CA1206033A - Method and apparatus for aeration of stored grain - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for aeration of stored grainInfo
- Publication number
- CA1206033A CA1206033A CA000476899A CA476899A CA1206033A CA 1206033 A CA1206033 A CA 1206033A CA 000476899 A CA000476899 A CA 000476899A CA 476899 A CA476899 A CA 476899A CA 1206033 A CA1206033 A CA 1206033A
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- grain
- temperature
- moisture content
- aeration
- ambient air
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AERATION OF STORED GRAIN
A method and apparatus for the controlled aeration of stored grain is disclosed that provides for aeration of grain when ambient temperature and relative humidity levels are within a specified range of optimum levels. Aeration of grain is initiated when both the current ambient air temperature is within an acceptable range of the recent average air temperature, and the equilibrium moisture content supported by the current air temperature and relative humidity levels is within an acceptable range of the desired grain moisture content.
Long periods between aeration are avoided by progressively widening the range of acceptable current ambient air temperature and equilibrium moisture content levels when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred. The method also provides for the maintenance of a uniform temperature within the stored grain, and assists in avoiding extreme storage temperatures. The apparatus disclosed provides for continuous monitoring of ambient atmospheric conditions, and initiates aeration of stored grain automatically, in accordance with the inventive method, without continuous operator involvement.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AERATION OF STORED GRAIN
A method and apparatus for the controlled aeration of stored grain is disclosed that provides for aeration of grain when ambient temperature and relative humidity levels are within a specified range of optimum levels. Aeration of grain is initiated when both the current ambient air temperature is within an acceptable range of the recent average air temperature, and the equilibrium moisture content supported by the current air temperature and relative humidity levels is within an acceptable range of the desired grain moisture content.
Long periods between aeration are avoided by progressively widening the range of acceptable current ambient air temperature and equilibrium moisture content levels when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred. The method also provides for the maintenance of a uniform temperature within the stored grain, and assists in avoiding extreme storage temperatures. The apparatus disclosed provides for continuous monitoring of ambient atmospheric conditions, and initiates aeration of stored grain automatically, in accordance with the inventive method, without continuous operator involvement.
Description
i'~ETHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
A ERAT ION OF ST ORE D G RA I N
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention rrhis invention relates to a method and apparatus for the controlled aeration of ~tored grain. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and apparat~s for sensing ambient temperature and relative humidity condi~ions and selectively aerating yrain when suitable or bes~-available ambient temperature and relative humidity cond itions are present.
A ERAT ION OF ST ORE D G RA I N
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention rrhis invention relates to a method and apparatus for the controlled aeration of ~tored grain. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and apparat~s for sensing ambient temperature and relative humidity condi~ions and selectively aerating yrain when suitable or bes~-available ambient temperature and relative humidity cond itions are present.
2, Descr:iption of Prior Art Mold is the major cause of spoilage in St~red grain. Mold growth occurs when a mois~ure and temperature environmerlt suitable for mold is present around the stored kernelsO ~oreign matter, along with higher temperatures and higher humidities, provide the mcst favorable enviro~ment for mold gr~wth. Clean grain can be stored indefinitely in a skorage bin i.f its moisture and temperature are kept within acceptable limits.
~ Moisture can be introduced in~o ~he air spaces around stored grain by condensation or by the natural resp;ration ~>f the grain. Condensation ~an occur when relatively warm, moist air is introduced into the bin and comes into contact with grain that is colder than the air~ Condensati~n mo;e frequently occurs as a result of moistllre migration7 which happens when natural convection currents within the bin bring warm air from one region of the bin into contact with cooler grain in another region.
Crusting an~ spo.iling can result~ It is known that the
~ Moisture can be introduced in~o ~he air spaces around stored grain by condensation or by the natural resp;ration ~>f the grain. Condensation ~an occur when relatively warm, moist air is introduced into the bin and comes into contact with grain that is colder than the air~ Condensati~n mo;e frequently occurs as a result of moistllre migration7 which happens when natural convection currents within the bin bring warm air from one region of the bin into contact with cooler grain in another region.
Crusting an~ spo.iling can result~ It is known that the
3~
~6~33 1 efects of condensation can be minimized by keeping the tempe~ature of the grain at or near the average ambient air temperature.
M~isture introduced into stored grain fro~ the natural respiration of the grain i5 a functi~n of the temperature and relative humidity of the air surrounding the grain. Por a specified temperature and relative humidity combination of the surrounding air, there is a corresponding equilibrium moisture content for the grain;
that is, if the air surrounding t~ie grain is kept constant at the specified conditions, the grai.n will eventually reach the equilibrium moisture content. Moisture will be given of:E by the grain kernels when the moisture content of the grain exceeds the equilibrium moisture content supported by the surrounding air conditions; conversely, moisture content will increase when surrounding air conditions will lead to an equilibrium moisture content higher than that present in the grain kernels. In this regard, it should be noted tlat mold attacks a grain kernel from the outside in; it is the presence of excessive moi~re on the out~ide of ~he kernel that is to be avoided.
Mold growth on stored grain, then, can be restricted by controlling the moisture content and temperature of the grain~ The grain temperature and moisture content determine the allowable storage time that the ~rain can be kept before .i~ spoils. For that reason ~and others) 7 grain prices are ad justed for the moisture content o~ the grain. Grain which has an excessive moistur~ content must either be dried, or used ~uic~ly, and is there~ore of less value than grain m~rketed at standard moisture content levels~
1 The effects of condensation can be controlled b~
maintaining the stored grain at a temperature equal to the temperature of the surrounding air. The effects of moisture release due to respiration could be avoided by excessively drying the grain. Excessive drying of grain, however, is undesirable for several reasons. First, grain that is at or below its equilibrium moisture content for the ambient air conditionsl will not spontaneously give off moisture. It requires energy to remove each additional increment of moisture from a kernel as the kernel dries, and overdrying of the grain below its desired market moisture cGntent consumes energy at an increasingly faster rate as the drying progresses~
Secondly, overdrying of grain creates internal stresses within the individual grain ker:nel~, causing cracks and ~ines, thus lowering the qual ity of the grain and its market value. Finallyl gxain is marketed by weight.
Overdrying of ~rain removes more water than is necessary, thereby reducing its total wei~ht. To maximize price, as much moisture should be retained in the kernels as possible~ keeping in mind the upper allowable moisture content for safe storage and marketing standards~
Proper storage of grain~ then~ involves two primary considerations. First, the temperature of the grain should be as close as possible to ~he temperature of the air surrounding the ~rain, to avoid moisture migration and conden~ation. Secondly, the moisture content of the grain should be kept at a predetermined moisture content level that maximizes the weight of the grain ~t market time~ yet is low enough to restr ict respiration. A
secondary, econvmic consideration is that aeration used to 3~
1 ~aintain temperature and humidity should not be performe~
more than necessary, as extensive aeration fan operation can lead to high energy costs.
U.S. Patent No. 3,563,460 to Nine discloses a means for controlling the aeration of stored grain. The Nine device incorporates a plurality of temperature sensors located within ~he grain, and a comparison device for comparing the monitored temperature to a manually set temperature level. An aeration fan is activa~ed when the grain temperature exceeds the set level. The Nine device, however, requires a continual manual adjustment o-f the set temperature level in order to maintain the grain temperature reasonably near the actual or average ambient temperature. Moreover; the Nine device does not include any mechani~m; manual or automatic, to control aeration of the grai~ as a function of the relative humidity of the ambient air.
U.S. Patent No. 49045,878 to Steffen discloses a method for aerating stor ed grai.n wherein the stored grain is exposed to a throughput of atmospheric air if the current a~mospheric conditions are opl:imal, in that they are at or near predetermined historical mDnthly average a~nospheric conditions. Although the method disclosed in the Steffen pate~t~ at least in theory~ takes into consideration both temperature and relative humi~ity, application of the method has several drawbacks~ First of all, continuous operator monitorîng o~ ambient air conditions is required~ Secondly, aeration of grain is premised on historical monthly temperature averages, and not on the actual current average temperature, which can vary considerably frorn historical seasonal averagesO
~2~69C~31 3 1 Finally, lonq y~riods of time may elapse without any aera~ion of the grain at all if the predetermined optimal air conditions are not met.
A method for aeration of stored grain that is responsive to th~ actual (as opposed to historical) average te~perature, which provides f~r controlled aeration of the stored grain even when long periods of less than optimum conditions have elapsed, and that can be implemented by an automated apparatus, would be a decided advantage.
SltMMARY OF TEIE INVENTION
The problems outlined above are in large measure solved by the method and apparatus for controlled ~eration of stored grain ln accordance with the present invention.
That is to say, the inve~tion hereof provides for the controlled aeration of stored grain to reduce undesired moisture accumulation around the graill kernels due to the effects o condensation and reC;piration~ The method hereof is responsive to ambienl: temperature and relative humidity conditions, ta~es into account the actual average temperature o~er a specified period, and provide~ ~or aeration of the stored grain under ~next besta criteria when optimal atmospheric conditions are not met over a given period of time. The apparatus disclosed herein provides for continuous monitoring of ambient atmospheric conditions, and initiates aeration of stored grain autornatically, withou~ continuous operator involvement.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 :is a schematic sectional di.agram of a grain storage bin with an aeration fan controlled by the pr esen t inv en tion .
