CA1232328A - Digital data transceiver for power line communications system - Google Patents

Abstract

DIGITAL DATA TRANSCEIVER FOR
POWER LINE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Steering logic for interconnecting a transceiver with a baseband bus is disclosed. The transceiver is connected to a broadband bus and transmits or receives modulated carrier wave signals. The transceiver has a data in terminal and a data out terminal for inputting or outputting digital signals at baseband. The transceiver also has at least one control terminal and is responsive to a control signal or signals for enabling or disabling the transmitting and receiving functions of the transceiver. The steering logic includes a baseband bus terminal to which may be applied baseband digital transmit signals and to which the steering logic may apply digital receive signals. There is a direct connection between the data in terminal of the transceiver and the baseband bus terminal, while an open collector buffer is connected between the data out terminal of the transceiver and the baseband bus terminal. Logic circuitry including an OR gate has inputs connected to the baseband bus terminal and the data out terminal of the transceiver and an output connected to the control terminal of the transceiver.
The logic circuitry is responsive to baseband digital transmit signals applied to the baseband bus terminal for generating a control signal or signals to enable the transmitting function and disable the receiving function of the transceiver.

Description

3232~

DIGITAL DATA TRA~SCEIVER FOR
POWER LI~E COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
Background of the Invention U.S. Patent No. 4,433,326, Howell, issued February 21, 19~4 and U.S. Patent 4,40~,186, Howell, issued October 4, 19~3 disclose means for providing power line communication over ground and neutral conductors of plural power line branch circuits.
In distributed control systems, such as used for energy management and load shedding functions, communication between various elements of the system is usually required. Digital control devices, such as microprocessors, typically communicate where the bit symbols are defined by hiyh or low voltage states on this pair of conductors. This is known as "baseband"
communication of the digital data. Baseband communication requires a dedicated pair of conductors, known as a "baseband bus", connected between the various digital elements of a control system for this communication. It has been often found desirable to use the baseband data signals to modulate higher frequency carrier signals for communication, known as "broadband" communication. The carrier signals may be impressed upon the conductors of the power system for distribution within the desired control area. This technique is commonly known as "power line carrier"

~ lPR 6191 communication. Other broadband communica-tion carrier frequencies may be used with directed radiation as in radio communication or in infrared or optical communication, and lower frequencies may be used in acoustic or ultrasonic coMmunication. The device which converts baseband data signals to broadband (modulated carrier) data signls, and for conversion from broadband to baseband data siynals, is known as a "transceiver". In a typical distributed digital control system, the individual digit~l control elemen-ts, such as microprocessors, exchange baseband data signals with individual transceivers which transfer the baseband data via broadband on a commonly connected single broadband data bus. Thus there are a pluarlity of baseband buses interconnected by a broadband bus.
In a distributed control system, it is sometimes desirable to interconnect several microprocessors on a single baseband bus and couple that baseband bus through a transceiver to the broadband bus. This reduces the number of transceivers required in a system, hence reducing system cost, but further requires that the transceiver have a novel automatic transmit/receive function.
In such a system, it has been found highly desirable that the various baseband buses appear to be directly interconnected in terms of their exchange of baseband signals, preserving the supreme and inferior characteristics of the two states of the baseband. A
transceiver which will provide this apparent interconnection of the baseband buses is known as a "transparent" transceiver because: (1) a supreme state signal impressed upon the baseband input to one transceiver will create a like signal in the baseband output of all other transceivers commonly interconnected on the braodband bus, and (2) an ~3~
~ lPR 6191 attempt to impress an in-Eerior state signal upon the baseba~nd input to one transceiver will only create n~l~101~
- ~ that i-~t~r-i~ state signal in the baseband of all o-ther transceivers commonly interconnected on the broadband bus if no other baseband is in the supreme s-tate.
In order to provide orderly communication, as between the various devices interconnected on a common baseband bus, various techniques or protocols have been developed. In the "polling" protocol, a single master device sends messages to selected individual distributed devices which enables the selected individual device to respond on the bus. In "token passing" systems, a transmission-enabling message is sent from one device to another in an orderly sequence thereby enabliny each device to transmit on the bus in turn. In the "Multiple access"
systems, each device is permitted spontaneous transmission provided that a "listen-before-talk"
procedure is followed to prevent transmission when the bus is active with a transmission from another device. Multiple access is preferred in a distributed control system because it offers a faster system r e Sp~ n5e r~@~ and does not require a master system controller. However, even though each device follows the "listen-be-fore-talk" protoccl, it is possible that two devices may start message transmission simultaneously. This condition is known as "contention" for use of the bus. Contention usually results in the destruction of data in -the contending messages, known as "collision. It is, therefore, highly desirable in a multiple access system that contention be resolved, elimina-tiny all transmitters but one, prior to collision, in order to avoid the destruc-tion of the data. Contention resolu-tion with collision avoidance results in faster system response and greater system reliability.

