CA1226626A - Radio communications systems having overlapping receiver coverage zones - Google Patents
Radio communications systems having overlapping receiver coverage zonesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1226626A CA1226626A CA000509686A CA509686A CA1226626A CA 1226626 A CA1226626 A CA 1226626A CA 000509686 A CA000509686 A CA 000509686A CA 509686 A CA509686 A CA 509686A CA 1226626 A CA1226626 A CA 1226626A
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- Prior art keywords
- zone
- signal
- message
- signal strength
- gcc
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
A data communication sustem (Figure 1) is described that covers a geographic area divided into a plurality of non-overlapping zones (Figure 2) and includes a general communications controller (GCC, 104), a plurality of channel communications modules (CCM 106, 108, 110, 112) and associated transmitters (114, 120, 124) and receivers (116, 118, 122, 126, 128), and a plurality of portable radios (130, 132, 134). Message signals carrying alphanumeric information are communication between the GCC (104) and the portable radios (130, 132, 134) by way of a radio channel. Each CCM (106, 108, 110, 112) takes a signal strength measurement every time it receives a message signal from a portable radio (130, 132, or 134).
The GCC (104) gathers the signal strength measurements from the CCM receivers (116, 118, 122, 126, 128) receiving the same message signal and computers an adjusted signal strength for each zone. The GCC (104) then selects the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength for determining the location of the portable radio (130, 132 or 134) that transmitted the message signal. Whenever the GCC (104) transmits a message signal to a portable radio, the CCM transmitter (114, 120, 124) is used that covers the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from that portable radio (130, 132, 134). Since the GCC (104).
can be simultaneously transmitting message signals to portable radios (130, 132, 134) in other zones using non-interfering CCM transmitters (114, 120, 124), information throughput is greatly enhanced.
A data communication sustem (Figure 1) is described that covers a geographic area divided into a plurality of non-overlapping zones (Figure 2) and includes a general communications controller (GCC, 104), a plurality of channel communications modules (CCM 106, 108, 110, 112) and associated transmitters (114, 120, 124) and receivers (116, 118, 122, 126, 128), and a plurality of portable radios (130, 132, 134). Message signals carrying alphanumeric information are communication between the GCC (104) and the portable radios (130, 132, 134) by way of a radio channel. Each CCM (106, 108, 110, 112) takes a signal strength measurement every time it receives a message signal from a portable radio (130, 132, or 134).
The GCC (104) gathers the signal strength measurements from the CCM receivers (116, 118, 122, 126, 128) receiving the same message signal and computers an adjusted signal strength for each zone. The GCC (104) then selects the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength for determining the location of the portable radio (130, 132 or 134) that transmitted the message signal. Whenever the GCC (104) transmits a message signal to a portable radio, the CCM transmitter (114, 120, 124) is used that covers the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from that portable radio (130, 132, 134). Since the GCC (104).
can be simultaneously transmitting message signals to portable radios (130, 132, 134) in other zones using non-interfering CCM transmitters (114, 120, 124), information throughput is greatly enhanced.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to radio communications systems, and more particularly to an imp proved method and apparatus for dynamically selecting one of a plurality of radio frequency signal transmitters for transmitting message signals from a primary station to remote stations of a data communications system.
In radio communications systems covering large geographical areas, the location of remote stations such as portable or mobile radios must be known with reason-able accuracy in order to provide good quality commune-cations. In such communications systems, the geographical area may be divided up into a number of zones or cells, each of which is covered by at least one radio transmitter and radio receiver associated with a primary station. For establishing communications between the primary station and a remote station, knowledge of the remote station's location is necessary in order that the radio transmitter covering the zone in which the remote station is located may be selected at the primary station.
The problem of selecting the radio transmitter which covers the zone in which a remote station is located has ' .'' ,' .
~.2Z~62~:;
been solved with a limited degree of success in several different ways. According to one technique, the radio receiver receiving the strongest RF signal from a selected remote station is used to define the location of that remote station. The primary station simply selects the radio transmitter covering the geographical area of the receiver receiving the strongest signal from the selected remote station.
According to another technique, each remote station 0 it assigned to a specific geographical area. In other words, a remote station is permanently associated with the zone or zones covered by a specific radio transmitter. This technique works reasonably well as long as the remote station remains within the geographical area covered by the assigned radio transmitter. However, this technique is inadequate for communications systems where each remote station is free to move about throughout a very large geographical area, making it impossible to limit a remote station to the coverage area of a single radio transmitter.
According to yet another technique that is utilized in cellular radiotelephone systems, the remote station determines the zone in which it is located by selecting the radio transmitter having the largest signal strength.
This technique requires that each radio transmitter have a different frequency, and that communications from the primary station to a selected remote station be sent in all zones in order for the remote station to make its choice known on demand. This technique is adequate for radio telephone systems where the average message length is much longer than the minimum message length, but is inadequate or data communications systems where the average message length is not much larger than the mini-mum message length. Therefore, in order to provide good quality communications in data communications systems, it ~,~Z6626 is necessary to have a reasonably accurate determination of the location of each remote station in the system.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for dynamically selecting one of a plurality of radio frequency signal transmitters for transmitting message signals from a primary station to a selected remote station of a data communications system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for dynamically determining the location of remote stations of a data communications system providing communications between a primary station and a plurality of remote stations lo-acted throughout a large geographical area.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for simultaneously transmitting message signals to two or more remote stations located in different zones of a data communications system.
Briefly described, the present invention encompasses a method for use in a primary station of a communications system for communicating message signals via a communications medium, such as a radio channel, between the primary station and a plurality of remote stations, such as portable and mobile radios located anywhere in a large geographical area that is divided into a plurality of cells or zones. The primary station further includes a communications controller, a plurality of transmitters for transmitting signals modulated on a first carrier signal of the radio channel and a plurality of receivers for receiving signals modulated on a second carrier signal of the radio channel. Each zone of the commune-cations system is covered by one of the transmitters and Jo 2~?~62~
covered by at least one receiver. The remote stations each further include a transmitter for transmitting signals modulated on the second carrier signal and a receiver for receiving signals modulated on the first carrier signal. The method of the present invention enables the communications controller to select one of the transmitters for transmitting signals from the primary station to a selected remote station. The novel method practiced by the controller at the primary station comprises the steps of measuring the signal strength of the carrier signal received by each primary station receiver during each transmission from the selected remote station; computing an adjusted signal strength for each zone by adjusting the measured signal strength for each primary station receiver by corresponding predetermined factors associated with the zone and combining the adjusted signal strengths selecting the ; primary station transmitter covering the zone which had the largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from the selected remote station. The communications controller may include apparatus such as a computer or microcomputer that is suitably programmed to execute each step of the transmitter selecting method.
According to another feature of the present invention, the location of each remote station may be dynamically determined by the communications controller.
The unique locating method practiced by the controller comprises the steps of measuring the signal strength of the carrier signal received by each primary station ED receiver during each transmission from each remote station, computing an adjusted signal strength for each zone by adjusting the measured signal strength for each primary station receiver by corresponding predetermined factors associated with the zone and combining the adjusted signal strengths for each remote station, and ` selecting for each remote station the zone having the : .
~;26~
largest signal strength for the last transmission from that remote station. The inventive locating method can further include the step of storing the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength and the zone having the second largest adjusted signal strength. Then, when transmitting a message signal to a selected remote station, both zones can be tried.
According to another feature of the present invention, the communications controller can simultaneously transmit message signals to two or more remote stations located in different zones. The unique method practiced by the controller comprises the steps of assigning only one of the primary station transmitters for covering a zone, determining the zone in which each remote station is located, modulating a first message signal on the first carrier signal of the primary station transmitter assigned to a first zone in which a first remote station is located, and modulating a second message signal on the first carrier signal of the primary station transmitter assigned to a second zone in which a second remote station is located provided that the primary station transmitter assigned to said second zone does not cover a portion of said first zone. Since message signals can be simultaneously transmitted to many different remote stations, message throughput of the data communications system is greatly enhanced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a data communications system that may advantageously utilize the present invention.
Figure 2 is a diagram of a geographical area that is divided up into a number of zones.
Figure 3 is a block diagram of the circuitry in the receivers in Figure 1.
~2~6Ç;2~;
Figure 4 is a block diagram of the circuitry in the channel communications modules in figure 1.
Figure 5 is a block diagram of the circuitry in the general communications controller in Figure 1.
Figure 6 is a flow chart used by the general communications controller for processing signal strength data received from the channel communications modules in Figure 1.
Figure 7 is a flow chart used by the general lo communications controller for selecting a transmitter on which data signals are transmitted to a selected portable radio in Figure 1.
Figure 8 is a flow chart used by the channel communications module for measuring the signal strength of signals transmitted by the portable radios in Figure 1.
Figure 9 is a block diagram of the circuitry in the portable radios in Figure l.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In Figure 1, there is illustrated a data communications system that communicates message signals between a primary station, such as a general communications controller (GCC) 104, by way of a communications medium, such as a radio frequency (RF) : communications channel, to a plurality of remote stations, such as mobile or portable radios 130, 132 and 134. Although described in the context of a data only communications system, both data signals and analog signals such as voice signals can be communicated over the RF communications channel to the portable radios 130, 132 and 134. The data communications system covers a large geographical area which is divided into a plurality of cells or zones. Located throughout the geographical area are a number of channel communications modules (CAM) 106, 108, 110 and 112, which are each coupled to and ~2~t~6~5 control a number of RF signal transmitters 114, 120, and 124 and RF signal receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128.
The RF communications channel is preferably comprised of first and second carrier signals which may be modulated with the message signals. Transmitters 114, 120 and 124 may be operative on the first carrier signal, while receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128 may be operative on the second carrier signal of the radio communications channel. Each zone of the radio communications system is covered by an 10 assigned one of the transmitters 114, 120 and 124 and by at least one of the receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128.
Transmitters 114, 120 and 124 and receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128 may be any suitable commercially available transmitters and receivers such as those described in Motorola 15 Instruction Manual POW. Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 may be co-located with their corresponding transmitters and receivers or may be remotely located and coupled to their corresponding transmitters and receivers by means of a suitable remote control system, such as, for example, 20 the tone remote control system described in US. Patent Number 3,577,080.
Portable radios 130, 132 and 134 may be either commercially available mobile radios of the type shown and described in Motorola instruction manual no. POW
25 or commercially available hand-held portable radios of the type shown and described in US. patent numbers 3,906,166, 3,962,553 and Number 4,486,624 entitled "Microprocessor Controlled Radiotelephone Transceiver", and invented by Larry C. Purl et at. Portable radios 130, 132 and 134 each 30 include a transmitter operable on the second carrier signal and a receiver operable on the first carrier signal. The transmitter and receiver in portable radios 130, 132 and 134 may be any suitable commercially available
The present invention relates generally to radio communications systems, and more particularly to an imp proved method and apparatus for dynamically selecting one of a plurality of radio frequency signal transmitters for transmitting message signals from a primary station to remote stations of a data communications system.