~2~iQ13~
Figure 2 is an electrical schematic of an apparatus embodying the present invention.
DEI~AI LED DESCRI PT ION
Referring to Figure 1, an apparatus 10 for the controlled aeration oE stored grain in accordance w.ith the present invention is depicted in conjunction with a grain storage bin 12.
The stor3ge bin 12 includes an upright cylindrical side wall 14 and an apertured, frustoconi~al roof 16. ~he bin 12 also includes a raised, perforated floor 18 beneath which is an air-conducting plenum 20. At the uppermost point is a vent 24. ~n aeration fan 26 is received within conduit 28~ Conduit 28 is connected to plenum 20 in air commurlicating relationship. A ~uantity of grain 30 is depicted as bein~ stored in the bin 12.
The control apparatus 10 broadly includes ~
cvntrol box 32 attached to the external face of side wall 14, ambient air temperature sensing device 34, ambient relative humidity sensin~ device 36, and grain temperature sensing probe 38, all connected to control box 32 by respective leads 407 42, 44. Control lead 46 extends from the control box 32 to the fan ~6 for selective operation of the fan 26.
Control box 32 includes a visual display 48, and input controls 50, S2, 54 Eor operator input of grain type, desired grain moisture level, and the desired time of daily fan operation, respectively. In addition, control box 32 contains a microprocessor and other circuitry for performing the information processing required by the control system.
~2~ 33 - The method for controllin~ the aeration of grain in a~cordance wi~h the present invention will now be described.
The primary input data for the present metho3 are ambient temperature, ambient relative humidity, grain type, desired grain moisture content and desired time of daily fan operation. For a given type of gr~in, the ambient temperature and relative humidity determine an eq~ilibrium moisture content ~or E~C). The EMC for a particular type of grain a~ specified ~mbient conditions can be determined either from a table of known values, or from a mathematical formulation which approximates the data in such a table. An example of a table appears at page 6 of ~Low Te~perature ~ Solar Grain Drying aandbook"
published by Midwest Plan Service, Copyright 1980. An exarnple of a mathematical formula useful in determining EMC is the Chung-Pfost equation explained in ASAE paper Once the EMC at ambient temperature and humidity ( in the following all references to humidity shall mean relative humidity unless otherwise stated) conditions is knownr thi~ value can be compared to a preselected desired leYel of moisture content for a guantity of stored grain.
The aeration fan oE the grain storage bin can be ~electively actuated if the EMC i5 equal to tor close to) the desired moisture content of the stored grain.
Actuation of the Ean will expose the grain to a throughput of air at ambient temperature and humidity cond:itivns, thereby causing the grain to move toward a moisture content equal to the EMC determined by ~nbient conditions.
1 ~eration of the stored 9 r ain when the ambient conditions support an EMC within predetermined limits of the desired moisture content of the grain will minimize the accumulation of moisture d~e to respiration of the grain kernels. As described above, however, moisture also accumulates within a quanti~y of stored grain due to the effects of condensation when the grain is exposed to moist air having a warmer temperature than the grain itself.
The effects of such condensation are best limited by keeping the temperature of the stored grain at the temperature of the ~mbient air. ~nfortunately, this fre~uently cannot be done with precisionl be~ause the air temperature changes far more quickly than the temperature of a large mass of stored grain~ MoreoYer, if aerat;on were initiated whenever grain temperature and ambient temperature differed, significant amounts of energy would ~e consumed by the aeration fan.
A pos~;ble solution is to make use of historical data on average monthly or seasonal temperatures, on the ~ tbeory that if the grain can be maintained at the average monthly or seasonal temperature, this will avoid wide differences between the temperature of the stored grain and the actual ambient temperature. With this approach, aeration would be used whenever grain temperature and the historical average monthly or seasonal temperature differ. Actual temperatures on a daily, monthly or seasonal basis, however, can vary by large amount~ from historical averages. Moreover, historical temperatures ~ary by geographical region and different data would be required by each region.
1 The present invention rejects both the continuous attempt to track ambien~ temperature and reliance on historical monthly or seasonal averages. Instead~ it has been determined that an actual average temperature computed o~ er a specified averaging period (three weeks in the preferred e~bodimen~, but periods of one week to six weeks might be used) produces excellent results in controlling moisture accumulation within stored grain, when used as the cen~er point of a temperature range with which the control system causes grain to be aerated, In particular, a three week running average is maintained by determining the ambient temperature every Eif~een minutes in a given twenty-four hour period and averaging the ninety-six temperature readings obtained within the twenty~four hour period to determine a daîly average temperature; ~ running average based on the most recent twenty-one daily averages is u~ed to determine the three week average temperature. In the preferred embodiment the running average is not a true average of twenty-one individual days. ~o simplify cal~ulation a single average tempera~ure value i~ kept and ls considered to be the temperature ~or twenty consecutive days, while the current daily average is calculated in as the twenty-first day.
(A time average could also be used by storing twenty-one daily averages and dividing their sum by twenty-one. The running average would then be calculated by dropping the oldest daily average and including the newest.) From the foregoing it can be seen that the basic aeration control philosophy of the present invention is to permit aeration only when (a) ~mbient temperature and humidity conditions determine sn EMC which is at or near 1 the desired grain moisture content, and tb) the ambient temperature is at or near the running average ambient temperature, It is recognized~ however, in the present .invention ~hat precisely optimum air temperature and humidity conditions may not occur for lon~ periods and may not persist when they do occur. It is desirable, therefore, to effect aerat;on of stored grain when the ambient temperature and humidity are within certain predetermined ranges of the optimum conditions~ The limit values selected to define these predetermined ranges in the preferred embodiment are described in greater detail below. At this point it suffices to say that the range around the running average temperature could be as lar~e as plus or minus 50F, while the range around the desired.
grain moisture con~ent could he as large as plus Gr minus 10 moisture percentage points around the desired grain moisture contentO
The fundamental steps for the method of controlled aeration of stored glrain in accordance with the present invention, then, can be ~ummar~zed as follows.
Firsty the desired moisture content of the particular type of stored 9rain is sele~ted~ Sesondly, the actual ambient temperature and h~idity conditions are measured an~ the ambient equilibrium molsture content (EMC) is determined therefrom. Thirdly, a running average temperature is calculated. Fourthly, the ambient EMC is compared to the de~ired moisture content of the stored grain, and the actual temperature is compared to the running average temperature. Finally, ~he grain is aerated by actuation of the grain storage bin aeration fan only if the ambient EMC is within a predetermined range of the desired grain ~1 O--1 moisture content, an~ the actual ai~ temperature is wi~hin a predetermir~ed range of the running average ambient temperature.
Grain within a s~orage bin will maintain i~s ~oisture content an~ temperature over a period of time due to the semi~isolated environment of the storage bin, and the inherent insulative property of the grain mass. There is no need to continuously aerate the grain, even if optimum atmospheric conditions persist. Moreover7 ener~
consumption by an aeration fan can be a significant consideration, and it is desirable to operate the fan no more than is necessary. Accordingly, the method and apparatus of the present invention provides for operator selection of the deslred run time of the aeration fa~
during any twenty-four hour period. The operator ~elects the desired run time of the aeration fan based on the size of the fan and its corresponding air moving capacity and energy consumption rate.
While various time choice options might be used, in the preferred embodiment the operator chooses fan operation tim~ in fifteen minul:e segments, selecting zero, one, two, four, eight, sixteen or thirty-two such segments for a twenty-~our hour period, (The operator may al50 override all control and turn the fan on and off manually for as long as desired.) Thus, the operator may specify desired fan operation times of zero, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, ~ hours, 4 hours or 8 hours. As will be seen below, the desired fan operation time parameter affects several aspects of the present method. For convenience the n~mber of fifteen minute se~ments selected as desired fan operation time will be referred to as O~SEG~
1 In the preferred embodiment OP5EG is used to define the initial predetermined range around the running average ambient temperature within which aeration may occur~ In particular, when the actual, ambient temperature is within X degrees of the running average amhient temperature, where X ~ OPSEG)/2, rounded down to the nearest integer, the ~emperature condition for aeration is satisfied. The other necessary condition for aeration is sa~isfied, in the preferred embodiment, when the ambient air and humidity cGnditions ~ogether determine an EMC within 0.5 percent of the desired grain moisture contentO Actual ambient temperature and humidity are sampled every fif~een minutes and if the dual conditions are satisfied, fan operation is initiated for ~ifteen minutes if the available fan operation time has not been used up.
~t is also possible with tight control over the predetermined, acceptable temperature and ~MC ranges that conditions for aeration of grain may not be met for a long period of time or, if met briefly, will not persist. In that event, the aeration fan will not be actuated or will not be actuated i~or long enoush E~er iods, an~ the g~ain will not be sufficiently aerated. ~he temperature and moist~re content of the grain, when the fan is not 2S activated, will in large mea~ure be maintained by the semi-isolated environment of the storage bin. On the other hand, it will be appreciA~ed that respira~ion of grain kernels and moisture migration may continue, and, without proper aeration, there will be an accumulation of moi~ture within the stored grain, and a possible change in grain moisture content. Moreover, due to heat released by grain respiration, the grain will not maintain its 1 temperature in~einitely in ~he absence of aeration. The drift of the grain from optimum moisture content and temperature levels may become larger as the period of ins~fficient aeration increases. It will also be appreciated that, as the drift from optimum grain moisture content and ~emperature levels increases, the amount of aeration to restore the grain to optimum conditions correspondingly increases. In order to accom ~ ate such circumstances, the present invention adaptively adjusts its control parameters~ In particular, it selects a continually widening range of "next best~, acceptable ambient temperature and humidity conditions so that, even when conditions within predetermined optimum ranges are not met, the grain within the storage bin will receive some aeration. Also, it adapts by preparing to aerate for longer-than normal periods when acceptable conditiolls are finally encountered.
