CA1273415A - Filled cables - Google Patents
Filled cablesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1273415A CA1273415A CA000545701A CA545701A CA1273415A CA 1273415 A CA1273415 A CA 1273415A CA 000545701 A CA000545701 A CA 000545701A CA 545701 A CA545701 A CA 545701A CA 1273415 A CA1273415 A CA 1273415A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cable
- styrene
- oil
- rubber
- filling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
- H01B7/28—Protection against damage caused by moisture, corrosion, chemical attack or weather
- H01B7/282—Preventing penetration of fluid, e.g. water or humidity, into conductor or cable
- H01B7/285—Preventing penetration of fluid, e.g. water or humidity, into conductor or cable by completely or partially filling interstices in the cable
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/14—Extreme weather resilient electric power supply systems, e.g. strengthening power lines or underground power cables
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
- Insulated Conductors (AREA)
Abstract
FILLED CABLES
Abstract A waterproof cable having a filling material for filling voids in the cable which comprises a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer, a napthenic or paraffinic oil and a polyethylene wax. The cable is suitable for aerial use as well as underground use. (FIG. 1)
Abstract A waterproof cable having a filling material for filling voids in the cable which comprises a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer, a napthenic or paraffinic oil and a polyethylene wax. The cable is suitable for aerial use as well as underground use. (FIG. 1)
Description
~.~'73~15 FILLED CABLES
Technical Field This invention relates to cables having a waterproofing filling material therein.
5 Backvround of the Invention Cable used in the telecommunications industry, such as in telephone systems, generally requires a waterproofing filling material in the cable to protect the cable from water entry~ This is true whether the cable is buried beneath theground or laid under water. It is also sometimes required in aerial applications.
Attempts to waterproof cable such as buried cable began nearly 100 years ago and were unsuccessful in a practical sense until the introduction of plastic insulated cable during the l9SO's. Specially sheathed cables, with dual plastic coatings encasing an aluminum shield, ha.e been used successfully and are still being buried in dry environments. Pressurized cable also contends 15 successfully with water problems. However, both of these approaches are deficient, the former leaves the cable vulnerable and the latter is expensive tomaintain. Since 1970, large quantities of cable have been filled with waterproofing compounds. This approach followed the recognition that in plastic insulated cable the localized intrusion of water into the cable sheath is not in itself 20 a serious problem. Disruption of deterioration of service occurs when long lengths of cable become flooded. Flooding occurs because water that penetrates into a localized opening in the cable sheath is free to channel as far as gravity allows, often hundreds of feet. Not only does this upset the capacitance balance of the transmission lines, but it introduces more potentional corrosion sites in proportion 25 to the length of wire that is wetted. Corrosion typically occurs slowly, but the useful life of water soaked wires is obviously shorter than that of dry wires.
A solution that has been widely adopted is to fill the voids in the cable with a water insoluble filling material that simply plugs the cable to channeling water. However, though the physical function of the cable filling 30 material is straight forward, the choice of the material is not. Among the many considerations that are important for materials used in this application are thehydrophobic nature of the material, stability on aging, low temperature properties, flow characteristics at elevated tempertures, processing characteristics, handling characteristics, dielectric properties, toxicity and cost.
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Technical Field This invention relates to cables having a waterproofing filling material therein.
5 Backvround of the Invention Cable used in the telecommunications industry, such as in telephone systems, generally requires a waterproofing filling material in the cable to protect the cable from water entry~ This is true whether the cable is buried beneath theground or laid under water. It is also sometimes required in aerial applications.
Attempts to waterproof cable such as buried cable began nearly 100 years ago and were unsuccessful in a practical sense until the introduction of plastic insulated cable during the l9SO's. Specially sheathed cables, with dual plastic coatings encasing an aluminum shield, ha.e been used successfully and are still being buried in dry environments. Pressurized cable also contends 15 successfully with water problems. However, both of these approaches are deficient, the former leaves the cable vulnerable and the latter is expensive tomaintain. Since 1970, large quantities of cable have been filled with waterproofing compounds. This approach followed the recognition that in plastic insulated cable the localized intrusion of water into the cable sheath is not in itself 20 a serious problem. Disruption of deterioration of service occurs when long lengths of cable become flooded. Flooding occurs because water that penetrates into a localized opening in the cable sheath is free to channel as far as gravity allows, often hundreds of feet. Not only does this upset the capacitance balance of the transmission lines, but it introduces more potentional corrosion sites in proportion 25 to the length of wire that is wetted. Corrosion typically occurs slowly, but the useful life of water soaked wires is obviously shorter than that of dry wires.
A solution that has been widely adopted is to fill the voids in the cable with a water insoluble filling material that simply plugs the cable to channeling water. However, though the physical function of the cable filling 30 material is straight forward, the choice of the material is not. Among the many considerations that are important for materials used in this application are thehydrophobic nature of the material, stability on aging, low temperature properties, flow characteristics at elevated tempertures, processing characteristics, handling characteristics, dielectric properties, toxicity and cost.
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- 2 -Materials that satisfy most of these criteria, and which have been used widely in this application, are described in U.S. Patent 3,607,487 and U.S. Patent
3,717,716. These materials are essentially a petroleum jelly mixed with a polymer, usually polyethylene, tO impart consistency and prevent flowing at warm S temperatures.
Similar hydrophobic filling materials have been proposed for filling splice closures. For example, U.S. Patent 3,879,575 describes a mixture of a lowviscosity oil, gelled by a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer, again with a polyethylene wax added to impart consistency and reduce slump.