In radio communications systems covering large geographical areas, the location of remote stations such as portable or mobile radios must be known with reason-able accuracy in order to provide good quality commune-cations. In such communications systems, the geographical area may be divided up into a number of zones or cells, each of which is covered by at least one radio transmitter and radio receiver associated with a primary station. For establishing communications between the primary station and a remote station, knowledge of the remote station's location is necessary in order that the radio transmitter covering the zone in which the remote station is located may be selected at the primary station.
The problem of selecting the radio transmitter which covers the zone in which a remote station is located has ' .'' ,' .
~.2Z~62~:;
been solved with a limited degree of success in several different ways. According to one technique, the radio receiver receiving the strongest RF signal from a selected remote station is used to define the location of that remote station. The primary station simply selects the radio transmitter covering the geographical area of the receiver receiving the strongest signal from the selected remote station.
According to another technique, each remote station 0 it assigned to a specific geographical area. In other words, a remote station is permanently associated with the zone or zones covered by a specific radio transmitter. This technique works reasonably well as long as the remote station remains within the geographical area covered by the assigned radio transmitter. However, this technique is inadequate for communications systems where each remote station is free to move about throughout a very large geographical area, making it impossible to limit a remote station to the coverage area of a single radio transmitter.
According to yet another technique that is utilized in cellular radiotelephone systems, the remote station determines the zone in which it is located by selecting the radio transmitter having the largest signal strength.
This technique requires that each radio transmitter have a different frequency, and that communications from the primary station to a selected remote station be sent in all zones in order for the remote station to make its choice known on demand. This technique is adequate for radio telephone systems where the average message length is much longer than the minimum message length, but is inadequate or data communications systems where the average message length is not much larger than the mini-mum message length. Therefore, in order to provide good quality communications in data communications systems, it ~,~Z6626 is necessary to have a reasonably accurate determination of the location of each remote station in the system.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for dynamically selecting one of a plurality of radio frequency signal transmitters for transmitting message signals from a primary station to a selected remote station of a data communications system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for dynamically determining the location of remote stations of a data communications system providing communications between a primary station and a plurality of remote stations lo-acted throughout a large geographical area.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for simultaneously transmitting message signals to two or more remote stations located in different zones of a data communications system.
Briefly described, the present invention encompasses a method for use in a primary station of a communications system for communicating message signals via a communications medium, such as a radio channel, between the primary station and a plurality of remote stations, such as portable and mobile radios located anywhere in a large geographical area that is divided into a plurality of cells or zones. The primary station further includes a communications controller, a plurality of transmitters for transmitting signals modulated on a first carrier signal of the radio channel and a plurality of receivers for receiving signals modulated on a second carrier signal of the radio channel. Each zone of the commune-cations system is covered by one of the transmitters and Jo 2~?~62~
covered by at least one receiver. The remote stations each further include a transmitter for transmitting signals modulated on the second carrier signal and a receiver for receiving signals modulated on the first carrier signal. The method of the present invention enables the communications controller to select one of the transmitters for transmitting signals from the primary station to a selected remote station. The novel method practiced by the controller at the primary station comprises the steps of measuring the signal strength of the carrier signal received by each primary station receiver during each transmission from the selected remote station; computing an adjusted signal strength for each zone by adjusting the measured signal strength for each primary station receiver by corresponding predetermined factors associated with the zone and combining the adjusted signal strengths selecting the ; primary station transmitter covering the zone which had the largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from the selected remote station. The communications controller may include apparatus such as a computer or microcomputer that is suitably programmed to execute each step of the transmitter selecting method.
According to another feature of the present invention, the location of each remote station may be dynamically determined by the communications controller.
The unique locating method practiced by the controller comprises the steps of measuring the signal strength of the carrier signal received by each primary station ED receiver during each transmission from each remote station, computing an adjusted signal strength for each zone by adjusting the measured signal strength for each primary station receiver by corresponding predetermined factors associated with the zone and combining the adjusted signal strengths for each remote station, and ` selecting for each remote station the zone having the : .
~;26~
largest signal strength for the last transmission from that remote station. The inventive locating method can further include the step of storing the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength and the zone having the second largest adjusted signal strength. Then, when transmitting a message signal to a selected remote station, both zones can be tried.
According to another feature of the present invention, the communications controller can simultaneously transmit message signals to two or more remote stations located in different zones. The unique method practiced by the controller comprises the steps of assigning only one of the primary station transmitters for covering a zone, determining the zone in which each remote station is located, modulating a first message signal on the first carrier signal of the primary station transmitter assigned to a first zone in which a first remote station is located, and modulating a second message signal on the first carrier signal of the primary station transmitter assigned to a second zone in which a second remote station is located provided that the primary station transmitter assigned to said second zone does not cover a portion of said first zone. Since message signals can be simultaneously transmitted to many different remote stations, message throughput of the data communications system is greatly enhanced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a data communications system that may advantageously utilize the present invention.
Figure 2 is a diagram of a geographical area that is divided up into a number of zones.
Figure 3 is a block diagram of the circuitry in the receivers in Figure 1.
~2~6Ç;2~;
Figure 4 is a block diagram of the circuitry in the channel communications modules in figure 1.
Figure 5 is a block diagram of the circuitry in the general communications controller in Figure 1.
Figure 6 is a flow chart used by the general communications controller for processing signal strength data received from the channel communications modules in Figure 1.
Figure 7 is a flow chart used by the general lo communications controller for selecting a transmitter on which data signals are transmitted to a selected portable radio in Figure 1.
Figure 8 is a flow chart used by the channel communications module for measuring the signal strength of signals transmitted by the portable radios in Figure 1.
Figure 9 is a block diagram of the circuitry in the portable radios in Figure l.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In Figure 1, there is illustrated a data communications system that communicates message signals between a primary station, such as a general communications controller (GCC) 104, by way of a communications medium, such as a radio frequency (RF) : communications channel, to a plurality of remote stations, such as mobile or portable radios 130, 132 and 134. Although described in the context of a data only communications system, both data signals and analog signals such as voice signals can be communicated over the RF communications channel to the portable radios 130, 132 and 134. The data communications system covers a large geographical area which is divided into a plurality of cells or zones. Located throughout the geographical area are a number of channel communications modules (CAM) 106, 108, 110 and 112, which are each coupled to and ~2~t~6~5 control a number of RF signal transmitters 114, 120, and 124 and RF signal receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128.
The RF communications channel is preferably comprised of first and second carrier signals which may be modulated with the message signals. Transmitters 114, 120 and 124 may be operative on the first carrier signal, while receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128 may be operative on the second carrier signal of the radio communications channel. Each zone of the radio communications system is covered by an 10 assigned one of the transmitters 114, 120 and 124 and by at least one of the receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128.
Transmitters 114, 120 and 124 and receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128 may be any suitable commercially available transmitters and receivers such as those described in Motorola 15 Instruction Manual POW. Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 may be co-located with their corresponding transmitters and receivers or may be remotely located and coupled to their corresponding transmitters and receivers by means of a suitable remote control system, such as, for example, 20 the tone remote control system described in US. Patent Number 3,577,080.
Portable radios 130, 132 and 134 may be either commercially available mobile radios of the type shown and described in Motorola instruction manual no. POW
25 or commercially available hand-held portable radios of the type shown and described in US. patent numbers 3,906,166, 3,962,553 and Number 4,486,624 entitled "Microprocessor Controlled Radiotelephone Transceiver", and invented by Larry C. Purl et at. Portable radios 130, 132 and 134 each 30 include a transmitter operable on the second carrier signal and a receiver operable on the first carrier signal. The transmitter and receiver in portable radios 130, 132 and 134 may be any suitable commercially available
2;266~i conventional transmitter and receiver, such as, for example, the transmitter and receiver described in Motorola instruction manual no's. POW and 68P81014C65. These and the other Motorola Instruction Manuals referenced herein are available from the Service Publications Department of Motorola, Inc., 1301 East Algonquin Road, Schaumburg, Illinois or from Motorola C & E Parts, 1313 East Algonquin Road, Schaumburg, Illinois.
GCC 104 of the data communications system in Figure 1 may be coupled to a host computer 102 which may control a number of GCC's 104 that are located in different geographical areas, such as, for example, different cities.
Thus, host computer 102 may gather data from, and dispatch data to, portable radios located in several different cities. GCC 104 may be coupled to host computer 102 and Cams 106, 108, 110, and 112 by means of commercially available modems and associated dedicated telephone lines.
GCC 104 in Figure 1 transmits message signals to and receives message signals from portable radios 130, 132 and 134. The message signals may include coded data packets which each may contain a binary preamble, a predetermined synchronization word and an information word containing a command, status or data. The format of the data packets may be any of a number of existing data formats, such as, for example, those described in US.
patent numbers 3,906,445, 4,156,867 and 4,354,252, and in Canadian Patent Application Serial Number 433,332 entitled "Data Signaling System", filed July 27, 1983 and invented by Timothy M. Burke et at.
Message signals are routed by GCC 104 to a solitude CAM 106, 108, 110 and 112 for transmission by its corresponding transmitter. Since the message signals are not transmitted on all transmitters simultaneously, as in simulcast systems of the type described in US. Patent Number 4,188,522, it is necessary that GCC 104 have a 6~6 reasonably accurate determination of the location of each portable radio 130, 132 and 134 so that GCC 104 may select the transmitter 114, 120 or 124 which covers the zone in which a particular portable radio is located.
The improved method and apparatus of the present invention enable GCC 104 to dynamically select the transmitter 114, 120 or 124 for transmitting a message signal to a selected portable radio 130, 132 or 134.
According to another important feature of the lo present invention, two or more of the transmitters 114, 120 or 124 can be operated simultaneously for communicating with different portable radios located in different zones provided that transmissions from the two transmitters do not interfere with reception in the particular zones where the two portable radios are located. As a result, data throughput of the data communications system illustrated in Figure 1 can be significantly increased by reuse of the RF commune-cations channel. In other words, by taking advantage of reuse, a single RF communications channel can serve thousands of portable radios in a geographical area covering several states and their major cities.
Referring to figure 2, there is illustrated a geographical area of a data communications system that is divided into seven zones, Z1-Z7, and that includes three Cams 210,220 and 230 and corresponding transmitters and receivers. Transmitter To of CAM 210 has a coverage area within circle 212, transmitter To of CAM 220 within circle 222, and transmitter To of CAM 230 within circle 232. Each time a portable radio transmits, signal strength readings are taken by receivers R1, R2 and R3.
These readings can be expressed by the following signal strength SKI matrix:
[SKI] = SUE SUE SUE].