! As set forth abover the desired run time of the aeration fan ~uring any given l:wenty--~our hour period is selected by the grain bin operator. If the ambient temperature and humidity ~actui311yl the corre6ponding EMC~
do not fall within the predetermined ranges and available aeratiDn time is not fully used, then the amount of selected run time left unused at ~he end of a twenty-four hour period will be "banked" or stored. For example, if no time has previously been ~banked" and acceptable conditions are not met at ~11 for two days, but are met on the third day, the run time available for the aeration fan on the third day will be three times the desired run time limit selected by the operator for a twenty~four hour period~ The ~bankin~l of unused run time automatically ~6~33 1 acco~nts for the facts ~hat the grain may drift further from desire~ temperature and moisture content levels as the time between aeration increases, and that more run time is required tc bring the grain back to acceptable levels as the margin of drift from optimum levels increases.
It will be appreciated that, as more time is "hanked"; and the ranges of acceptable temperature and EMC
levels are accordingly increased r it becomes more and more likely that the aeration fan will be actuated. The time "banked" will be decreased, time segment for time segment, once the fan is actually operatedO As the "banked" time decreases~ the ranges of acceptable temper~ture and EMC
levels will accor~ingly be narrowed, in reverse ~equense from the range widening progression~
The method of grain aeration in accordance with the present invention provides for the progressive expansion of acceptable ambient air temperature and EMC
levels to ensure that long periods without aeration do not occur. In particular, the range of acceptable temperature and EMC level s is increased as a step function of accumulated or ~banked" aeration time. In the preferred emb~diment/ the range of acceptable temperatures is expanZed by plus or minus 1 degree, at each step. The range of acceptable EMC (as determined by ambient c~nditions) is expanded by plus or minus .2 percent at the first step and by .3 percent at each following step~ The first such expansion step occurs when "banked" aeration time equals or exceeds nine fifteen-minute segments~ The second such expansion step occurs when "banked" aeration ~ime equals or exceeds thirteen such segments. The third, fourth~ fifth and sixth expansion steps occur when the 3~
1 "banked" aeration time eq~als or exceeds 20~ 32, 6~ and 96 such segments, respectively. E`urther expansions may occur in similar fashion as additional aeration time is accumulated. (It has been fo~nd useful to initialize the "banked" fan operation ~ime to 20 segments at system start-up, so that the control system will tend to per~orm aeration during i~s initial days of operation in case existing grain condi~ions at start up require aeration and less than optimum ~nbient temperature and humidity conditions persist during the ;nitial days of operation.) In the preferred embodLment, in order to avoid excessive cooling or heating of the stored grain~ the running average temperature around which the range of acceptable ambient temperature i5 defined .is never ~llowed to go below 20F or above 65~F~ These upper and lower 1 imit.~ may be var ied for installations in different g eo~ raphic areas .
As explained above, maintaining stored grain at a desired moisture content, and at a temperature clo~e to the running average air temperature, are the primary fac~org to be considered ln pr~per storage o the grain.
It will be appreciated, howe~er, that excessively high or low grain temperatures indicate collditions which threa~en grain and are to be avoided. Moreover, to reduce moisture migration ~nd condensation within the grain, it is essential th~t grain temperatures be uniform throughout the storage bin. The method in accordance with the present invention, therefore, provides for sever~l automatic "override" conditions that take precedence over aeration controlled solely as a function o~ ambient temperature and EMC in the manner described above~ so as 1 to avoid extreme, or nonuniform grain temperatures. (The manual override effected by operator selection of manual control of fan operation has been previously men~ioned.) The first override ~eature takes into c~nsideration that molds are particularly active in grain above 65F, and that grain which is cooled to below 20F
during the winter takes an excessively long time to warm up to ambient temperatures in the springtime. For this reason a truncated xunning average temperature may be used for comparison purposes rather than the normal running average. The truncated running average is calculated by considering all average temperatures below 20F to be 20JF
and all temperatures in excess of 65F to be 65F.
Moreover, when a top grain temperature probe is installed, the top grain temperature can be compared to the truncated average. When top grain temperat~re data is available, aeratis:>n will be initiated, reslardless of other conditions~ when ~a~ the top grain temperature exceeds the truncated running average temperature by 30~F and (b~ the actual ambient temperature is at least 15CF cooler than the ~op grain temperature~
The second overr ide feature takes into consideration that the top grain temperature should never exceed the running averag~ ambient temperature by a large marg in. The method of grain aeration in accordance with the present invention, therefore, call~ for the aeration of the grain regardless of other conditions when (a) the top grain temperatllre exceeds the running average ambient temperature by at least 10F; and (b~ the actual ambient air te~perature is at least 5~F cooler than the top grain 1 te~ip~rature, and tc) the actual ambient humidity is not greater than 90 percent.
The third override feature is coordinated with the basic temperature and EMC criteria for aeration described above, but is intended to make aeration more available by widening the ranges around the temperature and E~C criteria faster than normal. According to this override, the control system enters ~'reverse highlighting"
mode ~so-called because of a change in the display 48) when the top grain temperature is not within 8F of the truncated eunning average temperature. In this mode, the desired aeration fan operation ~ime as set by the operator is considered to be doubled for purposes of running the aeration fans and/or "banking" unused aeration timeO
Thus, more aeration time becomes available andg if available aeration time ls not used, aeration becomes more likely to occur due to the increase in banked aeration time and the resul ting acceptable temperature and EMC
ranges. This override remains in effect until the top grain temperature is again within 5~ of the truncated running average temperature. In ~he preferred embodiment, the ~runcated running average used in the third override feature is ca:lculated as described above, except that only the higher ~greater than 65F) temperatures are truncated;
the third override is primarily concerned with cooling hot graln .
Referring now to Fig. 2, the electronic circuitry of the apparatus in accordance with the present inv~ntion will be described, Numerals in the figures appearing on the integrated circuit chips indicate actual pin numbers for the indicated types of integrated circuit chips~
~2~
1 ~ference numbers on electrical lines interconneeting the various integrated circuit chips will assume reference to the drawings for the proper pin connections.
The apparatus 10 for controlling the storage of grain broadly includes a p~wer s~pply 56, a processing unit 58, a display module 60 (associated with visual display 48), a data inpu~ multiplexer circuit 62 for the processing unit 580 a driver unit 64 interfacing between the display module 60 and data input multiplexer circuit 62, grain type and desired time of daily fan operation selection switch 66t solid state fan actuating relay 68~
and air temperature, air humidity, top grain temperature, and desired grain moisture level input modules 70, 72, 74, 76, r espec tively .
The power supply 56 receives standard line AC
voltage, and provides DC output voltage levels of 5 volts (VCC~ and 2.4 volts, and sixty cycle 5 volts ~VCL), for proper operation of the circuit.D
The processing unit 5B includes a microprocessor (CPU) 78, memory unit 80, and latch 82~ The microprocessor is advantageously a type 8031 unit manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clar~, -Cal if orn~a. The memory unit 80 is advantageo~sly a type 2764 eraseable pro~rammable read only memory (EPROM) manufactured by Intel Corporation. The latch 8~ is advantageously a type B28~ chip manufactured by Intel Corporation.
Lines 83 ~ 84, 86, 88 and 90, compr ise addressing lines interconnecting the CPU 78 with EPROM B0. Lines 92, 9~ 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106 comprise multiplexed address/data 1 ines interconnecting the CPU 78, the EP~OM
-lB-80, and the latch 82. Lines 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122 comprise data lines extending between EPROM 80 and latch 82 for carrying the data back to the CPU 7e on the aforementioned lines 92, 94, 96~ 100, 102, 104, 106.
Line 124 is a progra~ send enable 1 ine interconnecting CP~
78 and EP~OM 80. Line 126 is an outp~t enable line interconnecting CP~ 78 and latch 82.
Clock circuitry 1~8 provides a time reference ~or ~peration of the CPU 7~. S~pply voltage (VCC3 at 5 volts, is provid~d to the CPU 78 via line 132. Capacitor 133 and resistor 134 provide a power-up reset pulse to CPU 78 via line 135. VCL is applied to the CPU 78 via line 13û as a time reference for cc)mputing time intervals. CPU 78 is cc3nnected to ground via line 136 and 137.
The E~OM 80 i~ c~nnected to VCC using filtering capacitor 138 and line 140~ and to VCC via pull up resistor 142 and line 144. The EPROM 80 is connected to ground via lines 146~ 148.
Latch 82 is connected to VCC via line 150, and to ground via 1 ine 152.