More recently, an improvement over the petroleum jelly-polyethylene wax cable filling material has been disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,259,540. This patent discloses a material which overcomes the objectionable handling characteristics of the petroleum jelly-polyethylene cable filling material. For example, since installation and maintenance of cables often requires the cable to be spliced, such 15 splicing generally requires the isolation and removal of filling material from individual wires or optical fibers in the splice region where the cables are filled with the petroleum jelly material. Otherwise, an oily interface may form betweenthe wire and the polyurethane material subsequently used to encapsulate (waterproof) the splice. This oily interface can serve as a path for water entry20 into the splice. This results in soiling hands, equipment and clothing. Moreover, removing just sufficient material to effect the splice is time consuming and thetask is generally undesirable. Further, handling low temperatures is significantly more difficult, necessitating an occasion, use of a torch to preheat the cable or the use of solvents to soften the encapsulated core. The improved material described25 in U.S. Patent 4,259,540 overcomes the aforementioned objections to the cablefilled with the petroleum jelly-polyethyene material. The improved material according to the patent is a mixture of a napathenic or paraffinic oil having specific characteristics, a styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene (S-EB-S) triblock copolymer having a styrene-rubber ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5 and polyethylene 30 having a softening point of 110C to 130C.
It should be noted that the term styrene-rubber ratio, when used herein, refers to the weight ratio of the styrene block to the rubber block in the copolymer. Further, whenever the term S-EB-S is employed, it refers to a triblock copolymer whereas the term S-EB refers to a diblock copolymer.
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While the cable in accordance with U.S. Patent
Similar hydrophobic filling materials have been proposed for filling splice closures. For example, U.S. Patent 3,879,575 describes a mixture of a lowviscosity oil, gelled by a styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer, again with a polyethylene wax added to impart consistency and reduce slump.
More recently, an improvement over the petroleum jelly-polyethylene wax cable filling material has been disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,259,540. This patent discloses a material which overcomes the objectionable handling characteristics of the petroleum jelly-polyethylene cable filling material. For example, since installation and maintenance of cables often requires the cable to be spliced, such 15 splicing generally requires the isolation and removal of filling material from individual wires or optical fibers in the splice region where the cables are filled with the petroleum jelly material. Otherwise, an oily interface may form betweenthe wire and the polyurethane material subsequently used to encapsulate (waterproof) the splice. This oily interface can serve as a path for water entry20 into the splice. This results in soiling hands, equipment and clothing. Moreover, removing just sufficient material to effect the splice is time consuming and thetask is generally undesirable. Further, handling low temperatures is significantly more difficult, necessitating an occasion, use of a torch to preheat the cable or the use of solvents to soften the encapsulated core. The improved material described25 in U.S. Patent 4,259,540 overcomes the aforementioned objections to the cablefilled with the petroleum jelly-polyethyene material. The improved material according to the patent is a mixture of a napathenic or paraffinic oil having specific characteristics, a styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene (S-EB-S) triblock copolymer having a styrene-rubber ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5 and polyethylene 30 having a softening point of 110C to 130C.
It should be noted that the term styrene-rubber ratio, when used herein, refers to the weight ratio of the styrene block to the rubber block in the copolymer. Further, whenever the term S-EB-S is employed, it refers to a triblock copolymer whereas the term S-EB refers to a diblock copolymer.
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While the cable in accordance with U.S. Patent
4,259,540 is excellent for use in underground applications, it has certain shortcomings with respect to use for aerial applications. These shortcomings are due generally to compound flow-out of the cable especially where solar heating (up to 80C) is a factor. Also, at elevated temperatures, the mutual capacitance between electrical conductors of a typical copper wire cable increases due to migration of the oil component into the cell structure of the conductor insulation which generally consists of foamed polyethylene. While the prior art teaches that such cell filling can be prevented by the addition of a polybutene oil, and it is generally known that high temperature flow can be attained by increasing the polyethylene wax level present in such compositions, unfortunately, the addition of polybutene oil and an increase in polyethylene wax level both lead to an increase processing viscosity. High viscosity makes it difficult to penetrate and fill the core of large pair count cable. As a general rule, filling should be done at no higher than about llO~C to prevent damage of the foamed polyethylene insulation and should have a viscosity of less than about 60 centipoise at that temperature to effect filling of large pair sized cable.
Attempts to lower the viscosity by reducing the rubber content of the S-EB-S copolymer have been unsuccessful because such compounds do not properly gel the oil. That is, a minimum level of S-EB-S, of about 5.5 percent by weight is required. Even at a 5.5 percent by weight S-EB-S level, some slight oil separation (syneresis) is often seen as a result of these problems. In order to control this syneresis, U.S.
Patent 4,259,540 teaches that a syneresis inhibitor may be added. Such inhibitors are not necessary with the filling formulations of this invention. Filled cables intended for aerial use have used a blend of petroleum jelly and polyethylene wax. Such cables exhibit the drawbacks of the buried petroleum jelly cables previously discussed.
Applicant has now discovered a filling composition which is a modification of the composition described in U.S.
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3a Patent 4,259,540 and which overcomes the problems stated above for aerial use, but yet retains all of the other properties which make the cable suitable for use as buried cable.
Consaquently, cable using the filling compound as described herein is not only suitable for use as buried cable, but is also suitable for aerial use as well.
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Summary of the Invention In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided a cable comprising a plurality of conductors contained within a sheath leaving voids between the conductors and/or between the conductors and the sheath and a filling material filling said voids, the invention characterized in that said filling material comprises a mixture of a styrene-rubber diblock copolvmer, a compatible oil and polyethylene in proportions to give a cable filling material having a viscosity which facilitates ease in cable filling and wherein the cable has a mutual capacitance stability of no greater than 5~ increase in capacitance.
