CA2064732A1 - System and installation to control the factor of occupancy in facilities which levy a fee for their use according to the laws of supply and demand - Google Patents
System and installation to control the factor of occupancy in facilities which levy a fee for their use according to the laws of supply and demandInfo
- Publication number
- CA2064732A1 CA2064732A1 CA002064732A CA2064732A CA2064732A1 CA 2064732 A1 CA2064732 A1 CA 2064732A1 CA 002064732 A CA002064732 A CA 002064732A CA 2064732 A CA2064732 A CA 2064732A CA 2064732 A1 CA2064732 A1 CA 2064732A1
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- Prior art keywords
- occupancy
- fee
- demand
- installation
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07B—TICKET-ISSUING APPARATUS; FARE-REGISTERING APPARATUS; FRANKING APPARATUS
- G07B15/00—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points
- G07B15/02—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points taking into account a variable factor such as distance or time, e.g. for passenger transport, parking systems or car rental systems
- G07B15/04—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points taking into account a variable factor such as distance or time, e.g. for passenger transport, parking systems or car rental systems comprising devices to free a barrier, turnstile, or the like
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- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Finance (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
- Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
- Control Of Position, Course, Altitude, Or Attitude Of Moving Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
In installations with places subject to charges, such as multi-storey car parks, the instantaneous occupancy rate (N-n) is determined and the fee (G) for occupying the devices is automatically adapted to the instantaneous occupancy rate (N-n) and to client demand, in accordance with a function (F) which can be input. These installations automatically adapt the fee to a predetermined occupancy rate. The instantaneous occupancy rate or demand can be varied with time in accordance with a predetermined function of the empirically determined occupancy rate or demand for management adapted to a model.
In installations with places subject to charges, such as multi-storey car parks, the instantaneous occupancy rate (N-n) is determined and the fee (G) for occupying the devices is automatically adapted to the instantaneous occupancy rate (N-n) and to client demand, in accordance with a function (F) which can be input. These installations automatically adapt the fee to a predetermined occupancy rate. The instantaneous occupancy rate or demand can be varied with time in accordance with a predetermined function of the empirically determined occupancy rate or demand for management adapted to a model.
Description
Application PCT/~P90/01229 2 0 6 4 7 3 2 as published 21.2.91 - including amendm~nts 16.4.91 System and Installation to control the factor of occupancy in facilities which levy a fee for their use according to the laws of supply and d~mand The present invention concerns a system, as well as an installation to control the factor o occupancy of a preset number of facilities which levy a fee for their use according to the laws of supply and demand.
The best known example o such facility is a parking lot, espscially parking places as e.g. in parking houses. It is well known that the demand for parking places is much higher at certain times than at others, as e.g. parking places in the vicinity of theatres during their performance times.
Other examples for such facilities levying fees are luggage lockers, cinema s~ats, theatre seats, aircraft seat, etc. It is clear that users of such facilities would be willing, as e.g. ln emergencies, to pay a considerably higher price than demanded in order to be able to use such facility~ but that the available number of ~hese facilities has already been ully occupied or sold at fixed prices.
According to CH-A~442 813 it is well known that a park house will apply ~ differen-t ee structure during rela~ively dead2 ~ 3 time periods than during peak hours. This is done by fixing different fee structures for different periods of use, i.e.
for predominantly dead, as comparPd to peak periods. These are called up and applied by the calculating unit This type of fee structure takes into account the different demand pattern at different times, dead or peak period.
According to the brochure "Rentabilisez la gestion de votre parking avec Parcotax" of Messrs ZEAG Systems, Schlieren/Switzerland, it is known that in parking houses the demand for occupancy is a function-of the rate of the charges. This leads to the suggestion that the parking fee should be staggered as a function of the time of day, the day of the week, holidays aswell as demand and supply.
From GB - A 2 197 100 is further known that differ2nt fees can be applied for different types of vehicles and for different periods of occupancy.
The present invention is designed to create a system or an installation o the type initially referred to, which follows the law of supply and demand and in which the ac-tual "supply"
becomes a determining factor. For this purpose a system according to claim 1 or an installation to claim 16 are being proposed.
The central premise for this i~vention is the act ~at only by using the rate of occupancy, or more precisely that of -the2 0 6 ~ ~ 3 public's demand for such occupancy, as criterion, does it become possible to have automatically a flexible and correctly adjusted fee structure as a function to the rate of occupancy, or of the demand for such occupancy. A fee structure which is based only on prior experience values does not take into account the actual demand and supply situation.
From GB - A 2 197 100 is further known that different fees can be applied for different types of vehicles and for different periods of occupancy.
The present invention is designed to create a system or an installation of the type initially referred to, which follows the law of supply and demand and in which the actual "supply"
becomes a determining factor. For ~his purpose a system according to claim 1 or an installation to claim 16 are being proposed.
The central premise for this invention is the ~act that only by using the rate of occupancy, or more precisely that of the public's demand for such occupancy, as criterion, does it become possible to have automatically a flexible and correctly adjusted fee structure as a function to the rate of occupancy, or of the demand for such occupancy. A fee structure which is based only on prior experience values does not take into account the actual demand and supply situation.
The present invention entails the definite al-~eration of the 2 0 ~ 4 7 3 2 fee for such a facility depending on the instantaneous rate of occupancy or demand, and emulating automatically a fee structure modelled to achieve the basic law of 'supply and demand'. This provides an instrument to approach a desired factor of occupancy, or a range of such factors, through the fee payable, be it ull occupancy through the reduction of the fees below a certain occupancy according ~o claim 3, or be it just to avoid full occupancy according to claim 2.
This allows full occupancy to be aimed at in aircraft, public transport or container ships, by reducing the fees for the last available places. At the same time it makes it possible to always have some places available, as e.g. for emergencies, on densely occupied transportation routes by raislng the fees. The same applies to parking lots and the other examples mentioned above.
According to claim 4 a factor of occupancy/time flmction gets stored and the fee is corrected to adapt it to actual circumstances according to this function. Such a factor of occupancy/time ~unction can also be based on experience.