Display module 60 includes three seven-segmerlt displays 154, 156, 158, and six light emitting diodes 160, 162, 164, 166, 16B, 170~ The seven segment displays may advantageously be LED-type displays ~Part No. E~PSD 3730 ) manufactured by the Hewlett-Packard Company of Palo Alto, Cali.fornia. Seven segment display 154 indicates the most s i g n i f i c an t digit in a thr ee d ig i t number ; d i spl ay 1 5 6 indicates the middle digit, and display 158 the least significant di.git. The particular value displayed on the three seven~segment: displays 154, 156, 158 is indicated by activation of one of the s;x LED's. In partic:ular, 1 a ~ivation of LED 160 indicates ambient air temperature, LED 162 indicates relative humidity~ LED 164 indicates the running average air ~emperature, LED 166 indicates top grain temperature, LED 168 indicates e~ilibrium moisture content, and LED 170 indicates ho~rs of fan operation during the last fourteen days. In addition, deactivation of all LE~'s simultaneously indicates display of the accumulated hours of unused fan operation time.
The driver unit 64 comprises three serially connected driver chips 172, 174, 176, which are advantageously type MM5484 chips manufactured by the National Semiconductor Company of Santa Clara, Califoenia.
Driver chip 172 is connected to LED' s 160, 16~, 164, 166, 168, 170 via lines 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188 respectively. The dr iver chip 172 is also connected to the seven-seyment display 154 via lines 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, ~00, 202. Dr iver chip 172 is interconnected with ~river 174 via 1 ine 202, alnd is connected to VCC and ground via 1 ines 204, 206 respectiYely.
2Q Driver chip 174 is connected to the seven-segment display 155 via 1 ines 20û, 210, 212, 21~, 218, 220, 221 and to the seven-segment display 158, via lines 222, 2~4, 226~ 22B, 230, 240, 242. Lines ~44 and 246 each connect driver chip 174 with both ~he middle digit and the least signific3nt digit seven segment displays, 156, 158. Lines 248, 250 connect driver chip 174 with VCC and ground respectively. The seven segment displays 154, 1~6, 153 ~re each connected to the 2.4 volt supply voltage via 1 ine~ 252, 254, ~56 respectively.
Enable line 258 and clock :line 260 each interconnect the CE'U 78 with each of the driver chips 172, ~6~33 174, 176. Data line 262 in~erconnects the CP~ 78 s7ith ~river chip 172. Data line 264 interconnects driver chips 172 and 174. Data 1 ine 266 interconnects dr iver chip 174 and 17 6 .
Solid state relay 68 is connec~ed to driver chip 176 via actuating lines 268, 270. The solid state relay 68 may include a plurality of switches 68'/ 68'' :Eor actuation of a plurality of fans 26, 26'.
Driver chip 175 is connected to switch ~6 by enable 1 ines 272, 274. Enable 1 ine 275 extends to a heating coil and coil driver circuit 276, The co:il circuit 276 is used for purging of the h~nidity ~ensor 36. Lines 27B, 280, 28~, and 284 comprise top probe temperature~ desired grain moisture, air temperature, and humidity input enable lines, respect;vely, connecting the driver 176 with the input multiplexer 62. Lines 286, 288 connect the driver chip 176 with VCC and ground, respectively O
Multiplexer circuitry 62 comprises a type 7403 quad tw~input NAND gate 289 manufactured by the National Semiconductor Company. Frequency~ encoded input signals from top grain temperature input module 74, air temperature input m~ule 70, humidity input module 72, and desired grain moisture content input module 76 are received by multiplexer 62 via lines 290, 292, 294, ~96 resE~ectively. The outputs of each ind ividual NAND gate within the ~ad two inp~3t NAND gate chip 289 are tied together by 1 ine 298 and input to the CPU 78 via the same l ine 298 . The NAND gate chip 289 is connected t~ 6upply voltage VCC and to ground via lines 300, 302 respectively~
g33 1 The grain type and desired time of daily fan operation selection switch 66 comprises a multiplexed deccder for conversion of the grain type selection, as indicated by the position of.control dial 50, and the desired time of daily fan operation selection, as indicated by the position of control dial 54, into three-bit binary coded signals. (Each dial has a maximum of eight selections.~ Enable lines 272, 274 alternately actuate swîtch 66 for encoding of the grain type and fan operation time selections. The binary coded signals are transferred from the switch 66 to the ~U via lines 304, 306, 308.
The air temperature, humidity, top gra;n tempe{ature and desired grain moisture content input modules 7fl, 72, 74, 76 provide interfaces between the various sensors of the control apparatus 10 and the CPU
78~ In particular, the temperature input module 70 is connected to air temperature sensing device 34 via 1 ine 40, the humidity input module 72 is connected tc> the humidity s:ensing device 36 via channel ~;2,, and the top grain tempera'cure input module 74 i~s connec~ed to the top probe 3B via line 44~ The desired grain moisture content inp~t module 76 is connected to the desired grain moisture sel ec t ion swi tch 5~ v i a 1 ine 310 ~
Each of the inpu'c modules 70, 72, 74, 76 provide for frequency coding o their respective data inputs. For example, the desired grain moisture level input module 76 includes a type 556 dual timer integrated circuit chip manufactured by National Semiconductor Company configured to provide a frequency encoded signal to multiplexer 6~
via line 296 for multiplexed transmission of the signal to --~2--16~33 1 CP~ 78 via line 298. ~esired grain moisture selection switch 52 includes a variable resistor 312, which in c~mbination with adjusting resistor 314, dropping resistor 316 and capacitor 318 provides an inp~t having a variable ~^ time constant to the timer chip. The timer chip is connected to supply voltage VCC via line 320 and filtering capacitors 322, 3~ Timer chip 311 is also connected to VCC via line 326, and ~o ground via line 328 and via line 330 in conjunction with capaci~or 332. Each of the other input modules 70~ 72, 74 utlilizes a conventional variable resistance type temperature or humidity sensor in a similar ~C circuit to product a frequency encoded signal corresponding to the sensed temperature or humidityO
Manually actuated switches 334, 336, 338, provide 1~ for operator control of variouc; unctions of the CPU 78.
In particular, switch 334 prov:ides for the enable/disable of a four-second delay between turn-on of multiple ans, to avoid large current surges associated with startup of the fans. Switch 336 allows t!he operator to indicate to the CPU 78 ~hether or nDt a top grain temperature probe 38 i~ installed in grain bi~ 12. Switch 338 a:l~ows the opera~or to freeze ~he display of display panel 48, which, under normal conditiorls, changes its read out every four second s, Attached hereto is the assembly langua~e source code contained within ~PROM 80 for proper operation of CPU
78. This source code also specifies the computational details for the met:hod of the present inventionO
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and descr ibed, it is to be understood tha'c the invention is not 1 imited to the prec ise methsd --~3--~;~0~033 1 an~ apparatus herein disclosedl, and the right is reserved to all variati~ns coming within the scope of the appended claims. For example, it will be clear that the inventi~n will work in storage bins with a variety of shapes and will work as well with duct-type fan arrangements or with fan arran~ements that pull air down thro~gh the grain rather than by pushing it up from a plenum. Likewise it is clear that the method could be performed by other comparable circuitry or information processing means. It will further be clear that the invention could be implemented by substituting a desired ox target humidity value for the desired grain moisture content and using a range around the desired humidity value, determined and adapted in a similar manner as the range around desired or target grain moisture content. (This is because equil ibrium moisture content is determined by a temperature and humîdity value.) -2~-
~6~33 1 efects of condensation can be minimized by keeping the tempe~ature of the grain at or near the average ambient air temperature.
M~isture introduced into stored grain fro~ the natural respiration of the grain i5 a functi~n of the temperature and relative humidity of the air surrounding the grain. Por a specified temperature and relative humidity combination of the surrounding air, there is a corresponding equilibrium moisture content for the grain;
that is, if the air surrounding t~ie grain is kept constant at the specified conditions, the grai.n will eventually reach the equilibrium moisture content. Moisture will be given of:E by the grain kernels when the moisture content of the grain exceeds the equilibrium moisture content supported by the surrounding air conditions; conversely, moisture content will increase when surrounding air conditions will lead to an equilibrium moisture content higher than that present in the grain kernels. In this regard, it should be noted tlat mold attacks a grain kernel from the outside in; it is the presence of excessive moi~re on the out~ide of ~he kernel that is to be avoided.
Mold growth on stored grain, then, can be restricted by controlling the moisture content and temperature of the grain~ The grain temperature and moisture content determine the allowable storage time that the ~rain can be kept before .i~ spoils. For that reason ~and others) 7 grain prices are ad justed for the moisture content o~ the grain. Grain which has an excessive moistur~ content must either be dried, or used ~uic~ly, and is there~ore of less value than grain m~rketed at standard moisture content levels~
1 The effects of condensation can be controlled b~
maintaining the stored grain at a temperature equal to the temperature of the surrounding air. The effects of moisture release due to respiration could be avoided by excessively drying the grain. Excessive drying of grain, however, is undesirable for several reasons. First, grain that is at or below its equilibrium moisture content for the ambient air conditionsl will not spontaneously give off moisture. It requires energy to remove each additional increment of moisture from a kernel as the kernel dries, and overdrying of the grain below its desired market moisture cGntent consumes energy at an increasingly faster rate as the drying progresses~
Secondly, overdrying of grain creates internal stresses within the individual grain ker:nel~, causing cracks and ~ines, thus lowering the qual ity of the grain and its market value. Finallyl gxain is marketed by weight.
Overdrying of ~rain removes more water than is necessary, thereby reducing its total wei~ht. To maximize price, as much moisture should be retained in the kernels as possible~ keeping in mind the upper allowable moisture content for safe storage and marketing standards~
Proper storage of grain~ then~ involves two primary considerations. First, the temperature of the grain should be as close as possible to ~he temperature of the air surrounding the ~rain, to avoid moisture migration and conden~ation. Secondly, the moisture content of the grain should be kept at a predetermined moisture content level that maximizes the weight of the grain ~t market time~ yet is low enough to restr ict respiration. A
secondary, econvmic consideration is that aeration used to 3~
1 ~aintain temperature and humidity should not be performe~
more than necessary, as extensive aeration fan operation can lead to high energy costs.
U.S. Patent No. 3,563,460 to Nine discloses a means for controlling the aeration of stored grain. The Nine device incorporates a plurality of temperature sensors located within ~he grain, and a comparison device for comparing the monitored temperature to a manually set temperature level. An aeration fan is activa~ed when the grain temperature exceeds the set level. The Nine device, however, requires a continual manual adjustment o-f the set temperature level in order to maintain the grain temperature reasonably near the actual or average ambient temperature. Moreover; the Nine device does not include any mechani~m; manual or automatic, to control aeration of the grai~ as a function of the relative humidity of the ambient air.
U.S. Patent No. 49045,878 to Steffen discloses a method for aerating stor ed grai.n wherein the stored grain is exposed to a throughput of atmospheric air if the current a~mospheric conditions are opl:imal, in that they are at or near predetermined historical mDnthly average a~nospheric conditions. Although the method disclosed in the Steffen pate~t~ at least in theory~ takes into consideration both temperature and relative humi~ity, application of the method has several drawbacks~ First of all, continuous operator monitorîng o~ ambient air conditions is required~ Secondly, aeration of grain is premised on historical monthly temperature averages, and not on the actual current average temperature, which can vary considerably frorn historical seasonal averagesO
~2~69C~31 3 1 Finally, lonq y~riods of time may elapse without any aera~ion of the grain at all if the predetermined optimal air conditions are not met.
A method for aeration of stored grain that is responsive to th~ actual (as opposed to historical) average te~perature, which provides f~r controlled aeration of the stored grain even when long periods of less than optimum conditions have elapsed, and that can be implemented by an automated apparatus, would be a decided advantage.
SltMMARY OF TEIE INVENTION
The problems outlined above are in large measure solved by the method and apparatus for controlled ~eration of stored grain ln accordance with the present invention.
That is to say, the inve~tion hereof provides for the controlled aeration of stored grain to reduce undesired moisture accumulation around the graill kernels due to the effects o condensation and reC;piration~ The method hereof is responsive to ambienl: temperature and relative humidity conditions, ta~es into account the actual average temperature o~er a specified period, and provide~ ~or aeration of the stored grain under ~next besta criteria when optimal atmospheric conditions are not met over a given period of time. The apparatus disclosed herein provides for continuous monitoring of ambient atmospheric conditions, and initiates aeration of stored grain autornatically, withou~ continuous operator involvement.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 :is a schematic sectional di.agram of a grain storage bin with an aeration fan controlled by the pr esen t inv en tion .
~2~iQ13~
Figure 2 is an electrical schematic of an apparatus embodying the present invention.
DEI~AI LED DESCRI PT ION
Referring to Figure 1, an apparatus 10 for the controlled aeration oE stored grain in accordance w.ith the present invention is depicted in conjunction with a grain storage bin 12.
The stor3ge bin 12 includes an upright cylindrical side wall 14 and an apertured, frustoconi~al roof 16. ~he bin 12 also includes a raised, perforated floor 18 beneath which is an air-conducting plenum 20. At the uppermost point is a vent 24. ~n aeration fan 26 is received within conduit 28~ Conduit 28 is connected to plenum 20 in air commurlicating relationship. A ~uantity of grain 30 is depicted as bein~ stored in the bin 12.
The control apparatus 10 broadly includes ~
cvntrol box 32 attached to the external face of side wall 14, ambient air temperature sensing device 34, ambient relative humidity sensin~ device 36, and grain temperature sensing probe 38, all connected to control box 32 by respective leads 407 42, 44. Control lead 46 extends from the control box 32 to the fan ~6 for selective operation of the fan 26.
Control box 32 includes a visual display 48, and input controls 50, S2, 54 Eor operator input of grain type, desired grain moisture level, and the desired time of daily fan operation, respectively. In addition, control box 32 contains a microprocessor and other circuitry for performing the information processing required by the control system.
~2~ 33 - The method for controllin~ the aeration of grain in a~cordance wi~h the present invention will now be described.
The primary input data for the present metho3 are ambient temperature, ambient relative humidity, grain type, desired grain moisture content and desired time of daily fan operation. For a given type of gr~in, the ambient temperature and relative humidity determine an eq~ilibrium moisture content ~or E~C). The EMC for a particular type of grain a~ specified ~mbient conditions can be determined either from a table of known values, or from a mathematical formulation which approximates the data in such a table. An example of a table appears at page 6 of ~Low Te~perature ~ Solar Grain Drying aandbook"
published by Midwest Plan Service, Copyright 1980. An exarnple of a mathematical formula useful in determining EMC is the Chung-Pfost equation explained in ASAE paper Once the EMC at ambient temperature and humidity ( in the following all references to humidity shall mean relative humidity unless otherwise stated) conditions is knownr thi~ value can be compared to a preselected desired leYel of moisture content for a guantity of stored grain.
The aeration fan oE the grain storage bin can be ~electively actuated if the EMC i5 equal to tor close to) the desired moisture content of the stored grain.
Actuation of the Ean will expose the grain to a throughput of air at ambient temperature and humidity cond:itivns, thereby causing the grain to move toward a moisture content equal to the EMC determined by ~nbient conditions.
1 ~eration of the stored 9 r ain when the ambient conditions support an EMC within predetermined limits of the desired moisture content of the grain will minimize the accumulation of moisture d~e to respiration of the grain kernels. As described above, however, moisture also accumulates within a quanti~y of stored grain due to the effects of condensation when the grain is exposed to moist air having a warmer temperature than the grain itself.
The effects of such condensation are best limited by keeping the temperature of the stored grain at the temperature of the ~mbient air. ~nfortunately, this fre~uently cannot be done with precisionl be~ause the air temperature changes far more quickly than the temperature of a large mass of stored grain~ MoreoYer, if aerat;on were initiated whenever grain temperature and ambient temperature differed, significant amounts of energy would ~e consumed by the aeration fan.
A pos~;ble solution is to make use of historical data on average monthly or seasonal temperatures, on the ~ tbeory that if the grain can be maintained at the average monthly or seasonal temperature, this will avoid wide differences between the temperature of the stored grain and the actual ambient temperature. With this approach, aeration would be used whenever grain temperature and the historical average monthly or seasonal temperature differ. Actual temperatures on a daily, monthly or seasonal basis, however, can vary by large amount~ from historical averages. Moreover, historical temperatures ~ary by geographical region and different data would be required by each region.
1 The present invention rejects both the continuous attempt to track ambien~ temperature and reliance on historical monthly or seasonal averages. Instead~ it has been determined that an actual average temperature computed o~ er a specified averaging period (three weeks in the preferred e~bodimen~, but periods of one week to six weeks might be used) produces excellent results in controlling moisture accumulation within stored grain, when used as the cen~er point of a temperature range with which the control system causes grain to be aerated, In particular, a three week running average is maintained by determining the ambient temperature every Eif~een minutes in a given twenty-four hour period and averaging the ninety-six temperature readings obtained within the twenty~four hour period to determine a daîly average temperature; ~ running average based on the most recent twenty-one daily averages is u~ed to determine the three week average temperature. In the preferred embodiment the running average is not a true average of twenty-one individual days. ~o simplify cal~ulation a single average tempera~ure value i~ kept and ls considered to be the temperature ~or twenty consecutive days, while the current daily average is calculated in as the twenty-first day.
(A time average could also be used by storing twenty-one daily averages and dividing their sum by twenty-one. The running average would then be calculated by dropping the oldest daily average and including the newest.) From the foregoing it can be seen that the basic aeration control philosophy of the present invention is to permit aeration only when (a) ~mbient temperature and humidity conditions determine sn EMC which is at or near 1 the desired grain moisture content, and tb) the ambient temperature is at or near the running average ambient temperature, It is recognized~ however, in the present .invention ~hat precisely optimum air temperature and humidity conditions may not occur for lon~ periods and may not persist when they do occur. It is desirable, therefore, to effect aerat;on of stored grain when the ambient temperature and humidity are within certain predetermined ranges of the optimum conditions~ The limit values selected to define these predetermined ranges in the preferred embodiment are described in greater detail below. At this point it suffices to say that the range around the running average temperature could be as lar~e as plus or minus 50F, while the range around the desired.
grain moisture con~ent could he as large as plus Gr minus 10 moisture percentage points around the desired grain moisture contentO
The fundamental steps for the method of controlled aeration of stored glrain in accordance with the present invention, then, can be ~ummar~zed as follows.