A particular embodiment of the invention provides cable comprising a plurality of strands which may be, for example, insulated electrical wire conductors or optical fiber conductors, contained within a sheath leaving voids between the strands and between the strands and the sheath, and a filling material filling the voids. The cable is characterized in that the filling material comprises a mixture of a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer typically having a styrene/rubber ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5; an oil such as those defined by ASTM D2226 type 103, 104A, 104B, or mixtures thereof; and polyethylene. Additionally, the filling composition may include a styrene-rubber styrene triblock copolymer and/or a polybutene oil. The amounts of the foregoing ingredients are formulated in proportions to give a cable filling material that meets the functional requirements for the cable employing such material for both buried and aerial use. The material has high temperature flow, capacitance stability and processing characteristics superior to those of prior art material.
Brief Descri~tion of the Drawin~
The FIGURE is a ternary compositional diagram setting forth composition ranges of the cable filling material which is employed in the novel cable of the present invention.
Detailed Description The cable of the present invention is an improvement : .: ~ , ,,. ~
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73~15 4a over the cable disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,259,540 in that it retains all the positive attributes of the prior art cable and yet in addition, has capacitance stability and high temperature flow resistance which are required for aerial use, and further does not exhibit oil separation. In addition, the filling compound for waterproofing o:E the novel cable is easily injected into the cable.
The filling compound of the novel cable employs a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer to replace all or part of the styrene-rubber-styrene triblock copolymer cited in the U.S.
Patent 4,259,540. Applicant has discovered that the prior art rubber, which is capped on both ends by styrene, has a higher physical crosslink density than the styrene-rubber diblock copolymer used in the filling composition of the present invention wherein the rubber has a styrene cap on one end only. The crosslinks are physical in nature and result from separate styrene and rubber block domains which form due to the inherent incompatibility of the two types of blocks.
Since the styrene blocks are rigid below their Tg of approximately 90C, they act as physical crosslinks below the styrene Tg where . `
.
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7~5 the styrene block is on both ends of the molecule (triblock). Applicant has discovered that this lower physical crosslink density results in the oil, which is incorporated in the composition, to be more effectively gelled. Accordingly, syneresis (separation) and cell filling are significantly reduced or eliminated.S Further, one may select a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer which is approximately half the molecular weight of !the prior art styrene-mbber-styrene copolymer, but yet having the same styrene block to nlbber block ratio. This results in a lower viscosity material which makes it possible to add polybutene oil and polyethylene wax to the filling composition to aid in preventing insulation cell 10 filling and in improving high temperature flow characteristics. If sufficientstyrene-rubber copolymer is used, no polybutene oil addition is necessary.
However, since the copolymer is generally more costly than the polybutene oil, from an economic standpoint, it is desirable to use a combination of the two materials to prevent cell filling. However, for spliced encapsulant compatability 15 consideration, it is des*able to minimize the polybutene oil level. Hence, depending upon the consideration which is most important to the user, the formulation can be adjusted in various ways. It is apparent that the substitution of the styrene-rubber diblock copolymer for the styrene-rubber-styrene triblock copolymer of the prior art is extremely desirable.
Even low levels of the styrene-rubber diblock copolymer (about 1%) is found to be particularly useful in formulations which require flame retardantproperties where syneresis can be a problem.
The improved cable of this invention can generally be described as one comprising a plurality of conductors (electrical or lightguide) contained within 25 a sheath leaving voids between the conductors and/or between the conductors and the sheath, and a filling material filling the voids wherein the filling material comprises a mixture of a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer having a styrene-to-rubber ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5, a napthenic or paraffinic oil, and polyethylene~ The amounts of the foregoing ingredients are formulated in 30 proportions so as to result in a cable having a filling material that meets the functional requirements previously set forth for both buried and aerial cable.
More particularly, the cable will have a temperature ~ow of at least about 80C
and a capacitance stability of no greater than 5% increase in the mutual capacitance between insulated conductors at elevated temperature and the 35 composition will have a low viscosity for ease in cable filling.
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The styrene-rubber diblock copolymer employed in the cable filling composition is preferably a block copolymer wherein the rubber moiety is saturated. A preferred diblock copolymer is a styrene-ethylene butylene copolymer having a styrene to ethylene butylene ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5
Attempts to lower the viscosity by reducing the rubber content of the S-EB-S copolymer have been unsuccessful because such compounds do not properly gel the oil. That is, a minimum level of S-EB-S, of about 5.5 percent by weight is required. Even at a 5.5 percent by weight S-EB-S level, some slight oil separation (syneresis) is often seen as a result of these problems. In order to control this syneresis, U.S.
Patent 4,259,540 teaches that a syneresis inhibitor may be added. Such inhibitors are not necessary with the filling formulations of this invention. Filled cables intended for aerial use have used a blend of petroleum jelly and polyethylene wax. Such cables exhibit the drawbacks of the buried petroleum jelly cables previously discussed.
Applicant has now discovered a filling composition which is a modification of the composition described in U.S.
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3a Patent 4,259,540 and which overcomes the problems stated above for aerial use, but yet retains all of the other properties which make the cable suitable for use as buried cable.
Consaquently, cable using the filling compound as described herein is not only suitable for use as buried cable, but is also suitable for aerial use as well.
~. 2~3~S
Summary of the Invention In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided a cable comprising a plurality of conductors contained within a sheath leaving voids between the conductors and/or between the conductors and the sheath and a filling material filling said voids, the invention characterized in that said filling material comprises a mixture of a styrene-rubber diblock copolvmer, a compatible oil and polyethylene in proportions to give a cable filling material having a viscosity which facilitates ease in cable filling and wherein the cable has a mutual capacitance stability of no greater than 5~ increase in capacitance.
A particular embodiment of the invention provides cable comprising a plurality of strands which may be, for example, insulated electrical wire conductors or optical fiber conductors, contained within a sheath leaving voids between the strands and between the strands and the sheath, and a filling material filling the voids. The cable is characterized in that the filling material comprises a mixture of a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer typically having a styrene/rubber ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5; an oil such as those defined by ASTM D2226 type 103, 104A, 104B, or mixtures thereof; and polyethylene. Additionally, the filling composition may include a styrene-rubber styrene triblock copolymer and/or a polybutene oil. The amounts of the foregoing ingredients are formulated in proportions to give a cable filling material that meets the functional requirements for the cable employing such material for both buried and aerial use. The material has high temperature flow, capacitance stability and processing characteristics superior to those of prior art material.
Brief Descri~tion of the Drawin~
The FIGURE is a ternary compositional diagram setting forth composition ranges of the cable filling material which is employed in the novel cable of the present invention.
Detailed Description The cable of the present invention is an improvement : .: ~ , ,,. ~
. . . .
..
.
:
:.. ,, , :. ~' : ..,: ~, .
,. . .
73~15 4a over the cable disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,259,540 in that it retains all the positive attributes of the prior art cable and yet in addition, has capacitance stability and high temperature flow resistance which are required for aerial use, and further does not exhibit oil separation. In addition, the filling compound for waterproofing o:E the novel cable is easily injected into the cable.
The filling compound of the novel cable employs a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer to replace all or part of the styrene-rubber-styrene triblock copolymer cited in the U.S.
Patent 4,259,540. Applicant has discovered that the prior art rubber, which is capped on both ends by styrene, has a higher physical crosslink density than the styrene-rubber diblock copolymer used in the filling composition of the present invention wherein the rubber has a styrene cap on one end only. The crosslinks are physical in nature and result from separate styrene and rubber block domains which form due to the inherent incompatibility of the two types of blocks.
Since the styrene blocks are rigid below their Tg of approximately 90C, they act as physical crosslinks below the styrene Tg where . `
.
, .. .
,..
7~5 the styrene block is on both ends of the molecule (triblock). Applicant has discovered that this lower physical crosslink density results in the oil, which is incorporated in the composition, to be more effectively gelled. Accordingly, syneresis (separation) and cell filling are significantly reduced or eliminated.S Further, one may select a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer which is approximately half the molecular weight of !the prior art styrene-mbber-styrene copolymer, but yet having the same styrene block to nlbber block ratio. This results in a lower viscosity material which makes it possible to add polybutene oil and polyethylene wax to the filling composition to aid in preventing insulation cell 10 filling and in improving high temperature flow characteristics. If sufficientstyrene-rubber copolymer is used, no polybutene oil addition is necessary.
However, since the copolymer is generally more costly than the polybutene oil, from an economic standpoint, it is desirable to use a combination of the two materials to prevent cell filling. However, for spliced encapsulant compatability 15 consideration, it is des*able to minimize the polybutene oil level. Hence, depending upon the consideration which is most important to the user, the formulation can be adjusted in various ways. It is apparent that the substitution of the styrene-rubber diblock copolymer for the styrene-rubber-styrene triblock copolymer of the prior art is extremely desirable.
Even low levels of the styrene-rubber diblock copolymer (about 1%) is found to be particularly useful in formulations which require flame retardantproperties where syneresis can be a problem.
The improved cable of this invention can generally be described as one comprising a plurality of conductors (electrical or lightguide) contained within 25 a sheath leaving voids between the conductors and/or between the conductors and the sheath, and a filling material filling the voids wherein the filling material comprises a mixture of a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer having a styrene-to-rubber ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5, a napthenic or paraffinic oil, and polyethylene~ The amounts of the foregoing ingredients are formulated in 30 proportions so as to result in a cable having a filling material that meets the functional requirements previously set forth for both buried and aerial cable.
More particularly, the cable will have a temperature ~ow of at least about 80C
and a capacitance stability of no greater than 5% increase in the mutual capacitance between insulated conductors at elevated temperature and the 35 composition will have a low viscosity for ease in cable filling.
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The styrene-rubber diblock copolymer employed in the cable filling composition is preferably a block copolymer wherein the rubber moiety is saturated. A preferred diblock copolymer is a styrene-ethylene butylene copolymer having a styrene to ethylene butylene ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5
5 and preferably in the vicinity of about 0.4. Other rubbers can be substituted for the ethylene butylene block of the copolymer, for example, one may employ ethylene propylene.
The preferred napthenic and paraffinic oils useful in the filling composition are generally described by ASTM specification D2226 as being type 10 103, 104A, 104B or mixtures thereof. These preferred oils typically have a rninimum specific gravity of 0.85, a minimum SUS viscosity at 210F of 40 as determined in accordance with ASTM specification D2161 and a maximum pour point as per ASTM D97 of 20F.
The polyethylene which is included in the formulation of the filling 15 material typically has a softening point of 105C to 130C per ASTM E28.
In addition to the above components, the composition may include a styrene-rubber-styrene triblock copolymer such as a styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene copolymer having a styrene-to-rubber ratio of approximately 0.2 to 0.5 and preferably about 0.4 or other styrene-rubber-styrene copolymers wherein the 20 rubber may be, for example, an ethylene propylene. It should be note~ that the styrene in any of the aforementioned diblock copolymers includes substituted styrenes. Other additives which may be included in the formulation are polybutene oils or the like.
Various oil-polymer mixtures were formulated to arriving at the 25 ingredients described above and the preferred proportions. The preferred proportions for a formulation wherein the styrene-rubber component is a styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copolymer are indicated in the shaded area bonded by lines A, B, C, and D of the FIGURE. The lines AB, A'B, and A"B represent bounds set by encapsulant compatibility. By encapsulant compatibility, it is 30 meant that there is no oil separation at ~he encapsulant wire interface. This shows a maximum amount of polybutene in the formulation of 15 weight percent. The particular polybutene oil represented in the FIGURE had a molecular weight of 1290. However, polybutene oils of other molecular weights are suitable. The pre~erred molecular weight range for the polybutene oil is from about 300 to 35 2,000. The line, :BC, represents the minimum amount of the styrene-rubber ....
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.~73f~5 needed to properly gel the structure and control oil syneresis. As can be seen, this minimum amount of styrene-rubber diblock copolymer is 4 weight percent. The lines CD, CD', and CD" represent the boundary for mutual capacitance stability, that is, a capacitance which does not vary in an amount of greater than 5%.
5 Further, lines AD, A'D' and A"D" are the bounds for maximuM preferred viscosity of about 60 centipoise. Variation of the ratio of styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copolymer to styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene triblock copolymer will change the area bounded such as by moving from AD to A"D".
Similarly, a change in the molecular weight of any of the components and the 10 type of oil or melting point of the wax may also shift these bounds. Hence, FIGURE depicts the preferred compositional ranges for the particular combinationof materials as set forth with respect to the FIGURE. However, these ranges are generally typcial to those one would expect even when substituting other suitable polymers or components. Further, the area bounded by lines A, B, C, and D gives 15 the compositional ranges when the rubber portion of the composition is all styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copolymer. When the rubber portion is a 70/30 weight ratio of S-EB/S-EB-S, the preferred range is given by area bounded by A'BCD'. Also, when the rubber is a 40/60 ratio of S-EB/S-EB-S the preferred composition of the filler material for the cable is given by A"BCD". In all of 20 these compositions, polyethylene wax comprises from 6-7% of the composition.
However, a range of about 4-12% of polyethylene wax is useful. This extended range of polyethylene will cause some shifting of the boundaries depicted in theFI&URE. The shift will be a shift of the AD line of the FIGURE whereby lower amounts of polyethylene will lower the AD line to give a broader range and vice 25 versa. Some of the test data used to arrive at the preferred compositional formulations is given in the following Table.
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~l~73415 TABLE
Constituents Description A Styrene-ethylene butylene-stryene triblock copolymer (S^
EB-S) having the following properties: styrene/rubber ratio 0.4: sp. gr. 0.91; percent elongation 500; 300 percent modulus ASTM (D412) 700-800 psi; 25C viscosity, 20 percent in ~oluene, 400-525 cps (Brookfield Model D RVT, No. 21 spindle). Available from Shell Chemical Co. under the trade designation Kraton G 1652.
10 B Styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copoloymer (S-EB) having a styrene/rubber ratio of 0.4; sp. gr. 0.91;
approximately one half the molecular weight of the above-mentioned Kraton*G 1652 molecule. Available from Shell Chemical Co. under the designation TRW-7-1511.
15 C A 30no by weight ratio of constituents A and B, having a percent elongation of 200 and a 20C viscosity, 25 percent by weight in toluene of approximately 200 centipoise.
Available from Shell Chemical Co. under the trade designation Kraton G 1726X.
20 D Paraffinic based processing oil, type 104B per ASTM
D2226, having a pour point per ASTM D97 of 0F; SUS
viscosity at 21û~F of 47; sp. gr. 0.86. Available from Sun Chemical Co. under the trade designation Sunpar LW 120.
E Polyethylene wax having a softening point per ASTM E28 of 117F; a hardness per ASTM D5 of 0.5 dmm; density per ASTM D1505 of 0.94; viscosity at 140C of 400-500 centipoise. Available from Allied Chemical Co. under trade designation AC9.
* Trade Mark .:
-- - ., :. ~ . ~
. , 73~:~5 g F Polybutene oil having a viscosity of 99C per ASTM D445 of 635-690 cSt; a pour point per ASTM 97 of +35F; and average molecular weight of 1290. Available from Amoco Chernical Co. under trade designation Indopol H300.
~! * Trade Mark -:
.
. .. - ~ - ~ -- .... .
.
Encapsulant Visco- Min. Capaci- pull-out Composition sity at slump tance force, lbs.
Exarnple parts by 110C temp. change Hand N~,. wei ht cp~ o~ c/~ ~ah~ ni~_ 1 A-5.5 3570 13 12 12 0.5 isopropyl phenyl-phenylphthalate 2 C-5.5 26285 D-86.5 3 A-4 - - 2.7 15B-l l 4 A-2.7 3875 9.4 C-4.3 C-4.5 33285 2.5 D-73.5
The preferred napthenic and paraffinic oils useful in the filling composition are generally described by ASTM specification D2226 as being type 10 103, 104A, 104B or mixtures thereof. These preferred oils typically have a rninimum specific gravity of 0.85, a minimum SUS viscosity at 210F of 40 as determined in accordance with ASTM specification D2161 and a maximum pour point as per ASTM D97 of 20F.
The polyethylene which is included in the formulation of the filling 15 material typically has a softening point of 105C to 130C per ASTM E28.
In addition to the above components, the composition may include a styrene-rubber-styrene triblock copolymer such as a styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene copolymer having a styrene-to-rubber ratio of approximately 0.2 to 0.5 and preferably about 0.4 or other styrene-rubber-styrene copolymers wherein the 20 rubber may be, for example, an ethylene propylene. It should be note~ that the styrene in any of the aforementioned diblock copolymers includes substituted styrenes. Other additives which may be included in the formulation are polybutene oils or the like.
Various oil-polymer mixtures were formulated to arriving at the 25 ingredients described above and the preferred proportions. The preferred proportions for a formulation wherein the styrene-rubber component is a styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copolymer are indicated in the shaded area bonded by lines A, B, C, and D of the FIGURE. The lines AB, A'B, and A"B represent bounds set by encapsulant compatibility. By encapsulant compatibility, it is 30 meant that there is no oil separation at ~he encapsulant wire interface. This shows a maximum amount of polybutene in the formulation of 15 weight percent. The particular polybutene oil represented in the FIGURE had a molecular weight of 1290. However, polybutene oils of other molecular weights are suitable. The pre~erred molecular weight range for the polybutene oil is from about 300 to 35 2,000. The line, :BC, represents the minimum amount of the styrene-rubber ....
, .
. ~
.: ~
.;~
.~73f~5 needed to properly gel the structure and control oil syneresis. As can be seen, this minimum amount of styrene-rubber diblock copolymer is 4 weight percent. The lines CD, CD', and CD" represent the boundary for mutual capacitance stability, that is, a capacitance which does not vary in an amount of greater than 5%.
5 Further, lines AD, A'D' and A"D" are the bounds for maximuM preferred viscosity of about 60 centipoise. Variation of the ratio of styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copolymer to styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene triblock copolymer will change the area bounded such as by moving from AD to A"D".
Similarly, a change in the molecular weight of any of the components and the 10 type of oil or melting point of the wax may also shift these bounds. Hence, FIGURE depicts the preferred compositional ranges for the particular combinationof materials as set forth with respect to the FIGURE. However, these ranges are generally typcial to those one would expect even when substituting other suitable polymers or components. Further, the area bounded by lines A, B, C, and D gives 15 the compositional ranges when the rubber portion of the composition is all styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copolymer. When the rubber portion is a 70/30 weight ratio of S-EB/S-EB-S, the preferred range is given by area bounded by A'BCD'. Also, when the rubber is a 40/60 ratio of S-EB/S-EB-S the preferred composition of the filler material for the cable is given by A"BCD". In all of 20 these compositions, polyethylene wax comprises from 6-7% of the composition.
However, a range of about 4-12% of polyethylene wax is useful. This extended range of polyethylene will cause some shifting of the boundaries depicted in theFI&URE. The shift will be a shift of the AD line of the FIGURE whereby lower amounts of polyethylene will lower the AD line to give a broader range and vice 25 versa. Some of the test data used to arrive at the preferred compositional formulations is given in the following Table.
..
:, . ~ ., . -- , ., ..
., : --: ~ ' . :-. , -: :
, -...
~l~73415 TABLE
Constituents Description A Styrene-ethylene butylene-stryene triblock copolymer (S^
EB-S) having the following properties: styrene/rubber ratio 0.4: sp. gr. 0.91; percent elongation 500; 300 percent modulus ASTM (D412) 700-800 psi; 25C viscosity, 20 percent in ~oluene, 400-525 cps (Brookfield Model D RVT, No. 21 spindle). Available from Shell Chemical Co. under the trade designation Kraton G 1652.
10 B Styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copoloymer (S-EB) having a styrene/rubber ratio of 0.4; sp. gr. 0.91;
approximately one half the molecular weight of the above-mentioned Kraton*G 1652 molecule. Available from Shell Chemical Co. under the designation TRW-7-1511.
15 C A 30no by weight ratio of constituents A and B, having a percent elongation of 200 and a 20C viscosity, 25 percent by weight in toluene of approximately 200 centipoise.
Available from Shell Chemical Co. under the trade designation Kraton G 1726X.
20 D Paraffinic based processing oil, type 104B per ASTM
D2226, having a pour point per ASTM D97 of 0F; SUS
viscosity at 21û~F of 47; sp. gr. 0.86. Available from Sun Chemical Co. under the trade designation Sunpar LW 120.
E Polyethylene wax having a softening point per ASTM E28 of 117F; a hardness per ASTM D5 of 0.5 dmm; density per ASTM D1505 of 0.94; viscosity at 140C of 400-500 centipoise. Available from Allied Chemical Co. under trade designation AC9.
* Trade Mark .:
-- - ., :. ~ . ~
. , 73~:~5 g F Polybutene oil having a viscosity of 99C per ASTM D445 of 635-690 cSt; a pour point per ASTM 97 of +35F; and average molecular weight of 1290. Available from Amoco Chernical Co. under trade designation Indopol H300.
~! * Trade Mark -:
.
. .. - ~ - ~ -- .... .
.
Encapsulant Visco- Min. Capaci- pull-out Composition sity at slump tance force, lbs.
Exarnple parts by 110C temp. change Hand N~,. wei ht cp~ o~ c/~ ~ah~ ni~_ 1 A-5.5 3570 13 12 12 0.5 isopropyl phenyl-phenylphthalate 2 C-5.5 26285 D-86.5 3 A-4 - - 2.7 15B-l l 4 A-2.7 3875 9.4 C-4.3 C-4.5 33285 2.5 D-73.5
6 C-5.5 3985 D-72.5
7 C-4.5 2885 3 D-78.5
8 A-l 3485 2.7 10 6.5
9 B-ll 60 A-1.5 32 - 6.8 - -:. :
':' ~' ' .
.
~73~
E-6.5 11 A-1.5 35 85 4.6 - 10 FE 6.5 . ~ :
.
, . - .. .
i.~73~
A11 of the compositions shown also contain 0.2 parts by weight of an antioxidant such as Irganoz l010 or Irganox 1035 marketed by Ciba-Geigy Corp.
The various compositions were evaluated in terms of five major considerations. These are viscosity, resistance to high temperature flow (slump), S capacitance stability, compatibility with urethane type encapsulants and low temperature penetration.
The viscosity measurement indicates the processability of the material.
Cables are filled by injecting the filling material into the voids between the wire pairs. Typically, in copper wire cable, this is done after forming a unit of wires or
':' ~' ' .
.
~73~
E-6.5 11 A-1.5 35 85 4.6 - 10 FE 6.5 . ~ :
.
, . - .. .
i.~73~
A11 of the compositions shown also contain 0.2 parts by weight of an antioxidant such as Irganoz l010 or Irganox 1035 marketed by Ciba-Geigy Corp.
The various compositions were evaluated in terms of five major considerations. These are viscosity, resistance to high temperature flow (slump), S capacitance stability, compatibility with urethane type encapsulants and low temperature penetration.
The viscosity measurement indicates the processability of the material.
Cables are filled by injecting the filling material into the voids between the wire pairs. Typically, in copper wire cable, this is done after forming a unit of wires or
10 on cable cores consisting of a number of units. Therefore, it is important that the material have a proper viscosity. The filling process involves elevated temperature. From the standpoint of the processing equipment and the effectiveness of the filling process it is more desirable to lower the viscosity of the filling material than to raise the temperature. The operating temperature is limited 15 to the vicinity of 110C by the insulation commonly used. Therefore, further variation is obtained by choice of the composition. A maximum of 60 centipoise at 110C has been imposed on the composition for acceptable processing.
The second criteria appearing in the Table is the slump characteristics after two hours exposure to elevated temperatures. This is a measure of the 20 ability of the filling material to retain an acceptably rigid state at elevated service temperatures. Mechanical data is also presented for some examples. A minimum temperature of 80C has been imposed on the cable for slump.
The test for capacitance stability involves immersion into a beaker of filling compound of a twisted pair of 22 gauge copper wire having insulation 25 thereover consisting of an inner layer of foamed polyethylene and an outer skin of unfoamed polyethylene. This test set-up is heated to 60C in an oven and the capacitance between wires in the pair and capacitance to ground are monitored asa function of time. Passage of thetest requires a maximum increase in the average of the two measurements of not greater than 5% at 100 days exposure. One 30 hundred days at 60C has been found to correspond to approximately 20 years exposure of aerial cable installed in the Arizona desert.
For the encapsulant compatibility test, insulated conductors having a layer of filled compound are pot~ed in a test fixture with a urethane encapsulant used to fill splice cases. Two thicknesses of filling compound are tested; one 35 characteristic of wire removed from cable and a second thicker layer obtained by a * Trade Mark -:
~ ~3~5 hand dip of the wire in 110C filling compound. The force required to remove thewire from the test fixture is then measured. The greater the pull-out force, thebetter the barrier to water penetration at the wire/encapsulant interface. Passage of this test requires a value of a minimum of a four pound pull-out force on wires S removed from cable.
Low temperature penetration is measured at 72F and 0F using ASTM D937. Passage requires performance comparable to the prior art materials.
Typical values for both prior art formulations (U.S. Patent 4,259,540) and forrnulations in accordance with this invention are 130-150 dmm at 72F and 10 80-90 at 0F. As a point of refe-rence, a polyethylene/petroleum jelly blend used in aerial cable was measured as having a penetration of 19 dmm at 0F. The lower the penetration number the greater the stiffness of the material.
Although this description deals with primarily electrical cables, it is evident to those skilled in the art that it is equally applicable to cables containing 15 light conductors.
For comparison purposes, Example 1 of the Table, is a filling composition for a cable in accordance with the prior a~t (U.S. Patent 4,259,540)wherein the rubber material is a styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene triblock copolymer and the filling composition contains no styrene-ethylene butylene 20 diblock copolymer. It can be seen that the capacitance change is significantly higher than the 5% maximum allowed as the standard and further that the slump temperature is well below the 80 minimum temperature set for the slump.
. .
. ~ :
. . - - .
The second criteria appearing in the Table is the slump characteristics after two hours exposure to elevated temperatures. This is a measure of the 20 ability of the filling material to retain an acceptably rigid state at elevated service temperatures. Mechanical data is also presented for some examples. A minimum temperature of 80C has been imposed on the cable for slump.
The test for capacitance stability involves immersion into a beaker of filling compound of a twisted pair of 22 gauge copper wire having insulation 25 thereover consisting of an inner layer of foamed polyethylene and an outer skin of unfoamed polyethylene. This test set-up is heated to 60C in an oven and the capacitance between wires in the pair and capacitance to ground are monitored asa function of time. Passage of thetest requires a maximum increase in the average of the two measurements of not greater than 5% at 100 days exposure. One 30 hundred days at 60C has been found to correspond to approximately 20 years exposure of aerial cable installed in the Arizona desert.
For the encapsulant compatibility test, insulated conductors having a layer of filled compound are pot~ed in a test fixture with a urethane encapsulant used to fill splice cases. Two thicknesses of filling compound are tested; one 35 characteristic of wire removed from cable and a second thicker layer obtained by a * Trade Mark -:
~ ~3~5 hand dip of the wire in 110C filling compound. The force required to remove thewire from the test fixture is then measured. The greater the pull-out force, thebetter the barrier to water penetration at the wire/encapsulant interface. Passage of this test requires a value of a minimum of a four pound pull-out force on wires S removed from cable.
Low temperature penetration is measured at 72F and 0F using ASTM D937. Passage requires performance comparable to the prior art materials.
Typical values for both prior art formulations (U.S. Patent 4,259,540) and forrnulations in accordance with this invention are 130-150 dmm at 72F and 10 80-90 at 0F. As a point of refe-rence, a polyethylene/petroleum jelly blend used in aerial cable was measured as having a penetration of 19 dmm at 0F. The lower the penetration number the greater the stiffness of the material.
Although this description deals with primarily electrical cables, it is evident to those skilled in the art that it is equally applicable to cables containing 15 light conductors.