In another variation according to claim 5, the factor of occupancy or demand is fed into a preset fee structure/
occupancy function. The output of this function is the fee or fee structure corresponding to this factor of occupancy or .
.
demand. Other preferred variations of the invented system are specified in claims 6 to 13. 2 0 6 4 7 3 2 An installa~ion according to the invention is characterised according to claim 16.
Preferred variations of the invented installation are specified in claims 16 to 25.
The invention is particularly suitable for and applicable to the fixing of parking fees, but also to systems according to claim 27.
The invention is explained below on the basis of figures:
Fig 1 A simple diagram showing the flow of signals in a first example of the invented system Fig 2 A block diagram showing the workings of an installation according to the invented system of Fig 1.
Fig 3 A signal flow/block diagram o~ a further variation of the invented installation.
Fig 4 A simplified block diagram of the invented installation as used for parking houses. in which the factor of occupancy as well as the period of occupancy, i.e. the parking time, are considered.
Fi~ 5 A further ex~nple of the invented ins-tallation in the form corresponding to claim 4.
Fig 6 A block diagram of an installation working according to the invented system for a park house.
Fig 7 A fee structure in function of the rate of occupancy, or of the demand for such occupancy.
Fig 8 A stored fee structure function, aswell as two further derivations of that function according to the instantaneous demand according to Fig 6.
Fig 9 Four examples of the displayed total parking fees each based on ~he stated entry time and in accordance with an installation to Fig 6 and a trend according to curv~ (a) of Fig. 8.
Fig 10 Four examples of the displayed average hourly fees each based on the stated entry time and in accordance with an installation to Fig 6 and a trend according to curve (a) of Fig. 8.
Fig 1 shows a simplified signal flow diagram of the first example of the invented system. A total number N of available facilities 1 which is represented by block 3 has the factor of occupancy registered continuously by noting either the number o still available facilities n or the number of orcupied facilities ~N - n). It is unimportant whether the .
~; :
. ' work is based on -the factor of unoccupied facilities n, or on that of those already occupied (N - n).
The following examples will be based on the factor of occupancy (N -n).
This factor of occupancy (N - n (t)), a function of time, is recorded and placed into a preset ~unction 5, which resul~s in d~riving fee structure FG in dependance of the factor of occupancy (N ~ n (t)).
The factor of occupancy 'N - n (t)) can vary between zero and N.
If the aim is e.g. never to fully occupy all the available N
facilities, then the function between fee structure FG and factor of occupancy will be a rising one towards 100%
occupancy (N - n = N) and in the sxtreme case will be asymptotic, starting e.g. wit~ a constant fee at the lower end. Such procedure is suitable for example for the sale of cinema, theatre, and other such tickets with a rate indication 6.
This is explained in more detail by Fig 2 which illustrates a simple arrangement of a system for the automatic procPssing of the signal functions of Fig 1.
At the box office e.g. for cinema tickets, a counter 7 is notched up one increment with the sale of each ticket or its reservation by -telephone. As shown schematically in Flg 2, a ~ 7 3 switch 9 can be used or -tha-t purpose. This can be operated manually by the sales person, or can be directly coupled to the till selling the tickets.
The position S of the coun~er 7 at any particular moment is fed into the function generator 11 which, as explained in Fig l, allocates a specific fee structure FG ~o each counter position or range of positions. The function generator is a storage unit which stores counter position against fee structure factors. This function ran previously be loaded into the function generator, as schematically illustrated by input 13, which preferably is capable of being altered. As an example a ROM-, PROM-, or EPROM- storage unit can be used. At the exit of each function generator a price appears after each allocation of a cinema seat, which could e.g. be indicated at the booking office for the people lining up for tickets. This allows all those waiting at the box o~fice to be informed to what price remaining seats are being o~fered for sale, and it is their free decision whether the visit is worth that price or not.
Fig 3 shows a variant of the invention from that of Figs 1 and 2. It is based on the fact that very often as e.g. in parking houses, experience data for the usual factor of occupancy (N - n) over 24 hours, or on specific days, are available. In these cases an experience based characteri~tic (N - n)e can be fed into the ~torage unit 17 through input . ' " ~ . :
19, and the ou~put data o~ ~he storage unit can be controlled ~ 7 3 through a time, and/or date indica~or 21.
At the ou~put of storage unit 17 the experience values of the factor of occupancy (N -n)e now appear in function of real time t'. These output walues are then fed into the function generator 23 which stores the fee structure FG in function of the factor of occupancy. The prPset fees now appQar at the output of the function generator in relation to the factor of occupancy. The characteristic for the function generator 25 is put in as indicated through 25, and this can be changed if required (ROM).
In the invented systems according to Fig 1 to 3 or in corresponding installations it was assumed that for the use of a facility 1 a ~ixed charge is levied and that this pays for a fixed time span, as e.g. the running time of a cinema film. In some cases, as e.g. in the occupation of parking spaces in parking houses, an additional variabl~ factor is the period of occupancy dt which influences the final fee.
Fig 4 shows a signal flow/block diagram of a system according to the invention, which might e.g. be provided to parking houses where the fee is determined by the parking time period in addition to the fac-tor of occupancy or demand.
In general 27 represents sensing units which register when a facility such as a parking space in a parking housP is occupied and when it is free again. This can be registered through parking -tickets 27a which register the -time of en-try ~ 7 3 2 and the time of exit. It can also be done through sensors 27b, such as light beams, which are attached to individual facilities such as parking spaces, or the registration can be done through videocameras as illustrated with 27c. I-t is of importance only that a registration unit 29 at all times gets a report, by whatever known means, of when a facility such as a parking space gets occupied and when it is available again.
The registration unit 29 determines through its knowledge of the available facilities N, and in function of time t, the factor of occupancy (N - n (t)).
This value i5 fed into a function generator 31 which stores the fee structure FG in function of the factor of occupancy.
When the factor of occupancy (N ~ n) approaches the value N
the fee FG is raised, when the factor of occupancy approaches the value zero (e.y. parking house unoccupied) then the fee FG becomes a minimum. This means that the fee FG is at all times being determined as a function of the prevailing factor of occupancy or damand, be it continuously, or in fixed or variable time intervals, and it can e.g. be indicated to car park users by an indicator 33 at the car park entrance.
