in the host PC and performs the necessary HEX
file processing.
Figure 8B shows a detailed flow diagram of the READ AND PROCESS FILE routine 810. The purpose of READ AND PROCESS FILE routine 810 is to convert the ASCII HEX characters contained in the HEX records to a binary format appropriate for programming into flash PROM U7. Routine 810 begins with an update of the onscreen help display. Next, the memory buffer is "zapped'l, i.e., set to all FF hex (all 1 binary).
This corresponds to the erased state of flash PROM U7.
Next the HEX file is opened for read access and the first HEX record is read. The record is then parsed to check syntax and to determine the record type indicated by the record type field of each HEX
record as described above.
If the record is type 0 the record is a data record. The record is processed as a data to be loaded in the memory buffer at the current memory pointer, where the pointer is the current 64k page plus the address supplied in the record. After the data is converted from a ASCII text to binary and stored to the memory buffer, the pointer is in~,~"~lLed to the next ~vailable space in the buffer.
Record type 02 indicates an extended address record. The information in these records is converted from ASCII text to binary and processed as a 64k page number to be added as an offset to all of the following records until a new record type 02 is reached.
Record type 01 indicates an End of File (EOF) record. If address 0000, 0001 or 0002 were proy,~,.lled, these addresses are forced to 0c3h, 00 and 01, respectively. This is the code for a jump to boot control area, rather than the normal modem code. This step ensures that the boot control area of the flash part is not corrupted.
READ AND PROCESS FILE routine 810 reads through the records in the HEX file until all records have been read, processed and stored into the memory buffer in the host PC. After the last record has been processed, the READ AND PROCESS FILE routine 810 is completed.
Referring again to Figure 8A, after READ AND
PROCESS FILE routine 810 is completed, flash control program 800 queries the user ensure that the correct file to be proyL~Illled into the modem has been identified. If not, the program exits. Otherwise, flash control program 800 continues with PROGR~M FILE
INTO PRODUCT routine 820.
Figure 8C shows a detailed flow diagram of PROGR~M FILE INTO PRODUCT routine 820. The present modem system uses the well-known and widely used AT
comm~nd set. As is well-known in the art, the AT
command set allows a user to control a modem by entering commands through a computer keyboard. The AT
command set can be used to direct the modem to perfonm functions such as accessing a telephone line, taking the receiver off-hook, dialing and hanging up. The AT
com~n~ set can also be used for more intelligent functions such as downloading or uploading files.
Many of these more intelligent functions of the AT
command set are used in the present modem system, as described in more detail below. The AT command set is used in the PROGR~M FILE INTO PRODUCT ROUTINE 820.
A general overview of the PROGR~M FILE INTO
PRODUCT routine 820 will now be described with reference to Table 1 and Table 2. The h~n~ king procedure which negotiates the transfer baud rate between the host PC and modem, which was discussed above is shown in Table 1. The AT command set shown and described in Table 2 is used to control the modem.~0 All data sent is 8 bits, no parity and 1 stop bit.
T~hle 1 ~Q~ Modem Power up or AT*FS triggers execution of the boot code.
Send 'M's at 19200 Responds with 'U' at 19200 baud baud if 'M's received within 30 ms of power up or AT*FS
command. Otherwlse jumps to m~in code on time out.
Send D at 19200 If D received within 300 ms 25 baud of when 'U' sent, then modem responds with 'J': can receive at 19200 baud 'K : can receive at 19.2k or 38.4k baud 'M : can receive at 9.6k, 19.2k, 38.4k, 57.6k or 115.2k baud.
Otherwise jumps to main code on time out.
If 'J' then 19200 baud Otherwise may send 'I': 9600 baud 'J': 19200 baud 'K': 38.4k baud 'L': 57.6k baud 'M': 115.2k baud 45 Confi~ure for Configure for negotiated negotlated speed. speed.
Referring now to Figure 8C, the serial port is initialized to 19200 baud, and is set for packets of 8 bits, no parity and 1 stop bit. AT*FS is a special command which tells the modem to jump to address zero, which is equivalent to powering on the modem. At that point, the host PC and modem engage in a handshaking procedure to negotiate the transfer baud rate, shown in tabular form in Table 1 above.
Pursuant to this handshaking procedure, the host PC
starts sending capital 'M's to the modem at an initial baud rate of 19200. The host PC sends 'M's until it receives a 'U' response from the modem. Timeout is controlled by the modem side as described below with respect to Figure 9A. The host PC continues to send 'M' at 19200 baud until a 'U' is received.
In the normal case, the modem will respond with a 'U' within 30 milliseconds. At that point, the PC will send back a 'D' and the modem responds within 300 ms with either 'J', 'K' or 'M', depending on the modem version and the corresponding baud rate at which it can run. If the modem responds with a 'J', the computer assumes a baud rate of 19200.
If the modem responds with a 'K', the computer can choose 38400 or 19200 baud. A response of 'M' means that the modem can be run at 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600 or 115.2k baud. The PC sends I, J, K or M to set the speed. The host PC and modem then each initialize the negotiated baud rate and configure accordingly.
The modem is now prepared to receive the AT
command set as shown in Table 2:
Table 2 30 Comm~nd Des~ript'on ATIx, where x=0, 1, 2, or 3 special codes ATFLEND exit program and jump to main code ATFLP program a packet Next, the host PC sends an ATIl command.
The ATIl command contains the boot control program !~ ~