Firsty the desired moisture content of the particular type of stored 9rain is sele~ted~ Sesondly, the actual ambient temperature and h~idity conditions are measured an~ the ambient equilibrium molsture content (EMC) is determined therefrom. Thirdly, a running average temperature is calculated. Fourthly, the ambient EMC is compared to the de~ired moisture content of the stored grain, and the actual temperature is compared to the running average temperature. Finally, ~he grain is aerated by actuation of the grain storage bin aeration fan only if the ambient EMC is within a predetermined range of the desired grain ~1 O--1 moisture content, an~ the actual ai~ temperature is wi~hin a predetermir~ed range of the running average ambient temperature.
Grain within a s~orage bin will maintain i~s ~oisture content an~ temperature over a period of time due to the semi~isolated environment of the storage bin, and the inherent insulative property of the grain mass. There is no need to continuously aerate the grain, even if optimum atmospheric conditions persist. Moreover7 ener~
consumption by an aeration fan can be a significant consideration, and it is desirable to operate the fan no more than is necessary. Accordingly, the method and apparatus of the present invention provides for operator selection of the deslred run time of the aeration fa~
during any twenty-four hour period. The operator ~elects the desired run time of the aeration fan based on the size of the fan and its corresponding air moving capacity and energy consumption rate.
While various time choice options might be used, in the preferred embodiment the operator chooses fan operation tim~ in fifteen minul:e segments, selecting zero, one, two, four, eight, sixteen or thirty-two such segments for a twenty-~our hour period, (The operator may al50 override all control and turn the fan on and off manually for as long as desired.) Thus, the operator may specify desired fan operation times of zero, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, ~ hours, 4 hours or 8 hours. As will be seen below, the desired fan operation time parameter affects several aspects of the present method. For convenience the n~mber of fifteen minute se~ments selected as desired fan operation time will be referred to as O~SEG~
1 In the preferred embodiment OP5EG is used to define the initial predetermined range around the running average ambient temperature within which aeration may occur~ In particular, when the actual, ambient temperature is within X degrees of the running average amhient temperature, where X ~ OPSEG)/2, rounded down to the nearest integer, the ~emperature condition for aeration is satisfied. The other necessary condition for aeration is sa~isfied, in the preferred embodiment, when the ambient air and humidity cGnditions ~ogether determine an EMC within 0.5 percent of the desired grain moisture contentO Actual ambient temperature and humidity are sampled every fif~een minutes and if the dual conditions are satisfied, fan operation is initiated for ~ifteen minutes if the available fan operation time has not been used up.
~t is also possible with tight control over the predetermined, acceptable temperature and ~MC ranges that conditions for aeration of grain may not be met for a long period of time or, if met briefly, will not persist. In that event, the aeration fan will not be actuated or will not be actuated i~or long enoush E~er iods, an~ the g~ain will not be sufficiently aerated. ~he temperature and moist~re content of the grain, when the fan is not 2S activated, will in large mea~ure be maintained by the semi-isolated environment of the storage bin. On the other hand, it will be appreciA~ed that respira~ion of grain kernels and moisture migration may continue, and, without proper aeration, there will be an accumulation of moi~ture within the stored grain, and a possible change in grain moisture content. Moreover, due to heat released by grain respiration, the grain will not maintain its 1 temperature in~einitely in ~he absence of aeration. The drift of the grain from optimum moisture content and temperature levels may become larger as the period of ins~fficient aeration increases. It will also be appreciated that, as the drift from optimum grain moisture content and ~emperature levels increases, the amount of aeration to restore the grain to optimum conditions correspondingly increases. In order to accom ~ ate such circumstances, the present invention adaptively adjusts its control parameters~ In particular, it selects a continually widening range of "next best~, acceptable ambient temperature and humidity conditions so that, even when conditions within predetermined optimum ranges are not met, the grain within the storage bin will receive some aeration. Also, it adapts by preparing to aerate for longer-than normal periods when acceptable conditiolls are finally encountered.
! As set forth abover the desired run time of the aeration fan ~uring any given l:wenty--~our hour period is selected by the grain bin operator. If the ambient temperature and humidity ~actui311yl the corre6ponding EMC~
do not fall within the predetermined ranges and available aeratiDn time is not fully used, then the amount of selected run time left unused at ~he end of a twenty-four hour period will be "banked" or stored. For example, if no time has previously been ~banked" and acceptable conditions are not met at ~11 for two days, but are met on the third day, the run time available for the aeration fan on the third day will be three times the desired run time limit selected by the operator for a twenty~four hour period~ The ~bankin~l of unused run time automatically ~6~33 1 acco~nts for the facts ~hat the grain may drift further from desire~ temperature and moisture content levels as the time between aeration increases, and that more run time is required tc bring the grain back to acceptable levels as the margin of drift from optimum levels increases.
It will be appreciated that, as more time is "hanked"; and the ranges of acceptable temperature and EMC
levels are accordingly increased r it becomes more and more likely that the aeration fan will be actuated. The time "banked" will be decreased, time segment for time segment, once the fan is actually operatedO As the "banked" time decreases~ the ranges of acceptable temper~ture and EMC
levels will accor~ingly be narrowed, in reverse ~equense from the range widening progression~
The method of grain aeration in accordance with the present invention provides for the progressive expansion of acceptable ambient air temperature and EMC
levels to ensure that long periods without aeration do not occur. In particular, the range of acceptable temperature and EMC level s is increased as a step function of accumulated or ~banked" aeration time. In the preferred emb~diment/ the range of acceptable temperatures is expanZed by plus or minus 1 degree, at each step. The range of acceptable EMC (as determined by ambient c~nditions) is expanded by plus or minus .2 percent at the first step and by .3 percent at each following step~ The first such expansion step occurs when "banked" aeration time equals or exceeds nine fifteen-minute segments~ The second such expansion step occurs when "banked" aeration ~ime equals or exceeds thirteen such segments. The third, fourth~ fifth and sixth expansion steps occur when the 3~
1 "banked" aeration time eq~als or exceeds 20~ 32, 6~ and 96 such segments, respectively. E`urther expansions may occur in similar fashion as additional aeration time is accumulated. (It has been fo~nd useful to initialize the "banked" fan operation ~ime to 20 segments at system start-up, so that the control system will tend to per~orm aeration during i~s initial days of operation in case existing grain condi~ions at start up require aeration and less than optimum ~nbient temperature and humidity conditions persist during the ;nitial days of operation.) In the preferred embodLment, in order to avoid excessive cooling or heating of the stored grain~ the running average temperature around which the range of acceptable ambient temperature i5 defined .is never ~llowed to go below 20F or above 65~F~ These upper and lower 1 imit.~ may be var ied for installations in different g eo~ raphic areas .
As explained above, maintaining stored grain at a desired moisture content, and at a temperature clo~e to the running average air temperature, are the primary fac~org to be considered ln pr~per storage o the grain.
It will be appreciated, howe~er, that excessively high or low grain temperatures indicate collditions which threa~en grain and are to be avoided. Moreover, to reduce moisture migration ~nd condensation within the grain, it is essential th~t grain temperatures be uniform throughout the storage bin. The method in accordance with the present invention, therefore, provides for sever~l automatic "override" conditions that take precedence over aeration controlled solely as a function o~ ambient temperature and EMC in the manner described above~ so as 1 to avoid extreme, or nonuniform grain temperatures. (The manual override effected by operator selection of manual control of fan operation has been previously men~ioned.) The first override ~eature takes into c~nsideration that molds are particularly active in grain above 65F, and that grain which is cooled to below 20F
during the winter takes an excessively long time to warm up to ambient temperatures in the springtime. For this reason a truncated xunning average temperature may be used for comparison purposes rather than the normal running average. The truncated running average is calculated by considering all average temperatures below 20F to be 20JF
and all temperatures in excess of 65F to be 65F.
Moreover, when a top grain temperature probe is installed, the top grain temperature can be compared to the truncated average. When top grain temperat~re data is available, aeratis:>n will be initiated, reslardless of other conditions~ when ~a~ the top grain temperature exceeds the truncated running average temperature by 30~F and (b~ the actual ambient temperature is at least 15CF cooler than the ~op grain temperature~
The second overr ide feature takes into consideration that the top grain temperature should never exceed the running averag~ ambient temperature by a large marg in. The method of grain aeration in accordance with the present invention, therefore, call~ for the aeration of the grain regardless of other conditions when (a) the top grain temperatllre exceeds the running average ambient temperature by at least 10F; and (b~ the actual ambient air te~perature is at least 5~F cooler than the top grain 1 te~ip~rature, and tc) the actual ambient humidity is not greater than 90 percent.
The third override feature is coordinated with the basic temperature and EMC criteria for aeration described above, but is intended to make aeration more available by widening the ranges around the temperature and E~C criteria faster than normal. According to this override, the control system enters ~'reverse highlighting"
mode ~so-called because of a change in the display 48) when the top grain temperature is not within 8F of the truncated eunning average temperature. In this mode, the desired aeration fan operation ~ime as set by the operator is considered to be doubled for purposes of running the aeration fans and/or "banking" unused aeration timeO
Thus, more aeration time becomes available andg if available aeration time ls not used, aeration becomes more likely to occur due to the increase in banked aeration time and the resul ting acceptable temperature and EMC
ranges. This override remains in effect until the top grain temperature is again within 5~ of the truncated running average temperature. In ~he preferred embodiment, the ~runcated running average used in the third override feature is ca:lculated as described above, except that only the higher ~greater than 65F) temperatures are truncated;
the third override is primarily concerned with cooling hot graln .