The resulting fee structure FG (t) then gets stored in tabular form in function of the instantaneous time tx in a storage unit 35. As an example the fee structure FG is put into the storage unit 3~ every hour or as required over a period of a week, and renewed as the cycle repeats i-tself, or alternatively continuously.
IllustratPd for simplicity's sake, the storage unit 35 shows ' for every time tx the corresponding fee struc-ture FGx as fed 2 0 ~ ~ 7 3 2 into it, and all of these then are fed into a multiplex unit 37 .
Further, arranged with whatever system 27 for the registration of occupancy may be used, an additional occupancy registration unit 39, which could e . g . be part of a central parking clock, can be used to register the parking time read from the parking ticket 27a wnich records the time of exit t out when a vehicle leaves the parking lot and the time of entry t in. These two kno~n parameters t in and t out get fed into the multiplex unit 37 and this determines those fee structures FG which the storage unit 35 allocates to the times tx which lie between the entry time t in and the exit time t ou-t. This results in the multiplex unit 37 providing the sequen-tial feas corresponding to an individual's occupancy period FG (~ in < t < t ouk). They are fed into a summation or integration unit 40 where they get added together and at th~ exit of the summation/
in~egration unit 40 the total fee structure FT appears, which is a function of all the factors of occupancy or demand that occurred during the total occupancy period dt.
A differential unit 43 determines the period of occupancy dt of the indiv~dual user out of the times t in and t out regis-tered by the registration unit 39. The ou~pu~ of the period of occupancy dt is fed into a furthar function generator 45 which storPs another factor K in function of the period of occupancy dt. This factor K is ~hen multiplied by the period o occupancy dt and -the appropriate factor o~ 2 0 6 ~ 7 3 2 occupancy FT and this results in the multiplier 47 showiny the applicable fee ~ both as a ~unction of the fac-tors of occupancy prevailing during the period of occupancy and the actual period of occupancy dt.
By these means parking houses can be so governed that they are never fully occupied, to always have some free parking spaces available, even i~ at increased fees, although users e.g., who want it for very important reasons, can still obtain an available space.
A different concept is il1ustra~ed with the arrangement in Fig.S.
Whereas the user in the arrangement according to fig 4 only pays his parking fee after use of the facility and does not know at the start how much the occupancy will cost him, as the factor of utilisation during his occupancy is taken into account, the user of the arrangement in fig 5 pays ~he fee at the beginning of occupancy. The fee is based on a trend of occupancy or demand and takes into account the factor of occupancy or demand at the time of parking. The user thereby knows the 'sales price' for the proposed occupancy from the beginning and prepays this price.
The user pays the fee G demanded for the proposed occupancy into a meter 50. For this purpose he enters a~ th~ s~art of `;
occupancy t' XIN into keyboard T the desired parking period .
dt x. The desired parking period dt' x determines in 2 0 ~ ~ 7 3 2 function generator 52 the normal fee structure K(ct) and multiplies it with the fee FG corresponding to the actual factor of occupancy which results in fee G, i.e. the 'sales price'. This is displayed on a display 54. If the user decides to use a facility such as a parking space he inserts the fee G. This results in the facili~y being occupied for the prepaid period dtx. ~y paying fee G, schematically represented by switch S, the start of occupancy t XIN as well as the prepaid period dt x are stored in a storage unit 56.
The contents of all the stored t XIN, dt x's are fed into a calculator 58 which calculates from them the prepaid factor of occupancy (N - n (t))b. The real time t is fed to the calculator in addition. The output is fed into calculator 6Q
which determines in relation to the now prevailing factor of occupancy (N - n (t))b the fee structure FG which applies for the next user It is of advantage to store in a urther storage unit 62 the function fee structure over time t and to determine through a discriminator unit 64 the instantaneous trend of the fee structure. This is indicated ~o the user at the payment point 54 through an indicator 66 or the actual fee structure FG or indicator 68. As shown by the dotted line, the extrapolated trend can be used to correc~ the fee a~ the start of occupancy. Another possibility to correct discrepancies between fees actually paid to those that correspond to the actual factor of occupancy consists in correrting the ees charged to subsequent users.
The best known example o such facility is a parking lot, espscially parking places as e.g. in parking houses. It is well known that the demand for parking places is much higher at certain times than at others, as e.g. parking places in the vicinity of theatres during their performance times.
Other examples for such facilities levying fees are luggage lockers, cinema s~ats, theatre seats, aircraft seat, etc. It is clear that users of such facilities would be willing, as e.g. ln emergencies, to pay a considerably higher price than demanded in order to be able to use such facility~ but that the available number of ~hese facilities has already been ully occupied or sold at fixed prices.
According to CH-A~442 813 it is well known that a park house will apply ~ differen-t ee structure during rela~ively dead2 ~ 3 time periods than during peak hours. This is done by fixing different fee structures for different periods of use, i.e.
for predominantly dead, as comparPd to peak periods. These are called up and applied by the calculating unit This type of fee structure takes into account the different demand pattern at different times, dead or peak period.
According to the brochure "Rentabilisez la gestion de votre parking avec Parcotax" of Messrs ZEAG Systems, Schlieren/Switzerland, it is known that in parking houses the demand for occupancy is a function-of the rate of the charges. This leads to the suggestion that the parking fee should be staggered as a function of the time of day, the day of the week, holidays aswell as demand and supply.
From GB - A 2 197 100 is further known that differ2nt fees can be applied for different types of vehicles and for different periods of occupancy.
The present invention is designed to create a system or an installation o the type initially referred to, which follows the law of supply and demand and in which the ac-tual "supply"
becomes a determining factor. For this purpose a system according to claim 1 or an installation to claim 16 are being proposed.
The central premise for this i~vention is the act ~at only by using the rate of occupancy, or more precisely that of -the2 0 6 ~ ~ 3 public's demand for such occupancy, as criterion, does it become possible to have automatically a flexible and correctly adjusted fee structure as a function to the rate of occupancy, or of the demand for such occupancy. A fee structure which is based only on prior experience values does not take into account the actual demand and supply situation.