- 35 According to the present invention, the signal strength readings taken by receivers R1, R2 and R3 can be Tao used to compute an adjusted signal strength for each zone Z1-Z7 by adjusting the measured signal strength for each receiver R1, R2 and R3 by corresponding predetermined factors associated with the particular zone and then come brining the adjusted signal strengths. The predetermined factors used to compute the adjusted signal strength depend on a number of factors such as the terrain, the height and gain of the antennas, and the sensitivity of the receivers. In other words, the predetermined factors lo associated with each zone are empirically determined and depend upon the characteristics of the equipment and terrain in each data communications system. The pro-determined factors can be arranged in a zone selection ZSEL matrix, such as, or example, the exemplary ZSEL
matrix hereinbelow:
15.5 0 0 10.7 10.4 0 7-7 [ZSEL] = 0 15.3 0 0 9.8 10.2 7.5 I 0 15.7 lo 0 if 7.4~
The adjusted signal strength ZADJ matrix for each of the zones Z1-Z7 is then computed according to the following matrix formula:
[ZADJ] = [SKI] X [ZSEL]; or [ZADJ] = [ZlADJ Z2ADJ Z3ADJ Z4ADJ Z5ADJ Z6ADJ Z7ADJ]
Then, using the ZADJ matrix, GCC 104 can select the zone which has the largest adjusted signal strength for a particular transmission from a portable radio. The selected zone can be stored together with other data in a location of the memory of GCC 104 associated with that portable radio.
Whenever transmitting a message signal to that particular portable radio, GCC 104 will first transmit the message signal on the carrier signal of the transmitter that covers the zone which had the largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from 2,~6Çi2~
that portable radio. Both that zone and the transmitter covering it are stored in the memory of GCC 104. If the portable radio does not acknowledge the transmission of the message signal from GCC 104, GCC 104 may attempt one or more retransmission of the message signal by means of that selected transmitter. If the retransmission likewise are not acknowledged by the portable radio, GCC
104 may then transmit the message signal via the transmitter covering the zone which had the second largest adjusted signal strength for the last lo transmission from that portable radio. Again, if the portable radio does not acknowledge the transmission from GCC 104, GCC 104 may resend the message signal one or more times by means of that selected transmitter. If GCC
104 does not reach the selected portable radio by means of these two transmitters, GCC 104 may either select another transmitter covering that portable radios "home"
zone, or initiate a polling sequence in which the selected portable radio is polled in every zone in the data communications system starting with the portable radio's "home" zone.
Assuming that the SKI matrix is 10, 10, 10 for a transmission from a selected portable radio, the ZADJ
matrix will be 155, 153, 157, 207, 202, 212, 226 using the predetermined factors in the above ZSEL matrix. For this particular transmission from that portable radio, the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength is zone Z7 and the zone having the second largest adjusted signal strength is zone Z6. Referring to Figure 2, the portable station is most probably located in zone Z7 which is approximately midway between Cams 210, 220 and 230. The second most likely location of the portable station is zone Z6 which is between Cams 220 and 230.
The transmitters To, To and To in Figure 2 can be assigned to cover the seven zones as follows Zone Z1 is I covered by To, zone Z2 is covered by To, zone Z3 is '~,Z~6~?26 covered by To, zone Z4 is covered by To, zone Z5 is covered by To, zone Z6 is covered by To, and zone Z7 is covered by To. For transmitting a message signal to the portable radio, transmitter To is used first since zone Z7 has the largest adjusted signal strength. If the portable radio does not acknowledge the first transmit-soon or subsequent retransmission from transmitter To, the message signal is next transmitted by transmitter To for covering zone Z6, which had the second largest lo adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from the portable radio.
Assuming that on a subsequent transmission from the portable radio the SKI matrix is 10, 10, 0, the ZADJ
matrix is 155, 153, 0, 107, 202, 102, 152. In this case, zone Z5 has the largest adjusted signal strength, and zone Z1 has the second largest adjusted signal strength.
Therefore, a message signal would first be transmitted by ; transmitter To for covering zone Z5, and thereafter transmitted by transmitter To for covering zone Z1.
Again, assuming that a subsequent transmission from the portable station results in an SKI matrix that is 0, 10, 10, than the ZADJ matrix is 0, 153, 157, 100, 98, 212, 149. In this case, zone Z6 has the largest adjusted signal strength, and zone Z3 has the second largest adjusted signal strength. Since transmitter To covers both zone Z6 and zone Z3, a message signal transmitted by transmitter To will reach the portable radio if it is in either zone Z6 or zone Z3. For a subsequent transmission, zone Z2 has the third largest adjusted signal strength and is covered by transmitter To.
Next, the transmitter reuse feature of the present invention may be illustrated by the seven zone arrange-- mint in Figure 2. First of all, there is no transmitter ; interference for communications to portable radios located in zones 21, Z2 or Z3. That is, transmitter To, To and To can be operated simultaneously for I
communicating with portable radios in zones Z1, Z2 and Z3, respectively. However, for zone Z4, transmitter To must be off; for zone Z5 transmitter To must be off; for zone Z6 transmitter To must be off; and for zone Z7 transmitters To and To must be off. Using the foregoing interference criteria, transmitter reuse is possible for all zones except for zone Z7. For example, if the portable radio is located in zone Z4, transmitter To is used to communicate with that portable radio, and lo transmitter To can be simultaneously operated for communicating with portable radios in zone Z2.
Similarly, while transmitter To is used for communicating with a portable radio in zone Z6, transmitter To must be off and transmitter To can be on. In this case, trays-miller To could be on and communicating with a portable radio located in zone Z1. Both a transmitter selection SWAHILI matrix and a zone interference ZIP matrix can be used to show the above criteria. The SWAHILI matrix is as follows:
To To To [ SWAHILI] c Z4 1 0 0 A one in the SWAHILI matrix indicates that the trays-miller in that column is used for communicating with a portable radio located in the zone in that row.
The ZIP matrix is as follows:
~.22~
To To To SOPHIE] = Z4 0 0 A one in the ZIP matrix means that the transmitter in lo that column cannot be transmitting if it is desired to communicate with a portable radio located in the zone in that row.
Both of these matrices can be provided by tables that are stored in the memory of GCC 104 in Figure 1.
GCC 104 uses both of this matrices during the process of selecting a transmitter for communicating a message signal to a selected portable radio. For example, assuming a portable radio is in zone Z5, transmitter To is used and transmitter To must be off.
Referring to Figure 3, there is illustrated a detailed circuit diagram of the receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128 associated with Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1. Each receiver includes two antennas spaced at a predetermined distance from one another and a maximal ratio predetection diversity combiner 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326 and 328 for combining the signals received by each of the antennas. The space diversity provided by the two antennas is utilized to prevent degradation in communications which results when an antenna is located in an RF signal null. Rapid and deep RF signal nulls, called Raleigh fading, are experienced in communications systems operating at RF
signal frequencies in the new 800 to 900 mHz frequency range. The maximal ratio predetection diversity combiner coiffeuses the RF signals from each antenna and linearly adds the cophased signals to provide a composite signal r I issue having components that are proportional to the square of the RF signals from each antenna. Therefore, strong signals are emphasized much more than weak signals. In other words, communications are not adversely affected if a very weak signal is received by one antenna and a reasonably good signal is received by the other antenna.
In the diversity receiver in Figure 3, the frequency of local oscillator 306 determines the radio channel to which the diversity receiver is tuned. The RF signal lo received by each antenna is combined by mixers 302 and 304 with the signal from local oscillator 208 to provide corresponding IF signals. The IF signal from mixers 302 and 304 is then applied to IF band pass filters 308 and 310, respectively, which may be a monolithic band pass filter of conventional design similar to that described in US. patent no. 3,716,808. The filtered IF signals from filters 308 and 310 are split and fed forward via two paths to mixers 312, 324 and 314, 326, respectively.
; First portions of the IF signals are applied to mixers 324 and 326, and second portions of the IF signals are applied to mixers 312 and 314 together with the composite - IF signal which is fed back from amplifier 330. By feeding back the composite IF signal, the IF strip of the diversity receiver forms a closed feedback loop that is regenerative on noise. Thus, the randomly varying phase of the IF signals from filters 308 and 310 relative to the composite IF signal is added into the closed loop via mixers 312 and 314 and then subtracted out at mixers 324 and 326, respectively. By this process, the random phase variations are removed from the If signals in relation ; to the composite IF signal. The result is that each of the IF signals is cophased to the composite IF signal.
The product signals from mixers 312 and 314 at the difference frequency are applied to filters 316 and 318, respectively, which each provide a variable phase shift.
Filters 316 and 318 may be two-pole crystal filters. The '2t:;~;Z~
signals from filters 316 and 318 are linearly amplified by amplifiers 320 and 322, respectively, and applied to the second input of mixers 324 and 326, respectively.
Mixers 324 and 326 multiply the signals from amplifiers 320 and 322, respectively, with the IF signals from filters 308 and 310, respectively, to provide product signals that are cophased with the composite IF signal.
The product signals from mixers AYE and 326 are both cophased and proportional to the square of the level of the IF signals from filters 308 and 310, respectively.
The product signals from the mixers 324 and 326 are linearly added by summer 328 to form one composite IF
signal. The composite IF signal may be coupled via amplifier 330 to a conventional FM detector 332 which has an output signal providing demodulated message signals.
The output signal of FM detector 332 is coupled to its corresponding CAM 106, 108, 110 or 112 in Figure 1.
Further details of the circuitry in the diversity receiver in Figure 3 are illustrated and described in the 20 instant assignee's US. Patent No. 4,369,520 entitled "Instantaneously Acquiring Sector Antenna System", and invented by Frank J. Corny, Jr. and James J. Mikulski, and in Canadian Patent No. 1,141,431 entitled "Large Dynamic Range Multiplier for a Maximal Ratio Diversity Combiner", and invented by Frank J. Corny, Jr.
Figure 3 also illustrates the circuitry 340, 348 and 350 comprising the signal strength detector that is located in the receivers. Summer 340 is coupled to the signals from filters 308 and 310 and provides a composite signal which is coupled to amplifier 348. The output of amplifier 348 is coupled to envelope detector 350 which provides an SKI signal that is proportional to the maxima of the composite signal from amplifier 348. A separate amplifier 348 and envelope detector 350 can be provided 35 for each of the signals from filters 308 and 310 if it is sty desired to measure each separately. The SKI signal from envelope detector 350 is coupled to its corresponding CAM 106, 108, 110 or 112 in Figure 1, where it is digitized. Many other types of commercially available signal strength detecting circuitry can be utilized in place of summer 340, amplifier 348, and envelope detector 350.
Referring to Figure 4, there is illustrated a block diagram of the circuitry in Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1. Each CAM includes a microcomputer 402 having a memory with stored program therein for communicating with GCC 104 and portable radios 130, 132 and 134 in Figure 1.
Microcomputer 402 can be any suitable commercially available microcomputer such as, for example, the Motorola type MCKEE, MCKEE or MCKEE microprocessor, or those micro-processors described in US. patent numbers 4,030,079 and 4,266,270, and the patents and patent applications referred to therein.