For comparison purposes, Example 1 of the Table, is a filling composition for a cable in accordance with the prior a~t (U.S. Patent 4,259,540)wherein the rubber material is a styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene triblock copolymer and the filling composition contains no styrene-ethylene butylene 20 diblock copolymer. It can be seen that the capacitance change is significantly higher than the 5% maximum allowed as the standard and further that the slump temperature is well below the 80 minimum temperature set for the slump.
. .
. ~ :
. . - - .
Claims (6)
1. A cable comprising a plurality of conductors contained within a sheath leaving voids between the conductors and/or between the conductors and the sheath and a filling material filling said voids, the invention CHARACTERIZED IN THAT
said filling material comprises a mixture of a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer, a compatible oil and polyethylene in proportions to give a cable filling material having a viscosity which facilitates ease in cable filling and wherein the cable has a mutual capacitance stability of no greater than 5% increase in capacitance.
said filling material comprises a mixture of a styrene-rubber diblock copolymer, a compatible oil and polyethylene in proportions to give a cable filling material having a viscosity which facilitates ease in cable filling and wherein the cable has a mutual capacitance stability of no greater than 5% increase in capacitance.
2. The cable recited in claim 1, FURTHER CHARACTERIZED IN THAT
the styrene-rubber diblock copolymer has a styrene/rubber ratio of front about 0.2 to 0.5 and the oil is at least one oil, selected from those oils falling within ASTM D2226, types 103, 104A and 104B.
the styrene-rubber diblock copolymer has a styrene/rubber ratio of front about 0.2 to 0.5 and the oil is at least one oil, selected from those oils falling within ASTM D2226, types 103, 104A and 104B.
3. The cable recited in claim 1, FURTHER CHARACTERIZED IN THAT
said oil is selected from the group consisting of napthenic oils, paraffinic oils and mixtures thereof and wherein the cable filling material has a minimum flow temperature of about 80°C.
said oil is selected from the group consisting of napthenic oils, paraffinic oils and mixtures thereof and wherein the cable filling material has a minimum flow temperature of about 80°C.
4. The cable recited in claim 1, FURTHER CHARACTERIZED IN THAT
said styrene-rubber diblock copolymer has a styrene/rubber ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5, wherein said oil is at least one oil selected from the group consisting of napthenic oils and paraffinic oils falling within ASTM D2226 types 103, 104A and 104B.
said styrene-rubber diblock copolymer has a styrene/rubber ratio of from about 0.2 to 0.5, wherein said oil is at least one oil selected from the group consisting of napthenic oils and paraffinic oils falling within ASTM D2226 types 103, 104A and 104B.
5. The cable recited in claim 4, FURTHER CHARACTERIZED IN THAT
said styrene-rubber diblock copolymer is a styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copolymer.
said styrene-rubber diblock copolymer is a styrene-ethylene butylene diblock copolymer.
6. The cable recited in claim 5, FURTHER CHARACTERIZED IN THAT
said oil has a minimum specific gravity of about 0.85, a minimum SUS viscosity at 210°F of about 40, and a maximum pour point of about 20°F;
and said polyethylene has a softening point of from 105°C to 130°C.
said oil has a minimum specific gravity of about 0.85, a minimum SUS viscosity at 210°F of about 40, and a maximum pour point of about 20°F;
and said polyethylene has a softening point of from 105°C to 130°C.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US90728786A | 1986-09-12 | 1986-09-12 | |
| US907,287 | 1986-09-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1273415A true CA1273415A (en) | 1990-08-28 |
Family
ID=25423836
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000545701A Expired - Fee Related CA1273415A (en) | 1986-09-12 | 1987-08-31 | Filled cables |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1273415A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2195642B (en) |
Families Citing this family (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5354210A (en) * | 1991-08-23 | 1994-10-11 | The Whitaker Corporation | Sealant compositions and sealed electrical connectors |
| US5360350A (en) * | 1991-08-23 | 1994-11-01 | The Whitaker Corporation | Sealant compositions and sealed electrical connectors |
| US5844021A (en) * | 1991-08-23 | 1998-12-01 | The Whitaker Corporation | Sealant compositions and sealed electrical connectors |
| US5306867A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 1994-04-26 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Cables which include waterblocking provisions |
| GB2299098B (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 1999-06-16 | Campbell Dussek Ltd | Water-swellable compositions |
| GB2299343B (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 1999-07-14 | Campbell Dussek Ltd | Hydrophobic compositions |
| US8003725B2 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2011-08-23 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Plasticized hetero-phase polyolefin blends |
| EP1530611B1 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2013-12-04 | ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Plasticized polyolefin compositions |
| US7271209B2 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2007-09-18 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Fibers and nonwovens from plasticized polyolefin compositions |
| US7998579B2 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2011-08-16 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Polypropylene based fibers and nonwovens |
| US7652092B2 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2010-01-26 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Articles from plasticized thermoplastic polyolefin compositions |
| US7652094B2 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2010-01-26 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Plasticized polyolefin compositions |
| US7531594B2 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2009-05-12 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Articles from plasticized polyolefin compositions |
| US8192813B2 (en) | 2003-08-12 | 2012-06-05 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents, Inc. | Crosslinked polyethylene articles and processes to produce same |
| US8389615B2 (en) | 2004-12-17 | 2013-03-05 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Elastomeric compositions comprising vinylaromatic block copolymer, polypropylene, plastomer, and low molecular weight polyolefin |
| WO2007011530A2 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-25 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents, Inc. | Elastomeric compositions |
| WO2018013853A1 (en) * | 2016-07-13 | 2018-01-18 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Block copolymers for gel compositions |
-
1987
- 1987-08-31 CA CA000545701A patent/CA1273415A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-09-07 GB GB8721006A patent/GB2195642B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2195642A (en) | 1988-04-13 |
| GB8721006D0 (en) | 1987-10-14 |
| GB2195642B (en) | 1990-03-07 |
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