~ ~3;2~2~

In broadband communica-tion, -the carrier signal may be modulated by the data signal in amplitude~ frequency or phase. These modulation techniques are respectively known as amplitude shift keying (ASK) (also called on-off-keying when the amplitude modulation is 100%), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keyiny (PSK)~ Many different transceiver concepts for the various modulation techniques are currently available, however none show the characteristics of transparency as described above.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a transceiver which provides automatic transmit/receive control and a transceiver which provides the transparent exchange oE digital data between a baseband data bus and a broadband data bus, thereby permitting contention resolution with collision avoidance.
Summary of the Invention The invention comprises a transceiver circuit which provides a transparent interface between a baseband data bus and a broadband modulated carrier data bus~ In addition to transmitter-receiver components, the circuit also includes steering logic interconnected between the transmitter-receiver and the baseband bus for providing transparency, thereby permitting conten-tion resolution and collision avoidance. The transceiver is interconnected with the broadband data bus by a first pair of conduc-tors and with the baseband data bus by a second pair of conductors.
Brief Description of the Drawings E'igure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the circuit blocks employed with one embodiment of the transceiver according to the invention;
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of -the circuit blocks employed wi-th ano-ther embodiment of the transceiver or with a separate transmitter and 3~
~lPR 6191 receiver aecording -to the invention;
Figure 3 is a circuit diagram for the steering logic employed within the embodiments depicted in Figures 1 and 2;
Figure 4 is a graphic representation of the timing diagrams of the data and eontrol signals for the embodiment depicted in Figure 2 with the steering logie depicted in Figure 3;
F'igure 5 is a block diagram representation of the steering logie employed whieh provides transparency when employed with ASK 100% modulation, and E'igure 6 is a graphic representation of the data and control signals for the embodiments depicted in Figures 1 or 2 using the steering logic of Figure 5 with ASK 100% modulation.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment Figure 1 depicts a baseband terminal A for conneeting with a baseband data bus system and a terminal B for conneetion with a broadband data bus.
Terminals A and B each comprise a pair of conductors, although only one is shown. Steering logie 10 i5 connec-ted with the baseband terminal by means of data -terminal 12 and with a transceiver 11 for providing the requisite transparency functions -to the transceiver. Transeeiver 11, which can be AM, E'M or Phase Modulation, is connected to the broad-band terminal by means of CAXRIER terminal 27. The transceiver is eonneeted to the steering logie by means of the DATA IN terminal 16 on the transceiver with the DATA OUT terminal 13 on the s-teering logie over transmit baseband line 15 and with the DATA OUT
terminal 18 on the transceiver connected with -the DATA
j I~ terminal 1~ on the steering logic over receive '~! 35 baseband line 17. The transmit/receive control (T/R) terminals 20, 9 of the transceiver 11 and steering ~23~

logic 10 are interconnected by -transmit/receive line 19. For purposes of this disclosure, T/R
signifies that when line 19 is high, -the transceiver functions as a receiver of carrier signals and when line 19 is low, the transceiver functions as a transmitter of carrier signals. Baseband signals appearing at terminal A result in modulated carrier signals at broadband terminal B and modulated carrier signals appearing at the broadband terminal produce baseband signals at terminal A. The operation of the steering logic Eor the various types of modulation will be discussed in detail below.
Figure 2 contains a transceiver 11 wherein the transmitter 22 and receiver 23 can be separately connected with the steering logic by means of a transmit baseband line 30 which connects the DArrA I~
terminal 29 on the transmitter with the DATA OUT
terminal 28 on the steering logic and with a -transmit-control line 33 which connects the transmit-control terminals 32, 31 on the tranceiver and steering logic. A receive baseband line 36 interconnects the DATA OUI'-terminal 35 on the receiver with the DATA IM terminal 34 on the steering logic and a receive-control line 39 interconnec-ts the receive-con-trol terminal 38 on the receiver with the receive-control terminal 37 on the steering logic.
The transmitter terminal 25 and the receiver terminal 26 interconnect with each other and with the broadband by means of a line 24. In the manner described earlier, baseband signals appearing on the baseband terminal produce modulated carrier signals at the broadband terminal and vice versa.
The compoents within the steering logic lO
of Figures 1 and 2 for FSK, PSK or ASK modulation are shown in Figure 3 with the outputs of the steering logic arranged for connection with the separate receiver-transmitter embodiment of Figure 2, so that ~3;2~
~ LPR 6191 common reference numerals will be employed.
The receive baseband line 36 is connected through terminal 34 with baseband terminal A through an open collector buffer 41, such as a Signetics Type 74LS07, over line 40 and through an inverter 42 wi-th terminal 2 of an OR gate 43. A diode or a transistor can also be used as a buffer providing that the logic levels are suitable. Terminal 1 o-f OR
gate 43 connects with the baseband terminal by means of line 50 and with the transmit baseband line 30 through line 65 and terminal 28. The output of OR
gate 43 is connected through a pulse stretcher 44 and terminal 37 to the receive-con-trol line 39 and through an inverter 47 and terminal 31 to the transmit-control line 33. ~Yhen used with the embodiment depicted in Fig. 1, the T/R line 19 is connected with receive-control terminal 37, omitting inverter 46 and terminal 31. The pulse stretcher 44 comprises a retriggerable one-shot 48, such as a Motorola Type ~C14528B monostable multivibrator, which is triggered on the rising edge of the output of the OR gate applied to terminal A of -the one shot. The inverse ou-tput Q is connected to terminal 2 of an AND gate 49 and terminal 1 of the AND gate is connected to the output of the OR gate.
For purposes of this disclosure, -the Eollowing definitions will be used throughout in describing the operation of the steering logic 10.
The digital signals represented by the two states appearing at the baseband, namely, the "supreme" state being a low voltage and impedance, will also be referred to as "low", and the "inferior"
state being a high voltage and impedance, will also be referred to as "high". The inac-tive state of the baseband bus is also high and in the inactive s-tate the transmitter must transmit no carrier. The ~3;~
41PR 61~1 inactive state of the broadband bus is the absence o-E
carrier. However, -for the aforementioned -forms of modulation, the two states of carrier on the broadband bus, such as frequency l, frequency 2 (fl, f2), or phase 1, phase 2 (~l' 02) or amplitude l, amplitude 2 (~l' A2) where both Al, and A2 are greater than zero. Thus, the high state occurring within a message requires the transmission of carrier, but in the inactive state, must not result in carrier. If the baseband bus at terminal A is pulled low, -the -transmitter 22 is enabled and the receiver 23 is disabled. The purpose of the pulse stretcher 44 is to hold the transmitter 22 in the transmit mode for a duration longer than the maximum duration of any high state contained within a message in order to transmit the carrier state representative o-f the high state of the baseband bus. If the baseband is high longer than the time duration of the pulse stretcher, there is an inactive state and the transmitter 22 is disabled and the receiver 23 is enabled. When the receive baseband line 36 is pulled low by the presence of carrier having the proper state from another transceiver, the open collector bu-ffer 41 pulls the baseband bus low and under this condition maintains the receiver 23 enabled and the transmitter 22 disabled. Since the baseband bus is maintained in the high state by means of a bias resistor (not shown), all devices connected to the baseband bus drive the bus to the low sta-te through a simila open collector buffer.
The operation of the steering logic depicted in Figure 3 -for ASK, E'SK and PSK modulation can be seen by referring to -the timing diagrams shown in E'igure 4 both transmitting and receiving modes. The inferior state is depicted as the high voltage and the superior state is depicted as the low voltage condition on the baseband waveform 51, -transmit ~ 41PR ~
g ._ baseband waveform 52 and receive baseband waveform 53. The enable and disable state OL the receive-control waveform 55 and transmit~con-trol waveform 56, as well as the high and low states of the ~ waveform 54, are depicted as high and low voltage conditions, respectively.
When another digital control devices transmits, this initiates broadband modulation states Al, Fl or ~1' which results in a superior state on the baseband of the receiving digital control device. However, in the receive mode, there is a short time delay known as "state recognition time"
which is incorporated in the receiver to distinguish a true signal from noise. This state recognition time exists in transitions from inferior to superior states and from superior to inferior states throughout the message. This is indica-ted in Figure 4 by the offset dashed line be-tween the conditions of modulation on the broadband and the transitions on the baseband waveform 51. This state recognition time, incorporated in the receiver 23, is a common technique used in receivers and is sometimes referred to as "carrier sense time". In order to ensure that the receive-control waveofrm 55 remains S the enable . 25 state during the receiving of a mes-~a-te, even though the baseband waveform 51 goes to the superior state, one input of the OR gate must remain high. Since both inputs 1, 2 to ~D gate 49 are high in the receiving mode, the ou-tput is high and the receive-control line 39 is high (enabled) by direct connection with the ~D gate output while the transmit-control line 33 is low (disabled) through connection with the AND gate output through inverter 46. The baseband bus, by connection with the transmit baseband line 30 over line 65, directly controls -the state of the transmit baseband line. Prior to transmitting, the 3;2~