Microcomputer 402 is coupled to RS232 interface 404 which may be coupled by a modem to a dedicated telephone line from GCC 104 in Figure 1. Message signals received by microcomputer 402 from the GCC may be coupled to filter 406 and thereafter applied to its corresponding transmitter. The message signals may be coded according to fre~uency-shift keying, phase-shift keying or any other suitable existing encoding scheme. Suitable message signal coding schemes are described in the alone-mentioned US patent nos. 3,906,445, 4,156,867 and 4,354,252 and Canadian patent application serial no. 433,332.
Message signals received from portable radios by the Cams receiver are coupled to filter 408 and thereafter to limiter 410 which converts the analog signals into a non-return-to-zero binary signal. The output of limiter 410 is applied to an input port of microcomputer 402.
Microcomputer 402 also takes signal strength readings while it is receiving message signals. The SKI
signal from its corresponding receiver is coupled to Aye converter 412, which may continuously convert the analog SKI signal to a digitized SKI signal. The digitized SKI
signal from A/D converter 412 is applied to an input port of microcomputer 402. Several A/D conversions are performed while a message signal is being received. The digitized SKI signals for the several conversions are averaged by microcomputer 402. The average SKI signal is appended to the received message signal which is sent by lo microcomputer 402 via RS232 interface 404 to GCC 104 in Figure 1.
Referring to Figure 5, there is illustrated a block diagram of the circuitry in the general communications controller 104 in Figure 1. The GCC includes a micro-computer 500 having a memory with a stored program for communicating with Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1. Microcomputer 500 is coupled to RS232 interfaces 504, 505 and 506 which may be coupled by modems to dedicated telephone lines from each CAM. Microcomputer 500 is also coupled to RS232 interface 502 which may be coupled to a dedicated telephone line from host computer 102 in Figure 1. Information in message signals received from portable radios by way of Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 is forwarded by microcomputer 500 to host computer 102.
Conversely, information to be sent to portable radios from host computer 102 is transmitted to microcomputer 500 and incorporated into message signals transmitted to designated portable radios. Microcomputer 500 receives signal strength information from each of the Cams whenever a portable radio transmits a message signal and processes the signal strength information to determine the zone in which that portable radio is presently located.
Microcomputer 500 stores for each portable radio the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission, the zone having the second largest foe adjusted signal strength for the last transmission, the "home" zone assigned to that portable radio, and the last zone used for communications with that portable radio.
For subsequent transmissions of message signals to a portable radio, the GCC accesses the zone location information for that portable radio and selects a transmitter for transmitting a message signal in the zone in which the portable radio is most likely located.
Microcomputer 500 also keeps track of which transmitters are in use and which transmitters interfere with communications in a particular zone. Thus, when transmitting a message signal in the zone where a selected portable radio is located, microcomputer 500 inhibits the use of other transmitters which would interfere with communications in that zone. If transmission of a message signal to a portable radio would interfere with a transmission already under way, microcomputer 500 queues that message signal for trays-mission when the interfering transmitter has completed its transmission. Microcomputer 500 can be any suitable commercially available microcomputer, such as, or example, a Motorola type MCKEE, MCKEE or MCKEE microprocessor, or those microprocessors described in US. patent numbers 4,030,079 and 4,266,270 and the patent application referred to therein.
Referring next to Figure 8, there is illustrated a flow chart including the process steps used by Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1 for measuring the signal strength of RF signals transmitted by portable radios.
The flow chart in Figure 8 provides a detailed descrip-lion of the process steps required for execution by microcomputer 402 in Figure 4. The coding of the process steps of the flow chart in Figure 8 into the instructions of a suitable commercially available microcomputer is a mere mechanical step for a rottener skilled in the art.
Zoo Entering the flow chart in Figure 8 at start block 800, a check is made to see if the SKI flag is set at decision block 802. If the SKI flag is not set, NO
branch is taken to decision block 820 where it is determined whether or not a SYNC (synchronization) word has been detected. The SYNC word is part of each data packet in a message signal and is followed by alphanumeric information. The particular bit pattern of the SYNC word is detected by microcomputer 402 in Figure 4. Signal strength measurements need not be taken until a SYNC word is detected. Once a SYNC word has been detected, several signal strength measurements can be taken at different times during receipt of the message signal and then averaged to obtain a more realistic estimate of the signal strength for the portable radio transmitting that message signal.
If a SYNC word has not been received, NO branch is taken from decision block 820 to block 822 to exit from the flow chart in Figure 8. Otherwise, YES branch is taken from decision block 820 to block 824 where the SKI
running average is cleared. Next, at block 826, the SKI
flag is set, and then at block 828 the SKI timer is sex to twelve milliseconds. Assuming that a data packet has a length of approximately twenty-four milliseconds, the SKI timer is set at twelve milliseconds so that two signal strength measurements will be taken for each data packet. Next, the flow chart is exited at block 830.
Returning back to block 802 in Figure 8, the SKI
flag is set whenever a message signal is being received from a portable radio. Assuming the SKI flag was previously set, YES branch is taken from decision bloc 802 to decision block 804 where it is determined if the SKI timer is equal to zero. Assuming that microcomputer 402 in Figure is interrupted once every millisecond, the SKI timer may be decrement Ed and the flow chart in Figure 8 may be executed every millisecond in response to each ~.Z~fi~
interrupt. As a result, the SKI timer will be zero twelve milliseconds after a SYNC word has been received.
If the SKI timer is not equal to zero, NO branch is taken to exit from the flow chart at block 80~. Otherwise, YES
branch is taken to block 80~ where the digitized SKI
signal is read from A/D converter 412 in Figure 4. Next, at block 810, the newly read digitized SKI signal is averaged with the SKI running average Proceeding to decision block 812 in Figure 8, lo check is made to determine if the end of the portable radio message signal has been reached. If the end of the message signal has not been reached, NO branch is taken to block 82~ where the SKI timer is set to twelve milliseconds for taking another signal strength measure-mint. otherwise, YES branch is taken from decision block 812 to block 814, where the SKI running average is appended to the message signal which is sent to GCC 104 in Figure 1. Next, at block 816, the SKI flag is cleared in preparation for receipt of subsequent message signals, and the flow chart is exited at block 818.
The process steps of the flow chart in Figure 8 are designed to take two signal strength measurements for each data packet in a message signal received from a portable radio. For example, if there are four data packets in a message signal, eight signal strength measurements are taken and averaged. All Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1 receiving the same message signal from a portable radio are likewise taking two signal strength measurements per data packet and appending the average signal strength to the message signal that is routed to the GCC. Therefore, within a short period of time, the GCC will be receiving several different average signal strength measurements from the Cams that receive the same message signal from a portable radio.
Referring to Figure 6, there is illustrated a flow chart used by GCC 104 for processing the average signal Jo z2~jfi2~
strength measurements received from each of the Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1. The flow chart in Figure 6 is entered at start block 600 whenever a message signal together with an average signal strength measurement is received from a CAM. Next, at block 602 a message timer is set to one-hundred milliseconds to provide a time interval during which the same message signal is received by other Cams and sent together with an average signal strength measurement to the GCC. All Cams should receive, if at all, the same message signal lo at approximately the same time. The one-hundred millisecond message time interval is utilized to alloy fry CC~ processing and transmission delays. Assuring that microcomputer 500 in Figure 5 is interrupted once every millisecond, the message timer may be decrement Ed in response to each interrupt.
Next, at block 604 in Figure 6, the average signal strength measurement received with a message signal is entered into the SKI matrix in the position for the receiver that took the measurement. Proceeding to decision block 606, a check is made to see if another average signal strength measurement has been received from another CAM. If so, YES branch is taken back to block 604. Otherwise, NO branch is taken to block 608 where the message timer is decrement Ed once every millisecond. Next, at decision block 610 a check is made to see if the message timer is equal to zero. If not, NO
branch is taken back to decision block 606 to check to see if another average signal strength measurement has been received. Otherwise, YES branch is taken to block 612 for processing the average signal strength measurements that have been received during the previous one-hundred millisecond time interval.
Proceeding to block 612 in Figure 6, an adjusted signal strength is computed for each zone using the newly received average signal strength measurements that have been entered into the SKI matrix and the predetermined factors previously entered into the ZSEL matrix. The ZADJ matrix is computed by multiplying the SKI matrix and the ZSEL matrix according to the formula:
[ZADJ] = [SKI] x USE
The resulting ZADJ matrix has one adjusted signal strength for each zone in the data communications system.
Since some of the zones may be in different cities, some of the adjusted signal strengths may be zero. For the zone configuration in Figure 2, it is possible that transmissions from a portable radio will be received by all three receivers Al, R2 and R3, producing an adjusted signal strength for all seven zones Zl-Z7.
According to another feature of the present invent lion, the SKI matrix can be stored and later used in combination with the SKI matrix for the next transmission from the same portable radio. or example, the signal strength measurements in the stored SKI matrix can be ; decreased on the basis of the time interval between the previous and newly received transmission from the portable radio. Next, the decreased signal strength measurements and the new signal strength measurements - may be averaged for each CAM receiver, and the average signal strength measurements may be used to calculate : 25 the ZPDJ matrix in block 612. the average signal strength measurements may then be stored in the SKI ma--- trip for use with the signal strength measurements taken : for a subsequent transmission from the same portable radio ' :
iffy - aye -Next, at block 614 in Figure 6, the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength in the ZADJ matrix come putted in block 612 is selected and stored in zone lo-cation I for the portable radio whose transmitted message signal was received by each of the Cams The number of Cams receiving a message signal and making a signal strength measurement for a portable radio will vary depending both on the location of the portable radio and the terrain and location of receivers in the geographical area of the data communications system.
In other words, depending on the location of a portable radio, as Jew as one and potentially all of the CC'~I
receivers may receive the same message signal from a portable radio.
Next, at block 616, the zone having the second largest adjusted signal strength in the ZADJ matrix is selected and stored in zone location I for the particular portable radio. Zone locations Al and I are the most likely zones in which that portable radio is located. Every time the portable radio trays-mitt a message signal, new signal strength measurements are taken and the zones stored in zone locations I
and I are updated. Therefore, according to the present I
invention, the location of each portable radio is updated every time that portable radio transmits a message signal using the average signal strength measurement taken by all of the CAM receivers that receive its message signal.
Since the signal strength measurements from all CAM
receivers receiving the same message signal are used, a reasonably accurate determination ox the portable radio's location can be made. To insure that location information does not become stale, GCC in Figure 1 can initiate a shortwhere-are-you message signal for those portable radios that have been inactive for a relatively long period of time.
Whenever it is desired to transmit a message signal from GCC 104 in Figure 1 to a selected portable radio, the flow chart in figure 7 is utilized by the GCC for selecting the CAM transmitter covering the zone in which the selected portable radio is most likely to be located.
Entering the flow chart in Figure 7 at start block 700, N
is set equal to 1 at block 702 and M is set equal to one at block 704. N is an integer number used to determine which zone location Z~1), Z(2~, I or I is selected, and M is an integer number used to determine the number of retransmission made to a particular zone.