From GB - A 2 197 100 is further known that different fees can be applied for different types of vehicles and for different periods of occupancy.
The present invention is designed to create a system or an installation of the type initially referred to, which follows the law of supply and demand and in which the actual "supply"
becomes a determining factor. For ~his purpose a system according to claim 1 or an installation to claim 16 are being proposed.
The central premise for this invention is the ~act that only by using the rate of occupancy, or more precisely that of the public's demand for such occupancy, as criterion, does it become possible to have automatically a flexible and correctly adjusted fee structure as a function to the rate of occupancy, or of the demand for such occupancy. A fee structure which is based only on prior experience values does not take into account the actual demand and supply situation.
The present invention entails the definite al-~eration of the 2 0 ~ 4 7 3 2 fee for such a facility depending on the instantaneous rate of occupancy or demand, and emulating automatically a fee structure modelled to achieve the basic law of 'supply and demand'. This provides an instrument to approach a desired factor of occupancy, or a range of such factors, through the fee payable, be it ull occupancy through the reduction of the fees below a certain occupancy according ~o claim 3, or be it just to avoid full occupancy according to claim 2.
This allows full occupancy to be aimed at in aircraft, public transport or container ships, by reducing the fees for the last available places. At the same time it makes it possible to always have some places available, as e.g. for emergencies, on densely occupied transportation routes by raislng the fees. The same applies to parking lots and the other examples mentioned above.
According to claim 4 a factor of occupancy/time flmction gets stored and the fee is corrected to adapt it to actual circumstances according to this function. Such a factor of occupancy/time ~unction can also be based on experience.
In another variation according to claim 5, the factor of occupancy or demand is fed into a preset fee structure/
occupancy function. The output of this function is the fee or fee structure corresponding to this factor of occupancy or .
.
demand. Other preferred variations of the invented system are specified in claims 6 to 13. 2 0 6 4 7 3 2 An installa~ion according to the invention is characterised according to claim 16.
Preferred variations of the invented installation are specified in claims 16 to 25.
The invention is particularly suitable for and applicable to the fixing of parking fees, but also to systems according to claim 27.
The invention is explained below on the basis of figures:
Fig 1 A simple diagram showing the flow of signals in a first example of the invented system Fig 2 A block diagram showing the workings of an installation according to the invented system of Fig 1.
Fig 3 A signal flow/block diagram o~ a further variation of the invented installation.
Fig 4 A simplified block diagram of the invented installation as used for parking houses. in which the factor of occupancy as well as the period of occupancy, i.e. the parking time, are considered.
Fi~ 5 A further ex~nple of the invented ins-tallation in the form corresponding to claim 4.
Fig 6 A block diagram of an installation working according to the invented system for a park house.
Fig 7 A fee structure in function of the rate of occupancy, or of the demand for such occupancy.
Fig 8 A stored fee structure function, aswell as two further derivations of that function according to the instantaneous demand according to Fig 6.
Fig 9 Four examples of the displayed total parking fees each based on ~he stated entry time and in accordance with an installation to Fig 6 and a trend according to curv~ (a) of Fig. 8.
Fig 10 Four examples of the displayed average hourly fees each based on the stated entry time and in accordance with an installation to Fig 6 and a trend according to curve (a) of Fig. 8.
Fig 1 shows a simplified signal flow diagram of the first example of the invented system. A total number N of available facilities 1 which is represented by block 3 has the factor of occupancy registered continuously by noting either the number o still available facilities n or the number of orcupied facilities ~N - n). It is unimportant whether the .
~; :
. ' work is based on -the factor of unoccupied facilities n, or on that of those already occupied (N - n).
The following examples will be based on the factor of occupancy (N -n).
This factor of occupancy (N - n (t)), a function of time, is recorded and placed into a preset ~unction 5, which resul~s in d~riving fee structure FG in dependance of the factor of occupancy (N ~ n (t)).
The factor of occupancy 'N - n (t)) can vary between zero and N.
If the aim is e.g. never to fully occupy all the available N
facilities, then the function between fee structure FG and factor of occupancy will be a rising one towards 100%
occupancy (N - n = N) and in the sxtreme case will be asymptotic, starting e.g. wit~ a constant fee at the lower end. Such procedure is suitable for example for the sale of cinema, theatre, and other such tickets with a rate indication 6.
This is explained in more detail by Fig 2 which illustrates a simple arrangement of a system for the automatic procPssing of the signal functions of Fig 1.
At the box office e.g. for cinema tickets, a counter 7 is notched up one increment with the sale of each ticket or its reservation by -telephone. As shown schematically in Flg 2, a ~ 7 3 switch 9 can be used or -tha-t purpose. This can be operated manually by the sales person, or can be directly coupled to the till selling the tickets.
The position S of the coun~er 7 at any particular moment is fed into the function generator 11 which, as explained in Fig l, allocates a specific fee structure FG ~o each counter position or range of positions. The function generator is a storage unit which stores counter position against fee structure factors. This function ran previously be loaded into the function generator, as schematically illustrated by input 13, which preferably is capable of being altered. As an example a ROM-, PROM-, or EPROM- storage unit can be used. At the exit of each function generator a price appears after each allocation of a cinema seat, which could e.g. be indicated at the booking office for the people lining up for tickets. This allows all those waiting at the box o~fice to be informed to what price remaining seats are being o~fered for sale, and it is their free decision whether the visit is worth that price or not.
Fig 3 shows a variant of the invention from that of Figs 1 and 2. It is based on the fact that very often as e.g. in parking houses, experience data for the usual factor of occupancy (N - n) over 24 hours, or on specific days, are available. In these cases an experience based characteri~tic (N - n)e can be fed into the ~torage unit 17 through input . ' " ~ . :
19, and the ou~put data o~ ~he storage unit can be controlled ~ 7 3 through a time, and/or date indica~or 21.
