CA2108705A1 - Biologically recognizing layers on new ti02 waveguide for biosensors - Google Patents
Biologically recognizing layers on new ti02 waveguide for biosensorsInfo
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- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
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Abstract
Abstract The present invention is concerned with the coating of dielectric TiO2 wave guides with biologically recoginizing elements to give biosensors having high sensitivity and specificity for an analyte molecule. The coating consists of an organic carrier layer to which receptor molecules are bonded, the carrier layer having an ordered monomolecular layer which consists of molecules of general formula I
I.
This layer is bonded directly to the TiO2 wave guide via the Si atom or, if desired, is bonded to a TiO2 wave guide via an intermediate layer. The receptor molecules are biological molecules having recognizing properties, such as antigens, antibodies, receptors, DsDNA, ssDNA. The arrangement of the receptor molecules on the sensor surface can be not only two dimensional but also three dimensional, and the receptor molecules can be immobilized non-directed or directed on the organic carrier layer.
I.
This layer is bonded directly to the TiO2 wave guide via the Si atom or, if desired, is bonded to a TiO2 wave guide via an intermediate layer. The receptor molecules are biological molecules having recognizing properties, such as antigens, antibodies, receptors, DsDNA, ssDNA. The arrangement of the receptor molecules on the sensor surface can be not only two dimensional but also three dimensional, and the receptor molecules can be immobilized non-directed or directed on the organic carrier layer.
Description
2 ~
E~L~
The present invention is concerned with optical biosensors and with a methad for their production; in particular, it is concerned with methods and compounds for appiying biologically recognizing elements to TiO2 wave guides which are used for these novel optical sensors.
According to definition, a biosensor is a device consisting of a transducer and a biologically recognizing element (Trends in Biotechnol. 2 (1984), 59). Such biosensors can be used to deter-mine anaiyte concentrations e.g. in human and veterinary diag-nostics, in environmental analysis and in the analysis of food or in biochemical r~search for the quantification of intermolecular interactions of biologically active substances (e.g. antibody-antigen interaction, receptor-ligand interaction, DNA-protein interaction ctc.).
The function of th~ biologically recognizin~ element of a biosensor is to r~cognize an analyte molecule in solution and to ~ -bind to it (so-called affinity sensor) or ~o catalytically modify it (so-called enzymatic, metabolic sensor). The change in the biologically recognizing element which accompanies this is recognizecl by tha transducer (si~nal transform~r), which is in close contact with the element, and is converted into a process-able si~nal.
One class of such transducers detects alterations in the optical properties of the biologically recognizing element (e.g.
absorption, refraction) by means of an optical surface wave, which is conducted in a wave-guiding layer along the interface of the transducer/recognizing element. This class of transducers can be divided into two groups on the basis of different wave-guiding layer structures. A first group embraces transducers in which this wave-guiding structure is the interface between a metal and a dielectric. The wave which is conducted at this interface is the surface piasmone (Sensor and Actuators 4 (1983) 299). The second ~roup embrac~s transducers having diel.qctric wave-guiding layers. The optioal waves which are conducted are wave guide modes (Opt. Lett. 9 (1g8~) 137; Sensors and Actuators A, 25 (1990) 185; Sensors and Actuatnrs B, 6 (19~ 122; Proc.
Biosensors 92, extended abstracts, pp 339 & pp 347).
The present invention is concerned with biosensors which are based on dielectric wave guides. The basic principle of such transciucers can be expiained on the basis of the field distribution of the modes which are conducted in such wave guides. The electriG field of the conducted mode is not limited solely to the geometric dimensions of the wave guicie, but has so-called evanescent ccmponents, i.e. the field distribution of the conducted modes dies away exponentially in the media adjacent to the wave guide (e.g. in the substrate or in the superstrate in which the wave-guiding layer is situated). Changes in the optical properties of the substrate or superstrate adjacent to the wave guide within the ~ransmission range of the evanescent field influerlc~ the propagation of these modes and can be detec~ed by suitabl~ measuring instruments. When th~ sup~rstrate contains the biologically recogniziny element within the transmission range of the evanPscent field, then the changes in th~ opticai properties of this element which accompany the bindin~ or mcdification can be detected by this optical, surface-sensitive method and calibrated in terms of an anallyte concentration.
It is known from the lit~rature that the hi~her are the surfac~ specificity and ~he surface sensitivity of the method, then the sma11er is the effective density of the wave-guiding layer (monomode wave guide) and the higher is the jump in the refraetive index at the interface of the wave guide/substrate and wave guide/superstrate~ Having regard to its high refractive index, TiO2 is therefore especially suitable as a materiai for such wave guides and it has been shown recently (Proc. Materials res.
Soc. Spring i\/ieeting, San Francisco, 1992) that by using PICVD
technoio~y wave-guiding films can be produced from this rnateriai with a refractive index of 2.45 for sensorics.
"~
, . . - - . , , ,,. : :
... , ; , 3 ~ ~3~7~
The present invention is concerned with the coating of such TiO2 wave guides with biologically recognizing elements, there being obtained biosensors of high sensitivity and specificity for an analyte molecule. The basis for these recognizing elements is that a so-called recognizing molecule (e.g. antibody, membrane r~ceptor, ssDNA sampl~ etc) comes into play for a selective recognition and binding (and/or modification~ of an analyte moleculc (e.g. antigen, ligand, active substance, ssDNA, etc).
These recognizing molecules can be used no~ only in their naturally occurring and isolatable form, but also in a chemically or biotechnolo~ically prepared form.
The object of the present invention is to provide an optical biosensor and a method for its production, ~he biosensor consisting of a TiO2 wave ~uide and an or~anic carrier layer with the receptor molecules bonded thereon and this carrier layer satisfying the requirements of optical biosensorics, i.e.
- its layer thickness is not greater than the transmis-sion range of the evanescent field of the mode conduct~d into the wav~ guide;
- its construction shows optical homogenicity with respect to the light conducted into the wave guide;
- it shows ch~mical resistance to media with which it comes into contact (sera, fermentation solutions, etc);
- the recognizing molecules are anchored to it such that their natural activity is maintained;
- the recognizing molecules are anchored to it such ~
that they are no~ lost by dissociation in contact with ::
the sample.
The object of the invention is to provide corresponding recognizing ~lements on the novel TiO2 wave guides appropriate ~"":.," ;,: .," ,~ ~, " ,~
to the different analyte molecules and, respectively, recognizing receptor moiecules.
In accordance with the invention the object is achieved by providing an optical biosensor consisting of a dieleetric wave ~uide and an organic carrier layer to which receptor molecules are bonded, wherein the organic oarrier layer and the receptor molecules bonded thereon form an ordered monomolecular layer and the carrier layer consists of molecules of general formula I
/ Si-Y- Z
and wherein the molecules of the carrier layer are bonded to a TiO2 waYe guide directly via th~ Si atom or, if desired, are bonded to a TiO2 wav0 guide via an intermediate laysr.
Examples of optical biosensors and a process for the .
production of the biosensors in accordance with the invention will be described hereinafter.
For tho construction of the organic carrier layers having the r~quired prop0rti~s, the TiO2 wav~ guid~ surface is firstly provided with a homogeneous organic suppl~mentary layer. The cornpounds used for the derivatization of the TiO2 surface are silanes o~ general formula ll (R1 R2R3)Si-Y-X 11 wherein -Si(R1R2R3~ represents a coupling group to the TiV2 layer and R1, R2, R3 can be alkyl, alkoxy ar halogen, but at least one of these residues is either alkoxy or halogen, -Y is a spacer group and as such represents either an alkylene chain -CH2-(CH2)n-CH2-, a fluoroalkylene chain -Ctl2~(CF2~n~CH2~ or -CH2-(CF2)n CF2- with n - 1-30, an oli~oethylane chain ~[tCH~)n~~O-(CH2)nl]m~ with n', n" = 2-6 and 3 ~
m= 2-6 or a cornbination of alkylene, fiuoroalkylene or oligoalkyiene glycol and -X is either hydrogen or fluorine or a chemically reactive group which is compatible with -Si(R1R~R3) such as e.g.
carboxylio acid halide ~-COHal), olefin (-CH=CH2), nitrile (-CN), thiocyanate [-SCN) and thioacetate (-SCOCH3) or, when R1,R2,R3=
alkoxy, also amine (-NH2).
After the addition of the compounds to the TiO2 surface, these groups can also be converted by suitable subsequent chemical treatments into groups which are not compatible with -Si(R1R2R3) such as e.g. into a7ide and further into amiJle, or nitrile into amine, or halogen into thiocyanate and further into thiol, or thioacetate into thioi or olefin into epoxide, diol, halide, dihalide or carboxylic acid etc.
Other molecules can be coupled to the original group X or to the group X subsequently treated as just described to give an organic carrier layer to which the r~ceptor molecul~s are bond~d. -::
An optical biosensor is obtained in which the organic carrier layer forms ordered monomolecular layers and consists of molacules of general formula l.
Si -Y- Z
In ~his formula Z signifies the groups~
- hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, methyl, alkyl, fluoroalkyl groups;
- dorivatives oli hydrophilic short-chain molecules such as oligovinyl alcohols, oligoacrylic aoids, oligo-ethylene glycols;
- derivative of mono- or oligo-saccharides with 1~7 :: ~
sugar units; : -,: ~ . . . , , ' . , : , ' , 6 2 ~
- carboxyglycosid~ derivatives, - aminoglycoside derivatives suoh as fradiomycin, kanamycin, straptomycin, xylostatin, butirosin, ohitcsan - derivative of hydro3el-forming groups of natural or synth~tic origin such as dextran, agarose, alginic acid, starch, cellulose and deriva$ives of such polysac-charides or hydrophilic polym*rs such as polyvinyl aicohols, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycols and -:
derivatives of such polymers.
It has surprisingly been found th~ the compounds of formula 11 are outstandingly suitable for applying to TiO2 monomolecular, densely packed, ordered organie films having the quality required for optical sensorics.
For low-molecular representatives of the cornpounds of formula 11 this coating is pre~crably carrie~d out frcm the gas phase (chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method). For high-mole- :;~
cular compounds this coating can also be carried out from the liquid phase. In order, however, in the coating of the TiO~ wave guide to achievs a homogenicity which is sufficient for use in optiGs, the soivent used must be coordinated with thc compounds of formula 11.
The biologically recognizing eiemcnts in biosensorics are 3snerally constructed from an organic carrier layer which is covalently linked with ths substrate (transducer surf~ce) and to which biologically recognizing moiecules are absorbativeiy or, preferably, covalently bondQd. As will be evident ~rom the following, in biosensorics the specifk: construction of a bio-logically recognizing element is on th~ one hand closely linked with the type of analyte molecule to be detected and thus with the nature of the receptor molecule which is usecl for the detection and is on ths other hand, however, also dependent on the ;" " . ~ s, "~ ; , "
2 ~ o ~ ~ !3 ~
probiem position to be resolved with a particular biosensor for a receptor/analyte molecule pair.
The biologically recognizing elements, which are claimed here for use in optical biosensorics in combination with TiO2 wave guides, are divided into two main classes A and B, with eaoh of these main classes being divided into two sub-classes A1, A2 and B1, B2. The criterium relevant for the assignment of a reco~nition element to one of the main classes relates to the arrangemant of th~ receptor moiecules on the sensor surface. In the first class (A) the receptor molecules are ordered approximately in one plane (two dimensional arrangement~ on the surface of the optical transducer. Such a ~No dimenslonal arrangement of the receptor molecules results only when the dimension of the organic carrier layer perpendicular to the transducer surface is not substantialiy greater than the mo!e-cular size of the reoeptor molecule bonded to this carrier layer.
In reoognizing elements of class B the imrnobilized receptors have a three dimensional arrangement. This three dimensional arrangement can only be realized with a carrier layer having a thickness which is substantially greater than the moleeular dimensions of the receptor molecula and which proves to be parmeabl~ for the receptor molecule. This type of carrier iayer can be denoted as a porous, three dim~nsional matrix. The criterion for the assignment to one of the sub-classes (A1, B1 or, respectively, A2, B2) relates to the manner in which the receptor molecules are irnmobilized on the carrier layer; the differenti-ation being a non-directed ~A1, B1) and a directed (A2, B23 mode of immobilization, the term immobilization being used not oniy for an absorptive but also for a covalent bonding to the organic carriar layer. Non-directed immobilization of a receptor molecule to the organic carrier layer signifies that in the bonding of the receptor molecule to the organic carrier layer no regard is -had to particular structural features of the receptor molecule, i.e.
the immobilization takes place at any position on the surface of the receptor molecule. Directed immobilization signifies that in the immobilization of the receptor molecule regard is had to the analyte-recognizing domains and for the immobilization those ,. ~, . . . .
f~
structural elements are chosen which are well separated spatially from the analyte-recognizing domains.
As mentioned earlier, each of these different typas of biologically recognizing elements has its specific suitability for us~ in different fields or investigational areas of bioanalytics.
This will be substantiated using some exampies:
A three dimensional matrix permits the immobilizatian of a larger number of receptor molecules per surface unit. Since the total number of receptor molecules per surface unit in the case of directed biosensors detsrmines th~ steepness of th~ sensor curve and consequently the analytical capabili~y in the concentration range relevant to the sensor, a sensor which is equipped with a three dimensional recognizin~ element is accordingly preferred for an exact determination of an analyte concentration (e.g. in diagnostic use). A three dimensional matrix can, however, also bs of disadvan~age when the analyte molecule to be detected possesses several repetitive epitopes. The binding of this analyte molecule to several receptor molecules in ~he outer regions of the element then leads to a cross-linking of the carrier layer, whereby the access to free binding sites on the inside of the recognizing element is impeded for subsequent analyte molecules. The disadvantage of a three dirnensional arrangement oiF r~ceptor molecules is also obvious in a quantitative represent-ation of the kinetics of the binding process between a receptor molecule and an analyte molecule. The time-dependent sensor response observed in such an inv~stigation using a three dimen-siona5 matrix can also be marked by the hindered diffusion of the analyte molecule in this matrix.
In an analogou~ manner, advantages and disadvantages of a directed or non-directed immobilization can be demonstrated in different bioanalytical investigations. For the detection of an antigen in immunodiagnostics it is without doubt important to irnmobilize the antibody used for the detection on the surface such that the antigen-recognizing domains are not influenced by the immobilization, e.g. over the Fc part which is well separated 2 ~
from the antigsn-recognizing domains. When, however, a biosensor is used to test for the presence of an ensemble of polyclonal antibodies a~ainst one and the same antigen, then it is convenient to irnmobilize the antigen in a non-directed manner, since thereby all epitopes of the antigen are equally available for recognition by the antibody in solution.
As a further embodiment of the invention it ensues accordingly that the TiO2 surfaces for the construction of the biologically recognizing elements of type A1, A2, B1 and B2 must be provided with organic carrier layers which permit the directed -~
or non-directed immobilization of receptor molecules in a two or three dimansional arrangement.
In addition to the aforementioned requirements relating to the dimensions and permeability of a carrier layer, which is providsd for the two a,r three dimensional arrangement of receptor molecules, these organic carrier layers for the immobilization of the receptor molecul~s must also satisfy chemieal and, respectively, physicochemical requirements and must have a) reactive groups by means of which receptor molecules can be covalently anchored to/in the two/three dimensional carrier layer and b) functional groups or molecules and/or molecular associations which permit an efficient concentration of receptor molecules to/in this two/three dimensional matrix before the covalent anchoring, so that the immobilization of receptor molecules can be carried out from dilute solutions.
ad a): A large number of reactive groups which can be used for such a covalent immobilization are known from the literature.
A differentiation is made between groups which are per se chemically active and which can enter into a bonding with functional groups on the receptor molecule, such as e.g. amino, hydrazina or hydrazide ~roups on the carrier layer, which can react with aldehy~e groups on the receptor moiecule, and vice versa, aotivated disulphide bonds on the carrier layer which react with free thiol ~roups on the receptor moiecule, c~rboxylic acid halides or activated carboxylic acid esters on the carrier layer which react with amino groups on the surface of the receptor molccule etc, and groups which react with functional groups on the receptor molecule after an in situ activation (chemical or photochemical activation~, such as e.g. aziridins or phenylazide which are converted by a photochemical activation into reactive carbene or nitrene.
ad b) such a concentrating property can be conferred to a carrier layer in various ways, e.g. by ionic ~roups by means of which receptor molecules of opposite total charge are concentrated on the basis of a Couloumb interaction with the ionic groups of the carrier layer in an approximately non-directed manner, or by molecular associations which confer a hydrophobic character to a carrier layer such that receptor molecules havin~
hydrophobic domains are concentrated via these domains at these surfaces in a directed manner, or by metal complexes having non-saturated coordination spheres which are saturated by particular functionai groups or domains of a receptor molecule and therPby a directed concen-tra~ion on the carrier layer is effected, or by molecules having the capacity of a molecular recognition ~e.g. protein A, protein G, str~ptavklin, antibodies against particular epitopes of a recognition molecule etc), which have a high affinity to particular ~omains of a recognition mole-cule and which concentrate a receptor molecule as a result of this affinity to/in tha carrier layer in a directed manner.
i ..... .. . ~ . ~ , .
8 ~
It has surprisingly been found that in the coating in accordance with the invention of planar ~iO2 wave guides there ~-are obtained organic layers which have an analogous construction and a comparable arrangement to s)rganic monolayers which are applied using the compounds of formula ll to materials such as silicone, silicone oxide and aluminium oxide (Advanced Materials 2 (1990) 573; Langmuir 8 (1992) 947) or to organic monolayers which can be applied using functionalized thioalkanes to gold surfaces (Langmuir 6 (1990) 87). This class of organic layers is denoted by the term "self assembled monolayer" in the technical literature. Under the described conditions there are obtained organic monolayers on the TiO2 surfaces in which the oompounds of formula ll are covalently bonded with ~he TiO~ via the terminal Si atom and the spaeer group Y having the reactive group X stands clear of the surface. The compounds of formula ll bond to the TiO2 layers via the reactive group (R1R2R3)-Si- in that at least one of the groups (R1, R2, R3) reacts with free hydroxyl groups on the surFaees. In order to obtain a dense packing and resistant layers, it is accordingly important to pre-treat the TiO2 surface in a suitable manner SQ that a high density of hydroxyl functions re~ults on the surface. The layers obtained on the TiO2 surfaces with the compounds of formula ll have been found to be stable in organic solven~s and in aqueous m~dia with a 9>pH>1. In basic aqueous media pH>10 their stability deereases, namely with decreasing number of reactive groups R at the terminal Si atom of the compounds of formula ll.
With referenoe to their adhesion to the TiO2 surface, these monoiayers are also stable towards reduction a~ents such as BH3 or LiAlH4 and, respectively, towards oxidation agents such as aqueous permanganate solution or perchlorate solution.
These monolayers of organic compounds covalently bonded h the surface of the TiO2 can be used directly as two dimensional carrier layers when the reactive groups are those which react with functional groups on receptor molecules (e.g.
acid halide, epoxide, aldehyde, hydrazide). Otherwise, thess groups must be modified in a suitable manner (e.g. olefin into , ~, - ~ , . . .
12 21g~7~
carboxylic acid, halide, epoxide, or halide into azide and further into amine, or thiocyanate into thiol~ and/or activated (~.~. car-boxylic acid into activated ester). Such procedures for the rnodification or activation of functional groups on surfaces are known from the literature (e.g. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical En~incering 35 (~988), 466; Analytica Chimica Acta 229 (1990) 169; Analytica Chimica Acta 228 (1990) 107; Biosensors and Bioelectronics 7 (1991) 207, Langmuir 6 (1990), 1621). A further possibility of modification comprises adding heterobifunctional photoreagents (e.g. compounds having phenylazido or aziridino groups as photoreactive groups and an activated carboxylic acid as chemically reactive ~roups) via the ch~mically reactive groups on the functional gruups X to give a surface to which, during exposure to light, reccptor molacules can be immobilized on the surFace (Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B:Biology 7 (1 990) 277).
A variant of the monofunctional carrier layer described above, which leads to recognizing elements of type A, comprises producing a surface having different functional groups using compounds of formula ll so that a multifunctional organic mono-layer is obtained. Such a mixed layer can be prodllced by using a mixture of compounds of formula ll for the coating of the TiO2 surface or by a subsequent chemical modification in which the chemically reactive groups X on the surface are only transformed partially into a group X'. Such a mixed layer can then carry chemically reactive (such as e.g. activated carboxylic acid) or activatable (such as e.g. a7iridine or phenyla~ide) groups and at the same time also functional groups, molecules and/or molecular associations which permit the aforementioned concentration of receptor molecules for the immobilization.
For example, an organic monolayer which carries hydroxyl groups as functional groups X can be produced in a first coating step. This is carried out in a simple manner by treating the TiO2 surface with a compound of formula ll which carries a double bond as a functionai group X. This double bond is converted into a diol group by treating this surface with peracids (e.g. chloroper- -- - , , , ; ,' , , , ,,. ~ -13 2 ~
benzoic acid and subsequent treatment with acidic-aqueous solutions of pH = 3). Upon treatment of this surface with compounds of formula ll in which the spacer grcup is a perfluoro-alkane chain and ~he functional group is a fluorine atom there results a surface which bonds receptor molecules preferably over hydrophobic domains. The thereby resulting recognizing element has the characteristic properties of an element of type A2 (directed immobilization of receptor molecules in a two dimen-sional arrangement). It has e.g. surprisingly been found that membrane proteins concentrated and anchored on such surfaces preferably bond to this surface via the transmembrane part and thus preserve approximately 100% of their natural activity.
An alternative modification of such organic monolayers comprises th~ addition of biomolecules which recognize and bond specific, non-analyte binding domains of the receptor molecules to be immobilized. A monolayer of protein A can be immobilized e.g. on an organic monoiayer via activated carboxylic aoid groups For the concentration of antibodies under suitable buffer conditions the antibodies ar~ adsorbed via their F~ part on protein A. By unspecific coabsorption of molecules, which carry photo-ac~ivatable groups (e.g. BSA modified with phenylazido compounds), these adsorbed antibodies can subsequently b~
anchored to the surface in a light-inducecl reaction and there again results a recognizing element of typ2 A2.
