CA1312683C - Method of drawing in graphics rendering system - Google Patents
Method of drawing in graphics rendering systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA1312683C CA1312683C CA000586151A CA586151A CA1312683C CA 1312683 C CA1312683 C CA 1312683C CA 000586151 A CA000586151 A CA 000586151A CA 586151 A CA586151 A CA 586151A CA 1312683 C CA1312683 C CA 1312683C
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- pixel
- framebuffer
- array
- accessed
- update
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
- G06T11/20—Drawing from basic elements, e.g. lines or circles
- G06T11/203—Drawing of straight lines or curves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
- G09G5/36—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators characterised by the display of a graphic pattern, e.g. using an all-points-addressable [APA] memory
- G09G5/39—Control of the bit-mapped memory
- G09G5/393—Arrangements for updating the contents of the bit-mapped memory
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Image Generation (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION
Method and means for drawing a convex geometric figure to framebuffer storage sequentially addressable as a plurality of update arrays of determined origins which tile the framebuffer. An array comprises pixel storage sites, each specifiable by an offset from array origin. The sites are concurrently updatable. A figure is specified as a set of directed lines; the line segments between mutual intersections comprise the figure boundary;
the segments perambulate the boundary in a single sense.
For an update array, concurrently for each pixel site, and concurrently for each directed line, the sidedness of the pixel is evaluated with respect to the line to derive a one-bit line discriminant signal. For each site, the line discriminant signals are ANDed to derive a result discriminant signal; a first value specifying outsidedness of the pixel with respect to the figure prevents writing to the site.
The process is repeated for further arrays to tile the figure to be drawn.
Method and means for drawing a convex geometric figure to framebuffer storage sequentially addressable as a plurality of update arrays of determined origins which tile the framebuffer. An array comprises pixel storage sites, each specifiable by an offset from array origin. The sites are concurrently updatable. A figure is specified as a set of directed lines; the line segments between mutual intersections comprise the figure boundary;
the segments perambulate the boundary in a single sense.
For an update array, concurrently for each pixel site, and concurrently for each directed line, the sidedness of the pixel is evaluated with respect to the line to derive a one-bit line discriminant signal. For each site, the line discriminant signals are ANDed to derive a result discriminant signal; a first value specifying outsidedness of the pixel with respect to the figure prevents writing to the site.
The process is repeated for further arrays to tile the figure to be drawn.
Description
METHOD OF DRAWING IN
GRAPHICS RENDERING SYSTEM
This invention relates to single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) graphics systems, and in particular to a method and means of performing graphics rendering operations in such a system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In a data processing system with graphics capability, a system processor executing a graphics application program outputs signals representing matter to be displayed; this representation is generally abstract and concise in form. Such form is not suitable for the direct control of a display monitor; it is necessary to transform the relatively abstract representation into a representation which can be used to control the display. Such transformation is referred to as graphics rendering; in a system using a raster display monitor, the information comprising the transformed representation is referred to as a framebuffer. Signals specifying tha framebuffer information ar~ stored in framebuffer storage.
The framebuffer representation must be frequently updated, by rewriting its stored spPcification in part or completely, either to reflect dynamic aspects of the display; or to pro~ide for the display of images generated from a different application ~ ~26~
program. Each updating operation requires access to the memory in which the specification of the framebuffer is stored; generally a large number of locations in the framebuf~er storage must be accessed for each updating operation. The speed of rendering the display is limited by the requirement for graphics memory access; the greater the number of bits in the graphics memory tframebuffer storage) that can be read or written in a given time period lo (the "memory bandwidth"), the better the graphics performance.
Graphics memory bandwidth depends on the number of memory packages (chips) comprising the graphics memory, multiplied by the number of i/o pins per package; the product is the maximum possible number of bits that can be accessed in ona memory transaction. Bandwidth is then a function of this maximum number and of the time required for a memory transaction.
Many conventional graphics rendering operations are carried out by a series of steps that are highly incremental in nature; that is, the value of a particular framebuffer pixel cannot be updated (and the framebuffer storage rewritten) until the updated value of an adjacent framebuffer pixel is known.
Framebuffer updating carried out by means of such incremental operations reguires frequent memory transactions, each involving a relatively small number of bits. The rendering performance of such a yraphics system can be improved by decreasing the time reguired for a memory transaction, but will not be much improved by increasing the number of bits which can be addressed in a transaction. If increased memory bandwidth is to improve the graphics performance, means must be provided for making ~ `3 ~ 3 efficient use of the bandwidth during gr~phics rendering operations.
It is an object of the present invention to provide, for framebuffer storage that is accessed as 5 framebuffer pixel arrays, a graphics rendering operation that makes efficient use of the increased bandwidth provided by such framebuffer memory architecture. In particular, it is an object to provide means and method for selecting from an addressed pixel array those pixels to which is mapped a geometric figure to be drawn to the framebuffer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is employed in a graphics subsystem having framebuffer storage organized for storing signals specifying the pixels (x,y) of a X x Y raster framebuffer. The storage is segu~ntially addressable as a plurality of framebuffer pixel update arrays, the set of update arrays tiling the framebuffer.
Each update array has a determined origin with respect to the framebuffer and comprises storage sites for specifications of a plurality of contiguously positioned framebuffer pixels. Each storage site is specifiable by an offset with respect to the update array origin, the pixel specifications of an update array being concurrently updatable in a parallel memory transaction.
According to the invention, a method is provided for selecting framebuffer pixels for drawing, comprising the steps of specifying a directed line with respect to the framebuffer; accessing an update array;
concurrently for all pixel sites of the accessed array (a~ evaluating the sidedness of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at the pixel site with respect to the directed line to derive a one-bit discriminant signal for each accessed array pixel siter and (b) using a first value of the discriminant signal tG prevent writing to the accessed array pixel site.
In preferred embodiments, the update array origin is specified as (originX, originy) with respect to said framebuffer, and the storage sites are specified as (offsetx, offsety) with respect to the update array origin. A method of drawing a convex geometric figure to the framebuffer storage comprises the steps: specifying a figure to be drawn to the framebuffer storage by specifying with respect to the framebuffer a set of directed lines such that the segments of the lines between their mutual intersections comprise the boundary of the figure, the directions of the lines being specified such that the segments perambulate the boundary in a single sense, speciying each line as (xl, Yl), (x2, Y2);
for each directed line of the set, calculating (X2 ~ Xl) Yl ~ (Y2 - y1) xl = C; accessing an update array; calculating for the array and for each line ~X2 ~ Xl)~riginy ~ (Y2~Yl) originX = B; concurrently for each line, and concurrently for each pixel site of the accessed array, (a) calculating (X2 ~ X1) offsety - (Y2 ~ yl)-offsetx = A, (b) comparing A with (B + C) to derive a one-bit discriminant signal for each accessed array pixel site with respect to a line, (c) for each pixel site ANDing the discriminant signals for the set of directed lines to derive a result discriminant signal; (d) using a first value of the result discriminant signal specifying outsidedness of the framebuffer pixel with respect to the ~igure to be drawn to prevent writing of the pixel specification ~ ?~ ?~
stored at the access array pixel site; and repeating the previous steps with respect to further update arrays to tile the figure to be drawn.
Other objects, features and advantages will appear 5 from the following description of a preferred embodiment, together with the drawing, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DR~WING
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a data processing system in which the invention is employed;
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the memory chip bank of the data processing system of Fig. l;
Fig. 3 is a conceptual showing of a framebuffer specified in the memory chip bank of Fig. 2, and a pixel thereof;
Fig. 4 is an illustrative showing of the mapping between the locations of a memory chip bank and a conceptual framebuffer;
Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a memory controller according to the invention;
Fig. 6 illustrates a concept employed in the addressing means and method of the invention;
Fig. 7 shows a geometric figure represented in terms of the concept illustrated in Fig. 6;
Fig. 8 shows a geometric figure tiled by a plurality of seguentially addressed framebuffer pixel arrays;
Fig. 9 shows a geometric figure mapped to a -6- ~3~3~ ~
particular framebuffer pixel array for generating an address for a next array;
Fig. 10 shows a geometric figure mapped to a particular pixel array with an additional addressing condition imposed;
Fig. 11 is a block diagram of an element of Fig. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawing, and in particular to Fig. 1, a graphics subsystem 10 (memory module) is connected by processor bus 14 to port 52 of a processor 50. Bus 14 carries signals (specifying data or address) between processor 50 and subsystem lO,and is connected to subsystem 10 through a bus interface 12. A subsystem data bus 16 (module bus) is connected to interface 12. Graphics subsystem 10 provides a memory comprising a bank 20 of K
conventional two-port vidso random access memory chips 24 desirably arranged in a chip array A x B =
K. Each chip 2~ (memory element) provides an equal plurality of storage locations, each location being addressable relative to the chip origin. The random access ports of the chips of bank 20 are connected through a controller 18 to subsystem bus 16. The serial output ports of the chips of bank 20 are connected by connector 150 to graphics output circuitry 22, which is of conventional design and need not be described; signals output from circuitry 22 are connected to a conventional raster color display monitor 23.