At the ou~put of storage unit 17 the experience values of the factor of occupancy (N -n)e now appear in function of real time t'. These output walues are then fed into the function generator 23 which stores the fee structure FG in function of the factor of occupancy. The prPset fees now appQar at the output of the function generator in relation to the factor of occupancy. The characteristic for the function generator 25 is put in as indicated through 25, and this can be changed if required (ROM).
In the invented systems according to Fig 1 to 3 or in corresponding installations it was assumed that for the use of a facility 1 a ~ixed charge is levied and that this pays for a fixed time span, as e.g. the running time of a cinema film. In some cases, as e.g. in the occupation of parking spaces in parking houses, an additional variabl~ factor is the period of occupancy dt which influences the final fee.
Fig 4 shows a signal flow/block diagram of a system according to the invention, which might e.g. be provided to parking houses where the fee is determined by the parking time period in addition to the fac-tor of occupancy or demand.
In general 27 represents sensing units which register when a facility such as a parking space in a parking housP is occupied and when it is free again. This can be registered through parking -tickets 27a which register the -time of en-try ~ 7 3 2 and the time of exit. It can also be done through sensors 27b, such as light beams, which are attached to individual facilities such as parking spaces, or the registration can be done through videocameras as illustrated with 27c. I-t is of importance only that a registration unit 29 at all times gets a report, by whatever known means, of when a facility such as a parking space gets occupied and when it is available again.
The registration unit 29 determines through its knowledge of the available facilities N, and in function of time t, the factor of occupancy (N - n (t)).
This value i5 fed into a function generator 31 which stores the fee structure FG in function of the factor of occupancy.
When the factor of occupancy (N ~ n) approaches the value N
the fee FG is raised, when the factor of occupancy approaches the value zero (e.y. parking house unoccupied) then the fee FG becomes a minimum. This means that the fee FG is at all times being determined as a function of the prevailing factor of occupancy or damand, be it continuously, or in fixed or variable time intervals, and it can e.g. be indicated to car park users by an indicator 33 at the car park entrance.
The resulting fee structure FG (t) then gets stored in tabular form in function of the instantaneous time tx in a storage unit 35. As an example the fee structure FG is put into the storage unit 3~ every hour or as required over a period of a week, and renewed as the cycle repeats i-tself, or alternatively continuously.
IllustratPd for simplicity's sake, the storage unit 35 shows ' for every time tx the corresponding fee struc-ture FGx as fed 2 0 ~ ~ 7 3 2 into it, and all of these then are fed into a multiplex unit 37 .
Further, arranged with whatever system 27 for the registration of occupancy may be used, an additional occupancy registration unit 39, which could e . g . be part of a central parking clock, can be used to register the parking time read from the parking ticket 27a wnich records the time of exit t out when a vehicle leaves the parking lot and the time of entry t in. These two kno~n parameters t in and t out get fed into the multiplex unit 37 and this determines those fee structures FG which the storage unit 35 allocates to the times tx which lie between the entry time t in and the exit time t ou-t. This results in the multiplex unit 37 providing the sequen-tial feas corresponding to an individual's occupancy period FG (~ in < t < t ouk). They are fed into a summation or integration unit 40 where they get added together and at th~ exit of the summation/
in~egration unit 40 the total fee structure FT appears, which is a function of all the factors of occupancy or demand that occurred during the total occupancy period dt.
A differential unit 43 determines the period of occupancy dt of the indiv~dual user out of the times t in and t out regis-tered by the registration unit 39. The ou~pu~ of the period of occupancy dt is fed into a furthar function generator 45 which storPs another factor K in function of the period of occupancy dt. This factor K is ~hen multiplied by the period o occupancy dt and -the appropriate factor o~ 2 0 6 ~ 7 3 2 occupancy FT and this results in the multiplier 47 showiny the applicable fee ~ both as a ~unction of the fac-tors of occupancy prevailing during the period of occupancy and the actual period of occupancy dt.
By these means parking houses can be so governed that they are never fully occupied, to always have some free parking spaces available, even i~ at increased fees, although users e.g., who want it for very important reasons, can still obtain an available space.
A different concept is il1ustra~ed with the arrangement in Fig.S.
Whereas the user in the arrangement according to fig 4 only pays his parking fee after use of the facility and does not know at the start how much the occupancy will cost him, as the factor of utilisation during his occupancy is taken into account, the user of the arrangement in fig 5 pays ~he fee at the beginning of occupancy. The fee is based on a trend of occupancy or demand and takes into account the factor of occupancy or demand at the time of parking. The user thereby knows the 'sales price' for the proposed occupancy from the beginning and prepays this price.
The user pays the fee G demanded for the proposed occupancy into a meter 50. For this purpose he enters a~ th~ s~art of `;
occupancy t' XIN into keyboard T the desired parking period .
dt x. The desired parking period dt' x determines in 2 0 ~ ~ 7 3 2 function generator 52 the normal fee structure K(ct) and multiplies it with the fee FG corresponding to the actual factor of occupancy which results in fee G, i.e. the 'sales price'. This is displayed on a display 54. If the user decides to use a facility such as a parking space he inserts the fee G. This results in the facili~y being occupied for the prepaid period dtx. ~y paying fee G, schematically represented by switch S, the start of occupancy t XIN as well as the prepaid period dt x are stored in a storage unit 56.
The contents of all the stored t XIN, dt x's are fed into a calculator 58 which calculates from them the prepaid factor of occupancy (N - n (t))b. The real time t is fed to the calculator in addition. The output is fed into calculator 6Q
which determines in relation to the now prevailing factor of occupancy (N - n (t))b the fee structure FG which applies for the next user It is of advantage to store in a urther storage unit 62 the function fee structure over time t and to determine through a discriminator unit 64 the instantaneous trend of the fee structure. This is indicated ~o the user at the payment point 54 through an indicator 66 or the actual fee structure FG or indicator 68. As shown by the dotted line, the extrapolated trend can be used to correc~ the fee a~ the start of occupancy. Another possibility to correct discrepancies between fees actually paid to those that correspond to the actual factor of occupancy consists in correrting the ees charged to subsequent users.
2~732 Instead of calculating the factor of occupancy on the basis of prepaid occupancy periods, the actual occupancy can also be determined through individual sensors in facilities such as parking houses, and these can be usPd for the determination of the fee structure. Such sensors also allow a reduction of the personnel requirements, by permitting central supervision of adherence to the prepaid occupancy periods.
Even though such fee levying facilities such as ~arking houses will be used to increase fees with increasing demand, the invention can also be used to govern factors of occupancy in the opposite sense. If e.g. in railway operation trains are operating with many half empty carriages, and it might ba more rational to concentrate the passengers into less carriages, the invention can be used in order to reduce the fee in some carriages to achieve a higher occupancy, allowing empty carriages to ~e discarded. In parking houses this can be used to ensure full occupancy.
In principle a system is also possible in which the fee G is reduced with increasing factor of occupancy to aim towards full occupancy. According to Fig 6 a parkh~use is fitted with an occupancy sensor above each parking space, as represented by block 80. The output of these sensors are directed to a so-called "multiplier" unit 82. The output of the 'multiplier' 82 are ed into a so called "trendsetter' which again feeds a calculating unit 8~. At the outlet of the trendsetter 84 a unit 88 will indicate the fees in a manner ~,. .
still -to be explained, whereas at the outlet of the 2 ~ 6 4 7 3 2 mul~iplier 82 the prevailing general level of fees and the prevailing trend can be indicated. Instead of sensors other devices can be used to determine the occupancyO The calculating unit 86 has furthermore attached to it a ~icket issuing unit aswell as a calculating or exit ticket unit. The functioning of the installation illustrated in Fig 6 will be explained on the basis o the following illustrations.
The output signals of the sensors in unit 80 determlne, out o experience from the past, as illustrated in Fig 8, an occupancy curve (a) over the time of day, and stores this.
By calculating the instantaneous signals from the sensors the actual occupancy of the parkhouse is continuously monitored.
When this is higher than corresponds to the prevailing trend curve (a), then this trend curve (a) is modified, as shown in Fig 8 and becomes for instance curve (b).
Should this be lower then the trend curve would become curve (c). This ensures a continuous checking and storing of the trends, which in an extreme case will change with each naw entry. This trend can be shown to newly arriving motorists on the indicator 90 in Fig 6, either symbolically through arrows, or through figures. The hourly parking fee is then calculated continuously from the actual trend curves as eg (b) or (c) in the trendsetter unit 84, aswell as a preset fee structure as illustrated in Fig 7, and thus corresponds to the actual trend over the time of day (t). These fee curves look essentially as illustrated in fig 8 in having the trend curves (b) or (c) ~epresen-t the prevailing fee struc~ure. 2 0 6 ~ 7 3 The fee indicator 88 will show the park house user the prevailing fees, as illustrated for instance, in Fig 9. This Fig 9 shows the fees that would result theoretically if the tren~ would stick to curve ta) of Fig 8. In actual fact, this curve will adjust itself continuously to ~he instantaneous demand either up (curve b) or down (cuxve c) so that a new set of figures can appear for each subsequent park house user.
The output of the trendsett~r unit 84 governs the calculator unit 86, a ticket issue unit, aswell as a fee depending on duration of occupancy znd occupancy conditions. I~ a park house user enters the park house for instance at 12.00 hrs with a prevailing trend corresponding to the first table in Fig 9, and if the actual trend then moves above the stored long term trend, then the park house user entering after him will pay according to a new, increased fee table. The new fees then take into account and compensate the ~ees which applied to the entrant at 12.00 hrs, which accoxding to the prevailing trend have been calculated too low.
This invention thus ensures that by fixing the fee structure according to Fig 7 there will always be a available a number of vacant parking spaces for high priority users.
The fee indicator 88 shows the arriving park house user what .. ..
2~64~32 fees he will have to pay, whareas a trend indicator 90 can in addition show whether the prevailing trend is rising or sinking.
Fee indicator 88 can either show the arriving park house user the total payable fee as shown in Fig 9 or ~he average hourly fe~ as shown in Fig 10. If the indicator according to Fig 10 is used it also becomes possible to charge th~ client fractions of an hour, by calculating these to the prevailing hourly rate.
By announcing the prevailing parking fees and the trends o~
parking houses of for instance a section of a city it becomes possibla to regulate its traffic flow. Such announcements can for instance be mada over the radio.
Instead of determining 'he rate of occupancy as in parking houses, it is possible with other installations such as with skilifts, to determine the demand by checking for instance th~ length or waiting lines and to govern the skilift fees as described above to limi~ the waiting period. Similar procedures can be used for the collection of ees of motorways, public transport, freight traffic on land or water, etc.
The operator of such an installation can choose the lower end o~ the fee/occupancy rate function, or the fee/demand function, according to entrepreneurlal 2~732 considerations SQ that for instance the fee at a specific low occupancy rate does not drop to zero but is kepk a-t a given minimum. Only after a preset occupancy rate, say 80~ or 90~, will the fee which then corresponds to the demand of the users rise drastically.
____________
Even though such fee levying facilities such as ~arking houses will be used to increase fees with increasing demand, the invention can also be used to govern factors of occupancy in the opposite sense. If e.g. in railway operation trains are operating with many half empty carriages, and it might ba more rational to concentrate the passengers into less carriages, the invention can be used in order to reduce the fee in some carriages to achieve a higher occupancy, allowing empty carriages to ~e discarded. In parking houses this can be used to ensure full occupancy.
In principle a system is also possible in which the fee G is reduced with increasing factor of occupancy to aim towards full occupancy. According to Fig 6 a parkh~use is fitted with an occupancy sensor above each parking space, as represented by block 80. The output of these sensors are directed to a so-called "multiplier" unit 82. The output of the 'multiplier' 82 are ed into a so called "trendsetter' which again feeds a calculating unit 8~. At the outlet of the trendsetter 84 a unit 88 will indicate the fees in a manner ~,. .
still -to be explained, whereas at the outlet of the 2 ~ 6 4 7 3 2 mul~iplier 82 the prevailing general level of fees and the prevailing trend can be indicated. Instead of sensors other devices can be used to determine the occupancyO The calculating unit 86 has furthermore attached to it a ~icket issuing unit aswell as a calculating or exit ticket unit. The functioning of the installation illustrated in Fig 6 will be explained on the basis o the following illustrations.
The output signals of the sensors in unit 80 determlne, out o experience from the past, as illustrated in Fig 8, an occupancy curve (a) over the time of day, and stores this.
By calculating the instantaneous signals from the sensors the actual occupancy of the parkhouse is continuously monitored.
When this is higher than corresponds to the prevailing trend curve (a), then this trend curve (a) is modified, as shown in Fig 8 and becomes for instance curve (b).
Should this be lower then the trend curve would become curve (c). This ensures a continuous checking and storing of the trends, which in an extreme case will change with each naw entry. This trend can be shown to newly arriving motorists on the indicator 90 in Fig 6, either symbolically through arrows, or through figures. The hourly parking fee is then calculated continuously from the actual trend curves as eg (b) or (c) in the trendsetter unit 84, aswell as a preset fee structure as illustrated in Fig 7, and thus corresponds to the actual trend over the time of day (t). These fee curves look essentially as illustrated in fig 8 in having the trend curves (b) or (c) ~epresen-t the prevailing fee struc~ure. 2 0 6 ~ 7 3 The fee indicator 88 will show the park house user the prevailing fees, as illustrated for instance, in Fig 9. This Fig 9 shows the fees that would result theoretically if the tren~ would stick to curve ta) of Fig 8. In actual fact, this curve will adjust itself continuously to ~he instantaneous demand either up (curve b) or down (cuxve c) so that a new set of figures can appear for each subsequent park house user.
The output of the trendsett~r unit 84 governs the calculator unit 86, a ticket issue unit, aswell as a fee depending on duration of occupancy znd occupancy conditions. I~ a park house user enters the park house for instance at 12.00 hrs with a prevailing trend corresponding to the first table in Fig 9, and if the actual trend then moves above the stored long term trend, then the park house user entering after him will pay according to a new, increased fee table. The new fees then take into account and compensate the ~ees which applied to the entrant at 12.00 hrs, which accoxding to the prevailing trend have been calculated too low.
This invention thus ensures that by fixing the fee structure according to Fig 7 there will always be a available a number of vacant parking spaces for high priority users.
The fee indicator 88 shows the arriving park house user what .. ..
2~64~32 fees he will have to pay, whareas a trend indicator 90 can in addition show whether the prevailing trend is rising or sinking.
Fee indicator 88 can either show the arriving park house user the total payable fee as shown in Fig 9 or ~he average hourly fe~ as shown in Fig 10. If the indicator according to Fig 10 is used it also becomes possible to charge th~ client fractions of an hour, by calculating these to the prevailing hourly rate.
By announcing the prevailing parking fees and the trends o~
parking houses of for instance a section of a city it becomes possibla to regulate its traffic flow. Such announcements can for instance be mada over the radio.
Instead of determining 'he rate of occupancy as in parking houses, it is possible with other installations such as with skilifts, to determine the demand by checking for instance th~ length or waiting lines and to govern the skilift fees as described above to limi~ the waiting period. Similar procedures can be used for the collection of ees of motorways, public transport, freight traffic on land or water, etc.
The operator of such an installation can choose the lower end o~ the fee/occupancy rate function, or the fee/demand function, according to entrepreneurlal 2~732 considerations SQ that for instance the fee at a specific low occupancy rate does not drop to zero but is kepk a-t a given minimum. Only after a preset occupancy rate, say 80~ or 90~, will the fee which then corresponds to the demand of the users rise drastically.
____________
Claims (27)
1. System to govern the occupancy (N-n) of a predetermined number (N) of fee levying installations according to the laws of supply and demand, which is characterised by monitoring the rate of occupancy or demand and by the automatic adjustment of the fee (G) in relation to the factor of occupancy (N-n) or demand, in order to achieve a desired factor of occupancy.
2. System according to claim 1, characterised by a rising fee (G) with increasing factor of occupancy ((N-n)) or demand in order to prevent full occupancy.
3. System, according claim 1, characterised by a lowering fee with reducing factor of occupancy ((N-n)) or demand in order to aim towards full occupancy.
4. System, according to one or more of the claims 1 -to 3, characterised by changing the fee (G) according to a stored occupancy/time function (17; 35) in function of the time (t;
t IN; t OUT) whereby the function will preferably be calculated out of predetermined rates of occupancy or demand in the sense of the adaptation of a model which is continuously being corrected.
t IN; t OUT) whereby the function will preferably be calculated out of predetermined rates of occupancy or demand in the sense of the adaptation of a model which is continuously being corrected.
5. System, according to one or more of the claims 1 to 3, characterised by recording the factor of occupancy or its size (7, 17 29) placing it into a preset fee/occupancy function (11; 23; 31) to determine the fee (G) which corresponds to the prevailing factor of occupancy or demand.
6. System, according to claim 5, characterised by the fee being determined at the start of occupancy of an installation, whilst preferably being indicated for a given time span, say 24 hrs, and that the fee collection takes place at the end of occupancy according to the indication of the fee/time function which was indicated at the begin of occupancy.
7. System, according to claim 6, characterised by determining the fee according to an established trend of the factor of occupancy or demand, taking account of the intended period of occupancy.
8. System, according to either one or both claims 6 and 7, characterised by compensating discrepancies that arise between a fee determined at the start of occupancy through a fee for a later occupancy, so as to conform to the actual function determined during the time of occupancy.
9. System, according to one or more of the claims 1 to 8, characterised by clearly displaying the fee, the fee structure and/or the trend of the fee structure before any individual occupancy (15; 33) preferably a fee which the user gets guaranteed during his period of occupancy.
10. System, according to one or more of the claims 1 to 9, characterised by monitoring the occupancy of every installation (27).
11. System, according to one or more of the claims 1 to 10, characterised by subdividing the fee levying installations into groups and by determining the occupancy individually for each subgroup.