Next, at block 706 in Figure 7, the GCC selects the transmitter covering zone location I for the selected portable radio. Initially, the GCC selects zone location I. As previously explained, zone location I is the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength or the last transmission prom the selected portable radio, zone location I is the zone having the second largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from the selected portable radio, zone location I is the "home" zone for the selected portable radio, and zone location I is the zone location used for the last transmission to the selected portable radio.
., ;26 Proceeding next to decision block 708 in Figure 7, a check is made to see if an interfering transmitter is in use. The interfering transmitters are determined by rev-erroneous to the ZIP matrix, which identifies transmitters that interfere with communications in zone location I.
If an interfering transmitter is in use, YES branch is taken to block 710 where the message signal is queued for later transmission to the selected portable radio, and the flow chart is exited at block 712. If an interfering lo transmitter is not in use, MO branch is taken to block 714 where a message signal is transmitted to the selected portable radio using a transmitter selected from the SWAHILI
matrix for covering zone location I. At the same time, interfering transmitters selected from the ZIP
matrix for zone location I may be inhibited from transmitting while the message signal is being sent to the selected portable radio.
Next, at block 716 in Figure 7, the GCC waits for one hundred milliseconds to determine if an acknowledgement message has been received from the selected portable radio. If the selected portable radio is actually in zone location I and receives the transmitted message signal, it will transmit an acknowledgement signal indicating that the message signal has been properly received. Proceeding to decision block 718, a check is made to see if an acknowledgement signal has been received. If so, YES branch is taken to block 720 and the flow chart is exited. In other words, the message signal has been successfully communicated to the selected portable radio. If an acknowledgement signal has not been received, NO branch is taken to block 722 where M is incremented by 1. The variable M is used to provide for one or more retransmission of the message signal to the same zone location. In the preferred embodiment, one retransmission is allowed.
Therefore, at decision block 724 a check is made to see 1.2;~t;~Z~
if M is greater than or equal to three. If M is less than three, NO branch is taken back to block 706 for retransmitting the message signal to zone location I.
If M is greater than or equal to three, YES branch is taken to block 726 for preparing to transmit the message signal in the next zone location.
At block 726 in figure 7, N is incremented by one for selecting the next zone location. Proceeding to decision block 7~8, a check is made to see if N is greater than or equal to five. If N is less than five, NO branch is taken to block 704 where M is set equal to one and the process steps are repeated for the next zone location I. The process steps are repeated beginning at block 704 for each of the zone locations I, I, and I so that a message signal is transmitted, and retransmitted once, in all four stored zone locations in an attempt to communicate a message signal to a selected portable radio. If N is greater than or equal to five, YES branch is taken from decision block 728 to block 730 where the GCC alerts host computer 102 in Figure 1 that the portable radio is either inactive or lost. At this point in time, the host computer may decide to poll the portable radio in every zone of the data communications system. Such a poll would be conducted on a low priority basis using a minimum length message signal. Next, the flow chart in Figure 7 is exited at block 732.
The flow charts in figures 6 and 7 provide a detailed description of the process steps used by GCC
microcomputer 500 in Figure 5 for communicating message signals to portable radios. The coding of the process steps of the flow charts in Figure 6 and 7 into the instructions of a suitable commercially available microcomputer is a mere mechanical step for a rottener skilled in the art. By way of analogy to an electrical circuit diagram, the flow charts in Figures 6, 7 and 8 are equivalent to a detailed schematic for an electrical - , ~.2~jfiZ~
circuit where provision of the exact part valves for the electrical components in the electrical schematic corresponds to provision of microcomputer instructions for blocks in the flow charts.
Referring to Figure 9, there is illustrated a block diagram of the circuitry in portable radius 130, 132 and 134 in Figure 1. Each portable radio includes a radio transceiver 340, a microcomputer 320, an alphanumeric display 310, and a keyboard 312. Alphanumeric display 310 may be any commercially available display, such as an LCD display or gas discharge display, that provides for the display ox one or more lines of alphanumeric information. Display 310 is controlled by I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320. Keyboard 312 may be any commercially available keyboard having both numeric and alphanumeric keys. Keyboard 312 is coupled to I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320, which senses activation of its various keys.
Radio transceiver 340 in Figure 9 may be any suit-able commercially available transceiver, such as that de-scribed in the aforementioned Motorola instruction manual no. POW and in Motorola instruction manual no.
68P81014C65. Radio transceiver 340 includes two an-tennis spaced at a predetermined distance from one another for providing receiver diversity. Receiver 341 is coupled directly to one antenna and coupled by duplexes 342 to the other antenna. Duplexes 342 may be any suitable commercially available duplexes such as that described in US. patent number 3,728,731. Receiver 341 may include suitable commercially available circuits for selecting between the two antennas, such as, for example, the antenna selection circuitry in the aforementioned Motorola instruction manual no. 68P8103gE25. Receiver ~3~1 demodulates message signals transmitted from the CAM
- 35 transmitters. The demodulated message signals are filtered by filter 316 and limited by limiter 31~ and it thereafter applied to I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320.
Message signals from I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320 are applied to filter 318 and thereafter to transmitter 343 for transmission to CAM receivers. Transmitter 343 is turned on in response to the TX key signal from I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320. The output of transmitter 343 is coupled to one of the radio transceiver antennas by way of duplexes 342.
Microcomputer 320 in Figure 9 includes I/O devices 321, microprocessor (MU) 322, random-access memory (RAM) 326, read-only memory (ROM) 323, and I.D. ROM 324. MU 322 may be any suitable commercially available microprocessor, such as, for example, the Motorola type MCKEE, MCKEE or MCKEE microprocessors, or those microprocessors described in US. patent numbers 4,030,079 and 4,266,270 and the patent application referred to therein. Similarly, I/O
device 321, RUM 326, ROM 323 and I.D. ROM 324 may be any commercially available devices that are suitable for operation with the type of microprocessor selected for MU 322. I.D.
ROM 324 is a removable device that includes a specific identification code or address that is assigned to a portable radio. ROM 323 stores the control program that is executed by MU 322 for communicating message signals and acknowledgement signals to GCC 104 in Figure 1. RAM 326 includes both a scratch pad area used by MU 322 during execution of the control program stored in ROM 323 and a number of register locations allocated for storing the identification code read in by MU 322 from I.D. ROM 324, information displayed by display 310, information entered from keyboard 312, and other status information.
The contents of specific registers in RAM 326 may be loaded from message signals received from GCC 104 in Figure 1 or may key included in message signals sent by MU 322 to the GCC. The formatting of register information into message signals may be accomplished as described in the aforementioned Canadian patent application, serial number 433,332, which application also includes a listing of suitable control program.
The portable radio illustrated in Figure 9 may be either a mobile radio that is installed in a vehicle or a portable radio that is small enough to be hand-carried from place to place (See the aforementioned Motorola instruction manual Number 68P81014C65). Although the portable radio in Figure 9 is primarily adapted to transmit and receive message signals including alphanumeric information, the portable radio may also provide voice communications by means of a speaker connected to the output of receiver 341 and a microphone connected to the input of transmitter 343. A portable radio adapted to communicate both alphanumeric information and voice signals is described in the instant assignee's US. Patent No. 4,430,742, entitled, "Data Muting Method and Apparatus for Radio Communications System", and invented by Thomas A. Free burg et at.
In summary, unique methods and apparatus for trays-miller selection and transmitter reuse in data commune-cations systems have been described. By selecting the proper transmitter for transmitting message signals to portable radios, unnecessary transmissions are eliminated, freeing up the radio channel for communique-lions with other portable radios. Moreover, transmitters which do not interfere with communications already underway to a particular zone can be simultaneously transmitting message signals to portable radios in other zones, thus greatly enhancing message signal throughput.
GCC 104 of the data communications system in Figure 1 may be coupled to a host computer 102 which may control a number of GCC's 104 that are located in different geographical areas, such as, for example, different cities.
Thus, host computer 102 may gather data from, and dispatch data to, portable radios located in several different cities. GCC 104 may be coupled to host computer 102 and Cams 106, 108, 110, and 112 by means of commercially available modems and associated dedicated telephone lines.
GCC 104 in Figure 1 transmits message signals to and receives message signals from portable radios 130, 132 and 134. The message signals may include coded data packets which each may contain a binary preamble, a predetermined synchronization word and an information word containing a command, status or data. The format of the data packets may be any of a number of existing data formats, such as, for example, those described in US.
patent numbers 3,906,445, 4,156,867 and 4,354,252, and in Canadian Patent Application Serial Number 433,332 entitled "Data Signaling System", filed July 27, 1983 and invented by Timothy M. Burke et at.
Message signals are routed by GCC 104 to a solitude CAM 106, 108, 110 and 112 for transmission by its corresponding transmitter. Since the message signals are not transmitted on all transmitters simultaneously, as in simulcast systems of the type described in US. Patent Number 4,188,522, it is necessary that GCC 104 have a 6~6 reasonably accurate determination of the location of each portable radio 130, 132 and 134 so that GCC 104 may select the transmitter 114, 120 or 124 which covers the zone in which a particular portable radio is located.
The improved method and apparatus of the present invention enable GCC 104 to dynamically select the transmitter 114, 120 or 124 for transmitting a message signal to a selected portable radio 130, 132 or 134.
According to another important feature of the lo present invention, two or more of the transmitters 114, 120 or 124 can be operated simultaneously for communicating with different portable radios located in different zones provided that transmissions from the two transmitters do not interfere with reception in the particular zones where the two portable radios are located. As a result, data throughput of the data communications system illustrated in Figure 1 can be significantly increased by reuse of the RF commune-cations channel. In other words, by taking advantage of reuse, a single RF communications channel can serve thousands of portable radios in a geographical area covering several states and their major cities.
Referring to figure 2, there is illustrated a geographical area of a data communications system that is divided into seven zones, Z1-Z7, and that includes three Cams 210,220 and 230 and corresponding transmitters and receivers. Transmitter To of CAM 210 has a coverage area within circle 212, transmitter To of CAM 220 within circle 222, and transmitter To of CAM 230 within circle 232. Each time a portable radio transmits, signal strength readings are taken by receivers R1, R2 and R3.
These readings can be expressed by the following signal strength SKI matrix:
[SKI] = SUE SUE SUE].
- 35 According to the present invention, the signal strength readings taken by receivers R1, R2 and R3 can be Tao used to compute an adjusted signal strength for each zone Z1-Z7 by adjusting the measured signal strength for each receiver R1, R2 and R3 by corresponding predetermined factors associated with the particular zone and then come brining the adjusted signal strengths. The predetermined factors used to compute the adjusted signal strength depend on a number of factors such as the terrain, the height and gain of the antennas, and the sensitivity of the receivers. In other words, the predetermined factors lo associated with each zone are empirically determined and depend upon the characteristics of the equipment and terrain in each data communications system. The pro-determined factors can be arranged in a zone selection ZSEL matrix, such as, or example, the exemplary ZSEL
matrix hereinbelow:
15.5 0 0 10.7 10.4 0 7-7 [ZSEL] = 0 15.3 0 0 9.8 10.2 7.5 I 0 15.7 lo 0 if 7.4~
The adjusted signal strength ZADJ matrix for each of the zones Z1-Z7 is then computed according to the following matrix formula:
[ZADJ] = [SKI] X [ZSEL]; or [ZADJ] = [ZlADJ Z2ADJ Z3ADJ Z4ADJ Z5ADJ Z6ADJ Z7ADJ]
Then, using the ZADJ matrix, GCC 104 can select the zone which has the largest adjusted signal strength for a particular transmission from a portable radio. The selected zone can be stored together with other data in a location of the memory of GCC 104 associated with that portable radio.