version number. The version number determines the packet size, which can range from 128 bytes to 4k byte packet size depending on the version number received.
The host PC then sets the max packet size according to the version number received.
Next, as shown in control box 880 in the top right of Figure 8C, the host PC initializes pointers to the top of the R~M buffer which was allocated in control box 804 shown on Figure 8A, and in which the processed and sorted updated operating code to be proy~ ,ed into the flash PROM in the modem is stored.
Once the pointers are initialized to the top of the R~M buffer in the host PC, control block 882 commands the PC to check a software protect switch which when enabled prevents overwriting of the program area of the flash PROM in which the boot control program is stored, or which when disabled allows portions of the boot control program to be updated.
For normal use the software protect switch is enabled to prevent erroneous overwriting of the boot control program area. However, for R&D or manufacturing purposes it may be necessary to update or reprogram the boot control area. The software protect switch thus provides a software "back door" which allows access to the area of the flash PROM where the boot control program is stored.
Referring again to Figure 8C, the host PC
begins to build a packet which will be sent to the modem over the serial port. In the control blocks 884 and 886 the host PC builds a packet by searching through the HEX files in the RAM buffer, searching for contiguous non-blank pages. A HEX file blank page is defined as a page progr~m~led to all FF. Whenever a non-blank page is found the packet length is in~ enLed. Variable length packets may be sent in sizes up to the specified max packet length determined by version number as described above. Once a blank page is found or the max packet length is reached, the packet is complete and ready to be transferred to the modem over the RS232 serial port.
The packet built by the process shown in control blocks 884 and 886 includes a he~r portion and a data portion. The he~r portion includes a length field created by the host PC as it builds of the packet. The he~r portion also includes an address field which contains the physical starting address of where the data is to be placed in the flash PROM. me data portion includes the updated program data bytes and an XOR'd checksum. The packet format is shown in Table 3:
Table 3 Packet Fiel~ Fi~ld Length Length High 1 byte Length Low 1 byte Address High 1 byte (only lowest order 4 bits used, upper 4 bits set to Address Middle 1 byte Address Low 1 byte Program Data x bytes XOR'd checksum 1 byte After the packet is built, the host PC sends the command ATFLP to the modem, the command for program a packet. Upon receipt of the ATFLP command, the modem responds with a 'G'. The host PC then transmits the data packet pointed to by the R~M buffer pointer.
After the packet is received by the modem, the modem generates its own checksum based on the data received and compares it to the checksum sent by the host PC. If they are equivalent, the modem responds with 'OK', and the received code is pro~rd,l.,,ed into the flash PROM address pointed to by the Address High, Middle, and Low bytes. Otherwise the modem responds with an error.

The host PC will run through the programming loop, searching through the RAM buffer, creating packets and sending packets to the modem until the programming is complete or until 5 consecutive errors occur.
After the host PC has sent all the packets, as determined by the DONE PROGR~MMING query, the host PC sends an ATFLEND command to signal that programming is completed. ~fter the file has been programmed, an exit routine, shown in Figure 8A is run in which timers are shut down and the state of the screen is restored. The user is informed that the program is completed or was terminated due to error. The program then jumps to the normal modem code.
n~;l~ n~r~.; on of ~h~ Rnnt ~.~n~.r~l ~ . ~, Figures 9A and 9B show a flow diagram of the boot control program. Figures 9A and 9B show the same programming procedure as described above with respect to Figures 8A-8C, except that Figures 8A-8C were described from the perspective of the host PC and Figure 9A and 9B are described from the perspective of the modem. The program begins with power up or AT*FS.
The serial port between modem and host PC is initialized for 19200 baud. At this point the modem also copies the program code into RAM. The boot control program is run out of RAM while the flash PROM
is rep~oyr~l~,led. This is because certain bits in flash PROM U7 are toggled during reprogramming and therefore the boot control program must be copied to r~ 30 R~M to avoid corruption of the boot control code.
Next, the handshaking protocol described above with respect to Figure 8C is performed. The modem initializes a counter for 30 milliseconds. If the modem receives an 'M' from the host PC, the modem responds with a 'U'. If no 'M' is received, the counter is decremented. The loop will timeout after 30ms if no 'M' is received. The number of times . .

through the loop is dep~n~nt on the crystal speed of the modem, but is equivalent to 30 milliseconds.
When the 'M' is received and the 'U' response is sent, another counter is initialized to 300 milliseconds. If a 'D' is received from the host PC within the 300ms timeout, the modem responds with a 'J', 'K' or an 'M', depending of the baud rate at which the modem can run.
The host PC then sends either 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L' or M, and both the host PC and the modem configure their baud rates according to the negotiated speed.
The AT commands ATFLP, ATFLEND or ATIx can now be received by the modem. Flow diagrams showing the ~oy-a,l~,ling procedures on receipt of these commands are shown in Figures 9B-9D.
Figure 9B shows the control flow upon receipt of the ATFLP command. The modem first responds with a 'G' to indicate that the ATFLP command was received. Next, the packet length bytes and programming address bytes are received from the host PC. A counter is initialized to the length of a packet, and the checksum is initialized to 0.
The modem next runs through a loop, getting each data byte and calculating a new checksum by XOR'ing the checksum from the previous iteration through the loop with the data received. The modem continues through the loop, decrementing the counter each iteration until the count equals 0, indicating that the entire packet was received.
Next, the modem receives the checksum data byte which was generated by the host PC. If the checksum data byte generated by the host PC is equal to the checksum generated by the modem, the data bytes are pro~L~I.~led into the pr~g-ramming address sent with the packet into the flash PROM and an 'OK' response is sent to the host PC. If the checksums are not equal, an error message is sent to the host PC.
Figure 9C shows the flow diagram for the - ATFLEND ~ [~d. As discussed above, the ATFLEND
command occurs when programming of the flash PROM is completed. If the command ATFLEND is received, the serial port is disabled and a jump to the normal modem code is performed.
Figure 9D shows other commands ATIx, where x=0, 1, 2 or 3. ATI0 commands the modem to respond with a product identification code. ATI1 commands the modem to respond with a boot version number, which is the version of the boot control program installed in the modem. The boot version number is important because different versions may require different packet lengths.
ATI2 is for identification of a basic modem or hardware platform. MT1432xx indicates a derivative of the basic MT1432 platform, for example. These could become more specific to facilitate a more intelligent host interface. ATI3 can be used to indicate country types, special defaults, or for future expansion of making a smarter PC host interface.

Claims (4)

WE CLAIM:

1. A reprogrammable modem, comprising:
communications interface means connected for communicating with a host computer and operable for transferring data between the host computer and the communications interface;
a data pump circuit including telephone line interface means for connection to a telephone line the data pump circuit requiring a clock signal when not in use;
control means connected to the communications interface means and the data pump circuit for executing operating code to control said modem;
memory means for storing the operating code; and the control means executing software to communicate with a remote computer through the telephone line and operable for initiating a telephone call to the remote computer in response to commands received by the control means by a local user of the host computer and for controlling downloading of the updated operating code from the remote computer to the host computer;
the control means further executing software to communicate with the host computer through the communications interface and to control transfer of said updated operating code from the local computer to the modem over the communications interface means;
an external oscillator connected to the data pump circuit and the control means and adapted to output an external clock signal;
low frequency oscillator connected to the data pump circuit and the control means and adapted to output a low frequency clock signal and adapted to operate using low power; and sleep means for disabling the external oscillator when the modem is not in use, and further for enabling the low frequency oscillator to provide the required clock signal to the data pump circuit.

2. A power-conserving modem, comprising:
communications interface means connected for communicating with a local computer and operable for transferring data and commands between the local computer and the modem;
telephone line interface means including a data pump circuit for connection to a telephone line;
control means connected to the telephone line interface means and the communications interface means for executing operating code to control the modem;

memory means connected to the control means for storing the operating code;
power saving means connected to the control means for conserving power when the modem is not in use, the power saving means comprising:
first oscillator means for providing a first clock signal to the control means during use of the modem;
second oscillator means for providing a second clock signal having a frequency which is switchable between a first frequency and a second frequency to the data pump circuit;
the modem further for operating in a first power consumption mode when the first clock signal is provided to the control means and the second clock is connected to the data pump circuit and switched to the first frequency;
the modem further for operating in a second power consumption mode when the first clock signal is not provided to the control means and the second clock is connected to the data pump circuit and switched to the second frequency; and wake up means connected to the control means and the telephone line interface means and operable for causing the control means to switch from a second power consumption modem to a first power consumption modem when a ring signal is detected on the telephone line.

3. The power-conserving modem of claim 2, further comprising a watch dog time connected to the control means and operable for generating an interrupt at periodic intervals to cause the control means to switch from the second power consumption mode to the first power consumption mode.

4. The power-conserving modem of claim 3, in which the watch dog time further enables the control means to keep track of the time for which the modem cannot call a blacklist of forbidden phone numbers.