Processor 50 executes a graphics application program, details of which are not pertinent to the present invention, which results in the specification of matter, such as geometric figures, to be displayed.
The images to be displayed are specified by processor 50 in a relatively abstract and concise form, which cannot be directly used to control the display monitor. The specification must be converted to a suitable form, which for a raster display monitor is referred to as a framebuffer comprising an ordered array of framebuffer pixels, each corresponding to a display pixel of the display screen~ Such conversion is referred to as rendering. In the system of Fig. 1, the rendering operations are carried out by graphics subsystem 10.
Still referring to Fig. 1, interface 12 comprises means for performing the usual functions of a bus interface, such as bus monitoring and support, and bus protocol. For the particular function of interfacing between bus 14 and the graphics subsystem 10, interface 12 additionally provides timing means for controller 18, for output circuitry 22, for memory bank ~0, and for the display monitor; means for controlling subsystem bus 16; and certain computational means whose purpose will become clear in what follows.
Memory module addressing means 17, responsive to signals from controller 18, provid~s location address signals 27 to bank 20. It should be understood that although for clarity of description memory module addressing means is shown in Fig. 1 as separate from interface 12 and controller 18, this arrangement is not significant. The necessary addressing functions may be provided by circuitry otherwise distributed, for example, distributed between interface 12 and controller 1~.
The video RAM chips of bank 20 are disposed as a A x B = K chip array, for example, referring now to c~
Fig. 2, a (A = 5) x (B = 4) array of K = 20 chips 24, each chip 24 (identified ~y its chip array position as (a,b)) having an 8-bit parallel i/o path to controller 18. Other chip array dimensions may also be employed, for example, (A = 4) x (B = 4) with an 8-bit parallel i/o path~ or (A = 20) x (B = 1).
Controller 18 has the capability of accessing in parallel (path width) x A x B bits, or for the embodiment of Fig. 2, (8 x 5 x 4) = 160 bits.
The set of corresponding locations in the K chips (a,b) specified by a location address from module addressing means 17 comprises an addressed locati~n array.
In a system using a raster display, the framebuffer storage (and the corresponding framebuffer, which is conceptual rather than physical) of a graphics subsystem is mapped to the display screen in terms of pixels (picture elements). The xaster display screen comprises a rectangular array of X x Y display pixels (x,y). At any particular time, each display pixel displays a color specified by a color value, signals specifying the color value are stored in the framebuffer storage at the (x,y) position of the framebuffer pixel corresponding to the display pixel.
The display is refreshed by output circuitry such as circuitry 22 in Fig. 1, which cyclically reads signals from the framebuffer storage, interprets the signals, and controls display monitor 23 appropriately to display corresponding colors in the display pixels, all in a manner well understood in the art. Changes in the display are made by updating the specifications of color values in framebuffer storage; on the next refresh cycle these changes are represented by corresponding changes on the display screen.
_9_ ~ 3 ~ J
Conceptually, the bits comprising a framebuffer pixel x,y (specifying the color value of the display pixel x, y) are regarded as being all stored at the pixel position in the framebuffer, which is regarded as a three-dimensional construct. Referring now to the conceptual showing of ~iy. 3, a framebuffer 26 comprises an array, X framebuffer pixels across and Y
framebuffer pixels vertically, corresponding to the X x Y display pixels of the display; at the specific framebuffer position (x,y) the framebuffer has n bits comprising a framebuffer pixel. The framebuffer pixel is said to have depth n.
Module addressing means 17 and controller 18 control the storage of signals in the A x B video RAM chips 24 of bank 20 in addressed array locations such that signals specifying certain adjacent framebuffer pixels can be accessed in bank 20 in parallel through controller 18 responsive to a single location address relative to chip origin, supplied in parallel to all chips from module addressing means 17. In particular, the framebuffer pixel signals are so stored that an update array of W x H pixels can be accessed in parallel, the update array being so specified that the entire X x Y framebuffer (and display) can be tiled by a plurality of such W x H
update arrays having determined origins. Each update array can be identified by an array origin identifier. The dimensions W, H of the update array need not be equal to the dimensions A, B of the chip array, but in the simplest case W = A and H = B.
The connections 150 between the serial output ports of chips 24 and video output circuitry 22 determine the mapping between chips 24 and the display screen;
that is, the framebuffer pixels in memory 20, as located by the mapping between controller 18 and -10~
chips 24, must be serially accessed in raster order of (x,y) to refresh the display.
Referring now to Fig. 4, by way of illustration the mapping is shown between a conceptual three-dimensional framebuffer and a corresponding physicalchip bank laid out on a plane. (The particular numbers employed are not those of a real graphics subsystem but have been chosen to provide a simple illustrative example.) An exemplary framebuffer 26-E
has 100 framebuffer pixels (X = lO) x (Y = 10) as shown, each pixel having an exemplary depth of n = 4 bits. The signals representing the framebuffer are stored physically in chip bank 20-E comprising a (A = 5) x (B = 5) chip array (K = 25 chips), controlled by a controller (not shown) to provide 4-bit parallel access from the controller to each chip (a,b) in chip array 20-E. It is assumed that four 4-bit pixels can be stored in each chip. Thus chip (a=1, b=l) of bank 20-E stores the four bits of pixel (x=1, y=l) in its first location; pixel (x=2, y=1) is stored in the corresponding first location of chip (a=2, b=1). These two pixels are in the first update array, and can be accessed in parallel because they are in different chips in the chip array and are in corresponding locations in thP respective chips.
However framebuffer pixel (x=1, y=6) is stored in the third location of chip (a=1, b=l) of bank 20-E, 50 that it cannot be accessed in parallel with pixel (x=1, y=l). It is thus seen that framebuffer 26-E is tiled by four 5x5 update arrays of framebuffer pixels having array origins at (1,1), (6,1), (1,6) and (6,6), and that the signals representing all the framebuffer pixels of an update array, stored in the graphics subsystem memory, will be concurrently accessed in parallel in a single memory transaction, specified by a single location address from -11- '~3~.2$6~
addressing means 17. In an actual graphics system of interest, many more than four update arrays are required to tile the display. The framebuffer pixels are stored in a set of contiguous storage locations within chips 24-E.
Referring to Fig. 5, controller 18 provides state machines 100 for controlling the state of the controller; state machines 100 receive timing signals from interface 12 on lines 80. Controller 18 further provides read/write enable generating means 102, which outputs to each of chips 24 oE bank 20 read/write enable signals on lines 88, in the course of a controller graphics rendering operation. In the embodiment having a (A = 5) x (B = 4) chip bank 20 with 8-bit parallel paths, data is transmitted on 40-bit parallel path 84 between contro ler 18 and subsystem bus 16; data is transmitted on 160-bit parallel path 86 between controller 18 and memory bank 20.
For each memory chip of bank 20, con~roller 18 provides at 104 an internal logical processor for the execution of yraphics operations, the processors of 104 operating in parallel (concurrently). Such graphics operations include, for example, writing a geometrical figure to the framebuffer, moving a ~igure from one part of the framebuffer to another part (which reguires both portions of the framebuffer to be redrawn), drawing a line, and the like. In addition, three further logical processors 105 are provided, which operate in parallel with processors 104, as will be described.
The framebuffer is tiled by a number of updatad arrays having determined origins. A figure to be $~i written to the framebuffer storage in general is mapped to only a subset of the update arrays.
The operation of writing a line or geometric figure to the framebuffer comprises two basic steps. First, it is necessary to determine which update arrays should be addressed to tile the figure, and to address each such array in turn; second, it is necessary to determine which pixel specifications within an addressed update array must be written and to write such pixPl specifications. Means and methods for carrying out each of these steps will now be described.
The basis of the described operations is the use of a half-space representation. As seen in Fig. 6, a directed line divides a plane into left and right half-spaces. A half-space evaluation decides on which side of a directed line any point (in a plane) lies. In Fig. 6 all points shown as "+" are in the left half-space, all points shown as "-" are in the right half-space, with respect to the directed line.
The line has infinite length.
For a given point, evaluation of its sidedness with respect to a given line is based on the general equation of a line, (1) y = mx + b where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. Equation (1) is true for values of x and y on the line; y > mx + b for points on one side of the line; and y < mx + b for points on the other side of the line. For a line passing through two specified points (xl, Y1) and (x2, Y2)~ the constants for the line equation are m = dy/dx, and b = (Yl ~
(dy/dx~xl), where dy = Y2 ~ Y1~ and dx = x2 - xl.