Whenever transmitting a message signal to that particular portable radio, GCC 104 will first transmit the message signal on the carrier signal of the transmitter that covers the zone which had the largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from 2,~6Çi2~
that portable radio. Both that zone and the transmitter covering it are stored in the memory of GCC 104. If the portable radio does not acknowledge the transmission of the message signal from GCC 104, GCC 104 may attempt one or more retransmission of the message signal by means of that selected transmitter. If the retransmission likewise are not acknowledged by the portable radio, GCC
104 may then transmit the message signal via the transmitter covering the zone which had the second largest adjusted signal strength for the last lo transmission from that portable radio. Again, if the portable radio does not acknowledge the transmission from GCC 104, GCC 104 may resend the message signal one or more times by means of that selected transmitter. If GCC
104 does not reach the selected portable radio by means of these two transmitters, GCC 104 may either select another transmitter covering that portable radios "home"
zone, or initiate a polling sequence in which the selected portable radio is polled in every zone in the data communications system starting with the portable radio's "home" zone.
Assuming that the SKI matrix is 10, 10, 10 for a transmission from a selected portable radio, the ZADJ
matrix will be 155, 153, 157, 207, 202, 212, 226 using the predetermined factors in the above ZSEL matrix. For this particular transmission from that portable radio, the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength is zone Z7 and the zone having the second largest adjusted signal strength is zone Z6. Referring to Figure 2, the portable station is most probably located in zone Z7 which is approximately midway between Cams 210, 220 and 230. The second most likely location of the portable station is zone Z6 which is between Cams 220 and 230.
The transmitters To, To and To in Figure 2 can be assigned to cover the seven zones as follows Zone Z1 is I covered by To, zone Z2 is covered by To, zone Z3 is '~,Z~6~?26 covered by To, zone Z4 is covered by To, zone Z5 is covered by To, zone Z6 is covered by To, and zone Z7 is covered by To. For transmitting a message signal to the portable radio, transmitter To is used first since zone Z7 has the largest adjusted signal strength. If the portable radio does not acknowledge the first transmit-soon or subsequent retransmission from transmitter To, the message signal is next transmitted by transmitter To for covering zone Z6, which had the second largest lo adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from the portable radio.
Assuming that on a subsequent transmission from the portable radio the SKI matrix is 10, 10, 0, the ZADJ
matrix is 155, 153, 0, 107, 202, 102, 152. In this case, zone Z5 has the largest adjusted signal strength, and zone Z1 has the second largest adjusted signal strength.
Therefore, a message signal would first be transmitted by ; transmitter To for covering zone Z5, and thereafter transmitted by transmitter To for covering zone Z1.
Again, assuming that a subsequent transmission from the portable station results in an SKI matrix that is 0, 10, 10, than the ZADJ matrix is 0, 153, 157, 100, 98, 212, 149. In this case, zone Z6 has the largest adjusted signal strength, and zone Z3 has the second largest adjusted signal strength. Since transmitter To covers both zone Z6 and zone Z3, a message signal transmitted by transmitter To will reach the portable radio if it is in either zone Z6 or zone Z3. For a subsequent transmission, zone Z2 has the third largest adjusted signal strength and is covered by transmitter To.
Next, the transmitter reuse feature of the present invention may be illustrated by the seven zone arrange-- mint in Figure 2. First of all, there is no transmitter ; interference for communications to portable radios located in zones 21, Z2 or Z3. That is, transmitter To, To and To can be operated simultaneously for I
communicating with portable radios in zones Z1, Z2 and Z3, respectively. However, for zone Z4, transmitter To must be off; for zone Z5 transmitter To must be off; for zone Z6 transmitter To must be off; and for zone Z7 transmitters To and To must be off. Using the foregoing interference criteria, transmitter reuse is possible for all zones except for zone Z7. For example, if the portable radio is located in zone Z4, transmitter To is used to communicate with that portable radio, and lo transmitter To can be simultaneously operated for communicating with portable radios in zone Z2.
Similarly, while transmitter To is used for communicating with a portable radio in zone Z6, transmitter To must be off and transmitter To can be on. In this case, trays-miller To could be on and communicating with a portable radio located in zone Z1. Both a transmitter selection SWAHILI matrix and a zone interference ZIP matrix can be used to show the above criteria. The SWAHILI matrix is as follows:
To To To [ SWAHILI] c Z4 1 0 0 A one in the SWAHILI matrix indicates that the trays-miller in that column is used for communicating with a portable radio located in the zone in that row.
The ZIP matrix is as follows:
~.22~
To To To SOPHIE] = Z4 0 0 A one in the ZIP matrix means that the transmitter in lo that column cannot be transmitting if it is desired to communicate with a portable radio located in the zone in that row.
Both of these matrices can be provided by tables that are stored in the memory of GCC 104 in Figure 1.
GCC 104 uses both of this matrices during the process of selecting a transmitter for communicating a message signal to a selected portable radio. For example, assuming a portable radio is in zone Z5, transmitter To is used and transmitter To must be off.
Referring to Figure 3, there is illustrated a detailed circuit diagram of the receivers 116, 118, 122, 126 and 128 associated with Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1. Each receiver includes two antennas spaced at a predetermined distance from one another and a maximal ratio predetection diversity combiner 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326 and 328 for combining the signals received by each of the antennas. The space diversity provided by the two antennas is utilized to prevent degradation in communications which results when an antenna is located in an RF signal null. Rapid and deep RF signal nulls, called Raleigh fading, are experienced in communications systems operating at RF
signal frequencies in the new 800 to 900 mHz frequency range. The maximal ratio predetection diversity combiner coiffeuses the RF signals from each antenna and linearly adds the cophased signals to provide a composite signal r I issue having components that are proportional to the square of the RF signals from each antenna. Therefore, strong signals are emphasized much more than weak signals. In other words, communications are not adversely affected if a very weak signal is received by one antenna and a reasonably good signal is received by the other antenna.
In the diversity receiver in Figure 3, the frequency of local oscillator 306 determines the radio channel to which the diversity receiver is tuned. The RF signal lo received by each antenna is combined by mixers 302 and 304 with the signal from local oscillator 208 to provide corresponding IF signals. The IF signal from mixers 302 and 304 is then applied to IF band pass filters 308 and 310, respectively, which may be a monolithic band pass filter of conventional design similar to that described in US. patent no. 3,716,808. The filtered IF signals from filters 308 and 310 are split and fed forward via two paths to mixers 312, 324 and 314, 326, respectively.
; First portions of the IF signals are applied to mixers 324 and 326, and second portions of the IF signals are applied to mixers 312 and 314 together with the composite - IF signal which is fed back from amplifier 330. By feeding back the composite IF signal, the IF strip of the diversity receiver forms a closed feedback loop that is regenerative on noise. Thus, the randomly varying phase of the IF signals from filters 308 and 310 relative to the composite IF signal is added into the closed loop via mixers 312 and 314 and then subtracted out at mixers 324 and 326, respectively. By this process, the random phase variations are removed from the If signals in relation ; to the composite IF signal. The result is that each of the IF signals is cophased to the composite IF signal.
The product signals from mixers 312 and 314 at the difference frequency are applied to filters 316 and 318, respectively, which each provide a variable phase shift.
Filters 316 and 318 may be two-pole crystal filters. The '2t:;~;Z~
signals from filters 316 and 318 are linearly amplified by amplifiers 320 and 322, respectively, and applied to the second input of mixers 324 and 326, respectively.
Mixers 324 and 326 multiply the signals from amplifiers 320 and 322, respectively, with the IF signals from filters 308 and 310, respectively, to provide product signals that are cophased with the composite IF signal.
The product signals from mixers AYE and 326 are both cophased and proportional to the square of the level of the IF signals from filters 308 and 310, respectively.
The product signals from the mixers 324 and 326 are linearly added by summer 328 to form one composite IF
signal. The composite IF signal may be coupled via amplifier 330 to a conventional FM detector 332 which has an output signal providing demodulated message signals.
The output signal of FM detector 332 is coupled to its corresponding CAM 106, 108, 110 or 112 in Figure 1.
Further details of the circuitry in the diversity receiver in Figure 3 are illustrated and described in the 20 instant assignee's US. Patent No. 4,369,520 entitled "Instantaneously Acquiring Sector Antenna System", and invented by Frank J. Corny, Jr. and James J. Mikulski, and in Canadian Patent No. 1,141,431 entitled "Large Dynamic Range Multiplier for a Maximal Ratio Diversity Combiner", and invented by Frank J. Corny, Jr.
Figure 3 also illustrates the circuitry 340, 348 and 350 comprising the signal strength detector that is located in the receivers. Summer 340 is coupled to the signals from filters 308 and 310 and provides a composite signal which is coupled to amplifier 348. The output of amplifier 348 is coupled to envelope detector 350 which provides an SKI signal that is proportional to the maxima of the composite signal from amplifier 348. A separate amplifier 348 and envelope detector 350 can be provided 35 for each of the signals from filters 308 and 310 if it is sty desired to measure each separately. The SKI signal from envelope detector 350 is coupled to its corresponding CAM 106, 108, 110 or 112 in Figure 1, where it is digitized. Many other types of commercially available signal strength detecting circuitry can be utilized in place of summer 340, amplifier 348, and envelope detector 350.
Referring to Figure 4, there is illustrated a block diagram of the circuitry in Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1. Each CAM includes a microcomputer 402 having a memory with stored program therein for communicating with GCC 104 and portable radios 130, 132 and 134 in Figure 1.
Microcomputer 402 can be any suitable commercially available microcomputer such as, for example, the Motorola type MCKEE, MCKEE or MCKEE microprocessor, or those micro-processors described in US. patent numbers 4,030,079 and 4,266,270, and the patents and patent applications referred to therein.
Microcomputer 402 is coupled to RS232 interface 404 which may be coupled by a modem to a dedicated telephone line from GCC 104 in Figure 1. Message signals received by microcomputer 402 from the GCC may be coupled to filter 406 and thereafter applied to its corresponding transmitter. The message signals may be coded according to fre~uency-shift keying, phase-shift keying or any other suitable existing encoding scheme. Suitable message signal coding schemes are described in the alone-mentioned US patent nos. 3,906,445, 4,156,867 and 4,354,252 and Canadian patent application serial no. 433,332.
Message signals received from portable radios by the Cams receiver are coupled to filter 408 and thereafter to limiter 410 which converts the analog signals into a non-return-to-zero binary signal. The output of limiter 410 is applied to an input port of microcomputer 402.