In a preferred modification of such bifunctional carrier layers, which leads to recognizing elements of type A1, the r~activ~ groups of the organic monolayer are used to anchor low-molecular (MW > 1500) hydrophilic molecules to this surface.
Preferrad representatives of these short-chain, hydrophilic compounds are low-molecular polymers such as oligovinyl alcohols, oligoacrylic acids and oligoacrylic acid derivatives, oiigoethylene ~Iycols and low-molecular natural compounds such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides having 2-7 sugar units, or carboxyglycosides or aminoglycosides (such as e.g. fradiomycin, kanarnycin, streptomycin, xylostasin, butirosin, chitosan etc). By ~:
an addition of such low-molecular compnunds there are obtained 21 !~7~3 carrier layers which still retain their two dimensional character, but simultaneously have a high degree of biocompatibility. It has surprisingly been found that such low-molecular, hydrophilic compounds are outstandingly suitable for the ccnstruction of two dimensional carrier layers to which receptor molecules can be concentrated and anchored from dilute solutions when these compounds are equipped with ionic groups (e.g. carboxylate) and with reactive ~roups X' (e.g. chemicaliy reactive groups such as aldehyde, epoxide, activated ester etc or photochemically reactive groups such as aziridine or phenylazide). In this manner there is ~hen obtained e.g. a recogni~ing element olF type A1.
A suitable modification of such hydrophilic surfaces occurs especially readily when the aforementioned amino~lycosides are used. These aminoglycosides, most of which have antibiotic activity, are generally synthesized from 1-5 sugar units which are derivatized with one or more amino groups. One of these aminc groups can be used to immobilize the aminoglycoside on the organic monolayer described above when this monolayer carries suitable reactive groups ~e.g. carboxylic acid halide, activated carboxylic acid, aldehyde). The remaining amino groups can be modified in such a manner that the carrier layer subsequently has the mentioned bifunctionality (concentration, bonding). In a simple procedure, succinic anhydride can be added e.g. to the amino groups. Some of tha thereby resulting free carboxylic acid functions can be modified for the chemical bonding by conversion into the N-hydroxysuccinimide derivative (alternatively, photo-chemically active groups can also be added), while the non-modified free carboxylic acid functions can be used in the form of a carboxylate in order to corlcentrate receptor molecules haYing a positive total charge on the carrier layer. It has surprisingly been found that the receptor molecules (recognizing element of type A1) irnmobilized on such a carrier layer in a non-directed mann~r g~nerally exhibit a very much higher binding activity for the analyte molecule than receptor rnolecules which are immobilized directly on a carrier layer prepared with a compound of formula ll.
. .
, 15 ~a~7~3~
Low-molecular, hydrophilic compounds such as mono^ and oligo~accharides, which in their na~ive form carry neither reactive groups for the directed immobilization nor functional groups, molecules or molecular associations for the concen-tration, can be modified in a suitable manner, with such a modifi-cation being generally effected more efficiently when it is not camed out on the compound already anchored to the surface.
A typical procedure will be demonstrated using dextran 1500 (7glucose sub-units~ by way of example. This dextran can be ~ctivated in solution (e.~. DMSO) by converting the hydroxyl groups into hydroxylate groups effective for a methylcarboxyl-ation. Since this activation takes place using NaH in a very basic medium, it oan not be carried out directly on ~he solid phase having regard to the aforementioned instability of the organic monolayers on TiO2. Tho externally methylcarboxylated dextran 1500 can, however, be anchored very simply to an organic mono-layer which carries ~ 9. epoxide groups, there being obtained two dimensional carrier la3~ers having a high concentration of oarboxyl groups which can be used in an analogous manner for the construction of recognizing elernents of type A1 such as the organic monolayers modified with amino~lycosides and succinic acid.
Such carrier layers constructed using these low-molecular, hydrophilic compounds oan also be modified further to carrier layers in order to achieve a concentration in a directed manner (recognizing elemen~s of type A2).
For example, the carboxyl groups introduced via amino-glycosides or oligosaccharides can be used to anchor bio-molecules (e.g. protein A, protein G, streptavidine etc) to the surfaces, which have a hi~h affinity to one domain of the receptor moleoule which is to be immobilized subsequently.
In addi~ion to use as two dimensional carrier layers for receptor molecules, these aforementioned organic layers are also 16 2~q~3 suitable as a basis for the construction of three dimensional carrier layers which lead to the recngnizing elements of type B.
The convsrsion of the two dimensional carrier layer into a three dimensional carrier layer is carried out by the addition of long-chain synthetic or natural hydrophilic polymers which are capable of forming a porous, three dimensienal matrix in the nature of a hydrogel of the surface of the transducer. Typical representatives of suitable natural polymers are e.g. polysac-charides such as dextran, a~arose, alginic acid, starch, cellulose or derivatives of such polysaccharides such as methylcar-boxylated derivatives or synthetic, hydrophiiic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol.
It is important that these long-chain polymers such as the low-molacular, hydrophilic compounds are a3so provided with reactive groups X which permit an anchoring of receptor mole-cules to thes0 three dimensional carrier layers. In a preferred embodiment this carrier layer carries, moreover, ionic groups or directing molecules and/or molecular associations which permit the concentration of receptor molecules in a non-directed (type IB1) or directed (type B2) manner.
For example, dextran 500000 can be methylcarboxyiated and subsequently anchored to an organic monolayer which is modified with epoxide groups. There is thus obtained an about 100 nm thick, porous carrier layer havin~ carboxylic acid groups of which sokme, as carboxylate, permit the concentration of biomolecules having a positive total charge and the remainder, in activated form, can be used for the subsequent covalent anchoring.
. .
If desired, the biologically recognizing element in accord-ance with the invention can be applied to the optical TiO2 wave guide via a thin intermediate layer (d ~ 20 nm) of SiO2 or A12O3.
The following Examples illustrate the invention in more detail:
; ' ` ' ' ~ ` i ' ' ~ . ' ' i ' ': ':
'.i-`"` '.'' ' ` ` '~ ", ' ` '. `:' . ` " .' ' . '`
1. Application of densely packed, organic monolayers to a TiO2 wave guide.
1.1. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 surfaces by treatment ~ith Cl(CH3)2Si-(CH2)11-COCI in a CVD proc~ss:
For the application of the compounds of formula li from the gas phase, a reaction vesssl is prepared which can operate at a pressure of 10-5 mbar and in which the sample to be coated can bs brought to temperaturcs between 30-100C. This reaction vessel is attached to an evacuatable, heatable supply vessel in which the compound used for the coating can be placed ~if desired, the apparatus can also be equipped with several such supply vessels).
For the coating, the substrate is introduced into the ~
reaction vessel. After introducing ~he silane Cl(CH3)2Si-~CH2)1 1 -COCI into the supply vessel, the supply v~ssel and reaction oharnber are brought to an operating pressure of 10-5 mbar. The sample to be coat~d is heated to 100C. After heating the reagen~ :
in the supply vessel to 50C,i the surface is treated for 1 h. with :~ -reag0nt from the gas phase. Subsequently, the reagent flow is ~:
stopped and the samplc is treated in a vacuum at 150C for 15 min.
(The detection of an organic monolayer on the surface is carried out by XPS and contact angle measurements).
1.2. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 surfaces by treatment with Cl(CH3)2Si-(CH~6~ H=CH2 in a CVD process:
The procedure described under 1.1. is used for the coating of the surface.
1.3. Formation of an organic rnonolay~r on TiO2 surfaces by treatment with (Cl 13O)3Si-(CH2)3-NH2 in a CVD process: :~
2 ~ 7 3 ~
The coating takes place using the corresponding compound according to the procedure described under 1.1.
1.4. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 by treat-rnent with a solution of Cl(CH3)2Si-(CH2)11-COCI.
A 0.5% (vlv) solution of C:l(CH3)2Si-(CH2)11-COCI in CCI4 is placed in a reaction vessel under an inert gas atmosphere. The surface to be coated is brought into contact with this solution for 25 min. under an inert gas. After this treatment, the surface is washed with CC4, ethanol and water.
1.5. Formation of an organic monolay~r on TiO2 by treat-ment with a solution of Cl3Si-(CH2)6-CH=Ctl2: ~ :
A 0.5% solution (v/v) of C:13Si-(CH2)6-CH=CH2 in hexadecane -:
is prepared in a reaction vessel under an inert ~as atmosphere.
The surface to be coated is brought into contact with this solution for 5 min. und~r an inert gas. After this treatment, the surface is washed with hexadecane, hexane and ethanol.
1.6. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 by treat-m~nt with a solution of Cl(C313)2Si-(CH2)7-(CH2-O-CH2)2-CH2-O-CH3:
The coating is carried out accordin~ to the procedure described under 1.4.
1.7. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 by treating the surface with a solution of Cl3Si-(CH2)gBr:
The co~ting is carri~d out according to the procedure describecl under 1.4.
2. Modification of functional ~roups on organic mono~
layers on TiO2 prepared according to the procedure described under 1.
.:
2.1. Conversion of olefins into epoxides:
A TiO2 surface treated according to paragraph 1.2. or 1.5. is contacted at 4C for 24 h. with a solution of 3-ehloroperbenzoic acid ~0.06M) in die~hyl ether (abs.). The surface is subsequently washed with diethyi ether, ethanol and water (4C).
2.2. Conversion of epoxides into diols:
The surface having epoxide functions prepared und~r 2.1. is treated with an aquaous solution of pH Y 2.5 at 80C for 1 h. and .::
subsequently washed with H2O.
2.3. Conversion of olefins into carboxylic acids: ::
The TiO2 surfaces treated according to paragraph 1.2. or 1.5.
are brought into contact with an a~ueous solution of potassium permanganate (0.1M) and NalC)4 (0.1M) for 20 min. Subsequently, the surface is washed with 0.1M aqueous hlaHSO3, with ethanol and wat~r.
2.4. Conversion of halides into azides: :
A TiO2 surface treated according to paragraph 1.7. is brought into contaet with a solution of NaN3 (6 mg/mi) in DMF
(abs.) for 15 h. and subsequently washed with DMF and water.
2.5. Conversion of azides into amines:
The TiC:)2 surFace havin~ N3 groups prepared according to 2.4.
is brou~ht into contact with a solution of SnCI2 in absolute methanol for 4 h. The surface is subsequently washed with methanol and water. ::
2.6. Activatioll of carboxylic acids with ethyl chloro~
formate and N-hydroxysuccinimide: ~:
' " ', '.
~o ~ 5 The surface having COOH groups prepared according to para-graph 2.3. is brought into contact with a 2.5~/o solutiorl (v/v) of ethyl chloroformate in CH2CI2/pyridine (100/2.5) for 1 h.
Subsequently, the surface is contacted with a solution of N-hydroxysuccinimide (0.5M) in pyridine. There are thus obtained N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated carboxylic acid functions to which molecules having amino groups can be added directly.
3. Modification of organic monolayers prepared according to th~ procedure described under 2. with low-molecular, hydro-philic compounds.
3.1. Addition of fradiomycin to a TiO2 surface provided with an organic monolayer:
:
The surface having activated carboxylic acid functions prepared according to paragraph 2.6. is brought into contact wi~h a solution of fradiomycin (20 mM in PBS; pH = 7.2) for 1 h. It is subsequently washed with H2 3.2. In situ modification of immobilized fradiomycin:
a) In~rodu~tion of carboxylic acid functions: The amino groups of the fradiomycin immobilized on the surface according to paragraph 2.1. are quantitatively reacted by contact with a solution (1% w/w) of succinic anhydride in pyridine. There is thus produoed a hydrophilic carrier layer which has a high density of available acid functions.
b) Introduction of activated disulphid2 bonds: 3-(2-pyridinyl)dithispropionate can be coupled to the amino ~roups of tha fradiomycin irnmobilized on the surface according to para-graph 3.1 by contact with an ethanolio solution (2 mM) of N-succinimidyi 3-(2-pyridinyl)dithiopropionate. The dithiopyridinyl group can bc used for the planned immobilization of molecules (e.g. Fab' fragments of IgG molecules) on the carrier layer via free ~hio functions. The unreacted amino groups in this procedure can ". .. . . . .. . . .
21 ~ l~8~
be used according to the procedure described under a) in order to immobilize carboxylic acid functions on the surface. ~-c) Introduction of photoactivatable phenylazido ~roups:
ô-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)hexanoate can be immobilized on the amino groups of the fradiomycin immobilized on the surface according to paragraph 3.1. by contact with an aqueous (10%
DMSO) solution (2 mM) of N-succinimidyl 6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)hexanoate. Other reactive amino functions can be used according ~o the procedure described under a) in order simultaneously to modify the carrier layer with carboxylic acid groups.
E~L~
The present invention is concerned with optical biosensors and with a methad for their production; in particular, it is concerned with methods and compounds for appiying biologically recognizing elements to TiO2 wave guides which are used for these novel optical sensors.
According to definition, a biosensor is a device consisting of a transducer and a biologically recognizing element (Trends in Biotechnol. 2 (1984), 59). Such biosensors can be used to deter-mine anaiyte concentrations e.g. in human and veterinary diag-nostics, in environmental analysis and in the analysis of food or in biochemical r~search for the quantification of intermolecular interactions of biologically active substances (e.g. antibody-antigen interaction, receptor-ligand interaction, DNA-protein interaction ctc.).
The function of th~ biologically recognizin~ element of a biosensor is to r~cognize an analyte molecule in solution and to ~ -bind to it (so-called affinity sensor) or ~o catalytically modify it (so-called enzymatic, metabolic sensor). The change in the biologically recognizing element which accompanies this is recognizecl by tha transducer (si~nal transform~r), which is in close contact with the element, and is converted into a process-able si~nal.
One class of such transducers detects alterations in the optical properties of the biologically recognizing element (e.g.
absorption, refraction) by means of an optical surface wave, which is conducted in a wave-guiding layer along the interface of the transducer/recognizing element. This class of transducers can be divided into two groups on the basis of different wave-guiding layer structures. A first group embraces transducers in which this wave-guiding structure is the interface between a metal and a dielectric. The wave which is conducted at this interface is the surface piasmone (Sensor and Actuators 4 (1983) 299). The second ~roup embrac~s transducers having diel.qctric wave-guiding layers. The optioal waves which are conducted are wave guide modes (Opt. Lett. 9 (1g8~) 137; Sensors and Actuators A, 25 (1990) 185; Sensors and Actuatnrs B, 6 (19~ 122; Proc.
Biosensors 92, extended abstracts, pp 339 & pp 347).
The present invention is concerned with biosensors which are based on dielectric wave guides. The basic principle of such transciucers can be expiained on the basis of the field distribution of the modes which are conducted in such wave guides. The electriG field of the conducted mode is not limited solely to the geometric dimensions of the wave guicie, but has so-called evanescent ccmponents, i.e. the field distribution of the conducted modes dies away exponentially in the media adjacent to the wave guide (e.g. in the substrate or in the superstrate in which the wave-guiding layer is situated). Changes in the optical properties of the substrate or superstrate adjacent to the wave guide within the ~ransmission range of the evanescent field influerlc~ the propagation of these modes and can be detec~ed by suitabl~ measuring instruments. When th~ sup~rstrate contains the biologically recogniziny element within the transmission range of the evanPscent field, then the changes in th~ opticai properties of this element which accompany the bindin~ or mcdification can be detected by this optical, surface-sensitive method and calibrated in terms of an anallyte concentration.
It is known from the lit~rature that the hi~her are the surfac~ specificity and ~he surface sensitivity of the method, then the sma11er is the effective density of the wave-guiding layer (monomode wave guide) and the higher is the jump in the refraetive index at the interface of the wave guide/substrate and wave guide/superstrate~ Having regard to its high refractive index, TiO2 is therefore especially suitable as a materiai for such wave guides and it has been shown recently (Proc. Materials res.
Soc. Spring i\/ieeting, San Francisco, 1992) that by using PICVD
technoio~y wave-guiding films can be produced from this rnateriai with a refractive index of 2.45 for sensorics.
"~
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... , ; , 3 ~ ~3~7~
The present invention is concerned with the coating of such TiO2 wave guides with biologically recognizing elements, there being obtained biosensors of high sensitivity and specificity for an analyte molecule. The basis for these recognizing elements is that a so-called recognizing molecule (e.g. antibody, membrane r~ceptor, ssDNA sampl~ etc) comes into play for a selective recognition and binding (and/or modification~ of an analyte moleculc (e.g. antigen, ligand, active substance, ssDNA, etc).
These recognizing molecules can be used no~ only in their naturally occurring and isolatable form, but also in a chemically or biotechnolo~ically prepared form.
The object of the present invention is to provide an optical biosensor and a method for its production, ~he biosensor consisting of a TiO2 wave ~uide and an or~anic carrier layer with the receptor molecules bonded thereon and this carrier layer satisfying the requirements of optical biosensorics, i.e.
- its layer thickness is not greater than the transmis-sion range of the evanescent field of the mode conduct~d into the wav~ guide;
- its construction shows optical homogenicity with respect to the light conducted into the wave guide;
- it shows ch~mical resistance to media with which it comes into contact (sera, fermentation solutions, etc);
- the recognizing molecules are anchored to it such that their natural activity is maintained;
- the recognizing molecules are anchored to it such ~
that they are no~ lost by dissociation in contact with ::
the sample.
The object of the invention is to provide corresponding recognizing ~lements on the novel TiO2 wave guides appropriate ~"":.," ;,: .," ,~ ~, " ,~
to the different analyte molecules and, respectively, recognizing receptor moiecules.
In accordance with the invention the object is achieved by providing an optical biosensor consisting of a dieleetric wave ~uide and an organic carrier layer to which receptor molecules are bonded, wherein the organic oarrier layer and the receptor molecules bonded thereon form an ordered monomolecular layer and the carrier layer consists of molecules of general formula I
/ Si-Y- Z
and wherein the molecules of the carrier layer are bonded to a TiO2 waYe guide directly via th~ Si atom or, if desired, are bonded to a TiO2 wav0 guide via an intermediate laysr.
Examples of optical biosensors and a process for the .
production of the biosensors in accordance with the invention will be described hereinafter.
For tho construction of the organic carrier layers having the r~quired prop0rti~s, the TiO2 wav~ guid~ surface is firstly provided with a homogeneous organic suppl~mentary layer. The cornpounds used for the derivatization of the TiO2 surface are silanes o~ general formula ll (R1 R2R3)Si-Y-X 11 wherein -Si(R1R2R3~ represents a coupling group to the TiV2 layer and R1, R2, R3 can be alkyl, alkoxy ar halogen, but at least one of these residues is either alkoxy or halogen, -Y is a spacer group and as such represents either an alkylene chain -CH2-(CH2)n-CH2-, a fluoroalkylene chain -Ctl2~(CF2~n~CH2~ or -CH2-(CF2)n CF2- with n - 1-30, an oli~oethylane chain ~[tCH~)n~~O-(CH2)nl]m~ with n', n" = 2-6 and 3 ~
m= 2-6 or a cornbination of alkylene, fiuoroalkylene or oligoalkyiene glycol and -X is either hydrogen or fluorine or a chemically reactive group which is compatible with -Si(R1R~R3) such as e.g.
carboxylio acid halide ~-COHal), olefin (-CH=CH2), nitrile (-CN), thiocyanate [-SCN) and thioacetate (-SCOCH3) or, when R1,R2,R3=
alkoxy, also amine (-NH2).
After the addition of the compounds to the TiO2 surface, these groups can also be converted by suitable subsequent chemical treatments into groups which are not compatible with -Si(R1R2R3) such as e.g. into a7ide and further into amiJle, or nitrile into amine, or halogen into thiocyanate and further into thiol, or thioacetate into thioi or olefin into epoxide, diol, halide, dihalide or carboxylic acid etc.
Other molecules can be coupled to the original group X or to the group X subsequently treated as just described to give an organic carrier layer to which the r~ceptor molecul~s are bond~d. -::
An optical biosensor is obtained in which the organic carrier layer forms ordered monomolecular layers and consists of molacules of general formula l.
Si -Y- Z
In ~his formula Z signifies the groups~
- hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, methyl, alkyl, fluoroalkyl groups;
- dorivatives oli hydrophilic short-chain molecules such as oligovinyl alcohols, oligoacrylic aoids, oligo-ethylene glycols;
- derivative of mono- or oligo-saccharides with 1~7 :: ~
sugar units; : -,: ~ . . . , , ' . , : , ' , 6 2 ~
- carboxyglycosid~ derivatives, - aminoglycoside derivatives suoh as fradiomycin, kanamycin, straptomycin, xylostatin, butirosin, ohitcsan - derivative of hydro3el-forming groups of natural or synth~tic origin such as dextran, agarose, alginic acid, starch, cellulose and deriva$ives of such polysac-charides or hydrophilic polym*rs such as polyvinyl aicohols, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycols and -:
derivatives of such polymers.
It has surprisingly been found th~ the compounds of formula 11 are outstandingly suitable for applying to TiO2 monomolecular, densely packed, ordered organie films having the quality required for optical sensorics.
For low-molecular representatives of the cornpounds of formula 11 this coating is pre~crably carrie~d out frcm the gas phase (chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method). For high-mole- :;~
cular compounds this coating can also be carried out from the liquid phase. In order, however, in the coating of the TiO~ wave guide to achievs a homogenicity which is sufficient for use in optiGs, the soivent used must be coordinated with thc compounds of formula 11.
The biologically recognizing eiemcnts in biosensorics are 3snerally constructed from an organic carrier layer which is covalently linked with ths substrate (transducer surf~ce) and to which biologically recognizing moiecules are absorbativeiy or, preferably, covalently bondQd. As will be evident ~rom the following, in biosensorics the specifk: construction of a bio-logically recognizing element is on th~ one hand closely linked with the type of analyte molecule to be detected and thus with the nature of the receptor molecule which is usecl for the detection and is on ths other hand, however, also dependent on the ;" " . ~ s, "~ ; , "
2 ~ o ~ ~ !3 ~
probiem position to be resolved with a particular biosensor for a receptor/analyte molecule pair.
The biologically recognizing elements, which are claimed here for use in optical biosensorics in combination with TiO2 wave guides, are divided into two main classes A and B, with eaoh of these main classes being divided into two sub-classes A1, A2 and B1, B2. The criterium relevant for the assignment of a reco~nition element to one of the main classes relates to the arrangemant of th~ receptor moiecules on the sensor surface. In the first class (A) the receptor molecules are ordered approximately in one plane (two dimensional arrangement~ on the surface of the optical transducer. Such a ~No dimenslonal arrangement of the receptor molecules results only when the dimension of the organic carrier layer perpendicular to the transducer surface is not substantialiy greater than the mo!e-cular size of the reoeptor molecule bonded to this carrier layer.
In reoognizing elements of class B the imrnobilized receptors have a three dimensional arrangement. This three dimensional arrangement can only be realized with a carrier layer having a thickness which is substantially greater than the moleeular dimensions of the receptor molecula and which proves to be parmeabl~ for the receptor molecule. This type of carrier iayer can be denoted as a porous, three dim~nsional matrix. The criterion for the assignment to one of the sub-classes (A1, B1 or, respectively, A2, B2) relates to the manner in which the receptor molecules are irnmobilized on the carrier layer; the differenti-ation being a non-directed ~A1, B1) and a directed (A2, B23 mode of immobilization, the term immobilization being used not oniy for an absorptive but also for a covalent bonding to the organic carriar layer. Non-directed immobilization of a receptor molecule to the organic carrier layer signifies that in the bonding of the receptor molecule to the organic carrier layer no regard is -had to particular structural features of the receptor molecule, i.e.
the immobilization takes place at any position on the surface of the receptor molecule. Directed immobilization signifies that in the immobilization of the receptor molecule regard is had to the analyte-recognizing domains and for the immobilization those ,. ~, . . . .
f~
structural elements are chosen which are well separated spatially from the analyte-recognizing domains.
As mentioned earlier, each of these different typas of biologically recognizing elements has its specific suitability for us~ in different fields or investigational areas of bioanalytics.
This will be substantiated using some exampies:
A three dimensional matrix permits the immobilizatian of a larger number of receptor molecules per surface unit. Since the total number of receptor molecules per surface unit in the case of directed biosensors detsrmines th~ steepness of th~ sensor curve and consequently the analytical capabili~y in the concentration range relevant to the sensor, a sensor which is equipped with a three dimensional recognizin~ element is accordingly preferred for an exact determination of an analyte concentration (e.g. in diagnostic use). A three dimensional matrix can, however, also bs of disadvan~age when the analyte molecule to be detected possesses several repetitive epitopes. The binding of this analyte molecule to several receptor molecules in ~he outer regions of the element then leads to a cross-linking of the carrier layer, whereby the access to free binding sites on the inside of the recognizing element is impeded for subsequent analyte molecules. The disadvantage of a three dirnensional arrangement oiF r~ceptor molecules is also obvious in a quantitative represent-ation of the kinetics of the binding process between a receptor molecule and an analyte molecule. The time-dependent sensor response observed in such an inv~stigation using a three dimen-siona5 matrix can also be marked by the hindered diffusion of the analyte molecule in this matrix.
In an analogou~ manner, advantages and disadvantages of a directed or non-directed immobilization can be demonstrated in different bioanalytical investigations. For the detection of an antigen in immunodiagnostics it is without doubt important to irnmobilize the antibody used for the detection on the surface such that the antigen-recognizing domains are not influenced by the immobilization, e.g. over the Fc part which is well separated 2 ~
from the antigsn-recognizing domains. When, however, a biosensor is used to test for the presence of an ensemble of polyclonal antibodies a~ainst one and the same antigen, then it is convenient to irnmobilize the antigen in a non-directed manner, since thereby all epitopes of the antigen are equally available for recognition by the antibody in solution.
As a further embodiment of the invention it ensues accordingly that the TiO2 surfaces for the construction of the biologically recognizing elements of type A1, A2, B1 and B2 must be provided with organic carrier layers which permit the directed -~
or non-directed immobilization of receptor molecules in a two or three dimansional arrangement.
In addition to the aforementioned requirements relating to the dimensions and permeability of a carrier layer, which is providsd for the two a,r three dimensional arrangement of receptor molecules, these organic carrier layers for the immobilization of the receptor molecul~s must also satisfy chemieal and, respectively, physicochemical requirements and must have a) reactive groups by means of which receptor molecules can be covalently anchored to/in the two/three dimensional carrier layer and b) functional groups or molecules and/or molecular associations which permit an efficient concentration of receptor molecules to/in this two/three dimensional matrix before the covalent anchoring, so that the immobilization of receptor molecules can be carried out from dilute solutions.
ad a): A large number of reactive groups which can be used for such a covalent immobilization are known from the literature.
A differentiation is made between groups which are per se chemically active and which can enter into a bonding with functional groups on the receptor molecule, such as e.g. amino, hydrazina or hydrazide ~roups on the carrier layer, which can react with aldehy~e groups on the receptor moiecule, and vice versa, aotivated disulphide bonds on the carrier layer which react with free thiol ~roups on the receptor moiecule, c~rboxylic acid halides or activated carboxylic acid esters on the carrier layer which react with amino groups on the surface of the receptor molccule etc, and groups which react with functional groups on the receptor molecule after an in situ activation (chemical or photochemical activation~, such as e.g. aziridins or phenylazide which are converted by a photochemical activation into reactive carbene or nitrene.
ad b) such a concentrating property can be conferred to a carrier layer in various ways, e.g. by ionic ~roups by means of which receptor molecules of opposite total charge are concentrated on the basis of a Couloumb interaction with the ionic groups of the carrier layer in an approximately non-directed manner, or by molecular associations which confer a hydrophobic character to a carrier layer such that receptor molecules havin~
hydrophobic domains are concentrated via these domains at these surfaces in a directed manner, or by metal complexes having non-saturated coordination spheres which are saturated by particular functionai groups or domains of a receptor molecule and therPby a directed concen-tra~ion on the carrier layer is effected, or by molecules having the capacity of a molecular recognition ~e.g. protein A, protein G, str~ptavklin, antibodies against particular epitopes of a recognition molecule etc), which have a high affinity to particular ~omains of a recognition mole-cule and which concentrate a receptor molecule as a result of this affinity to/in tha carrier layer in a directed manner.
i ..... .. . ~ . ~ , .
8 ~
It has surprisingly been found that in the coating in accordance with the invention of planar ~iO2 wave guides there ~-are obtained organic layers which have an analogous construction and a comparable arrangement to s)rganic monolayers which are applied using the compounds of formula ll to materials such as silicone, silicone oxide and aluminium oxide (Advanced Materials 2 (1990) 573; Langmuir 8 (1992) 947) or to organic monolayers which can be applied using functionalized thioalkanes to gold surfaces (Langmuir 6 (1990) 87). This class of organic layers is denoted by the term "self assembled monolayer" in the technical literature. Under the described conditions there are obtained organic monolayers on the TiO2 surfaces in which the oompounds of formula ll are covalently bonded with ~he TiO~ via the terminal Si atom and the spaeer group Y having the reactive group X stands clear of the surface. The compounds of formula ll bond to the TiO2 layers via the reactive group (R1R2R3)-Si- in that at least one of the groups (R1, R2, R3) reacts with free hydroxyl groups on the surFaees. In order to obtain a dense packing and resistant layers, it is accordingly important to pre-treat the TiO2 surface in a suitable manner SQ that a high density of hydroxyl functions re~ults on the surface. The layers obtained on the TiO2 surfaces with the compounds of formula ll have been found to be stable in organic solven~s and in aqueous m~dia with a 9>pH>1. In basic aqueous media pH>10 their stability deereases, namely with decreasing number of reactive groups R at the terminal Si atom of the compounds of formula ll.
With referenoe to their adhesion to the TiO2 surface, these monoiayers are also stable towards reduction a~ents such as BH3 or LiAlH4 and, respectively, towards oxidation agents such as aqueous permanganate solution or perchlorate solution.
These monolayers of organic compounds covalently bonded h the surface of the TiO2 can be used directly as two dimensional carrier layers when the reactive groups are those which react with functional groups on receptor molecules (e.g.
acid halide, epoxide, aldehyde, hydrazide). Otherwise, thess groups must be modified in a suitable manner (e.g. olefin into , ~, - ~ , . . .
12 21g~7~
carboxylic acid, halide, epoxide, or halide into azide and further into amine, or thiocyanate into thiol~ and/or activated (~.~. car-boxylic acid into activated ester). Such procedures for the rnodification or activation of functional groups on surfaces are known from the literature (e.g. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical En~incering 35 (~988), 466; Analytica Chimica Acta 229 (1990) 169; Analytica Chimica Acta 228 (1990) 107; Biosensors and Bioelectronics 7 (1991) 207, Langmuir 6 (1990), 1621). A further possibility of modification comprises adding heterobifunctional photoreagents (e.g. compounds having phenylazido or aziridino groups as photoreactive groups and an activated carboxylic acid as chemically reactive ~roups) via the ch~mically reactive groups on the functional gruups X to give a surface to which, during exposure to light, reccptor molacules can be immobilized on the surFace (Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B:Biology 7 (1 990) 277).
A variant of the monofunctional carrier layer described above, which leads to recognizing elements of type A, comprises producing a surface having different functional groups using compounds of formula ll so that a multifunctional organic mono-layer is obtained. Such a mixed layer can be prodllced by using a mixture of compounds of formula ll for the coating of the TiO2 surface or by a subsequent chemical modification in which the chemically reactive groups X on the surface are only transformed partially into a group X'. Such a mixed layer can then carry chemically reactive (such as e.g. activated carboxylic acid) or activatable (such as e.g. a7iridine or phenyla~ide) groups and at the same time also functional groups, molecules and/or molecular associations which permit the aforementioned concentration of receptor molecules for the immobilization.
For example, an organic monolayer which carries hydroxyl groups as functional groups X can be produced in a first coating step. This is carried out in a simple manner by treating the TiO2 surface with a compound of formula ll which carries a double bond as a functionai group X. This double bond is converted into a diol group by treating this surface with peracids (e.g. chloroper- -- - , , , ; ,' , , , ,,. ~ -13 2 ~
benzoic acid and subsequent treatment with acidic-aqueous solutions of pH = 3). Upon treatment of this surface with compounds of formula ll in which the spacer grcup is a perfluoro-alkane chain and ~he functional group is a fluorine atom there results a surface which bonds receptor molecules preferably over hydrophobic domains. The thereby resulting recognizing element has the characteristic properties of an element of type A2 (directed immobilization of receptor molecules in a two dimen-sional arrangement). It has e.g. surprisingly been found that membrane proteins concentrated and anchored on such surfaces preferably bond to this surface via the transmembrane part and thus preserve approximately 100% of their natural activity.
An alternative modification of such organic monolayers comprises th~ addition of biomolecules which recognize and bond specific, non-analyte binding domains of the receptor molecules to be immobilized. A monolayer of protein A can be immobilized e.g. on an organic monoiayer via activated carboxylic aoid groups For the concentration of antibodies under suitable buffer conditions the antibodies ar~ adsorbed via their F~ part on protein A. By unspecific coabsorption of molecules, which carry photo-ac~ivatable groups (e.g. BSA modified with phenylazido compounds), these adsorbed antibodies can subsequently b~
anchored to the surface in a light-inducecl reaction and there again results a recognizing element of typ2 A2.
In a preferred modification of such bifunctional carrier layers, which leads to recognizing elements of type A1, the r~activ~ groups of the organic monolayer are used to anchor low-molecular (MW > 1500) hydrophilic molecules to this surface.
Preferrad representatives of these short-chain, hydrophilic compounds are low-molecular polymers such as oligovinyl alcohols, oligoacrylic acids and oligoacrylic acid derivatives, oiigoethylene ~Iycols and low-molecular natural compounds such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides having 2-7 sugar units, or carboxyglycosides or aminoglycosides (such as e.g. fradiomycin, kanarnycin, streptomycin, xylostasin, butirosin, chitosan etc). By ~:
an addition of such low-molecular compnunds there are obtained 21 !~7~3 carrier layers which still retain their two dimensional character, but simultaneously have a high degree of biocompatibility. It has surprisingly been found that such low-molecular, hydrophilic compounds are outstandingly suitable for the ccnstruction of two dimensional carrier layers to which receptor molecules can be concentrated and anchored from dilute solutions when these compounds are equipped with ionic groups (e.g. carboxylate) and with reactive ~roups X' (e.g. chemicaliy reactive groups such as aldehyde, epoxide, activated ester etc or photochemically reactive groups such as aziridine or phenylazide). In this manner there is ~hen obtained e.g. a recogni~ing element olF type A1.
A suitable modification of such hydrophilic surfaces occurs especially readily when the aforementioned amino~lycosides are used. These aminoglycosides, most of which have antibiotic activity, are generally synthesized from 1-5 sugar units which are derivatized with one or more amino groups. One of these aminc groups can be used to immobilize the aminoglycoside on the organic monolayer described above when this monolayer carries suitable reactive groups ~e.g. carboxylic acid halide, activated carboxylic acid, aldehyde). The remaining amino groups can be modified in such a manner that the carrier layer subsequently has the mentioned bifunctionality (concentration, bonding). In a simple procedure, succinic anhydride can be added e.g. to the amino groups. Some of tha thereby resulting free carboxylic acid functions can be modified for the chemical bonding by conversion into the N-hydroxysuccinimide derivative (alternatively, photo-chemically active groups can also be added), while the non-modified free carboxylic acid functions can be used in the form of a carboxylate in order to corlcentrate receptor molecules haYing a positive total charge on the carrier layer. It has surprisingly been found that the receptor molecules (recognizing element of type A1) irnmobilized on such a carrier layer in a non-directed mann~r g~nerally exhibit a very much higher binding activity for the analyte molecule than receptor rnolecules which are immobilized directly on a carrier layer prepared with a compound of formula ll.
. .
, 15 ~a~7~3~
Low-molecular, hydrophilic compounds such as mono^ and oligo~accharides, which in their na~ive form carry neither reactive groups for the directed immobilization nor functional groups, molecules or molecular associations for the concen-tration, can be modified in a suitable manner, with such a modifi-cation being generally effected more efficiently when it is not camed out on the compound already anchored to the surface.
A typical procedure will be demonstrated using dextran 1500 (7glucose sub-units~ by way of example. This dextran can be ~ctivated in solution (e.~. DMSO) by converting the hydroxyl groups into hydroxylate groups effective for a methylcarboxyl-ation. Since this activation takes place using NaH in a very basic medium, it oan not be carried out directly on ~he solid phase having regard to the aforementioned instability of the organic monolayers on TiO2. Tho externally methylcarboxylated dextran 1500 can, however, be anchored very simply to an organic mono-layer which carries ~ 9. epoxide groups, there being obtained two dimensional carrier la3~ers having a high concentration of oarboxyl groups which can be used in an analogous manner for the construction of recognizing elernents of type A1 such as the organic monolayers modified with amino~lycosides and succinic acid.
Such carrier layers constructed using these low-molecular, hydrophilic compounds oan also be modified further to carrier layers in order to achieve a concentration in a directed manner (recognizing elemen~s of type A2).
For example, the carboxyl groups introduced via amino-glycosides or oligosaccharides can be used to anchor bio-molecules (e.g. protein A, protein G, streptavidine etc) to the surfaces, which have a hi~h affinity to one domain of the receptor moleoule which is to be immobilized subsequently.
In addi~ion to use as two dimensional carrier layers for receptor molecules, these aforementioned organic layers are also 16 2~q~3 suitable as a basis for the construction of three dimensional carrier layers which lead to the recngnizing elements of type B.
The convsrsion of the two dimensional carrier layer into a three dimensional carrier layer is carried out by the addition of long-chain synthetic or natural hydrophilic polymers which are capable of forming a porous, three dimensienal matrix in the nature of a hydrogel of the surface of the transducer. Typical representatives of suitable natural polymers are e.g. polysac-charides such as dextran, a~arose, alginic acid, starch, cellulose or derivatives of such polysaccharides such as methylcar-boxylated derivatives or synthetic, hydrophiiic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol.
It is important that these long-chain polymers such as the low-molacular, hydrophilic compounds are a3so provided with reactive groups X which permit an anchoring of receptor mole-cules to thes0 three dimensional carrier layers. In a preferred embodiment this carrier layer carries, moreover, ionic groups or directing molecules and/or molecular associations which permit the concentration of receptor molecules in a non-directed (type IB1) or directed (type B2) manner.
For example, dextran 500000 can be methylcarboxyiated and subsequently anchored to an organic monolayer which is modified with epoxide groups. There is thus obtained an about 100 nm thick, porous carrier layer havin~ carboxylic acid groups of which sokme, as carboxylate, permit the concentration of biomolecules having a positive total charge and the remainder, in activated form, can be used for the subsequent covalent anchoring.
. .
If desired, the biologically recognizing element in accord-ance with the invention can be applied to the optical TiO2 wave guide via a thin intermediate layer (d ~ 20 nm) of SiO2 or A12O3.
The following Examples illustrate the invention in more detail:
; ' ` ' ' ~ ` i ' ' ~ . ' ' i ' ': ':
'.i-`"` '.'' ' ` ` '~ ", ' ` '. `:' . ` " .' ' . '`
1. Application of densely packed, organic monolayers to a TiO2 wave guide.
1.1. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 surfaces by treatment ~ith Cl(CH3)2Si-(CH2)11-COCI in a CVD proc~ss:
For the application of the compounds of formula li from the gas phase, a reaction vesssl is prepared which can operate at a pressure of 10-5 mbar and in which the sample to be coated can bs brought to temperaturcs between 30-100C. This reaction vessel is attached to an evacuatable, heatable supply vessel in which the compound used for the coating can be placed ~if desired, the apparatus can also be equipped with several such supply vessels).
For the coating, the substrate is introduced into the ~
reaction vessel. After introducing ~he silane Cl(CH3)2Si-~CH2)1 1 -COCI into the supply vessel, the supply v~ssel and reaction oharnber are brought to an operating pressure of 10-5 mbar. The sample to be coat~d is heated to 100C. After heating the reagen~ :
in the supply vessel to 50C,i the surface is treated for 1 h. with :~ -reag0nt from the gas phase. Subsequently, the reagent flow is ~:
stopped and the samplc is treated in a vacuum at 150C for 15 min.
(The detection of an organic monolayer on the surface is carried out by XPS and contact angle measurements).
1.2. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 surfaces by treatment with Cl(CH3)2Si-(CH~6~ H=CH2 in a CVD process:
The procedure described under 1.1. is used for the coating of the surface.
1.3. Formation of an organic rnonolay~r on TiO2 surfaces by treatment with (Cl 13O)3Si-(CH2)3-NH2 in a CVD process: :~
2 ~ 7 3 ~
The coating takes place using the corresponding compound according to the procedure described under 1.1.
1.4. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 by treat-rnent with a solution of Cl(CH3)2Si-(CH2)11-COCI.
A 0.5% (vlv) solution of C:l(CH3)2Si-(CH2)11-COCI in CCI4 is placed in a reaction vessel under an inert gas atmosphere. The surface to be coated is brought into contact with this solution for 25 min. under an inert gas. After this treatment, the surface is washed with CC4, ethanol and water.
1.5. Formation of an organic monolay~r on TiO2 by treat-ment with a solution of Cl3Si-(CH2)6-CH=Ctl2: ~ :
A 0.5% solution (v/v) of C:13Si-(CH2)6-CH=CH2 in hexadecane -:
is prepared in a reaction vessel under an inert ~as atmosphere.
The surface to be coated is brought into contact with this solution for 5 min. und~r an inert gas. After this treatment, the surface is washed with hexadecane, hexane and ethanol.
1.6. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 by treat-m~nt with a solution of Cl(C313)2Si-(CH2)7-(CH2-O-CH2)2-CH2-O-CH3:
The coating is carried out accordin~ to the procedure described under 1.4.
1.7. Formation of an organic monolayer on TiO2 by treating the surface with a solution of Cl3Si-(CH2)gBr:
The co~ting is carri~d out according to the procedure describecl under 1.4.
2. Modification of functional ~roups on organic mono~
layers on TiO2 prepared according to the procedure described under 1.
.:
2.1. Conversion of olefins into epoxides:
A TiO2 surface treated according to paragraph 1.2. or 1.5. is contacted at 4C for 24 h. with a solution of 3-ehloroperbenzoic acid ~0.06M) in die~hyl ether (abs.). The surface is subsequently washed with diethyi ether, ethanol and water (4C).
2.2. Conversion of epoxides into diols:
The surface having epoxide functions prepared und~r 2.1. is treated with an aquaous solution of pH Y 2.5 at 80C for 1 h. and .::
subsequently washed with H2O.
2.3. Conversion of olefins into carboxylic acids: ::
The TiO2 surfaces treated according to paragraph 1.2. or 1.5.
are brought into contact with an a~ueous solution of potassium permanganate (0.1M) and NalC)4 (0.1M) for 20 min. Subsequently, the surface is washed with 0.1M aqueous hlaHSO3, with ethanol and wat~r.
2.4. Conversion of halides into azides: :
A TiO2 surface treated according to paragraph 1.7. is brought into contaet with a solution of NaN3 (6 mg/mi) in DMF
(abs.) for 15 h. and subsequently washed with DMF and water.
2.5. Conversion of azides into amines:
The TiC:)2 surFace havin~ N3 groups prepared according to 2.4.
is brou~ht into contact with a solution of SnCI2 in absolute methanol for 4 h. The surface is subsequently washed with methanol and water. ::
2.6. Activatioll of carboxylic acids with ethyl chloro~
formate and N-hydroxysuccinimide: ~:
' " ', '.
~o ~ 5 The surface having COOH groups prepared according to para-graph 2.3. is brought into contact with a 2.5~/o solutiorl (v/v) of ethyl chloroformate in CH2CI2/pyridine (100/2.5) for 1 h.
Subsequently, the surface is contacted with a solution of N-hydroxysuccinimide (0.5M) in pyridine. There are thus obtained N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated carboxylic acid functions to which molecules having amino groups can be added directly.
3. Modification of organic monolayers prepared according to th~ procedure described under 2. with low-molecular, hydro-philic compounds.
3.1. Addition of fradiomycin to a TiO2 surface provided with an organic monolayer:
:
The surface having activated carboxylic acid functions prepared according to paragraph 2.6. is brought into contact wi~h a solution of fradiomycin (20 mM in PBS; pH = 7.2) for 1 h. It is subsequently washed with H2 3.2. In situ modification of immobilized fradiomycin:
a) In~rodu~tion of carboxylic acid functions: The amino groups of the fradiomycin immobilized on the surface according to paragraph 2.1. are quantitatively reacted by contact with a solution (1% w/w) of succinic anhydride in pyridine. There is thus produoed a hydrophilic carrier layer which has a high density of available acid functions.
b) Introduction of activated disulphid2 bonds: 3-(2-pyridinyl)dithispropionate can be coupled to the amino ~roups of tha fradiomycin irnmobilized on the surface according to para-graph 3.1 by contact with an ethanolio solution (2 mM) of N-succinimidyi 3-(2-pyridinyl)dithiopropionate. The dithiopyridinyl group can bc used for the planned immobilization of molecules (e.g. Fab' fragments of IgG molecules) on the carrier layer via free ~hio functions. The unreacted amino groups in this procedure can ". .. . . . .. . . .
21 ~ l~8~
be used according to the procedure described under a) in order to immobilize carboxylic acid functions on the surface. ~-c) Introduction of photoactivatable phenylazido ~roups:
ô-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)hexanoate can be immobilized on the amino groups of the fradiomycin immobilized on the surface according to paragraph 3.1. by contact with an aqueous (10%
DMSO) solution (2 mM) of N-succinimidyl 6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)hexanoate. Other reactive amino functions can be used according ~o the procedure described under a) in order simultaneously to modify the carrier layer with carboxylic acid groups.
4. Construction of a porous carrier layer on the organic monolayers for the production of three dimensional recognizing elements:
4.1. Methylcarboxylation of dextran 500000:
75 rnl of dry DMSO are added to 7.5 9 of NaH. The concen- -tration of thus~obtained DMSO anions is determined by titration.
0.2equivalent (based on glucose sub-units) of dextran 500000 is dissolved in 150 ml of dry DMSO and the solution is mixed with the DMSO anions. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 4 h. and added to a two-fold excess (bas~d an glucose sub-units) of bromoacetic acid. The solution is stirred for 1~ h.
Subsequently, th~ dextran is precipitated with acetone, filtered off, dissolved in 20 ml of water and dialyzed against water for 24 h. Af~er Iyophilization, the amount of methylcarboxylated glucose sub-units is determined by titration (about 1 carboxyl grouplS glucos~ sub-units).
~ æ Immobilization of methylcarboxylated dextran 500000 on organic monolayers~
The immobilization of methylcarboxylated dextran starts from organic monolayers which are constructed accordin~ to paragraph 1.7 on TiO2 surfaces and which have been modified --- Z 2 ~ 3 according to paragraphs ~.4. and 2.5. The amino groups of these or~anic monolay~rs are reacted with ~pichlorohydrin solution (1 ml of epichlorohydrin in 10 ml of NaC)H (0.4~A)/10 ml of diglyme). After wa~hing with ethanol and water, it is treated with a solution of methylcarboxyla~ed dextran (0.3 9 of dextran in aqueous NaOH solution (0.01M NaOH~) for 24 h. The surface is subsequently washed well with watcr at 50C:.
4.1. Methylcarboxylation of dextran 500000:
75 rnl of dry DMSO are added to 7.5 9 of NaH. The concen- -tration of thus~obtained DMSO anions is determined by titration.
0.2equivalent (based on glucose sub-units) of dextran 500000 is dissolved in 150 ml of dry DMSO and the solution is mixed with the DMSO anions. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 4 h. and added to a two-fold excess (bas~d an glucose sub-units) of bromoacetic acid. The solution is stirred for 1~ h.
Subsequently, th~ dextran is precipitated with acetone, filtered off, dissolved in 20 ml of water and dialyzed against water for 24 h. Af~er Iyophilization, the amount of methylcarboxylated glucose sub-units is determined by titration (about 1 carboxyl grouplS glucos~ sub-units).
~ æ Immobilization of methylcarboxylated dextran 500000 on organic monolayers~
The immobilization of methylcarboxylated dextran starts from organic monolayers which are constructed accordin~ to paragraph 1.7 on TiO2 surfaces and which have been modified --- Z 2 ~ 3 according to paragraphs ~.4. and 2.5. The amino groups of these or~anic monolay~rs are reacted with ~pichlorohydrin solution (1 ml of epichlorohydrin in 10 ml of NaC)H (0.4~A)/10 ml of diglyme). After wa~hing with ethanol and water, it is treated with a solution of methylcarboxyla~ed dextran (0.3 9 of dextran in aqueous NaOH solution (0.01M NaOH~) for 24 h. The surface is subsequently washed well with watcr at 50C:.
5. Preparation of recognizing ~lements of type A1, A2, B1 and B2 on the basis of the carrier layers ref~rred to in parts 1 -4 .
5.1. Preparation of reeo~nizing elements of type A1 having immobiliz~d IFNa (interferon a) as the receptor molecule:
For the immobilization of IFNoc, a carrier layer is prepared which has been modified with succinic anhydrid~ ~coating of TiO2 :
according to 1.1., addition of fradiomycin a~cording to 3.1., modi-fication of the fradiomycin according to 3.2.a.). This surface is treated for 5 min. with an aqueous solution of 1~1-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl~-N'-ethylcarbodiimide (~Om~/ml) and N-hydroxy-succinimide (3 mg/ml). After washing with acet~te buffar (0.01M; pH = 5.5), it is incubated with a solution of inter~eron (0.9 ~lg/ml) for 20 min. The surfacs concentration of IFNc~
achieved using this procedure is 0.36 ng/mm2 after washing with acetate buffer and 0.01M H(~
5.2. Preparation of a recognizing elem~nt on TiO2 accord-ing to type A2 with Gpllb-llla (glycoprotein llb-llla) as the receptor molecule: :~
~: .
The immobilization of the Gpllb-llla s~arts from a TiO2 layer which is modified with a diol-containing surfa~e :
(preparation according to paragraph 1.5., 2.1. and 2.2.~. This u: ~:
surface is treated with a 0.5% solution of l H, 1 H,2H,2H-perfluoro- :
octyldimethylchlorosilane in CC!4. The thus-obtained strongly hydrophobic surFace is brought into contact with an aqueous solution of Gplib-llla (0.~ ~/ml) ~0.1M Tris; pH = 7.2) for 23 2~7~
20 min. The su~ace concentration of Gpllb-illa achieved using this procedure is 1.5 n3/mm2 after washing with buff2r solution.
5.3. Preparation of a recognizing element of TiO2 accord-ing to type B1 havin~ TnFoc (tumor necrosis factor a) as the receptor molecule:
A TiO2 surface modified with methylcarboxyiated dextran according to paragraph 1.5., 4.2. is us0d for the immobilizatian of TNFa. This surface is tr0ated for 5 min. with an aqueous solution of N-~3-dimethylaminopropyl)~ ethylcarbodiimide (20mg/ml) :
and N-hydroxysuccinimida (3 mg/ml). After washing with acetate buffer (O.OlM, pH = 5.5), it is incubated with a solution of TNFa in acetate buffer 1 ~,lg/ml for 10 min. Accordin~ to this procedure .
and after washing with acetat~ buffQr, PBS buffsr (O.lN: pH - 7.2) and ethanolamine (1M, pH = 8.5~, about 2 n~/mm2 of TNFa are covalently immobilized.
5.4. Preparation of a recognizing element on TiO2 according to type E~2 with antibodies as receptor molecules:
Tha directed immobilization of the antibodies is effected on a dextran carrier layer which has bcen preparsd according to paragraph 1.5., 4.2. For the directed imrnobilizatiorl, frse aldehyde functions are produced on the carbohydrate residues of the antibodies by oxidation according to known procedur~s. The dextran layer on the TiO2 wave ~uide is treated for 5 min. with an aqueous solution of N-(3-dimethylarninopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbo-diimida (20mg/ml) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (3 mg/ml). After washing with water, the activated carboxylic aeid functions o the surfac~ are eonverted into hydrazides by contact with an aqueous solution of hydrazine rncnohydrochloride (1 mM). This surface is brought into contact with a solution of the oxidatively-treated antibodies (1 llg/ml in acetate buffer (0.01M, pH = 5.5)) for 20 min. The surface is washed with PBS ~û.1M; pHI
= 7.2) and an aqueous solution of ethanolamine (1M; pH = 8.5).
This procedure leads to a directed immobilization of about 5 ng/mm2 of antibodies on the dextran carrier layer.
.,.. ;. - . ., . . ~ i ,,,;, .,.. , , ., . ........ ,.,, ~ , . .. ...
,,;. . ,, , " , ,. . . .,", ~, .. . . . . ...... .... .
5.1. Preparation of reeo~nizing elements of type A1 having immobiliz~d IFNa (interferon a) as the receptor molecule:
For the immobilization of IFNoc, a carrier layer is prepared which has been modified with succinic anhydrid~ ~coating of TiO2 :
according to 1.1., addition of fradiomycin a~cording to 3.1., modi-fication of the fradiomycin according to 3.2.a.). This surface is treated for 5 min. with an aqueous solution of 1~1-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl~-N'-ethylcarbodiimide (~Om~/ml) and N-hydroxy-succinimide (3 mg/ml). After washing with acet~te buffar (0.01M; pH = 5.5), it is incubated with a solution of inter~eron (0.9 ~lg/ml) for 20 min. The surfacs concentration of IFNc~
achieved using this procedure is 0.36 ng/mm2 after washing with acetate buffer and 0.01M H(~
5.2. Preparation of a recognizing elem~nt on TiO2 accord-ing to type A2 with Gpllb-llla (glycoprotein llb-llla) as the receptor molecule: :~
~: .
The immobilization of the Gpllb-llla s~arts from a TiO2 layer which is modified with a diol-containing surfa~e :
(preparation according to paragraph 1.5., 2.1. and 2.2.~. This u: ~:
surface is treated with a 0.5% solution of l H, 1 H,2H,2H-perfluoro- :
octyldimethylchlorosilane in CC!4. The thus-obtained strongly hydrophobic surFace is brought into contact with an aqueous solution of Gplib-llla (0.~ ~/ml) ~0.1M Tris; pH = 7.2) for 23 2~7~
20 min. The su~ace concentration of Gpllb-illa achieved using this procedure is 1.5 n3/mm2 after washing with buff2r solution.
5.3. Preparation of a recognizing element of TiO2 accord-ing to type B1 havin~ TnFoc (tumor necrosis factor a) as the receptor molecule:
A TiO2 surface modified with methylcarboxyiated dextran according to paragraph 1.5., 4.2. is us0d for the immobilizatian of TNFa. This surface is tr0ated for 5 min. with an aqueous solution of N-~3-dimethylaminopropyl)~ ethylcarbodiimide (20mg/ml) :
and N-hydroxysuccinimida (3 mg/ml). After washing with acetate buffer (O.OlM, pH = 5.5), it is incubated with a solution of TNFa in acetate buffer 1 ~,lg/ml for 10 min. Accordin~ to this procedure .
and after washing with acetat~ buffQr, PBS buffsr (O.lN: pH - 7.2) and ethanolamine (1M, pH = 8.5~, about 2 n~/mm2 of TNFa are covalently immobilized.
5.4. Preparation of a recognizing element on TiO2 according to type E~2 with antibodies as receptor molecules:
Tha directed immobilization of the antibodies is effected on a dextran carrier layer which has bcen preparsd according to paragraph 1.5., 4.2. For the directed imrnobilizatiorl, frse aldehyde functions are produced on the carbohydrate residues of the antibodies by oxidation according to known procedur~s. The dextran layer on the TiO2 wave ~uide is treated for 5 min. with an aqueous solution of N-(3-dimethylarninopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbo-diimida (20mg/ml) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (3 mg/ml). After washing with water, the activated carboxylic aeid functions o the surfac~ are eonverted into hydrazides by contact with an aqueous solution of hydrazine rncnohydrochloride (1 mM). This surface is brought into contact with a solution of the oxidatively-treated antibodies (1 llg/ml in acetate buffer (0.01M, pH = 5.5)) for 20 min. The surface is washed with PBS ~û.1M; pHI
= 7.2) and an aqueous solution of ethanolamine (1M; pH = 8.5).
This procedure leads to a directed immobilization of about 5 ng/mm2 of antibodies on the dextran carrier layer.
.,.. ;. - . ., . . ~ i ,,,;, .,.. , , ., . ........ ,.,, ~ , . .. ...
,,;. . ,, , " , ,. . . .,", ~, .. . . . . ...... .... .
Claims (11)
1. An optical biosensor comprising a dielectric wave guide and an organic carrier layer to which receptor molecules are bonded, wherein the organic carrier layer forms a monomolecular layer and consists of molecules of general formula I
I
and wherein the molecules of the carrier layer are bonded directly to a TiO2 wave guide via the Si atom or, if desired, are bonded indirectly to the TiO2 wave guide via an intermediate layer.
I
and wherein the molecules of the carrier layer are bonded directly to a TiO2 wave guide via the Si atom or, if desired, are bonded indirectly to the TiO2 wave guide via an intermediate layer.
2. An optical biosensor according to claim 1, wherein group Y is a spacer group and groups Z are hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine or methyl, alkyl or fluoroalkyl groups.
3. An optical biosensor according to either of claims 1 and 2, wherein groups Z are derivatives of hydrophilic, short-chain molecules such as oligovinyl alcohols, oligoacrylic acids, oligoacrylic acid derivatives, oligoethylene glycols or mono- or oligo-saccharides having 1-7 sugar units or carboxyglycosides or aminoglycosides having 1-5 sugar units.
4. An optical biosensor according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the aminoglycosides are derivatives of compounds such as fradiomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, xylostasin, butirosin or chitosan.
5. An optical biosensor according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein groups Z are hydrogel-forming groups.
6. An optical biosensor according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the hydrogel-forming groups are derivatives of polysaccharides such as dextran, agarose, alginic acid, starch, cellulose and derivatives of such polysaccharides or hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylic acids, polyethylene glycols and their derivatives.
7. An optical biosensor according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the intermediate layer is a thin layer (d < 20 nm) of SiO2 or Al2O3.
8. A method for the production of an optical biosensor according to any one of claims 1-7, which method comprises using compounds of general formula II
(R1R2R3)Si-Y-X II
wherein X is hydrogen, fluorine or a chemically reactive group, R1R2R3 is alkyl, alkoxy or halogen and Y is a spacer group, for the production of the ordered monomolecular layer and applying these compounds to the TiO2 wave guide either from the gas phase or from solution and, if desired, subsequently modifying group X by oxidation, reduction, substitution or addition such that group Z results and the receptor molecule can be coupled to group Z.
(R1R2R3)Si-Y-X II
wherein X is hydrogen, fluorine or a chemically reactive group, R1R2R3 is alkyl, alkoxy or halogen and Y is a spacer group, for the production of the ordered monomolecular layer and applying these compounds to the TiO2 wave guide either from the gas phase or from solution and, if desired, subsequently modifying group X by oxidation, reduction, substitution or addition such that group Z results and the receptor molecule can be coupled to group Z.
9. A method for the production of an optical biosensor according to claim 8, wherein group Z is modified by addition, substitution, oxidation or reduction such that it carries groups molecules or molecular associations which permit the concen-tration of receptor molecules in a directed or non-directed manner.
10. A method for the production of an optical biosensor according to claim 8 or 9, wherein group Z is modified by addition, substitution, oxidation or reduction such that it subsequently carries photoreactive groups.
11. The use of an optical biosensor according to any one of claims 1-10 for the determination of the concentrations of an analyte molecule in solution or for the quantification of an interaction between analyte and receptor molecule based on thermodynamic and kinetic data.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH3444/92 | 1992-11-06 | ||
| CH344492 | 1992-11-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2108705A1 true CA2108705A1 (en) | 1994-05-07 |
Family
ID=4256085
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002108705A Abandoned CA2108705A1 (en) | 1992-11-06 | 1993-10-19 | Biologically recognizing layers on new ti02 waveguide for biosensors |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0596421A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH06265553A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2108705A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6320991B1 (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-11-20 | Imation Corp. | Optical sensor having dielectric film stack |
| US6872522B1 (en) | 1996-06-25 | 2005-03-29 | Michael Mecklenburg | Broad specificity affinity arrays: a qualitative approach to complex sample discrimination |
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| US6180288B1 (en) | 1997-03-21 | 2001-01-30 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Gel sensors and method of use thereof |
| EP1060395B1 (en) | 1998-02-04 | 2008-04-30 | Invitrogen Corporation | Microarrays and uses therefor |
| GB9808264D0 (en) * | 1998-04-17 | 1998-06-17 | Imperial College | Biochemical devices and their methods of manufacture |
| DE19825899A1 (en) * | 1998-06-10 | 1999-12-16 | Memorec Medical Molecular Rese | Immobilized oligo- or polynucleotide product useful for identifying and quantifying polynucleotides |
| AU2003262452B2 (en) * | 1998-07-14 | 2007-02-08 | Zyomyx, Inc. | Arrays of proteins and methods of use thereof I |
| US6406921B1 (en) * | 1998-07-14 | 2002-06-18 | Zyomyx, Incorporated | Protein arrays for high-throughput screening |
| US6682942B1 (en) | 1998-07-14 | 2004-01-27 | Zyomyx, Inc. | Microdevices for screening biomolecules |
| US6897073B2 (en) | 1998-07-14 | 2005-05-24 | Zyomyx, Inc. | Non-specific binding resistant protein arrays and methods for making the same |
| US6576478B1 (en) | 1998-07-14 | 2003-06-10 | Zyomyx, Inc. | Microdevices for high-throughput screening of biomolecules |
| US6221579B1 (en) | 1998-12-11 | 2001-04-24 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Patterned binding of functionalized microspheres for optical diffraction-based biosensors |
| US6579673B2 (en) | 1998-12-17 | 2003-06-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Patterned deposition of antibody binding protein for optical diffraction-based biosensors |
| US6399295B1 (en) | 1999-12-17 | 2002-06-04 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Use of wicking agent to eliminate wash steps for optical diffraction-based biosensors |
| EP2202521A1 (en) | 2001-01-16 | 2010-06-30 | Université Catholique de Louvain | Surface chemical modification of optical elements for the spectroscopic detection of molecules and organic components |
| DE10108483A1 (en) | 2001-02-22 | 2002-09-05 | Bayer Ag | Phosphorus-containing polymers for optical signal converters |
| DE10152002A1 (en) * | 2001-10-22 | 2003-05-08 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Semiconductor device with a multilayer structure and method for its production |
| US7214530B2 (en) | 2002-05-03 | 2007-05-08 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Biomolecule diagnostic devices and method for producing biomolecule diagnostic devices |
| US7771922B2 (en) | 2002-05-03 | 2010-08-10 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Biomolecule diagnostic device |
| JP4548703B2 (en) * | 2003-10-20 | 2010-09-22 | 東レ・ダウコーニング株式会社 | Polyether-modified polysiloxane composition, method for producing the same, and method for measuring total amount of carbonyl in polyether-modified polysiloxane composition |
| DE102008019928A1 (en) | 2008-04-21 | 2009-12-31 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Gmbh | Procedures for applying spots with capture molecules on substrate surface for chip, particularly optical sensor, involve washing substrate surface of chip by dipping in aqueous solution of cationic polyelectrolyte |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3215484A1 (en) * | 1982-04-26 | 1983-11-03 | Sagax Instrument AB, 18302 Täby | MULTIPLE LAYERS OF LAYER AND PROCESS FOR DETECTING AND / OR MEASURING THE CONCENTRATION OF A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE, IN PARTICULAR BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN |
| AU583053B2 (en) * | 1984-09-21 | 1989-04-20 | Corning Glass Works | Dielectric waveguide sensors and their use in immunoassays |
| IT1229691B (en) * | 1989-04-21 | 1991-09-06 | Eniricerche Spa | SENSOR WITH ANTIGEN CHEMICALLY LINKED TO A SEMICONDUCTIVE DEVICE. |
| DE69027077T2 (en) * | 1989-09-08 | 1996-10-02 | Hewlett Packard Co | Production of a solid phase, suitable for specific binding of chemical substances |
| WO1992003720A1 (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1992-03-05 | Fisons Plc | Analytical device |
| EP0643833A1 (en) * | 1991-06-04 | 1995-03-22 | FISONS plc | Analytical device |
-
1993
- 1993-10-19 CA CA002108705A patent/CA2108705A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-10-29 EP EP93117547A patent/EP0596421A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-11-05 JP JP5277086A patent/JPH06265553A/en active Pending
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6872522B1 (en) | 1996-06-25 | 2005-03-29 | Michael Mecklenburg | Broad specificity affinity arrays: a qualitative approach to complex sample discrimination |
| US7662560B2 (en) | 1996-06-25 | 2010-02-16 | Michael Mecklenburg | Broad specificity affinity arrays: a qualitative approach to complex sample discrimination |
| US6320991B1 (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-11-20 | Imation Corp. | Optical sensor having dielectric film stack |
| US6625336B2 (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2003-09-23 | Imation Corp. | Optical sensor having dielectric film stack |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH06265553A (en) | 1994-09-22 |
| EP0596421A1 (en) | 1994-05-11 |
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