Referring now to Fig. 2, the electronic circuitry of the apparatus in accordance with the present inv~ntion will be described, Numerals in the figures appearing on the integrated circuit chips indicate actual pin numbers for the indicated types of integrated circuit chips~
~2~
1 ~ference numbers on electrical lines interconneeting the various integrated circuit chips will assume reference to the drawings for the proper pin connections.
The apparatus 10 for controlling the storage of grain broadly includes a p~wer s~pply 56, a processing unit 58, a display module 60 (associated with visual display 48), a data inpu~ multiplexer circuit 62 for the processing unit 580 a driver unit 64 interfacing between the display module 60 and data input multiplexer circuit 62, grain type and desired time of daily fan operation selection switch 66t solid state fan actuating relay 68~
and air temperature, air humidity, top grain temperature, and desired grain moisture level input modules 70, 72, 74, 76, r espec tively .
The power supply 56 receives standard line AC
voltage, and provides DC output voltage levels of 5 volts (VCC~ and 2.4 volts, and sixty cycle 5 volts ~VCL), for proper operation of the circuit.D
The processing unit 5B includes a microprocessor (CPU) 78, memory unit 80, and latch 82~ The microprocessor is advantageously a type 8031 unit manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clar~, -Cal if orn~a. The memory unit 80 is advantageo~sly a type 2764 eraseable pro~rammable read only memory (EPROM) manufactured by Intel Corporation. The latch 8~ is advantageously a type B28~ chip manufactured by Intel Corporation.
Lines 83 ~ 84, 86, 88 and 90, compr ise addressing lines interconnecting the CPU 78 with EPROM B0. Lines 92, 9~ 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106 comprise multiplexed address/data 1 ines interconnecting the CPU 78, the EP~OM
-lB-80, and the latch 82. Lines 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122 comprise data lines extending between EPROM 80 and latch 82 for carrying the data back to the CPU 7e on the aforementioned lines 92, 94, 96~ 100, 102, 104, 106.
Line 124 is a progra~ send enable 1 ine interconnecting CP~
78 and EP~OM 80. Line 126 is an outp~t enable line interconnecting CP~ 78 and latch 82.
Clock circuitry 1~8 provides a time reference ~or ~peration of the CPU 7~. S~pply voltage (VCC3 at 5 volts, is provid~d to the CPU 78 via line 132. Capacitor 133 and resistor 134 provide a power-up reset pulse to CPU 78 via line 135. VCL is applied to the CPU 78 via line 13û as a time reference for cc)mputing time intervals. CPU 78 is cc3nnected to ground via line 136 and 137.
The E~OM 80 i~ c~nnected to VCC using filtering capacitor 138 and line 140~ and to VCC via pull up resistor 142 and line 144. The EPROM 80 is connected to ground via lines 146~ 148.
Latch 82 is connected to VCC via line 150, and to ground via 1 ine 152.
Display module 60 includes three seven-segmerlt displays 154, 156, 158, and six light emitting diodes 160, 162, 164, 166, 16B, 170~ The seven segment displays may advantageously be LED-type displays ~Part No. E~PSD 3730 ) manufactured by the Hewlett-Packard Company of Palo Alto, Cali.fornia. Seven segment display 154 indicates the most s i g n i f i c an t digit in a thr ee d ig i t number ; d i spl ay 1 5 6 indicates the middle digit, and display 158 the least significant di.git. The particular value displayed on the three seven~segment: displays 154, 156, 158 is indicated by activation of one of the s;x LED's. In partic:ular, 1 a ~ivation of LED 160 indicates ambient air temperature, LED 162 indicates relative humidity~ LED 164 indicates the running average air ~emperature, LED 166 indicates top grain temperature, LED 168 indicates e~ilibrium moisture content, and LED 170 indicates ho~rs of fan operation during the last fourteen days. In addition, deactivation of all LE~'s simultaneously indicates display of the accumulated hours of unused fan operation time.
The driver unit 64 comprises three serially connected driver chips 172, 174, 176, which are advantageously type MM5484 chips manufactured by the National Semiconductor Company of Santa Clara, Califoenia.
Driver chip 172 is connected to LED' s 160, 16~, 164, 166, 168, 170 via lines 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188 respectively. The dr iver chip 172 is also connected to the seven-seyment display 154 via lines 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, ~00, 202. Dr iver chip 172 is interconnected with ~river 174 via 1 ine 202, alnd is connected to VCC and ground via 1 ines 204, 206 respectiYely.
2Q Driver chip 174 is connected to the seven-segment display 155 via 1 ines 20û, 210, 212, 21~, 218, 220, 221 and to the seven-segment display 158, via lines 222, 2~4, 226~ 22B, 230, 240, 242. Lines ~44 and 246 each connect driver chip 174 with both ~he middle digit and the least signific3nt digit seven segment displays, 156, 158. Lines 248, 250 connect driver chip 174 with VCC and ground respectively. The seven segment displays 154, 1~6, 153 ~re each connected to the 2.4 volt supply voltage via 1 ine~ 252, 254, ~56 respectively.
Enable line 258 and clock :line 260 each interconnect the CE'U 78 with each of the driver chips 172, ~6~33 174, 176. Data line 262 in~erconnects the CP~ 78 s7ith ~river chip 172. Data line 264 interconnects driver chips 172 and 174. Data 1 ine 266 interconnects dr iver chip 174 and 17 6 .
Solid state relay 68 is connec~ed to driver chip 176 via actuating lines 268, 270. The solid state relay 68 may include a plurality of switches 68'/ 68'' :Eor actuation of a plurality of fans 26, 26'.
Driver chip 175 is connected to switch ~6 by enable 1 ines 272, 274. Enable 1 ine 275 extends to a heating coil and coil driver circuit 276, The co:il circuit 276 is used for purging of the h~nidity ~ensor 36. Lines 27B, 280, 28~, and 284 comprise top probe temperature~ desired grain moisture, air temperature, and humidity input enable lines, respect;vely, connecting the driver 176 with the input multiplexer 62. Lines 286, 288 connect the driver chip 176 with VCC and ground, respectively O
Multiplexer circuitry 62 comprises a type 7403 quad tw~input NAND gate 289 manufactured by the National Semiconductor Company. Frequency~ encoded input signals from top grain temperature input module 74, air temperature input m~ule 70, humidity input module 72, and desired grain moisture content input module 76 are received by multiplexer 62 via lines 290, 292, 294, ~96 resE~ectively. The outputs of each ind ividual NAND gate within the ~ad two inp~3t NAND gate chip 289 are tied together by 1 ine 298 and input to the CPU 78 via the same l ine 298 . The NAND gate chip 289 is connected t~ 6upply voltage VCC and to ground via lines 300, 302 respectively~
g33 1 The grain type and desired time of daily fan operation selection switch 66 comprises a multiplexed deccder for conversion of the grain type selection, as indicated by the position of.control dial 50, and the desired time of daily fan operation selection, as indicated by the position of control dial 54, into three-bit binary coded signals. (Each dial has a maximum of eight selections.~ Enable lines 272, 274 alternately actuate swîtch 66 for encoding of the grain type and fan operation time selections. The binary coded signals are transferred from the switch 66 to the ~U via lines 304, 306, 308.
The air temperature, humidity, top gra;n tempe{ature and desired grain moisture content input modules 7fl, 72, 74, 76 provide interfaces between the various sensors of the control apparatus 10 and the CPU
78~ In particular, the temperature input module 70 is connected to air temperature sensing device 34 via 1 ine 40, the humidity input module 72 is connected tc> the humidity s:ensing device 36 via channel ~;2,, and the top grain tempera'cure input module 74 i~s connec~ed to the top probe 3B via line 44~ The desired grain moisture content inp~t module 76 is connected to the desired grain moisture sel ec t ion swi tch 5~ v i a 1 ine 310 ~
Each of the inpu'c modules 70, 72, 74, 76 provide for frequency coding o their respective data inputs. For example, the desired grain moisture level input module 76 includes a type 556 dual timer integrated circuit chip manufactured by National Semiconductor Company configured to provide a frequency encoded signal to multiplexer 6~
via line 296 for multiplexed transmission of the signal to --~2--16~33 1 CP~ 78 via line 298. ~esired grain moisture selection switch 52 includes a variable resistor 312, which in c~mbination with adjusting resistor 314, dropping resistor 316 and capacitor 318 provides an inp~t having a variable ~^ time constant to the timer chip. The timer chip is connected to supply voltage VCC via line 320 and filtering capacitors 322, 3~ Timer chip 311 is also connected to VCC via line 326, and ~o ground via line 328 and via line 330 in conjunction with capaci~or 332. Each of the other input modules 70~ 72, 74 utlilizes a conventional variable resistance type temperature or humidity sensor in a similar ~C circuit to product a frequency encoded signal corresponding to the sensed temperature or humidityO
Manually actuated switches 334, 336, 338, provide 1~ for operator control of variouc; unctions of the CPU 78.
In particular, switch 334 prov:ides for the enable/disable of a four-second delay between turn-on of multiple ans, to avoid large current surges associated with startup of the fans. Switch 336 allows t!he operator to indicate to the CPU 78 ~hether or nDt a top grain temperature probe 38 i~ installed in grain bi~ 12. Switch 338 a:l~ows the opera~or to freeze ~he display of display panel 48, which, under normal conditiorls, changes its read out every four second s, Attached hereto is the assembly langua~e source code contained within ~PROM 80 for proper operation of CPU
78. This source code also specifies the computational details for the met:hod of the present inventionO
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and descr ibed, it is to be understood tha'c the invention is not 1 imited to the prec ise methsd --~3--~;~0~033 1 an~ apparatus herein disclosedl, and the right is reserved to all variati~ns coming within the scope of the appended claims. For example, it will be clear that the inventi~n will work in storage bins with a variety of shapes and will work as well with duct-type fan arrangements or with fan arran~ements that pull air down thro~gh the grain rather than by pushing it up from a plenum. Likewise it is clear that the method could be performed by other comparable circuitry or information processing means. It will further be clear that the invention could be implemented by substituting a desired ox target humidity value for the desired grain moisture content and using a range around the desired humidity value, determined and adapted in a similar manner as the range around desired or target grain moisture content. (This is because equil ibrium moisture content is determined by a temperature and humîdity value.) -2~-
Claims (20)
1. A method for controlling aeration of stored grain which is to be maintained at or near a specified desired grain moisture content comprising the steps of:
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient temperature and relative humidity readings;
determining a running average ambient temperature from a plurality of time-spaced measurements of ambient air temperature taken over a specified period of time; and aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said running average ambient temperature and said equilibrium moisture content is within a predetermined acceptable range of the desired grain moisture content.
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient temperature and relative humidity readings;
determining a running average ambient temperature from a plurality of time-spaced measurements of ambient air temperature taken over a specified period of time; and aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said running average ambient temperature and said equilibrium moisture content is within a predetermined acceptable range of the desired grain moisture content.
2. The method as claimed in Claim 1 including the step of widening the acceptable range around said running average ambient temperature when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
3. The method as claimed in Claim 2, including the step of widening the acceptable range around said desired grain moisture content when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
4. The method as claimed in Claim 1, including the step of widening the acceptable range around said desired grain moisture content when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
5. The method as claimed in Claim 1, said predetermined acceptable temperature range being within plus or minus 50°F around said running average ambient temperature.
6. The method as claimed in Claim 5, said predetermined acceptable temperature range being within plus or minus 1°F around said running average ambient temperature.
7. The method as claimed in Claim 1, said acceptable range around desired grain moisture content being within plus or minus 10 grain moisture percentage points of the desired grain moisture content.
8 The method as claimed in Claim 7, said acceptable range around said desired grain moisture content being within plus or minus 0. 5 grain moisture percentage points around said desired grain moisture content.
9. The method as claimed in Claim 1, said step of aerating comprising actuation of an aeration fan.
10. The method as claimed in Claim 1, further comprising the steps of selecting a desired available aeration time during a specified time period and inhibiting the step of aerating when the desired available aeration time has been consumed.
11. The method as claimed in Claim 10, further comprising the step of accumulating that portion of the desired available aeration time not used during each of said specified time periods when said current ambient air temperature and said equilibrium moisture content are not within their respective predetermined acceptable ranges, thereby increasing the desired available aeration time of subsequent time periods.
12. An apparatus for controlling aeration of stored grain which is of a specified type and which is to be maintained at or near a specified desired grain moisture content, comprising:
current ambient air temperature sensing means;
current ambient air relative humidity level sensing means;
means responsive to the current ambient air temperature sensing means for calculating and storing a running average ambient temperature covering a predetermined period of time;
means responsive to the current ambient air temperature and current ambient air relative humidity level sensing means for determining the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient air temperature and relative humidity readings and the specified grain type; and means for comparing the current ambient air temperature to the running average ambient temperature and for comparing said equilibrium moisture content to the desired grain moisture content, said means developing a signal to initiate grain aeration only when both the current ambient air temperature and said equilibrium moisture content are within predetermined acceptable ranges of the running average ambient temperature and the desired grain moisture content, respectively.
current ambient air temperature sensing means;
current ambient air relative humidity level sensing means;
means responsive to the current ambient air temperature sensing means for calculating and storing a running average ambient temperature covering a predetermined period of time;
means responsive to the current ambient air temperature and current ambient air relative humidity level sensing means for determining the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient air temperature and relative humidity readings and the specified grain type; and means for comparing the current ambient air temperature to the running average ambient temperature and for comparing said equilibrium moisture content to the desired grain moisture content, said means developing a signal to initiate grain aeration only when both the current ambient air temperature and said equilibrium moisture content are within predetermined acceptable ranges of the running average ambient temperature and the desired grain moisture content, respectively.
13. A method for controlling aeration of stored grain which is of a specified type and which is to be maintained at or near a specified desired grain moisture content comprising the steps of:
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient temperature and relative humidity readings and the specified grain type.
determining an average ambient temperature;
aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said average temperature and said equilibrium moisture content is within a predetermined acceptable range of the desired grain moisture content; and widening the acceptable range around said average ambient temperature when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred,
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient temperature and relative humidity readings and the specified grain type.
determining an average ambient temperature;
aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said average temperature and said equilibrium moisture content is within a predetermined acceptable range of the desired grain moisture content; and widening the acceptable range around said average ambient temperature when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred,
14. A method for controlling aeration of stored grain which is of a specified type and which is to be maintained at or near a specified desired grain moisture content comprising the steps of:
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient temperature and relative humidity readings and the specified grain type.
determining an average ambient temperature;
aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said average temperature and said equilibrium moisture content is within a predetermined acceptable range of the desired grain moisture content; and widening the acceptable range around said desired grain moisture content when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient temperature and relative humidity readings and the specified grain type.
determining an average ambient temperature;
aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said average temperature and said equilibrium moisture content is within a predetermined acceptable range of the desired grain moisture content; and widening the acceptable range around said desired grain moisture content when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
15. A method for controlling aeration of stored grain which is to be maintained at or near a specified desired grain moisture content comprising the steps of:
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining from the specified desired grain moisture content and the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient temperature and relative humidity readings a desired relative humidity value;
determining an average ambient temperature;
aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said average temperature and said ambient relative humidity level is within a predetermined acceptable range of the desired relative humidity value; and widening the acceptable range around said desired relative humidity value when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining from the specified desired grain moisture content and the equilibrium moisture content corresponding to said current ambient temperature and relative humidity readings a desired relative humidity value;
determining an average ambient temperature;
aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said average temperature and said ambient relative humidity level is within a predetermined acceptable range of the desired relative humidity value; and widening the acceptable range around said desired relative humidity value when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
16. A method for controlling aeration of stored grain comprising the steps of:
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining a target relative humidity value;
determining an average ambient temperature;
aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said average temperature and said ambient relative humidity is within a predetermined acceptable range of the target relative humidity value; and widening the acceptable range around said desired relative humidity value when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
measuring the current ambient air temperature;
measuring the current ambient air relative humidity level;
determining a target relative humidity value;
determining an average ambient temperature;
aerating said grain when said current ambient air temperature is within a predetermined acceptable range of said average temperature and said ambient relative humidity is within a predetermined acceptable range of the target relative humidity value; and widening the acceptable range around said desired relative humidity value when less than a predetermined amount of aeration has occurred.
17. The method as claimed in claim 1, including the step of measuring the temperature of said grain adjacent the upper surface of said grain, and aerating said grain when said upper surface grain temperature exceeds a predetermined value and said ambient air temperature is a predetermined value less than said upper surface grain temperature.
18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the predetermined value which the upper surface grain temperature must exceed before Aeration is initiated is calculated by adding a fixed value to said running average temperature.
19. The method as claimed in claim 18, said running average being truncated so as to never exceed a predetermined upper limit,
20. The method as claimed in claim 17, said upper surface grain temperature predetermined value being a value of about 30°F greater than said running average temperature, and said ambient air temperature predetermined value being a value of about 15°F less than said running average temperature.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000476899A CA1206033A (en) | 1985-03-19 | 1985-03-19 | Method and apparatus for aeration of stored grain |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000476899A CA1206033A (en) | 1985-03-19 | 1985-03-19 | Method and apparatus for aeration of stored grain |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1206033A true CA1206033A (en) | 1986-06-17 |
Family
ID=4130064
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000476899A Expired CA1206033A (en) | 1985-03-19 | 1985-03-19 | Method and apparatus for aeration of stored grain |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1206033A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7004401B2 (en) | 2001-08-10 | 2006-02-28 | Cerys Systems, Inc. | System and method for regulating agriculture storage facilities in order to promote uniformity among separate storage facilities |
-
1985
- 1985-03-19 CA CA000476899A patent/CA1206033A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7004401B2 (en) | 2001-08-10 | 2006-02-28 | Cerys Systems, Inc. | System and method for regulating agriculture storage facilities in order to promote uniformity among separate storage facilities |
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