Microcomputer 402 also takes signal strength readings while it is receiving message signals. The SKI
signal from its corresponding receiver is coupled to Aye converter 412, which may continuously convert the analog SKI signal to a digitized SKI signal. The digitized SKI
signal from A/D converter 412 is applied to an input port of microcomputer 402. Several A/D conversions are performed while a message signal is being received. The digitized SKI signals for the several conversions are averaged by microcomputer 402. The average SKI signal is appended to the received message signal which is sent by lo microcomputer 402 via RS232 interface 404 to GCC 104 in Figure 1.
Referring to Figure 5, there is illustrated a block diagram of the circuitry in the general communications controller 104 in Figure 1. The GCC includes a micro-computer 500 having a memory with a stored program for communicating with Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1. Microcomputer 500 is coupled to RS232 interfaces 504, 505 and 506 which may be coupled by modems to dedicated telephone lines from each CAM. Microcomputer 500 is also coupled to RS232 interface 502 which may be coupled to a dedicated telephone line from host computer 102 in Figure 1. Information in message signals received from portable radios by way of Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 is forwarded by microcomputer 500 to host computer 102.
Conversely, information to be sent to portable radios from host computer 102 is transmitted to microcomputer 500 and incorporated into message signals transmitted to designated portable radios. Microcomputer 500 receives signal strength information from each of the Cams whenever a portable radio transmits a message signal and processes the signal strength information to determine the zone in which that portable radio is presently located.
Microcomputer 500 stores for each portable radio the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission, the zone having the second largest foe adjusted signal strength for the last transmission, the "home" zone assigned to that portable radio, and the last zone used for communications with that portable radio.
For subsequent transmissions of message signals to a portable radio, the GCC accesses the zone location information for that portable radio and selects a transmitter for transmitting a message signal in the zone in which the portable radio is most likely located.
Microcomputer 500 also keeps track of which transmitters are in use and which transmitters interfere with communications in a particular zone. Thus, when transmitting a message signal in the zone where a selected portable radio is located, microcomputer 500 inhibits the use of other transmitters which would interfere with communications in that zone. If transmission of a message signal to a portable radio would interfere with a transmission already under way, microcomputer 500 queues that message signal for trays-mission when the interfering transmitter has completed its transmission. Microcomputer 500 can be any suitable commercially available microcomputer, such as, or example, a Motorola type MCKEE, MCKEE or MCKEE microprocessor, or those microprocessors described in US. patent numbers 4,030,079 and 4,266,270 and the patent application referred to therein.
Referring next to Figure 8, there is illustrated a flow chart including the process steps used by Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1 for measuring the signal strength of RF signals transmitted by portable radios.
The flow chart in Figure 8 provides a detailed descrip-lion of the process steps required for execution by microcomputer 402 in Figure 4. The coding of the process steps of the flow chart in Figure 8 into the instructions of a suitable commercially available microcomputer is a mere mechanical step for a rottener skilled in the art.
Zoo Entering the flow chart in Figure 8 at start block 800, a check is made to see if the SKI flag is set at decision block 802. If the SKI flag is not set, NO
branch is taken to decision block 820 where it is determined whether or not a SYNC (synchronization) word has been detected. The SYNC word is part of each data packet in a message signal and is followed by alphanumeric information. The particular bit pattern of the SYNC word is detected by microcomputer 402 in Figure 4. Signal strength measurements need not be taken until a SYNC word is detected. Once a SYNC word has been detected, several signal strength measurements can be taken at different times during receipt of the message signal and then averaged to obtain a more realistic estimate of the signal strength for the portable radio transmitting that message signal.
If a SYNC word has not been received, NO branch is taken from decision block 820 to block 822 to exit from the flow chart in Figure 8. Otherwise, YES branch is taken from decision block 820 to block 824 where the SKI
running average is cleared. Next, at block 826, the SKI
flag is set, and then at block 828 the SKI timer is sex to twelve milliseconds. Assuming that a data packet has a length of approximately twenty-four milliseconds, the SKI timer is set at twelve milliseconds so that two signal strength measurements will be taken for each data packet. Next, the flow chart is exited at block 830.
Returning back to block 802 in Figure 8, the SKI
flag is set whenever a message signal is being received from a portable radio. Assuming the SKI flag was previously set, YES branch is taken from decision bloc 802 to decision block 804 where it is determined if the SKI timer is equal to zero. Assuming that microcomputer 402 in Figure is interrupted once every millisecond, the SKI timer may be decrement Ed and the flow chart in Figure 8 may be executed every millisecond in response to each ~.Z~fi~
interrupt. As a result, the SKI timer will be zero twelve milliseconds after a SYNC word has been received.
If the SKI timer is not equal to zero, NO branch is taken to exit from the flow chart at block 80~. Otherwise, YES
branch is taken to block 80~ where the digitized SKI
signal is read from A/D converter 412 in Figure 4. Next, at block 810, the newly read digitized SKI signal is averaged with the SKI running average Proceeding to decision block 812 in Figure 8, lo check is made to determine if the end of the portable radio message signal has been reached. If the end of the message signal has not been reached, NO branch is taken to block 82~ where the SKI timer is set to twelve milliseconds for taking another signal strength measure-mint. otherwise, YES branch is taken from decision block 812 to block 814, where the SKI running average is appended to the message signal which is sent to GCC 104 in Figure 1. Next, at block 816, the SKI flag is cleared in preparation for receipt of subsequent message signals, and the flow chart is exited at block 818.
The process steps of the flow chart in Figure 8 are designed to take two signal strength measurements for each data packet in a message signal received from a portable radio. For example, if there are four data packets in a message signal, eight signal strength measurements are taken and averaged. All Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1 receiving the same message signal from a portable radio are likewise taking two signal strength measurements per data packet and appending the average signal strength to the message signal that is routed to the GCC. Therefore, within a short period of time, the GCC will be receiving several different average signal strength measurements from the Cams that receive the same message signal from a portable radio.
Referring to Figure 6, there is illustrated a flow chart used by GCC 104 for processing the average signal Jo z2~jfi2~
strength measurements received from each of the Cams 106, 108, 110 and 112 in Figure 1. The flow chart in Figure 6 is entered at start block 600 whenever a message signal together with an average signal strength measurement is received from a CAM. Next, at block 602 a message timer is set to one-hundred milliseconds to provide a time interval during which the same message signal is received by other Cams and sent together with an average signal strength measurement to the GCC. All Cams should receive, if at all, the same message signal lo at approximately the same time. The one-hundred millisecond message time interval is utilized to alloy fry CC~ processing and transmission delays. Assuring that microcomputer 500 in Figure 5 is interrupted once every millisecond, the message timer may be decrement Ed in response to each interrupt.
Next, at block 604 in Figure 6, the average signal strength measurement received with a message signal is entered into the SKI matrix in the position for the receiver that took the measurement. Proceeding to decision block 606, a check is made to see if another average signal strength measurement has been received from another CAM. If so, YES branch is taken back to block 604. Otherwise, NO branch is taken to block 608 where the message timer is decrement Ed once every millisecond. Next, at decision block 610 a check is made to see if the message timer is equal to zero. If not, NO
branch is taken back to decision block 606 to check to see if another average signal strength measurement has been received. Otherwise, YES branch is taken to block 612 for processing the average signal strength measurements that have been received during the previous one-hundred millisecond time interval.
Proceeding to block 612 in Figure 6, an adjusted signal strength is computed for each zone using the newly received average signal strength measurements that have been entered into the SKI matrix and the predetermined factors previously entered into the ZSEL matrix. The ZADJ matrix is computed by multiplying the SKI matrix and the ZSEL matrix according to the formula:
[ZADJ] = [SKI] x USE
The resulting ZADJ matrix has one adjusted signal strength for each zone in the data communications system.
Since some of the zones may be in different cities, some of the adjusted signal strengths may be zero. For the zone configuration in Figure 2, it is possible that transmissions from a portable radio will be received by all three receivers Al, R2 and R3, producing an adjusted signal strength for all seven zones Zl-Z7.
According to another feature of the present invent lion, the SKI matrix can be stored and later used in combination with the SKI matrix for the next transmission from the same portable radio. or example, the signal strength measurements in the stored SKI matrix can be ; decreased on the basis of the time interval between the previous and newly received transmission from the portable radio. Next, the decreased signal strength measurements and the new signal strength measurements - may be averaged for each CAM receiver, and the average signal strength measurements may be used to calculate : 25 the ZPDJ matrix in block 612. the average signal strength measurements may then be stored in the SKI ma--- trip for use with the signal strength measurements taken : for a subsequent transmission from the same portable radio ' :
iffy - aye -Next, at block 614 in Figure 6, the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength in the ZADJ matrix come putted in block 612 is selected and stored in zone lo-cation I for the portable radio whose transmitted message signal was received by each of the Cams The number of Cams receiving a message signal and making a signal strength measurement for a portable radio will vary depending both on the location of the portable radio and the terrain and location of receivers in the geographical area of the data communications system.
In other words, depending on the location of a portable radio, as Jew as one and potentially all of the CC'~I
receivers may receive the same message signal from a portable radio.
Next, at block 616, the zone having the second largest adjusted signal strength in the ZADJ matrix is selected and stored in zone location I for the particular portable radio. Zone locations Al and I are the most likely zones in which that portable radio is located. Every time the portable radio trays-mitt a message signal, new signal strength measurements are taken and the zones stored in zone locations I
and I are updated. Therefore, according to the present I
invention, the location of each portable radio is updated every time that portable radio transmits a message signal using the average signal strength measurement taken by all of the CAM receivers that receive its message signal.
Since the signal strength measurements from all CAM
receivers receiving the same message signal are used, a reasonably accurate determination ox the portable radio's location can be made. To insure that location information does not become stale, GCC in Figure 1 can initiate a shortwhere-are-you message signal for those portable radios that have been inactive for a relatively long period of time.
Whenever it is desired to transmit a message signal from GCC 104 in Figure 1 to a selected portable radio, the flow chart in figure 7 is utilized by the GCC for selecting the CAM transmitter covering the zone in which the selected portable radio is most likely to be located.
Entering the flow chart in Figure 7 at start block 700, N
is set equal to 1 at block 702 and M is set equal to one at block 704. N is an integer number used to determine which zone location Z~1), Z(2~, I or I is selected, and M is an integer number used to determine the number of retransmission made to a particular zone.
Next, at block 706 in Figure 7, the GCC selects the transmitter covering zone location I for the selected portable radio. Initially, the GCC selects zone location I. As previously explained, zone location I is the zone having the largest adjusted signal strength or the last transmission prom the selected portable radio, zone location I is the zone having the second largest adjusted signal strength for the last transmission from the selected portable radio, zone location I is the "home" zone for the selected portable radio, and zone location I is the zone location used for the last transmission to the selected portable radio.
., ;26 Proceeding next to decision block 708 in Figure 7, a check is made to see if an interfering transmitter is in use. The interfering transmitters are determined by rev-erroneous to the ZIP matrix, which identifies transmitters that interfere with communications in zone location I.