digital control device must ensure that the baseband has been in the inferior state for a specified time greater than the maximum duration of any inferior state contained within a message. Once it has been determined that there is no other message on the bus, -the digital control device can then pull the baseband to the superior state. In the timing diagrams of Figure 4, the baseband state controls the condition of the broadband in the transmitting mode and the broadband condition controls the state of the baseband in the receiving mode. Since the baseband terminal A
and the transmit baseband line 30 are connected together by line 65, their waveforms 51, 52 are identical for both the transmit and receive modes.
E'or purposes of this discussion, only the baseband waveform 51 will be referred to. When the digital control devices starts the transmitting mode, the baseband waveform 51 is in the superior state (low), -transmit baseband line 30 is :Low and receive baseband line 36 is high. Both inputs 1, 2 to the OR gate 43 in Figure 3 are low resulting :in a low state out of the OR gate which is applied to the one-shot 4~ and to input 1 of the AND gate 49. When either of the A~D
gate inputs 1, 2 is low, the outpu-t to receive-ctonrol line 39 is low resulting in the disable state of the receive-control waveform 55. The AND gate output is inverted through inverter 46 to a high on -transmi-t-control line 33 resulting in the enable state of the transmit-control waveform 56 is indicated.
Once the receive con-trol line 39 is disabled, the receive baseband waveform 53 remians high throughout the en-tire message. When the baseband waveform 51 is in the superior state and the transmit-control waveform 56 is in the enable state, amplitude Al, frequency Fl, or phase ~1 will appear on the broadband as indicated at 63 in Figure 4. When the .~3~3~
41PR ~191 baseband wave-Eorm 51 is in the inferior state and the transmit-control waveform 56 is in the enable state, then amplitude A2, frequency F2 or phase ~2 appear on the broadband as indicated at 64. The inactive state oE the broadband comprises the absence of signal which is indicated at 62. The inactive state of the broadband comprises the absence of signal which is indiated at 62. These conditions of modulation wherein the states of the baseband a].-ternate between in-ferior and superior states continue throughout the duration of the message.
In order to maintain the braodband signal in the second condtion, A2, F2 or ~2 during the time when the baseband is in the inferior state, the transmit-control waveform 56 mus-t remain the enable state. This is accomplished by triggering the pulse stretcher 44. Since input 2 to the OR gate 43 is always low when the receive baseband line 36 is high, the output of the OR gate will track the baseband~
When the baseband goes to the inferior state, the OR
gate output to the retriggerable one-shot input terminal A causes the one-shot output Q to remain low for a predetermined time period greater than the longest anticipated inferior state in the message.
This low state at the Q terminal, as indicated on the Q waveform 54, is applied to terminal 2 of the AND
gate 49 to maintain the receive-control line 39 and waveform 55 is the disable state and the transmit-control line 33 and waveform 56 in the enable s-tate during the inferior state of the baseband. I~hen the baseband changes from the superior to the inferior state, the retriggerable one-shot 48 is rese-t and starts retiming. The last transition in the message as indicate at 57 on the baseband waveform 51, results in the start of time-out of the pulse stretcher as indica-ted at 58 on the Q waveform 54. At the end of ;23.~
~ lPR ~191 the time delay period of the retriggerable one-shot, indicated at 59, the Q waveform 54 returns to the high state enabling the receiver, as indicated at 60 one the receive-control waveform 55 and disabling the transmitter as indicated at 61 on the transmit enable waveform 56 to complete the message. ~ence, all other digital control devices connected to the broadband or baseband buses can now initiate a transmission according to a predefined bus access protocol.
It is to be note Erom the previous discussion relative to the steering logic 10 of Fiyure 3 that automatic transmit-control 10 of Figure 3 that automatic transmit-control and receive-control are provided for ASK, FSK and PSk modulation, but that the associated transceiver is not considered to be fully transparent within the aforemen-tioned definition of "transparency".
With ASK 100~ modulation, the carrier is either present or absent such that the supreme state corresponds to the presence of carrier as indicated at 66 in Figure 6 and the in-ferior state corresponds to the absence of carrier as indicated at 67. When this modulation is used, the simplified steering logic 10 of Figure 5 is employed. The pulse stre-tcher is not re~uired since the broadband inferior state correspondiny to the baseband inferior s-tate is the absence of carrier which is the same as with the transmitter disabled. The receive baseband line 36 in Figure 5 connects through terminal 34, line 40 and inverter 42 with input 2 of the OR gate 43 and with the baseband terminal A directly connects with the output side of the open collector buffer 41, input 1 of the OR gate over line 50 and with transmit baseband line 30 through -terminal 28. The output of the OR
gate connects with the receive-control line 3g through terminal 37 and with the transmit-control 33 through ~3~3~

inverter 46 and terminal 31. ~len used with the embodiment depicted in Fig~ 1, the T/R line 19 is connected with receive control terminal 37, omitting inverter 46 and termianl 31. Transmit baseband Iine 30 is generally omitted with ASK 100~ modulation since on-off keyuing does not usually require modulation input to the transmitter. If the baseband bus is pulled low by a digital control device, the transmitter is enabled and the receiver is disabled directly. When carrier is received on the broadband, the receive baseband line 36 pulls the baseband low, the receiver remains enabled and the transmitter remains disable. Thus, the direct data exchange between broadband and baseband buses provides full transparency.
The timing diagrams depicted in Figure 6 illustrate the conditions occurring at the baseband terminal A, the transmit baseband line 30, the receive baseband line 36, the receive-con-trol line 39 and the transmit-control line 33 fcor the ASK 100~ modulation employed with the steering logic 10 of Figure 5. The transmit-control and transmit baseband waveforms are identical so that only the transmit-control waveform 56 is depicted in Figure 6. Since the presence of carrier on the broadband corresponds to the superior state of -the baseband and the absence of carrier corresponds to the inferior state of the baseband, the ASK modulation is depicted as Al and 0 (zero), respectively. The state recognition time is required in the receive mode -to distinguish a true signal from noise, as described earlier. When the digital con-trol device pulls the baseband bus low, the transmit baseband line 30 in Figure 5 is pulled low and the receive baseband line 36 is high for the following reasons. Input 1 to OR gate 43 is low by direct connection with the baseband terminal over ~323~

line 50 and input 2 is lo~ by connection through inverter 42 qith the high receiver baseband line 36 over line 40 resulting in a low at the OR gate output. The receive control line 39 is low by direct connection with the OR gate output and both the transmit control line 33 and transmit baseband line 30 are high by connection to the OR gate output through inverter 46. The baseband waveform 51 is in the superior state and the receive baseband waveform 53 is in the inferior state as shown in Figure 6. The receive-control waveform 55 is in the disabled state while the transmit-control waveform 56 is in the enahled state. When the digital control device allows the baseband bus to go high (inferior state) in the transmitting mode or in the inactive state, the receiving mode is invoked since the inferior state on the braodband bus is the absence of carrier. When a carrier does appear on the broadband bus in the receiving mode, the receive baseband line 36 is low, which pulls the baseband bus low. Input 2 to OR
gate 43 is high by connection with line 36 by means of terminal 24, line 40 and inverter 42. This is reflected in the superior state of the baseband waveform 51 and the low state of the receive baseband waveform 53 in Figure 6. The output of the OR gate is high which impresses a high on receive-control line 39 by connection through terminal 37. The transmit-control line 33 and transmit baseband line 30 are both low by connection with the OR gate output through inverter 46. The receive-control waveform 55 is in the disabeld state as shown in Figure 6. It is seen, therefore/ that ASK 100% modulation allows for the completely transparent exchange of data between the baseband bus and the broadband bus without the appearance of conflict. It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that utilizing ~3~
~ lPR 6191 the steering logic concept teaehings of the invention with suitable modi-fications will allow the use of a transceiver for other purposes and that the steering logic function can be achieved b~ other logic devices and circuits.
Although the inventions have been described with reference to specific embodiment thereof, numerous modifieations thereof are possible without departiny from the inventions and it is desirable to eover all modifieations falling within the spirit and scope of these inventions.

Claims (6)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. Steering logic for interconnecting a transceiver with a baseband bus, said transceiver being connected to a broadband bus for transmitting or receiving modulated carrier wave signals on said broadband bus, said transceiver having data in and data out terminals for inputting or outputting digital signals at baseband and at least one control terminal for receiving a control signal, said transceiver being responsive to said control signal for enabling or disabling transmitting or receiving functions of said transceiver, said steering logic comprising:
a baseband bus terminal to which baseband digital transmit signals may be applied and to which baseband digital receive signals from said transceiver are applied;
a buffer connected between the data out terminal of said transceiver and said baseband bus terminal; and logic means having inputs connected to said baseband bus terminal and the data out terminal of said transceiver and an output connected to said at least one control terminal, said logic means being responsive to baseband digital transmit signals applied to said baseband bus terminal for generating said control signal to enable the transmitting function and to disable the receiving function of said transceiver.

2. The steering logic for interconnecting a transceiver with a baseband bus as recited in claim 1 wherein said buffer is an open collector buffer and further comprising a direct connection between the data in terminal of said transceiver and said baseband bus terminal.

3. The steering logic for interconnecting a transceiver with a baseband bus as recited in claim 1 wherein said logic means comprises:
an OR gate having one input connected to said baseband terminal; and an inverter connected between said data out terminal and a second input of said OR gate.

4. Steering logic for interconnecting a transceiver with a baseband bus as recited in claim 3 wherein said transceiver has first and second control terminals to which a receive control signal and a transmit control signal, respectively, may be applied, the output of said logic means being directly connected to said first control terminal, said steering logic further comprising a second inverter connected between the output of said logic means and said second control terminal.

5. Steering logic for interconnecting a transceiver with a baseband bus as recited in claim 3 wherein said logic means further comprises pulse stretching means connected between an output of said OR gate and the output of said logic means for maintaining a control signal output for a predetermined time period after the termination of the application of baseband digital transmit signals to said baseband bus terminal.

6. Steering logic for interconnecting a transceiver with a baseband bus as recited in claim 5 wherein said pulse stretching means comprises:
a retriggerable on shot connected to the output of said OR gate; and an AND gate having a first input connected to the output of said OR gate and a second input connected to an inverted output of said retriggerable one shot.