12. System, according to claim 10, characterised by determining the occupancy period (t IN, t OUT) of each installation (39), feeding it into an occupancy/charge rate function (45) and determining the rate of occupancy or demand during the occupancy period (t IN, t OUT). From this a fee structure dependent on the factor of occupancy or demand (40) is determined and both these factors will determine the fee to be levied (47)
13. System, according to claim 6, characterised by determining the factor of occupancy through the occupancy times for which fees have been prepaid.
14. System, according to one or more of the claims 1 to 13, characterised by having the actual occupancy time calculated in fractions of an hour.
15. System, according to one or more of the claims 1 to 11, characterised by using as the demand criterion the size of waiting line at the entrance to an installation.
16. Installation for the adjustment of the rate of occupancy of a predetermined number (N) of fee levying facilities according to the laws of supply and demand, which provide:
- for a storage unit function generator (5. 11, 23, 31) which stores the fee structure in function of the factor of occupancy of the predetermined number of facilities and where the output of this storage unit is fed to a unit (48) to indicate the fee.
- a monitoring device which governs the function generator storage unit for an instantaneous occupancy or demand rate.
- for a storage unit function generator (5. 11, 23, 31) which stores the fee structure in function of the factor of occupancy of the predetermined number of facilities and where the output of this storage unit is fed to a unit (48) to indicate the fee.
- a monitoring device which governs the function generator storage unit for an instantaneous occupancy or demand rate.
17. Installation according to claim 16, characterised by including a unit (17, 27, 29, 7) which determines the factor of occupancy or demand which acts onto the storage unit (11, 23, 31) to determine from it the fee structure in function of the factor of occupancy.
18. Installation according to either one or both of claims 16 and 17, characterised by including an installation (39) to determine the begin and end of occupancy, by having this connected with a storage unit (31, 35, 37) to determine fee structures between beginning and end of occupancy.
19. Installation according to either one or both of claims 14 and 15, characterised by including an installation for the determination of the begin of occupancy as well as the period of occupancy arising from a prepaid fee, and that a calculating unit is provided to determine from these occupancy times the factor of occupancy or of demand, with this calculating unit connected to the storage unit function generator.
20. Installation according to one or more of the claims 16 to 19, characterised by including indicators (48) for the fee structure applicable at any time.
21. Installation according to one or more of the claims 16 to 20, characterised by having a calculating unit which on the input side has a measuring unit which continuously determines the rate of occupancy or demand and feeds it into a storage unit, that the calculating unit then determines the actual trend, compares it with the stored trend and adjusts the latter to the actual or determines an adjusted trend from the stored trend and stores it as the actual trend.
22. Installation according to claim 21, characterised by having the calculating unit determine the fee characteristic out of the adjusted and stored trend and which combines multiple outputs from the storage unit and of a fee storage unit so that the output of this combination can preferably be shown for a given time period on an indicator.
23. Installation according to either one or both of claims 21 and 22, characterised by being able to preset the time period and having the adjustment performed continuously.
24. Installation according to one or more of the claims 16 to 23, characterised by having the monitoring unit determine the length of a waiting line.
25. Installation according to one or more of the claims 16 to 23, characterised by having the monitoring unit count the in and outlet events of an installation such as a park house or a motorway section.
26. Use of the system according to one of the claims l to 15 or of the installation to one of the claims 16 to 25 for the determination of parking fees.
27. Use of the system according to one of the claims 1 to 15 or of the installation to one of the claims 16 to 25 for the determination of skilift or similar fees, fees for public transport, motorways or freight conveyance on land or on water.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH02851/89A CH688566A5 (en) | 1989-08-02 | 1989-08-02 | Method and apparatus for controlling the occupancy rate chargeable devices. |
| CH2851/89 | 1989-08-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2064732A1 true CA2064732A1 (en) | 1991-02-03 |
Family
ID=4243004
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002064732A Abandoned CA2064732A1 (en) | 1989-08-02 | 1990-07-27 | System and installation to control the factor of occupancy in facilities which levy a fee for their use according to the laws of supply and demand |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0484427B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH04507468A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR920704239A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6160190A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2064732A1 (en) |
| CH (1) | CH688566A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59002865D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2045941T3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1991002332A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006076773A1 (en) * | 2005-01-20 | 2006-07-27 | Reinhardt International Pty Limited | An integrated parking, enforcement and detection arrangement |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002288698A (en) * | 2001-03-27 | 2002-10-04 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Setting system for parking fee |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH367344A (en) * | 1959-08-19 | 1963-02-15 | Robert Beau Gerard | Device for recording and totaling quantities |
| FR1440848A (en) * | 1965-04-23 | 1966-06-03 | Automatisme Cie Gle | Installation of toll car park |
| US3548161A (en) * | 1967-01-05 | 1970-12-15 | Gen Signal Corp | Vehicle parking time and fee computing system |
| GB2197100A (en) * | 1986-11-08 | 1988-05-11 | Ian Carey Hilton | System for control of admission of vehicles to a parking place |
-
1989
- 1989-08-02 CH CH02851/89A patent/CH688566A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1990
- 1990-07-27 KR KR1019920700265A patent/KR920704239A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-07-27 EP EP90912041A patent/EP0484427B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-27 JP JP2511198A patent/JPH04507468A/en active Pending
- 1990-07-27 WO PCT/EP1990/001229 patent/WO1991002332A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1990-07-27 CA CA002064732A patent/CA2064732A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-07-27 ES ES90912041T patent/ES2045941T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-07-27 DE DE90912041T patent/DE59002865D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-07-27 AU AU61601/90A patent/AU6160190A/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006076773A1 (en) * | 2005-01-20 | 2006-07-27 | Reinhardt International Pty Limited | An integrated parking, enforcement and detection arrangement |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2045941T3 (en) | 1994-01-16 |
| CH688566A5 (en) | 1997-11-14 |
| DE59002865D1 (en) | 1993-10-28 |
| EP0484427B1 (en) | 1993-09-22 |
| WO1991002332A1 (en) | 1991-02-21 |
| JPH04507468A (en) | 1992-12-24 |
| AU6160190A (en) | 1991-03-11 |
| EP0484427A1 (en) | 1992-05-13 |
| KR920704239A (en) | 1992-12-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Dead |