Therefore, to evaluate a half-space defined by two .
~ C?~ qr,i ~ ë~
points specifying ~he line, equation (2) mu~t be evaluated:
~ 2) y = (dy/dx)x -~ Yl - (dy~dx)xl.
The order in which the points (xl, Y1) and (x2, Y2) are given specifies the direction of the line.
Equation (2) is represented in the real number system. In the present operation, the equation must be evaluated for the specific locations of the framebuffer pixels, to decide whether a specific pixel is inside or outside a figure to be drawn, the figure being composed of a plurality of directed lines. From equation (2) is derived equation (3):
(3) dx-y - dy-x - dx yl + dy xl = 0, a form which advantageously avoid~ divide operations.
The left side of equation (3) is 0 for (x,y) on the lin~, positive for (x,y) on one side of the line, and negative for (x,y) on the other side of the line.
For the purpose of providing circuitry (processors 104, 10~) comprising relatively ~ew components but capable of performing the evaluation rapidly, equation (3) is further modified by representing the locations of the pixels within the update array in terms of array origin (originX, originy) and pixel offset (site offset) within the array (offsetx, offsety; x = originX + offsetx, y = originy +
offsety), to arrive at equation (4):
(4a) dx-offsety - dy offsetx =
(4b) -dx-originy + dy-originx +
(4c) dx y1 ~ dY-X1-The form of equation (4) is advantageous because it minimizes computation and therefore minimizes both circuitry and computation time. Most of its terms can be calculated either once per half-space evaluation ~that is, once ~or each directed line of a -. :
~ 3 ~ )5'31 -14 ~
geometric figure to be written to the framebuffer) or once per array access. Of the terms in equation (~), dx, dy, xl and Yl are constant for any particular half-space, and therefore (4c) nePd only be evaluated once per half-space. The value of this expression is unaffected by pixel position within the update array, or by change to another update array. The expression (4b) must be calculated once for each update array access.
Expression (4a) must be evaluated for all sites of the array. However, the expressions offsetx and offsety are positive integers specifying the site position within the array; as this is determined by hardware design, these values are built in to controller 18. The value of (4a) can then be easily found in terms of dx and dy; the result (the "site value") is calculated by controller 18 for each half-space (i.e. for each directed line) and stored for each array site. The site values do not depend upon the particular accessed array, but are constant for the particular lines comprising the figure being drawn. The values of dx, dy are provided by interface 12.
The sum of (4b) and (4c) is called the l'half-space constant." A new half-space constant must be specified for each accessed update array because the value depends on the origin of the array (originx, originy). The same value of the half-space constant is specified to every logical processor of 104. The sign of the sum of the stored site value and the half-space constant functions as a discriminant which gives the sidedness of the pixel with respect to the line; since the sign bit is the only bit of interest, a comparator can be used instead of an adder.
Therefore, referring to Fig. 11, each logical - : .
~ 3 ~
processor of 104 comprises a register 204 to store the site value, input at the commencement of a tiling operation; a magnitude comparator 200, to which the site value from register 204 is a first input; and a second input 202, on which the half-space constant for the array is input to comparator ~00. The discriminant signal is output on line 206.
The half-space evaluation must be made for each line bounding the figure to be drawn to the framebuffer.
Referring next to Fig. 7, it is seen that the interior area of a triangle, for example, can be represented as the intersection of three hal~-spaces with respect to the sides, represented as directed lines. The segments of the lines between their mutual intersections comprise a closed boundary of a convex geometric figure. The directions of the lines must be such that the segments perambulate the boundary in a single sense; that is, the line se~ments must all be "nose to tail'l. Ascertaining whether a pixel is inside the triangle is accomplished by concurrently evaluating its sidedness with respect to three directed lines. Thus, for each pixel, a processor of the kind shown in Fig. 11 must be provided at 104 for each half-space evaluation to be made.
A logical AND of the discriminants for all the bounding lines gives the final result discriminant;
that is, the pixel must be inside with respect to all the dir~cted line to be inside the triangle. (Pixels on a line are assign~d to one or the other half-space, based on considerations not pertinent to this invention.~
The output of the AND is used to condition the write enable 88 to the memory chip 24 on which the ~, 3 ~ 3 ~
specification of the pixel is stored. A first value of the result discriminant speciEies insidedness of khe pixel: the second value specifies outsidedness.
A write enable to the pixel site cannot be provided in the presence of a result discriminant of the second value. Other conditions may be imposed on the write enable, for example, as a result of windowing, clipping and other operations. The method can be generalized to n-sided convex polygons; more complex figures can be represented as composed of convex polygons. Line segments on a raster display can be modeled as the intersection of four half-spaces.
Data signals specifying the geometric figure to be drawn (as by giving the (x,y) positions of the vertices on the display) are transmitted by processor 50 to interface 12, which transmits the necessary data to controller l~. Such specification must include, whether explicitly or implicitly in terms of the order of specifying the line se~ment end points, direction of each of the line segments, such that a closed figure is specified by the line segments between mutual intersections and the figure boundary is perambulated by the segments in a single sense.
The rendering operation can begin with any arbitrary location in the figure to be drawn; for example, a first vertex can be selected and the update array to which it is mapped Eirst ac~essed. Alternatively, a preliminary evaluation can be made to find the left-most (or right-most) point in the figure to be drawn, after which the update array to which that point is mapped is first accessed. This latter method offers certain economies of operation.
As controlled by state machines 100, controller 18 begins operation by accessing the initial update array. Controller 18 outputs an appropriate address L 3 ~ ~ ~ ? $ ?~
~17-request at 94 to interface 17, which provides corresponding location address signals to memory bank 20. By concurrently performing half-space evaluations for the pixels of the first update array s with respect to the corresponding portion of the figure to be drawn, processors 104 of controller 18 control writ~ enable means 102 to output signals ~n 88 so as to permit the writing of the corresponding pixels.
A next update array must then be addressed, accessed and written, and so on until the geometric figure has been tiled. A tiling operation is illustrated in Fig. 8 in which a triangle is shown tiled by 53 update arrays. The numbers in each box indicate the order in which the update arrays are accessed. Array 1 is first accessed. In the method illustrated in Fig. 8, the initially accessed array is the o~e with the first vertex. In the alternative method, array 53 would be first accessed, as having the left-most element of the figure mapped to it.
Controller 1~ stores the address of the initially accessed update array in storage 115. The pixels of the initial array are written as described. A test (to be described) is performed to decide whether the figure continues to the array below the initially accessed array; if it does, the stored array address iS 50 marked ~for example, by a flag). Similarly, the test is performed to decide whether the figure continues to the array above the initial array; if so, the stored array address is so marked. If the figure to be drawn was not initially evaluated to find the left-most point in it, the test is performed to decide whether the figure continues to the array to the left of the initial array. If it does, controller 18 outputs address request signal 94, :~ 3 ~ $ $ ~
specifying the next ar~ay; in response, addressing means 17 outputs location address signal 27 to memory bank 20, addressing the speci~ied next update array.
The pixels of this next array are written as a result of half-space evaluation operations as previously described. The tests tdown, up and left) are performed againO However, if the address of any array in this row has previously been stored and flagged for down continuation of the figure, the address of this array will not be so flagged;
similarly for up continuationO The operation is repeated until the result of the test indicates that the figure is not mapped to the next left array. For example, in Fig. 8, after writing array 1, it is found from the test that the array to the left of it is not mapped to the figure.
Controller 18 then (using the specification of the initial array stored at 115) performs the tests with respect to the array next on the right of the initial array. Again, if the figure is mapped to this array, it is accessed and the pixels are written by means of parallel half-space evaluation operations as previously describedO ~s the specification of the starting point has been saved, no array is accessed or written twice.
At the end of the operation with respect to a horizontal row of arrays, every array in that row to which the figure is mapped has been accessed and written, and at most one array address has ~een flagged for up continuation and one for down continuation.
When no further arrays in the row are found to be mapped to the figure, controller 18 operates with respect to the flagged array addresses, to access a ~ 3 .~ 2 ~
downwardly adjacent array. This becomes the initial array of the next horizontal procedure. When no further arrays downwardly are found to be mapped to the figure, the process pops to the first stored array which has been flagged for upward continuation of the figure. When no further upward flags are found, the process has been completed. It will be understood that the upward flags could be first exhausted before moving to the downward flags; the requirement is simply that all arrays to which the figure is mapped should be accessed and written, without repeating any operation.
To test whether a figure is mapped to an adjacent array, referring now to Fig. 9, a border set of pixels is defined as th~ row or column of pixels in the previously addressed 4 x 4 array lying closest to the array in question. (The dimensions 4 x 4 are exemplary only.) The pertinent half-space evaluations are performed by sampling each of the two pixels which bound the border set. However, as will be noted in Fig. 9, one (0,0) of the sampled pixels (considered to be located at its origin corner~ i5 within the currently accessed update array, while the other ~0,4) is outside it. The (0,0) pixel evaluation is performed by the corresponding logical processor of 104 in the course of writing the figure to the update array; the additional three logical processors 105 are provided to perform the parallel evaluation of the three pixel locations (4,0), (0,4) and (4,4) which are all outside the currently accessed array. As these locations cannot be accessed concurrently with the locations of the currently accessed array, the three additional processors 105 do not control the write enable means.
The processors 105 are otherwise similar to those of 104, as shown in Fig. 11. The outputs of these ~ 3 ~ , 3 processors 105 are used only for the purpose of tiling the figure by selecting further update arrays for access.
A triangle composed of three line segments I, II and III is shown mapped to a first array. The test is performed with respect to the decision whether to address the next array to the left. Each of the pixels (0,0~ and (0,4) is evaluated with respect to each of the three line segments.
The criterion for left access is that every half-space defined by the figure has one of the sample pixels of the left border set inside. The inside sample pixel need not be the same for any of the half-spaces; but no one of the line segments can exclude both pixels. For line segment I, the sample pixel ~0,4) is found to be in the inside half-space;
for line segment II, the sample pixel (0,0) is found to be in the inside half-space; for line segmenk III, both sample pixels are found to be in the inside half-space. Since for each half-space at least one sample pixel is inside, the figure is considered to be mapped to the next left update array. Controller 18 therefore issues an address request signal 94 specifying such array to addressing means 17, which provides the corresponding location address signal to memory bank 20.
A final constraint is imposed. As shown in Fig. 10, a triangle composed of directed line segments I, II
and III kerminates at a vertex mapped to pixel (1,1) of the array. However, upon applying the test described above for deciding whether to address the array lying horiæontally to the left of the illustrated array, it is found that the test is met, although in fact the figure ought not to be drawn into the next array. To prevent erroneous ~ 3 ~ 3 ~3f addressing, a specification of a "bounding box" which encloses the ~igure being drawn (derived from the vertex information initially transmitted from processor 50) is stored in 115. Before re~uesting addressing f the next array, controller 18 compares the (x,y) position of the array with the bounding box position. When the result shows that the next array lies outside the bounding box, the test result is overridden.
The described operation of selecting a next update array is particularly advantageous in that the half-space evaluation for one of the sample pixels is made in the operation of writing selected pixels within the accessed framebuffer update array, while the other is easily made concurrently with such writing operation. This permits the test to be made quickly and simply.
In addition, the described operations are equally useful in the drawing of both lines and polygons to the framebuffer. This provides economy of design of the controller, as circuitry need only be provided for a single mode oE op~ration. In contrast, incremental operations used in the prior art for drawing lines generally are quite different ~rom incremental operations for drawing polygons, necessitating the provision of additional circuitry in such incremental rendering systems.
Further, the described operations are directly carried out with respect to the data, for example vertex positions in the framebuffer, transmitted from processor 50. In ~ontrast, in many incremental rendering operations it is necessary to convert such data into a form suitable for use in the operation;
this set-up step is made unnecessary in the present ~ 3 ~
operation, permitting a saving of time for completing the rendering operations.
- .
GRAPHICS RENDERING SYSTEM
This invention relates to single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) graphics systems, and in particular to a method and means of performing graphics rendering operations in such a system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In a data processing system with graphics capability, a system processor executing a graphics application program outputs signals representing matter to be displayed; this representation is generally abstract and concise in form. Such form is not suitable for the direct control of a display monitor; it is necessary to transform the relatively abstract representation into a representation which can be used to control the display. Such transformation is referred to as graphics rendering; in a system using a raster display monitor, the information comprising the transformed representation is referred to as a framebuffer. Signals specifying tha framebuffer information ar~ stored in framebuffer storage.
The framebuffer representation must be frequently updated, by rewriting its stored spPcification in part or completely, either to reflect dynamic aspects of the display; or to pro~ide for the display of images generated from a different application ~ ~26~
program. Each updating operation requires access to the memory in which the specification of the framebuffer is stored; generally a large number of locations in the framebuf~er storage must be accessed for each updating operation. The speed of rendering the display is limited by the requirement for graphics memory access; the greater the number of bits in the graphics memory tframebuffer storage) that can be read or written in a given time period lo (the "memory bandwidth"), the better the graphics performance.
Graphics memory bandwidth depends on the number of memory packages (chips) comprising the graphics memory, multiplied by the number of i/o pins per package; the product is the maximum possible number of bits that can be accessed in ona memory transaction. Bandwidth is then a function of this maximum number and of the time required for a memory transaction.
Many conventional graphics rendering operations are carried out by a series of steps that are highly incremental in nature; that is, the value of a particular framebuffer pixel cannot be updated (and the framebuffer storage rewritten) until the updated value of an adjacent framebuffer pixel is known.
Framebuffer updating carried out by means of such incremental operations reguires frequent memory transactions, each involving a relatively small number of bits. The rendering performance of such a yraphics system can be improved by decreasing the time reguired for a memory transaction, but will not be much improved by increasing the number of bits which can be addressed in a transaction. If increased memory bandwidth is to improve the graphics performance, means must be provided for making ~ `3 ~ 3 efficient use of the bandwidth during gr~phics rendering operations.
It is an object of the present invention to provide, for framebuffer storage that is accessed as 5 framebuffer pixel arrays, a graphics rendering operation that makes efficient use of the increased bandwidth provided by such framebuffer memory architecture. In particular, it is an object to provide means and method for selecting from an addressed pixel array those pixels to which is mapped a geometric figure to be drawn to the framebuffer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is employed in a graphics subsystem having framebuffer storage organized for storing signals specifying the pixels (x,y) of a X x Y raster framebuffer. The storage is segu~ntially addressable as a plurality of framebuffer pixel update arrays, the set of update arrays tiling the framebuffer.
Each update array has a determined origin with respect to the framebuffer and comprises storage sites for specifications of a plurality of contiguously positioned framebuffer pixels. Each storage site is specifiable by an offset with respect to the update array origin, the pixel specifications of an update array being concurrently updatable in a parallel memory transaction.
According to the invention, a method is provided for selecting framebuffer pixels for drawing, comprising the steps of specifying a directed line with respect to the framebuffer; accessing an update array;
concurrently for all pixel sites of the accessed array (a~ evaluating the sidedness of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at the pixel site with respect to the directed line to derive a one-bit discriminant signal for each accessed array pixel siter and (b) using a first value of the discriminant signal tG prevent writing to the accessed array pixel site.
In preferred embodiments, the update array origin is specified as (originX, originy) with respect to said framebuffer, and the storage sites are specified as (offsetx, offsety) with respect to the update array origin. A method of drawing a convex geometric figure to the framebuffer storage comprises the steps: specifying a figure to be drawn to the framebuffer storage by specifying with respect to the framebuffer a set of directed lines such that the segments of the lines between their mutual intersections comprise the boundary of the figure, the directions of the lines being specified such that the segments perambulate the boundary in a single sense, speciying each line as (xl, Yl), (x2, Y2);
for each directed line of the set, calculating (X2 ~ Xl) Yl ~ (Y2 - y1) xl = C; accessing an update array; calculating for the array and for each line ~X2 ~ Xl)~riginy ~ (Y2~Yl) originX = B; concurrently for each line, and concurrently for each pixel site of the accessed array, (a) calculating (X2 ~ X1) offsety - (Y2 ~ yl)-offsetx = A, (b) comparing A with (B + C) to derive a one-bit discriminant signal for each accessed array pixel site with respect to a line, (c) for each pixel site ANDing the discriminant signals for the set of directed lines to derive a result discriminant signal; (d) using a first value of the result discriminant signal specifying outsidedness of the framebuffer pixel with respect to the ~igure to be drawn to prevent writing of the pixel specification ~ ?~ ?~
stored at the access array pixel site; and repeating the previous steps with respect to further update arrays to tile the figure to be drawn.
Other objects, features and advantages will appear 5 from the following description of a preferred embodiment, together with the drawing, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DR~WING
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a data processing system in which the invention is employed;
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the memory chip bank of the data processing system of Fig. l;
Fig. 3 is a conceptual showing of a framebuffer specified in the memory chip bank of Fig. 2, and a pixel thereof;
Fig. 4 is an illustrative showing of the mapping between the locations of a memory chip bank and a conceptual framebuffer;
Fig. 5 is a block diagram of a memory controller according to the invention;
Fig. 6 illustrates a concept employed in the addressing means and method of the invention;
Fig. 7 shows a geometric figure represented in terms of the concept illustrated in Fig. 6;
Fig. 8 shows a geometric figure tiled by a plurality of seguentially addressed framebuffer pixel arrays;
Fig. 9 shows a geometric figure mapped to a -6- ~3~3~ ~
particular framebuffer pixel array for generating an address for a next array;
Fig. 10 shows a geometric figure mapped to a particular pixel array with an additional addressing condition imposed;
Fig. 11 is a block diagram of an element of Fig. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawing, and in particular to Fig. 1, a graphics subsystem 10 (memory module) is connected by processor bus 14 to port 52 of a processor 50. Bus 14 carries signals (specifying data or address) between processor 50 and subsystem lO,and is connected to subsystem 10 through a bus interface 12. A subsystem data bus 16 (module bus) is connected to interface 12. Graphics subsystem 10 provides a memory comprising a bank 20 of K
conventional two-port vidso random access memory chips 24 desirably arranged in a chip array A x B =
K. Each chip 2~ (memory element) provides an equal plurality of storage locations, each location being addressable relative to the chip origin. The random access ports of the chips of bank 20 are connected through a controller 18 to subsystem bus 16. The serial output ports of the chips of bank 20 are connected by connector 150 to graphics output circuitry 22, which is of conventional design and need not be described; signals output from circuitry 22 are connected to a conventional raster color display monitor 23.
Processor 50 executes a graphics application program, details of which are not pertinent to the present invention, which results in the specification of matter, such as geometric figures, to be displayed.
The images to be displayed are specified by processor 50 in a relatively abstract and concise form, which cannot be directly used to control the display monitor. The specification must be converted to a suitable form, which for a raster display monitor is referred to as a framebuffer comprising an ordered array of framebuffer pixels, each corresponding to a display pixel of the display screen~ Such conversion is referred to as rendering. In the system of Fig. 1, the rendering operations are carried out by graphics subsystem 10.
Still referring to Fig. 1, interface 12 comprises means for performing the usual functions of a bus interface, such as bus monitoring and support, and bus protocol. For the particular function of interfacing between bus 14 and the graphics subsystem 10, interface 12 additionally provides timing means for controller 18, for output circuitry 22, for memory bank ~0, and for the display monitor; means for controlling subsystem bus 16; and certain computational means whose purpose will become clear in what follows.
Memory module addressing means 17, responsive to signals from controller 18, provid~s location address signals 27 to bank 20. It should be understood that although for clarity of description memory module addressing means is shown in Fig. 1 as separate from interface 12 and controller 18, this arrangement is not significant. The necessary addressing functions may be provided by circuitry otherwise distributed, for example, distributed between interface 12 and controller 1~.
The video RAM chips of bank 20 are disposed as a A x B = K chip array, for example, referring now to c~
Fig. 2, a (A = 5) x (B = 4) array of K = 20 chips 24, each chip 24 (identified ~y its chip array position as (a,b)) having an 8-bit parallel i/o path to controller 18. Other chip array dimensions may also be employed, for example, (A = 4) x (B = 4) with an 8-bit parallel i/o path~ or (A = 20) x (B = 1).
Controller 18 has the capability of accessing in parallel (path width) x A x B bits, or for the embodiment of Fig. 2, (8 x 5 x 4) = 160 bits.
The set of corresponding locations in the K chips (a,b) specified by a location address from module addressing means 17 comprises an addressed locati~n array.
In a system using a raster display, the framebuffer storage (and the corresponding framebuffer, which is conceptual rather than physical) of a graphics subsystem is mapped to the display screen in terms of pixels (picture elements). The xaster display screen comprises a rectangular array of X x Y display pixels (x,y). At any particular time, each display pixel displays a color specified by a color value, signals specifying the color value are stored in the framebuffer storage at the (x,y) position of the framebuffer pixel corresponding to the display pixel.
The display is refreshed by output circuitry such as circuitry 22 in Fig. 1, which cyclically reads signals from the framebuffer storage, interprets the signals, and controls display monitor 23 appropriately to display corresponding colors in the display pixels, all in a manner well understood in the art. Changes in the display are made by updating the specifications of color values in framebuffer storage; on the next refresh cycle these changes are represented by corresponding changes on the display screen.
_9_ ~ 3 ~ J
Conceptually, the bits comprising a framebuffer pixel x,y (specifying the color value of the display pixel x, y) are regarded as being all stored at the pixel position in the framebuffer, which is regarded as a three-dimensional construct. Referring now to the conceptual showing of ~iy. 3, a framebuffer 26 comprises an array, X framebuffer pixels across and Y
framebuffer pixels vertically, corresponding to the X x Y display pixels of the display; at the specific framebuffer position (x,y) the framebuffer has n bits comprising a framebuffer pixel. The framebuffer pixel is said to have depth n.
Module addressing means 17 and controller 18 control the storage of signals in the A x B video RAM chips 24 of bank 20 in addressed array locations such that signals specifying certain adjacent framebuffer pixels can be accessed in bank 20 in parallel through controller 18 responsive to a single location address relative to chip origin, supplied in parallel to all chips from module addressing means 17. In particular, the framebuffer pixel signals are so stored that an update array of W x H pixels can be accessed in parallel, the update array being so specified that the entire X x Y framebuffer (and display) can be tiled by a plurality of such W x H
update arrays having determined origins. Each update array can be identified by an array origin identifier. The dimensions W, H of the update array need not be equal to the dimensions A, B of the chip array, but in the simplest case W = A and H = B.
The connections 150 between the serial output ports of chips 24 and video output circuitry 22 determine the mapping between chips 24 and the display screen;
that is, the framebuffer pixels in memory 20, as located by the mapping between controller 18 and -10~
chips 24, must be serially accessed in raster order of (x,y) to refresh the display.
Referring now to Fig. 4, by way of illustration the mapping is shown between a conceptual three-dimensional framebuffer and a corresponding physicalchip bank laid out on a plane. (The particular numbers employed are not those of a real graphics subsystem but have been chosen to provide a simple illustrative example.) An exemplary framebuffer 26-E
has 100 framebuffer pixels (X = lO) x (Y = 10) as shown, each pixel having an exemplary depth of n = 4 bits. The signals representing the framebuffer are stored physically in chip bank 20-E comprising a (A = 5) x (B = 5) chip array (K = 25 chips), controlled by a controller (not shown) to provide 4-bit parallel access from the controller to each chip (a,b) in chip array 20-E. It is assumed that four 4-bit pixels can be stored in each chip. Thus chip (a=1, b=l) of bank 20-E stores the four bits of pixel (x=1, y=l) in its first location; pixel (x=2, y=1) is stored in the corresponding first location of chip (a=2, b=1). These two pixels are in the first update array, and can be accessed in parallel because they are in different chips in the chip array and are in corresponding locations in thP respective chips.
However framebuffer pixel (x=1, y=6) is stored in the third location of chip (a=1, b=l) of bank 20-E, 50 that it cannot be accessed in parallel with pixel (x=1, y=l). It is thus seen that framebuffer 26-E is tiled by four 5x5 update arrays of framebuffer pixels having array origins at (1,1), (6,1), (1,6) and (6,6), and that the signals representing all the framebuffer pixels of an update array, stored in the graphics subsystem memory, will be concurrently accessed in parallel in a single memory transaction, specified by a single location address from -11- '~3~.2$6~
addressing means 17. In an actual graphics system of interest, many more than four update arrays are required to tile the display. The framebuffer pixels are stored in a set of contiguous storage locations within chips 24-E.
Referring to Fig. 5, controller 18 provides state machines 100 for controlling the state of the controller; state machines 100 receive timing signals from interface 12 on lines 80. Controller 18 further provides read/write enable generating means 102, which outputs to each of chips 24 oE bank 20 read/write enable signals on lines 88, in the course of a controller graphics rendering operation. In the embodiment having a (A = 5) x (B = 4) chip bank 20 with 8-bit parallel paths, data is transmitted on 40-bit parallel path 84 between contro ler 18 and subsystem bus 16; data is transmitted on 160-bit parallel path 86 between controller 18 and memory bank 20.
For each memory chip of bank 20, con~roller 18 provides at 104 an internal logical processor for the execution of yraphics operations, the processors of 104 operating in parallel (concurrently). Such graphics operations include, for example, writing a geometrical figure to the framebuffer, moving a ~igure from one part of the framebuffer to another part (which reguires both portions of the framebuffer to be redrawn), drawing a line, and the like. In addition, three further logical processors 105 are provided, which operate in parallel with processors 104, as will be described.
The framebuffer is tiled by a number of updatad arrays having determined origins. A figure to be $~i written to the framebuffer storage in general is mapped to only a subset of the update arrays.
The operation of writing a line or geometric figure to the framebuffer comprises two basic steps. First, it is necessary to determine which update arrays should be addressed to tile the figure, and to address each such array in turn; second, it is necessary to determine which pixel specifications within an addressed update array must be written and to write such pixPl specifications. Means and methods for carrying out each of these steps will now be described.
The basis of the described operations is the use of a half-space representation. As seen in Fig. 6, a directed line divides a plane into left and right half-spaces. A half-space evaluation decides on which side of a directed line any point (in a plane) lies. In Fig. 6 all points shown as "+" are in the left half-space, all points shown as "-" are in the right half-space, with respect to the directed line.
The line has infinite length.
For a given point, evaluation of its sidedness with respect to a given line is based on the general equation of a line, (1) y = mx + b where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. Equation (1) is true for values of x and y on the line; y > mx + b for points on one side of the line; and y < mx + b for points on the other side of the line. For a line passing through two specified points (xl, Y1) and (x2, Y2)~ the constants for the line equation are m = dy/dx, and b = (Yl ~
(dy/dx~xl), where dy = Y2 ~ Y1~ and dx = x2 - xl.
Therefore, to evaluate a half-space defined by two .
~ C?~ qr,i ~ ë~
points specifying ~he line, equation (2) mu~t be evaluated:
~ 2) y = (dy/dx)x -~ Yl - (dy~dx)xl.
The order in which the points (xl, Y1) and (x2, Y2) are given specifies the direction of the line.
Equation (2) is represented in the real number system. In the present operation, the equation must be evaluated for the specific locations of the framebuffer pixels, to decide whether a specific pixel is inside or outside a figure to be drawn, the figure being composed of a plurality of directed lines. From equation (2) is derived equation (3):
(3) dx-y - dy-x - dx yl + dy xl = 0, a form which advantageously avoid~ divide operations.
The left side of equation (3) is 0 for (x,y) on the lin~, positive for (x,y) on one side of the line, and negative for (x,y) on the other side of the line.
For the purpose of providing circuitry (processors 104, 10~) comprising relatively ~ew components but capable of performing the evaluation rapidly, equation (3) is further modified by representing the locations of the pixels within the update array in terms of array origin (originX, originy) and pixel offset (site offset) within the array (offsetx, offsety; x = originX + offsetx, y = originy +
offsety), to arrive at equation (4):
(4a) dx-offsety - dy offsetx =
(4b) -dx-originy + dy-originx +
(4c) dx y1 ~ dY-X1-The form of equation (4) is advantageous because it minimizes computation and therefore minimizes both circuitry and computation time. Most of its terms can be calculated either once per half-space evaluation ~that is, once ~or each directed line of a -. :
~ 3 ~ )5'31 -14 ~
geometric figure to be written to the framebuffer) or once per array access. Of the terms in equation (~), dx, dy, xl and Yl are constant for any particular half-space, and therefore (4c) nePd only be evaluated once per half-space. The value of this expression is unaffected by pixel position within the update array, or by change to another update array. The expression (4b) must be calculated once for each update array access.
Expression (4a) must be evaluated for all sites of the array. However, the expressions offsetx and offsety are positive integers specifying the site position within the array; as this is determined by hardware design, these values are built in to controller 18. The value of (4a) can then be easily found in terms of dx and dy; the result (the "site value") is calculated by controller 18 for each half-space (i.e. for each directed line) and stored for each array site. The site values do not depend upon the particular accessed array, but are constant for the particular lines comprising the figure being drawn. The values of dx, dy are provided by interface 12.
The sum of (4b) and (4c) is called the l'half-space constant." A new half-space constant must be specified for each accessed update array because the value depends on the origin of the array (originx, originy). The same value of the half-space constant is specified to every logical processor of 104. The sign of the sum of the stored site value and the half-space constant functions as a discriminant which gives the sidedness of the pixel with respect to the line; since the sign bit is the only bit of interest, a comparator can be used instead of an adder.
Therefore, referring to Fig. 11, each logical - : .
~ 3 ~
processor of 104 comprises a register 204 to store the site value, input at the commencement of a tiling operation; a magnitude comparator 200, to which the site value from register 204 is a first input; and a second input 202, on which the half-space constant for the array is input to comparator ~00. The discriminant signal is output on line 206.
The half-space evaluation must be made for each line bounding the figure to be drawn to the framebuffer.
Referring next to Fig. 7, it is seen that the interior area of a triangle, for example, can be represented as the intersection of three hal~-spaces with respect to the sides, represented as directed lines. The segments of the lines between their mutual intersections comprise a closed boundary of a convex geometric figure. The directions of the lines must be such that the segments perambulate the boundary in a single sense; that is, the line se~ments must all be "nose to tail'l. Ascertaining whether a pixel is inside the triangle is accomplished by concurrently evaluating its sidedness with respect to three directed lines. Thus, for each pixel, a processor of the kind shown in Fig. 11 must be provided at 104 for each half-space evaluation to be made.
A logical AND of the discriminants for all the bounding lines gives the final result discriminant;
that is, the pixel must be inside with respect to all the dir~cted line to be inside the triangle. (Pixels on a line are assign~d to one or the other half-space, based on considerations not pertinent to this invention.~
The output of the AND is used to condition the write enable 88 to the memory chip 24 on which the ~, 3 ~ 3 ~
specification of the pixel is stored. A first value of the result discriminant speciEies insidedness of khe pixel: the second value specifies outsidedness.
A write enable to the pixel site cannot be provided in the presence of a result discriminant of the second value. Other conditions may be imposed on the write enable, for example, as a result of windowing, clipping and other operations. The method can be generalized to n-sided convex polygons; more complex figures can be represented as composed of convex polygons. Line segments on a raster display can be modeled as the intersection of four half-spaces.
Data signals specifying the geometric figure to be drawn (as by giving the (x,y) positions of the vertices on the display) are transmitted by processor 50 to interface 12, which transmits the necessary data to controller l~. Such specification must include, whether explicitly or implicitly in terms of the order of specifying the line se~ment end points, direction of each of the line segments, such that a closed figure is specified by the line segments between mutual intersections and the figure boundary is perambulated by the segments in a single sense.
The rendering operation can begin with any arbitrary location in the figure to be drawn; for example, a first vertex can be selected and the update array to which it is mapped Eirst ac~essed. Alternatively, a preliminary evaluation can be made to find the left-most (or right-most) point in the figure to be drawn, after which the update array to which that point is mapped is first accessed. This latter method offers certain economies of operation.
As controlled by state machines 100, controller 18 begins operation by accessing the initial update array. Controller 18 outputs an appropriate address L 3 ~ ~ ~ ? $ ?~
~17-request at 94 to interface 17, which provides corresponding location address signals to memory bank 20. By concurrently performing half-space evaluations for the pixels of the first update array s with respect to the corresponding portion of the figure to be drawn, processors 104 of controller 18 control writ~ enable means 102 to output signals ~n 88 so as to permit the writing of the corresponding pixels.
A next update array must then be addressed, accessed and written, and so on until the geometric figure has been tiled. A tiling operation is illustrated in Fig. 8 in which a triangle is shown tiled by 53 update arrays. The numbers in each box indicate the order in which the update arrays are accessed. Array 1 is first accessed. In the method illustrated in Fig. 8, the initially accessed array is the o~e with the first vertex. In the alternative method, array 53 would be first accessed, as having the left-most element of the figure mapped to it.
Controller 1~ stores the address of the initially accessed update array in storage 115. The pixels of the initial array are written as described. A test (to be described) is performed to decide whether the figure continues to the array below the initially accessed array; if it does, the stored array address iS 50 marked ~for example, by a flag). Similarly, the test is performed to decide whether the figure continues to the array above the initial array; if so, the stored array address is so marked. If the figure to be drawn was not initially evaluated to find the left-most point in it, the test is performed to decide whether the figure continues to the array to the left of the initial array. If it does, controller 18 outputs address request signal 94, :~ 3 ~ $ $ ~
specifying the next ar~ay; in response, addressing means 17 outputs location address signal 27 to memory bank 20, addressing the speci~ied next update array.
The pixels of this next array are written as a result of half-space evaluation operations as previously described. The tests tdown, up and left) are performed againO However, if the address of any array in this row has previously been stored and flagged for down continuation of the figure, the address of this array will not be so flagged;
similarly for up continuationO The operation is repeated until the result of the test indicates that the figure is not mapped to the next left array. For example, in Fig. 8, after writing array 1, it is found from the test that the array to the left of it is not mapped to the figure.
Controller 18 then (using the specification of the initial array stored at 115) performs the tests with respect to the array next on the right of the initial array. Again, if the figure is mapped to this array, it is accessed and the pixels are written by means of parallel half-space evaluation operations as previously describedO ~s the specification of the starting point has been saved, no array is accessed or written twice.
At the end of the operation with respect to a horizontal row of arrays, every array in that row to which the figure is mapped has been accessed and written, and at most one array address has ~een flagged for up continuation and one for down continuation.
When no further arrays in the row are found to be mapped to the figure, controller 18 operates with respect to the flagged array addresses, to access a ~ 3 .~ 2 ~
downwardly adjacent array. This becomes the initial array of the next horizontal procedure. When no further arrays downwardly are found to be mapped to the figure, the process pops to the first stored array which has been flagged for upward continuation of the figure. When no further upward flags are found, the process has been completed. It will be understood that the upward flags could be first exhausted before moving to the downward flags; the requirement is simply that all arrays to which the figure is mapped should be accessed and written, without repeating any operation.
To test whether a figure is mapped to an adjacent array, referring now to Fig. 9, a border set of pixels is defined as th~ row or column of pixels in the previously addressed 4 x 4 array lying closest to the array in question. (The dimensions 4 x 4 are exemplary only.) The pertinent half-space evaluations are performed by sampling each of the two pixels which bound the border set. However, as will be noted in Fig. 9, one (0,0) of the sampled pixels (considered to be located at its origin corner~ i5 within the currently accessed update array, while the other ~0,4) is outside it. The (0,0) pixel evaluation is performed by the corresponding logical processor of 104 in the course of writing the figure to the update array; the additional three logical processors 105 are provided to perform the parallel evaluation of the three pixel locations (4,0), (0,4) and (4,4) which are all outside the currently accessed array. As these locations cannot be accessed concurrently with the locations of the currently accessed array, the three additional processors 105 do not control the write enable means.
The processors 105 are otherwise similar to those of 104, as shown in Fig. 11. The outputs of these ~ 3 ~ , 3 processors 105 are used only for the purpose of tiling the figure by selecting further update arrays for access.
A triangle composed of three line segments I, II and III is shown mapped to a first array. The test is performed with respect to the decision whether to address the next array to the left. Each of the pixels (0,0~ and (0,4) is evaluated with respect to each of the three line segments.
The criterion for left access is that every half-space defined by the figure has one of the sample pixels of the left border set inside. The inside sample pixel need not be the same for any of the half-spaces; but no one of the line segments can exclude both pixels. For line segment I, the sample pixel ~0,4) is found to be in the inside half-space;
for line segment II, the sample pixel (0,0) is found to be in the inside half-space; for line segmenk III, both sample pixels are found to be in the inside half-space. Since for each half-space at least one sample pixel is inside, the figure is considered to be mapped to the next left update array. Controller 18 therefore issues an address request signal 94 specifying such array to addressing means 17, which provides the corresponding location address signal to memory bank 20.
A final constraint is imposed. As shown in Fig. 10, a triangle composed of directed line segments I, II
and III kerminates at a vertex mapped to pixel (1,1) of the array. However, upon applying the test described above for deciding whether to address the array lying horiæontally to the left of the illustrated array, it is found that the test is met, although in fact the figure ought not to be drawn into the next array. To prevent erroneous ~ 3 ~ 3 ~3f addressing, a specification of a "bounding box" which encloses the ~igure being drawn (derived from the vertex information initially transmitted from processor 50) is stored in 115. Before re~uesting addressing f the next array, controller 18 compares the (x,y) position of the array with the bounding box position. When the result shows that the next array lies outside the bounding box, the test result is overridden.
The described operation of selecting a next update array is particularly advantageous in that the half-space evaluation for one of the sample pixels is made in the operation of writing selected pixels within the accessed framebuffer update array, while the other is easily made concurrently with such writing operation. This permits the test to be made quickly and simply.
In addition, the described operations are equally useful in the drawing of both lines and polygons to the framebuffer. This provides economy of design of the controller, as circuitry need only be provided for a single mode oE op~ration. In contrast, incremental operations used in the prior art for drawing lines generally are quite different ~rom incremental operations for drawing polygons, necessitating the provision of additional circuitry in such incremental rendering systems.
Further, the described operations are directly carried out with respect to the data, for example vertex positions in the framebuffer, transmitted from processor 50. In ~ontrast, in many incremental rendering operations it is necessary to convert such data into a form suitable for use in the operation;
this set-up step is made unnecessary in the present ~ 3 ~
operation, permitting a saving of time for completing the rendering operations.
- .
Claims (13)
1. In a graphics system having framebuffer storage organized for storing signals specifying an array of pixels (x,y) of an X x Y rester framebuffer, said storage being sequentially addressable as a plurality of framebuffer pixel update arrays which tile the framebuffer, each said update array having a determined origin with respect to said framebuffer and comprising storage sites for specifications of a plurality of contiguously positioned framebuffer pixels, each said storage site being specifiable by an offset with respect to said update array origin, the pixel specifications of a said update array being concurrently updatable In a parallelmemory transaction, a method of selecting framebuffer pixels for writing while drawing a geometric figure to said framebuffer, comprising the steps:
(1) specifying a directed line with respect to said framebuffer, wherein at least a segment of said directed line defines a boundary of said figure;
(2) accessing a said update array, (3) concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, (3a) evaluating the relative position of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at said pixel site with respect to said directed line to derive a one-bit discriminant signal for each said accessed array pixel site, and (3b) using a first value of said discriminant signal to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site.
(1) specifying a directed line with respect to said framebuffer, wherein at least a segment of said directed line defines a boundary of said figure;
(2) accessing a said update array, (3) concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, (3a) evaluating the relative position of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at said pixel site with respect to said directed line to derive a one-bit discriminant signal for each said accessed array pixel site, and (3b) using a first value of said discriminant signal to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site.
2. The method of claim 1, including repeating steps 1-3 for further update arrays to tile said figure to be drawn.
3. The method of claim 1, said step (1 ) including specifying said figure to be drawn to said framebuffer storage by specifying with respect to said framebuffer a set of directed lines such that the segments of said lines between their mutual intersections comprise the boundary of said figure, the directions of said linesbeing specified such that said segments perambulate said boundary in a single sense, said evaluating step (3a) being performed concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, concurrently for each directed line of said set, to derive for each accessed update array pixel site a discriminant signal corresponding to each directed line of said set;
said step (3b) including, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines toderive a result discriminant signal, and using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site.
said step (3b) including, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines toderive a result discriminant signal, and using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site.
4. The method of claim 3, including repeating steps 1-3 for further update arrays to tile said figure to be drawn.
5. The method of claim 1, said step (1) Including decomposing said figure to be drawn into a set of convex geometric figures, and for each said convex geometric figure, specifying with respect to said framebuffer a set of directed lines such that the segments of said lines between their mutual intersections comprise the boundary of said figure, the directions of said lines being specified such that said segments perambulate said boundary in a single sense;
said evaluating step (3a) being performed concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, concurrently for each directed line of said set, lo derive for each accessed update array pixel site a discriminant signal corresponding to each directed line of said set;
said step (3b) including, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines toderive a result discriminant signal, and using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site;
said method further including the steps of (4) repeating steps 1-3 for further arrays to tile said convex geometric figure; and (5) repeating steps 1-4 for each said convex geometric figure into which said figure to be drawn was decomposed.
said evaluating step (3a) being performed concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, concurrently for each directed line of said set, lo derive for each accessed update array pixel site a discriminant signal corresponding to each directed line of said set;
said step (3b) including, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines toderive a result discriminant signal, and using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site;
said method further including the steps of (4) repeating steps 1-3 for further arrays to tile said convex geometric figure; and (5) repeating steps 1-4 for each said convex geometric figure into which said figure to be drawn was decomposed.
6. The method of claim 1, each said update array having a determined origin (originx, originy) with respect to said framebuffer, each said storage site being specifiable by an offset (offsetx, offsety) with repect to said update array origin;
said step (1) including (1a) specifying said directed line with respect to said framebuffer as x1, y1), (x2, y2); and (1b) calculating for said line (x2 - x1). y1 - (y2 - y1). x1=C;
said step (2) including calculating for said directed line and array update array (x2 - x1)- originy - (y2 - y1)- originx = B;
said step (3a) including calculating (x2 - x1). offsety - (y2 - y1).offsetx = A; and comparing A with (B + C) to derive said one-bit discriminant signal for each said accessed array pixel site.
said step (1) including (1a) specifying said directed line with respect to said framebuffer as x1, y1), (x2, y2); and (1b) calculating for said line (x2 - x1). y1 - (y2 - y1). x1=C;
said step (2) including calculating for said directed line and array update array (x2 - x1)- originy - (y2 - y1)- originx = B;
said step (3a) including calculating (x2 - x1). offsety - (y2 - y1).offsetx = A; and comparing A with (B + C) to derive said one-bit discriminant signal for each said accessed array pixel site.
7. The method of claim 6, said step (1) including specifying said figure to be drawn to said framebuffer storage by specifying with respect to said framebuffera set of directed lines such that the segments of said lines between their mutual intersections comprise the boundary of said figure, the directions of said linesbeing specified such that said segments perambulate said boundary in a single sense, specifying each line as (x1, y1),(x2, y2);
said step (2) including, for each directed line of said set, calculating {X2-X1). Y1-{Y2-Y1).X1=C;
said evaluating step (3a) being performed concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, concurrently for each directed line of said set, to derive for each accessed update array pixel site a discriminant signal corresponding to each directed line of said set;
said step (3b) including, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines to derive a result discriminant signal, and using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site.
said step (2) including, for each directed line of said set, calculating {X2-X1). Y1-{Y2-Y1).X1=C;
said evaluating step (3a) being performed concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, concurrently for each directed line of said set, to derive for each accessed update array pixel site a discriminant signal corresponding to each directed line of said set;
said step (3b) including, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines to derive a result discriminant signal, and using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site.
8. The method of claim 7, including repeating steps 1-3 for further update arrays to tile said figure to be drawn.
9. A graphics system, comprising:
framebuffer storage organized for storing signals specifying an array of pixels (x,y) of an X x Y raster frame-buffer; and pixel selecting means for selecting framebuffer pixels for drawing a specified geometric figure;
wherein said storage is sequentially addressable as a plurality of framebuffer pixel update arrays which tile the framebuffer, each said update array having a determined origin with respect to said framebuffer and comprising storage sites for specifications of a plurality of contiguously positioned framebuffer pixels, each said storage site being specifiable by an offset with respect to said update array origin, the pixel specifications of a said update array being concurrently updat-able in a parallel memory transaction;
said pixel selecting means including:
addressing means for accessing a said update array;
write enable means for enabling and preventing writing of a said storage site in said accessed update array; and means for evaluating, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, the relative position of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at said pixel site with respect to a directed line specified with respect to said framebuffer, and for deriving a one-bit discriminant signal for each said accessed update array pixel site;
said write enable means being responsive to a first value of said discriminant signal for preventing writing to said accessed array pixel site.
framebuffer storage organized for storing signals specifying an array of pixels (x,y) of an X x Y raster frame-buffer; and pixel selecting means for selecting framebuffer pixels for drawing a specified geometric figure;
wherein said storage is sequentially addressable as a plurality of framebuffer pixel update arrays which tile the framebuffer, each said update array having a determined origin with respect to said framebuffer and comprising storage sites for specifications of a plurality of contiguously positioned framebuffer pixels, each said storage site being specifiable by an offset with respect to said update array origin, the pixel specifications of a said update array being concurrently updat-able in a parallel memory transaction;
said pixel selecting means including:
addressing means for accessing a said update array;
write enable means for enabling and preventing writing of a said storage site in said accessed update array; and means for evaluating, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, the relative position of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at said pixel site with respect to a directed line specified with respect to said framebuffer, and for deriving a one-bit discriminant signal for each said accessed update array pixel site;
said write enable means being responsive to a first value of said discriminant signal for preventing writing to said accessed array pixel site.
10. The graphics subsystem of claim 9, wherein said pixel selecting means includes means for repeatedly accessing further update arrays to tile said figure to be drawn.
11. The graphics subsystem of claim 9, further including means for specifying said figure to be drawn to said framebuffer storage by specifying with respect to said framebuffer a set of directed lines such that the segments of said lines between their mutual intersections comprise the boundary of said figure, the directions of said lines being specified such that said segments perambulate said boundary in a single sense, said evaluating means including means for evaluating, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, concurrently for each directed line of said set, the relative position of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at said pixel site with respect to the directed line to derive for each accessed update array pixel site a discriminant signal corresponding to each directed line of said set;
said evaluating means further including means for, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines to derive a result discriminant signal;
said write enabling means using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site.
said evaluating means further including means for, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines to derive a result discriminant signal;
said write enabling means using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site.
12. The graphics subsystem of claim 11, wherein said pixel selecting means includes means for repeatedly accessing further update arrays to tile said figure to be drawn.
13. The graphics subsystem of claim 9, further including means for decomposing said figure to be drawn into a set of convex geometric figures, and for each said convex geometric figure, specifying with respect to said framebuffer a set of directed lines such that the segments of said lines between their mutual intersections comprise the boundary of said figure, the directions of said lines being specified such that said segments perambulate said boundary in a single sense;
said evaluating means including means for evaluating, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, concurrently for each directed line of said set, the relative position of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at said pixel site with respect to the directed line to derive for each accessed update array pixel site a discriminant signal corresponding to each directed line of said set;
said evaluating means further including means for, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines to derive a result discriminant signal;
said write enabling means using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site;
said pixel selecting means including control means for repeatedly accessing further update arrays to tile said figure to be drawn and for sequentially processing each said convex geometric figure into which said figure to be drawn was decomposed.
said evaluating means including means for evaluating, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, concurrently for each directed line of said set, the relative position of the framebuffer pixel whose specification is stored at said pixel site with respect to the directed line to derive for each accessed update array pixel site a discriminant signal corresponding to each directed line of said set;
said evaluating means further including means for, concurrently for all pixel sites of said accessed update array, ANDing said discriminant signals for said set of directed lines to derive a result discriminant signal;
said write enabling means using a first value of said result discriminant signal, indicating that the framebuffer pixel is outside the figure to be drawn, to prevent writing to said accessed array pixel site;
said pixel selecting means including control means for repeatedly accessing further update arrays to tile said figure to be drawn and for sequentially processing each said convex geometric figure into which said figure to be drawn was decomposed.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US13477387A | 1987-12-18 | 1987-12-18 | |
| US135,773 | 1987-12-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1312683C true CA1312683C (en) | 1993-01-12 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000586151A Expired - Fee Related CA1312683C (en) | 1987-12-18 | 1988-12-16 | Method of drawing in graphics rendering system |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0349630A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH02500142A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1312683C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1989006031A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5251296A (en) * | 1990-03-16 | 1993-10-05 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Methods and apparatus for generating arbitrarily addressed, arbitrarily shaped tiles in computer graphics systems |
| GB9009127D0 (en) * | 1990-04-24 | 1990-06-20 | Rediffusion Simulation Ltd | Image generator |
| FR2666165B1 (en) * | 1990-08-23 | 1995-02-03 | Sextant Avionique | METHOD FOR PRESENTING IMAGES ON A MATRIX SCREEN AND SYSTEM FOR IMPLEMENTING THE METHOD. |
| US5774133A (en) * | 1991-01-09 | 1998-06-30 | 3Dlabs Ltd. | Computer system with improved pixel processing capabilities |
| WO1992012496A1 (en) * | 1991-01-09 | 1992-07-23 | Du Pont Pixel Systems Limited | Computer system with enhanced image and graphics capabilities |
| WO1997039437A1 (en) * | 1996-04-12 | 1997-10-23 | Intergraph Corporation | High-speed video frame buffer using single port memory chips where pixel intensity values for display regions are stored at consecutive addresses of memory blocks |
| US6278645B1 (en) | 1997-04-11 | 2001-08-21 | 3Dlabs Inc., Ltd. | High speed video frame buffer |
| WO2005106786A1 (en) * | 2004-04-29 | 2005-11-10 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Image processing apparatus and method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4590465A (en) * | 1982-02-18 | 1986-05-20 | Henry Fuchs | Graphics display system using logic-enhanced pixel memory cells |
| JPS61261779A (en) * | 1985-05-14 | 1986-11-19 | インタ−ナショナル ビジネス マシ−ンズ・コ−ポレ−ション | Generation of curve of second order signal |
| JP2737898B2 (en) * | 1986-01-20 | 1998-04-08 | 富士通株式会社 | Vector drawing equipment |
-
1988
- 1988-12-14 EP EP19890901363 patent/EP0349630A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-12-14 WO PCT/US1988/004417 patent/WO1989006031A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1988-12-14 JP JP50133689A patent/JPH02500142A/en active Pending
- 1988-12-16 CA CA000586151A patent/CA1312683C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1989006031A3 (en) | 1989-07-13 |
| JPH02500142A (en) | 1990-01-18 |
| EP0349630A1 (en) | 1990-01-10 |
| WO1989006031A2 (en) | 1989-06-29 |
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