If an interfering transmitter is in use, YES branch is taken to block 710 where the message signal is queued for later transmission to the selected portable radio, and the flow chart is exited at block 712. If an interfering lo transmitter is not in use, MO branch is taken to block 714 where a message signal is transmitted to the selected portable radio using a transmitter selected from the SWAHILI
matrix for covering zone location I. At the same time, interfering transmitters selected from the ZIP
matrix for zone location I may be inhibited from transmitting while the message signal is being sent to the selected portable radio.
Next, at block 716 in Figure 7, the GCC waits for one hundred milliseconds to determine if an acknowledgement message has been received from the selected portable radio. If the selected portable radio is actually in zone location I and receives the transmitted message signal, it will transmit an acknowledgement signal indicating that the message signal has been properly received. Proceeding to decision block 718, a check is made to see if an acknowledgement signal has been received. If so, YES branch is taken to block 720 and the flow chart is exited. In other words, the message signal has been successfully communicated to the selected portable radio. If an acknowledgement signal has not been received, NO branch is taken to block 722 where M is incremented by 1. The variable M is used to provide for one or more retransmission of the message signal to the same zone location. In the preferred embodiment, one retransmission is allowed.
Therefore, at decision block 724 a check is made to see 1.2;~t;~Z~
if M is greater than or equal to three. If M is less than three, NO branch is taken back to block 706 for retransmitting the message signal to zone location I.
If M is greater than or equal to three, YES branch is taken to block 726 for preparing to transmit the message signal in the next zone location.
At block 726 in figure 7, N is incremented by one for selecting the next zone location. Proceeding to decision block 7~8, a check is made to see if N is greater than or equal to five. If N is less than five, NO branch is taken to block 704 where M is set equal to one and the process steps are repeated for the next zone location I. The process steps are repeated beginning at block 704 for each of the zone locations I, I, and I so that a message signal is transmitted, and retransmitted once, in all four stored zone locations in an attempt to communicate a message signal to a selected portable radio. If N is greater than or equal to five, YES branch is taken from decision block 728 to block 730 where the GCC alerts host computer 102 in Figure 1 that the portable radio is either inactive or lost. At this point in time, the host computer may decide to poll the portable radio in every zone of the data communications system. Such a poll would be conducted on a low priority basis using a minimum length message signal. Next, the flow chart in Figure 7 is exited at block 732.
The flow charts in figures 6 and 7 provide a detailed description of the process steps used by GCC
microcomputer 500 in Figure 5 for communicating message signals to portable radios. The coding of the process steps of the flow charts in Figure 6 and 7 into the instructions of a suitable commercially available microcomputer is a mere mechanical step for a rottener skilled in the art. By way of analogy to an electrical circuit diagram, the flow charts in Figures 6, 7 and 8 are equivalent to a detailed schematic for an electrical - , ~.2~jfiZ~
circuit where provision of the exact part valves for the electrical components in the electrical schematic corresponds to provision of microcomputer instructions for blocks in the flow charts.
Referring to Figure 9, there is illustrated a block diagram of the circuitry in portable radius 130, 132 and 134 in Figure 1. Each portable radio includes a radio transceiver 340, a microcomputer 320, an alphanumeric display 310, and a keyboard 312. Alphanumeric display 310 may be any commercially available display, such as an LCD display or gas discharge display, that provides for the display ox one or more lines of alphanumeric information. Display 310 is controlled by I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320. Keyboard 312 may be any commercially available keyboard having both numeric and alphanumeric keys. Keyboard 312 is coupled to I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320, which senses activation of its various keys.
Radio transceiver 340 in Figure 9 may be any suit-able commercially available transceiver, such as that de-scribed in the aforementioned Motorola instruction manual no. POW and in Motorola instruction manual no.
68P81014C65. Radio transceiver 340 includes two an-tennis spaced at a predetermined distance from one another for providing receiver diversity. Receiver 341 is coupled directly to one antenna and coupled by duplexes 342 to the other antenna. Duplexes 342 may be any suitable commercially available duplexes such as that described in US. patent number 3,728,731. Receiver 341 may include suitable commercially available circuits for selecting between the two antennas, such as, for example, the antenna selection circuitry in the aforementioned Motorola instruction manual no. 68P8103gE25. Receiver ~3~1 demodulates message signals transmitted from the CAM
- 35 transmitters. The demodulated message signals are filtered by filter 316 and limited by limiter 31~ and it thereafter applied to I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320.
Message signals from I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320 are applied to filter 318 and thereafter to transmitter 343 for transmission to CAM receivers. Transmitter 343 is turned on in response to the TX key signal from I/O device 321 of microcomputer 320. The output of transmitter 343 is coupled to one of the radio transceiver antennas by way of duplexes 342.
Microcomputer 320 in Figure 9 includes I/O devices 321, microprocessor (MU) 322, random-access memory (RAM) 326, read-only memory (ROM) 323, and I.D. ROM 324. MU 322 may be any suitable commercially available microprocessor, such as, for example, the Motorola type MCKEE, MCKEE or MCKEE microprocessors, or those microprocessors described in US. patent numbers 4,030,079 and 4,266,270 and the patent application referred to therein. Similarly, I/O
device 321, RUM 326, ROM 323 and I.D. ROM 324 may be any commercially available devices that are suitable for operation with the type of microprocessor selected for MU 322. I.D.
ROM 324 is a removable device that includes a specific identification code or address that is assigned to a portable radio. ROM 323 stores the control program that is executed by MU 322 for communicating message signals and acknowledgement signals to GCC 104 in Figure 1. RAM 326 includes both a scratch pad area used by MU 322 during execution of the control program stored in ROM 323 and a number of register locations allocated for storing the identification code read in by MU 322 from I.D. ROM 324, information displayed by display 310, information entered from keyboard 312, and other status information.
The contents of specific registers in RAM 326 may be loaded from message signals received from GCC 104 in Figure 1 or may key included in message signals sent by MU 322 to the GCC. The formatting of register information into message signals may be accomplished as described in the aforementioned Canadian patent application, serial number 433,332, which application also includes a listing of suitable control program.
The portable radio illustrated in Figure 9 may be either a mobile radio that is installed in a vehicle or a portable radio that is small enough to be hand-carried from place to place (See the aforementioned Motorola instruction manual Number 68P81014C65). Although the portable radio in Figure 9 is primarily adapted to transmit and receive message signals including alphanumeric information, the portable radio may also provide voice communications by means of a speaker connected to the output of receiver 341 and a microphone connected to the input of transmitter 343. A portable radio adapted to communicate both alphanumeric information and voice signals is described in the instant assignee's US. Patent No. 4,430,742, entitled, "Data Muting Method and Apparatus for Radio Communications System", and invented by Thomas A. Free burg et at.
In summary, unique methods and apparatus for trays-miller selection and transmitter reuse in data commune-cations systems have been described. By selecting the proper transmitter for transmitting message signals to portable radios, unnecessary transmissions are eliminated, freeing up the radio channel for communique-lions with other portable radios. Moreover, transmitters which do not interfere with communications already underway to a particular zone can be simultaneously transmitting message signals to portable radios in other zones, thus greatly enhancing message signal throughput.
Claims (2)
1. A data communications system for communicating message signals from a host computer throughout a geographical area divided into zones, comprising:
a communications controller coupled to the host computer for communicating message signals therebetween;
a radio channel for carrying message signals;
a plurality of remote radio stations located anywhere in the geographical area and including a trans-mitter and antenna for transmitting message signals on the radio channel and a receiver switchably couplable to either the transmitter antenna or another antenna for receiving message signals; and a plurality of radio channel communications modules each located throughout the geographical area for covering at least one zone and coupled to the communica-tions controller for communicating message signals on the radio channel to the remote radio stations in the zones covered thereby, each radio channel communications module coupled to a transmitter and antenna for transmitting message signals on the radio channel and to a receiver and at least two antennas for receiving message signals from the radio channel.
a communications controller coupled to the host computer for communicating message signals therebetween;
a radio channel for carrying message signals;
a plurality of remote radio stations located anywhere in the geographical area and including a trans-mitter and antenna for transmitting message signals on the radio channel and a receiver switchably couplable to either the transmitter antenna or another antenna for receiving message signals; and a plurality of radio channel communications modules each located throughout the geographical area for covering at least one zone and coupled to the communica-tions controller for communicating message signals on the radio channel to the remote radio stations in the zones covered thereby, each radio channel communications module coupled to a transmitter and antenna for transmitting message signals on the radio channel and to a receiver and at least two antennas for receiving message signals from the radio channel.
2. The data communications system according to claim 1, wherein each of said receivers coupled to a corresponding radio channel communications module further includes a maximal-ratio predetection diversity combiner coupled to the two antennas associated with that receiver for combining the signals received by each antenna to provide a composite signal.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000509686A CA1226626A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1986-05-21 | Radio communications systems having overlapping receiver coverage zones |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US441,327 | 1982-11-12 | ||
| US06/441,327 US4481670A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1982-11-12 | Method and apparatus for dynamically selecting transmitters for communications between a primary station and remote stations of a data communications system |
| CA000439421A CA1219638A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1983-10-20 | Method and apparatus for dynamically selecting transmitters for communications between a primary station and remote stations of a data communications system |
| CA000509686A CA1226626A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1986-05-21 | Radio communications systems having overlapping receiver coverage zones |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000509686A Division CA1226626A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1986-05-21 | Radio communications systems having overlapping receiver coverage zones |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000509686A Division CA1226626A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1986-05-21 | Radio communications systems having overlapping receiver coverage zones |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1226626A true CA1226626A (en) | 1987-09-08 |
Family
ID=25670185
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000485769A Expired CA1205140A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1985-06-27 | Portable radio for zone data communication system communicating message signals between portable radio and a host computer |
| CA000509687A Expired CA1226625A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1986-05-21 | Dynamic selection of transmitters in data communication system |
| CA000509686A Expired CA1226626A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1986-05-21 | Radio communications systems having overlapping receiver coverage zones |
Family Applications Before (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000485769A Expired CA1205140A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1985-06-27 | Portable radio for zone data communication system communicating message signals between portable radio and a host computer |
| CA000509687A Expired CA1226625A (en) | 1982-11-12 | 1986-05-21 | Dynamic selection of transmitters in data communication system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (3) | CA1205140A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5129098A (en) * | 1990-09-24 | 1992-07-07 | Novatel Communication Ltd. | Radio telephone using received signal strength in controlling transmission power |
-
1985
- 1985-06-27 CA CA000485769A patent/CA1205140A/en not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-05-21 CA CA000509687A patent/CA1226625A/en not_active Expired
- 1986-05-21 CA CA000509686A patent/CA1226626A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5129098A (en) * | 1990-09-24 | 1992-07-07 | Novatel Communication Ltd. | Radio telephone using received signal strength in controlling transmission power |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA1205140A (en) | 1986-05-27 |
| CA1226625A (en) | 1987-09-08 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |