CA1177451A - Breath actuated devices for administering powdered medicaments - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT
BREATH ACTUATED DEVICE FOR ADMINISTRATION OF POWDERED
MEDICAMENTS BY INHALATION

A breath actuated device for the oral inhalation of medicaments in finely divided powder form, comprising a chamber (72) having one or more inlet ports for the entry of air and an outlet in direct communication with a mouthpiece (66) and positioned within the chamber, means for separating the lid and base components (62A,62B) of a capsule (as defined herein) containing the medicament whilst holding the capsule substantially vertically to expose an aperture in the base component facilitating access to the powdered medicament and means for support-ing the base component of the capsule containing the powdered medicament in a substantially vertical position, the inlet ports, outlet port and means for supporting the base component of the capsule being arranged such that when the device is operated by suction at the mouthpiece an air flow is established from the entry ports to the outlet port directly across the aperture in the base component of the capsule causing the particles of powdered medicament in the base component of the capsule to become entrained in the air flow.
In a preferred embodiment the device comprises a carousel (54) which retains a plurality of capsules (62) =2=
and may be rotated to introduce the capsules sequentially into the chamber (72). The means for separating the two components of the capsule may comprise a piston assembly (58) movable between an engaging position in which the piston grips the lid of the capsule (62A) and a dispensing position, said movement causing the lid of the capsule to be removed from the base (62B).

Description

~ ~ ~77~51 BREATH ACTUATED DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING POWDERED
MEDICAMENTS

This invention relates to a device for administer-ing powdered medicaments by oral inhalation and which is actuated by the inhalation of the patient~
There are many devices for administering powdered medicaments to the alveolar region of the lungs which employ propellants, such as compressed gases, e.g. air, or liquefied gas propellants, to dispense and disperse the medicament. These devices tend to be complex to construct and have the disadvantage that in order for the optimum effect to be obtained it is essential that inhalztion and dispensing be synchronous.
There are also a number of known breath actuated inhalation devices for administering powdered medicaments to the lungs which have mouthpieces through which the medicament is inhaled. The powdered medicament is usually supplied in capsules which are substantially cylindrical in shape and have rounded ends. The capsule is formed in two halves having different diameters, one half being a push-fit within the other. In the simpler breath actuated devices the capsule is opened prior to insertion into the device and one half of the capsule\containing the medicament or the medicament itself is positioned in the device such that during inhalation through the mouthpiece the medicament becomes entrained in the air stream and passes to the patient.
~25 Examples of such devices are disclosed in British Patent .~ ~

~ ~ 774~ ~

=2=

Specification Nos. 1 520 064, 1 504 441, 1 118 341, 1 520 063 and 1 520 062. These devices suffer from the disadvantage that medicament may be spilled when the capsule is opened prior to insertion in the device.
British Patent Specification Nos. 1 521 000, 1 520 062, 1 472 650 and 1 502 150 disclose more complex devices in which the complete capsule is inserted into the device thus ensuring no spillage of medicament prior to inhalation, andaccess to the medicament is gained by piercing the capsule or cutting it in half, inside the dispensing device. On inhalation the air flows into or through the capsule and the powder within is released into the air stream and-flows towards the mouth.
The devices disclosed in ~ritish Patent Specification 15 Nos. 1 485 163, 1 331 216, 1 457 352, 1 396 258, 1 182 779, 1 404 338, 1 459 426 and 1 118 431 and United States Patent Specification Nos. 4 117 844 and 4 116 195 are designed to agitate the capsule containing the medicament in order to help release and disperse the pbwde- from the capsule. The capsule may be agitated by various means, e.g. creating a turbuIent air flow, or by rotational and/or vibrational motion of the capsule with the use of vanes or propellors. These devices incorporate complex arrange~
ments and are often difficult to operate.

- . .

.:

- :

- ~ ~ 77~5 1 United States Patent Specification No. 4 210 140 discloses a device in which access to the powdered medicament is gained by pulling the halves of the capsule apart so that the medicament is emptied to a suitable position for entrainment in the air flow caused by inhalation.
In spite of the numerous prior art devices there is a need for a breath actuated device which is simple to operate and efficient in administering powdered medicaments into the alveolar region of the lungs.
The present invention provides a breath actuated device for oral inhalation of medicament in finely divided powder form from a capsule formed by base component having a rim defining an aperture and a lid component, the base component being capable of holding said medicament and the lid component being removable to expose said medicament, said device comprising: a chamber having one or more inlet ports for entry of air and an outlet port in direct communication with a mouthpiece and positioned within the chamber, said chamber being adapted to mount the base component of the capsule substantially vertically with said rim aperture sub-stantially horizontal, the inlet ports and outlet port being arranged such that when the device is operated by suction at the mouthpiece an airflow is established from the inlet ports to the outlet port directly across and substantially parallel to said rim causing particles of medicament to become entrained in said airflow.

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The term "capsule" used herein refers to an enclosed container suitable for powdered medicament formed from a base component and a lid component, the base component being capable of holding powdered medicament and the lid component being capable of being removed to expose the powdered medicament in the base com-ponent.

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In the oper2tion of the devices o~ the invention it is the base component o~ -the capsule which contains the powdered medicament, the lid component having been removed.
Whilst the invention is describea mainly with reference to conventional capsules used in the pharmaceutical industry which are substantially cylindrical and are formed of two halves, one being a force fit within the other, the invention is equally applicable to other containers in which accesss to the contents is gained by removal of a lid component, e.g. a tube having a bung or a container having a foil lid adhered or crimped over the open end. The devices of the invention may include the base component of the capsule integrally mounted therein as will be described hereinafter.
The device according to the invention is simple to operate and is effective in transferring medicaments to the lungs. The complete capsule containing medicament is placed in the device thereby preventing spillage of the medicament and the lid and base components of the capsules are separated, e.g. by pù~ling apart within the device to allow direct and efficient access to the powder held in the base component without need for the operator .o manually handle the capsule during the opening operation. A mouthpiece is arranged with direct access , .

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.' ' ' ' " ~' , =6=
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to the chamber in which the base component of the capsule containing the medicament is held in order that the medicament may have a short direct path to the mouth. Constructions, corners or obstruction~
would hlnder the passage of powder. The inlet port or ports to the chamber, which may be in the form of a slit or a plurality of radial apertures, are arranged to provide an air flow passing directly over the aperture in the base of the capsule containing medicament so that the powder contained in the capsule base component will be entrained into the air stream.
The airflow established in the device of the invention is directed uniformly across the open aperture and not into the base component of the capsule. This airflow is effective in entraining powder from the capsule possibly due to a resonance effect built up in the capsule (in a similar manner to blowing over the top of an open bottle). Tests which have been conducted reveal that for optimum efficiency the airflow must be across the open aperture and there ,ends to be an optimum position for the medicament and hence the capsule r~elative to the lower extent of the inlet ports, i.e. relative to the airflow. This : 1 .

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-7=
~ ~77451 optimum position may vary according to capsule dimensions and .he amount of medicament in the capsule but does not tend to be critical for capsule bases which are relatively shallow, e.g. up to 10 mm, but becomes more critical when deeper capsule bases are used. In general it has been found that the rim of the capsule should not ` extend significantly above the lower extent of the inlet ports and is preferably at the same level or slightly lower than the lower extent of the inlet ports, i.e. the medicament in the capsule base is spaced slightly from the mainstream of the airflow. Preferably, the device of the invention is arranged to take a particular size of base component of a capsule and includes means to accurately position the capsule base in the optimum position for powder entrainment in the airflow.
The efficiency achieved by using an airflow directly across the aperture of the base of the capsule is surprising since heretofore it was always believed that the airflow in such devices should impinge directly onto the powder and devices of the prior art were specifically designed to create sufficient turbulence in order to entrain the powder in the airflow. For example, the device disclosed in United States Patent Specification No. 4 192 309 which utilizes a vertically positioned opened capsule as a powder reservoir deliberately =8=
~ ~ 77i~ 1 incorporates a deflector to deflect the air steam into the !
opened capsule to entrain the powder. Tests conducte~ on the device in accordance with the invention have shown that the inclusion of a deflector to deflect air into the caspule does not affect the efficiency of the device.
- The inlet and outlet ports of the chamber are arranged so that the airflow from the former to the latter passes directly over the opened capsule base. The lower extent of the inlet port is preferably at the same height or higher than the lower extent of the outlet port and the vertical extent of the aperture of the inlet ports is wholly within that of the out~et port so that in use a substantially horizontal flow of air passes from inlet to outlet across the opened capsule base. The total cross-sectional area of the inlet ports is small compared withthat of the outlet port so that the velocity of the air across the capsule base is high. However, the pressure drop across the chamber in use should not be high since this would require the user to exert considerable suction at a time when he is in a distressed condition. In practice it has been found that i~t is possible to achieve a suitable arrangement of inlet and outlet ports which will give the desired airflow and will cause a pressure drop of about 5 cm of water which is barely noticeable to the user. A pressure drop of up to 25 cm of water appears to be an upper limit as far as comfort to the user is concerned.

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The mouthpiece is preferably short and straight and aligned with the airflow across the chamber,'so that there is a substantially straight airflow across the device. However, the mouthpiece may be shaped or inclined slightly with respect to the airflow across the chamber without significantly affecting the efficiency of the device providing there are no obstructions which will trap the particles entrained in the airflow. The mouth-piece of the device may be adapted for nasal inhalation and the term "mouthpiece" used herein includes such nasal adaptors.
According to one embodiment the capsule base component containing the medicament is supported vertically on a sliding piston arrangement so that when the device is operated by suction the piston is urged upwards by reduced pressure until it abuts a stop; this action gives the powder an initial impetus which aids in the dispersion of the powder as the air~stream flows : .

=10=

~ ~77451 across the open end of the capsule. This emboaiment is particularly e~fective when the powder in the capsule has become compacted although the piston arrangement is not necessary for free flowing powders.
The means for separating the two components of the capsule may comprise an opening means movable between an engaging position in which the opening means engages the lid component of a capsule held by the base component in the securing means, and a dispensing position whereby movement of the opening means for its engaging position to its dispensing position causes separation of the two components of the capsule.
According to one embodiment of the invention the chamber is substantially cylindrical in shape and the device is hinged to give access to the chamber for insertion of the capsule. The roof of the chamber is provided with a clutch into which the capsule is inserted, the clutch grlpping the lid component of the capsule.
The base of the chamber is similar~y provided with a clutch mechanism and by relative movement of the roof and the base of the chamber towards each other, the base component of the capsule may be engaged in the clutch at the base. Relative movement of the roof and the base of the `chamber away from each other separates . ~ :

.

, ~774~1 the two components of the capsule, the base component of the capsule holding the medicament being supported .
vertically by the clutch of the base. The mouthpiece is provided in one side of the chamber and a number of radial, inlet ports are provided which are coplanar and are disposed over not more than 180. The axis of the rnouth-piece preferably bisects the angular spread of -the inlet ports, the lower extent of the inlet ports being higher than the lower extent of the outlet port, the vertical extent of the inlet ports being wholly within that of the outlet port. The top of the base component of the capsule is arranged at substantially the same height or below the lower extent of the inlet ports. The base of the chamber may be a movable piston arrangement as described above.
The invention also provides a device including a conveyor containing a plurality of capsules which may be introduced into the chamber in turn, opened and the medicament dispensed thereby allowing several doses to be sequentially inhaled wi-thout recharging the device. In a preferred embodiment the device comprises a carousel which retains a plurality of caps~,les by their base components (or includes the base components integrally moulded therein) and may be rotated to introduce the capsules sequentially into the chamber. Thb carousel may be moulded from plastics material and may include partitions or ribs to define one or more walls and the floor of the chamber around each capsule.

=12=
I ~ 774~ 1 .
The device may include a body portion having the mouthpiece inteyral therewith, the body contai~ing and supporting a carousel. A lid may be provided hinged to the body, the lid covering the top of the carousel, the opening means and the mouthpiece. In a preferred embodiment the device is constructed so that when the lid is closed the opening ~eans is in the engaging position and when the lid is raised the opening means moves to its dispensing position thereby opening the capsule in the chamber. This is particularly deslrable when the device is used by asthmatic patients since the operations required by the patient to gain relief during an asthmatic attack are mi~imal, the lid of the device is simply raised and the medicament inhaled.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 represents a longltudinal section through a device in accordance with the invention, Figure 2 ~s a cross-section along the line X-X of Figure 1, Figure 3 is a diagram showing the construction of a conventional capsule for powdered medicament, Fig~lres 4 and 4a are longi-tudinal sections through modified versions of the device shown in Figure 1, :

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=13=
~ ~774~1 Figures 5 to 7 show a further device in accordance with the invention, the views being respectively an exploded view, a section with lid closed and a section in use, Figures 8 to 10 show a further device in accordance with the invention, the views being respectively an exploded view, a section during the loading operation and a section in use, Figures 11 to 13 show a plan view and sections with the lid open and closed respectively of a further device in accordance with the invention, and Figure 14 is a plot of (FEV1) against time summarising results o~ a clinical trial reported hereinafter.
The inhalation device shown in Figures 1 and 2 comprises a cylindrical chamber defined by two cylindrical members 2 and 4 which are joined by means of a hinge at Y-Y. Within the cylindrical chamber are two pistons 6 and 8, the lower piston 8 being free to move between two extreme positions designated in Figure 1 by the lower position A and the higher position B shown in dashed outline. The limit of upward movement of the piston 8 is ~overned by an annul~r rim 9 which abuts the lower end of the casi.ng of the cylindrical chamber 2.

-14=
~ ~ 77451 The upper piston 6 may be lowered to toueh the lower piston 8 when in position B b~ depressing lever 13 which acts against spring 20 positioned within housing 22. The spring 20 may ~e replaced by a concentric spring on the outside of the piston 6 or a plurality of sprlngs disposed about the circumference of the piston 6 in a similar manner to spring 20. The parallel end surfaces of the pistons 6 and 8 house clutch mechanisms 10 and 12 for gripping the lid and base components of the eapsule. The elutch mechanism in each piston is positioned behind a flat concentric disc 11 and 13 respectively and consists of an annulus of any thin springy material such as copper-beryllium foil or plastics, e.g.
polypropylene. ~ number of radial slots are provided in the inner circumference of the annulus to form a ring of small flexible teeth which ean grip the eapsule and effeetively prohibit its movement back into the chamber.
The apertures and clutch arrangements in the discs 11 and 13 may conveniently be dimensioned to accommodate conventional capsules used in the~pharmaceutical industry as illustrated in Figure 3. Such capsules comprise a body 30 which is a force fit within a cap 32. Such capsules may be used either way up in the devices o~ the invention, i.e. the cap 32 may constitute the lid or the base portion or the capsule. Preferably the powdered -15=
~ ~ 774L51 material is retained in the cap 32 and the body 30 removed since the position of the cap with respect to the air~low is not as critical as when the body 32 is used. In the device depicted in Figure 1 the aperture in the disc 11 is large enough to accept the body 30 oE the capsule but not the cap 32 and the aperture in the disc 13 is large enough to accept-the cap 32.
The cylindrical chamber is provided with six air inlet ports 14 which are coplanar at X-X and consist o~ raaial apertures disposed over an arc up to 180. The diameter of the air inlet ports may be 2 mm. A cylindrical mouthpiece 16 is provided diametrically opposite the inlet ports such that the axis o-E the mouthpiece bisects the angular spread of the inlet ports when viewed from above (the axes being in different planes). The lower extent of the inlet ports is higher than the lower extent of the mouthpiece but lower than the axis oE the mouthpiece. When the lower piston 8 is in position B its top surface, the top of ~he capsule base component, and the lower extent of the inlet ports are coplanar. With this arrangement of inlet pOl-tS, the pressure drop developed~across the device during normal inhalation may be kept sufficiently low as to be almost unnoticeable to the patients. For example, for a pulmonary i inhalation rate of 28-3 l~min the pressure drop developed may be e~uivalent to a 4.7 cm head of water~ The arrangement .

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=16=
i~7745~

of the inlet ports and mouthpiece may be selected to .
obtain the desirea pressure drop which is generally maintained below 25 cm of water at an inhalation rate of 28.3 l/min.
The device is operated as follows.
The device is opened by pivoting about the hinge at Y-Y. ~ capsule having a body 30 and a cap 32 is inserted body first through the aperture in the surface 11 and is gripped by the clutch mechanism 10. The capsule is pushed in until the cap of the capsule abuts the surface o~ the disc 11. In this position the complete cap protrudes from the disc 11.
The device is then closed and with the lower .piston 8 held in position B, the upper piston 6 is lowered by depressing lever 18. The cap is pushed into the aperture o~ disc 13 and is gripped.by clutch 12. The upper piston 6 is then allowed to return to its original position under the action of the spring 20. This action pulls the iwo halves of the capsule apart with the powclered medicament located in the~cap which is held ~7ertically in the clutch 12. The lower piston 8 is allowed to fall to-its rest position at A.
The patient inhales through the mouthpiece 16, the piston 8 is accelerated upwards to position B, air flows through the inlet ports directly across the open , ~ '. ~, ' , . ' ' ,.
.

=17=

~ ~ 77~5 1 end o~ the cap and powder flows out o~ the cap becoming entrained in the air flow and thus passes through the mouthpiece and into the alveolar region of the lungs of the patient. The empty halves of the capsule are subsequently ejected from the clutch mechanisms of the device upon insertion of a new capsule.
The efficiency of the device in transferring powdered medicaments into the alveolar region of the lungs may be determined by measuring the particle size distribution of a micronized bronchodilating drug emitted from the device on an aerodynamic particle sampler known as the Andersen sampler Model No. 22-000 manufactured by Andersen 200~ Inc. of Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, which is a recognised instrument for measuring airborne particle size distributions. In particular the amount of drug collected on stages 3 to 7 of the Andersen sam~ler which represents particles between 4.7 ~m and 0.43 ~m, was observed. This fraction represents the amo~lnt of drug which is small enough to be transmitted into the lungs and is known as the~respirable fraction.
In one series of tests 15 m~ samples of a blend of micronlsed isoprenaline sulphate (100 ~g) in powdered lactose was introduced into standard size 4 capsules. -See Remingtons -Pharmaceutical Sciences, i~lack Publishing Company, 15th Edition, 25 1975 pages 1598 to 9 for details of capsule sizes. A capsule was inserted cap downwards in a device of the invention.
The device was connected to the Andersen sampler and air was drawn through the ' ~ 774~1 system at a rate of 28.3 l/min. The resultant respirable fraction calculated as a percenlage of ~he total dose of arug originally packed in the capsule obtained with the new device is given below together with respirable fractions obtained on ~he Andersen sampler with two other prior art devices using the same powder formulations:

Device Respirable Praction Device of the invention 20.3~
British Patent No. 1 182 779 9.1%
Unlted States Patent No. 4 117 844 3.9%

These results confirm the efficiency of the device of Figure 1 of the invention over devices of the 1~ prior art.
It has been found that when capsules are used in which the powder is uncompacted and free flowing the efficiency of drug transfer into the lungs is substantially the same for the following situations:
(i) when the sliding pi'ston 8 is allowed to slide during inhalation from position A to position B, and (ii) when the piston is held static in position B.
However, when highly cohesive or compacted powders are present in the capsules the sliding piston arrangement (i) . :
. " ` ~ , ,.

=19=

~ .77~51 is considerably more efficient that the static arrangement (ii) as shown in the following table:

Powder: Compacted impalpable Lac-tose.

15 mg/capsule.

Sliding Piston held static Piston in position B
..
Average removed as % of 78æ 44~
total :

A further series of tests was performed to examine the efficiency of the airflow directly across the open capsule portion in the device of the invention compared with an airflow deflected into the capsule portion.
A deflector to channel the inspired air into the capsule containing the drug blend was built into a device of the invention with the clutch holder static in position B. A determination was made by an Andersen Sampler of the respirable fraction obtained by using this modified device with a blend of micronised rimiterol hydrobromide 0.~5 mg with lactose 45 mg. The ~espirable fraction obtained from the same blend using a similar device without a deflector was also determined. The results are shown -in the following table.

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=20=

3 .~ 77a~5 1 .
Dru~ found~as % of total No Deflector ¦ Defleetor drug filled into capsules 1 _ 1 Capsules and device 12.4 11.1 13.1 15.7 Throat and pharynx of Andersen 53.7 57.6 52.1 55.0 Upper Andersen 17.8 16.5 18.4 14.6 Andersen plates 3 to 7 (respirable fraction) 16.1 14.8 16.3 14.7 ~ .
The results inaicate that inelusion of a deflector did not increase the respirable fraetion.
Detailed tests were undertaken to compare the effieieney of a deviee of the invention with that illustrated in Figures 4 and 5 of United States Patent Speeifieation No. 4 210 1~0.
In the deviee of the prior art an opened eapsule has its long axis horizontal and parallel to the mouth-pieee. The unopened eapsule is fitted into eluteh mechanisms one of which is movable to pull the capsule apart. In practice difficulty was experienced in separating the capsule halves.
The respirable fraction was determinea upon size 4 eapsules containing a blend of mieronised rimiterol hydrobromide 0.25 m~ and lactose 45 mg as in the preceding tests- Four determinations were performed aecording to the position of the powde~:

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~ 777451 A. divided approximately equally between the two - -- capsule halves, - -s. all in the capsule half with its open end facing away from the mouthpiece, C. all in the capsule hal~ with its open end facing the mouthpiece, ana D. deliberately tipped onto the floor of the chamber.
The results are shown in the following table.

Locus of Drug (% of total drug filled A B C D
into capsules) _ Capsule and device91.692.3 91.7 23.2 15 Throat and pharynx3.2 3.3 2.5 51.8 Upper Andersen 2.9 2.4 2.9 16.7 Respirable fraction 2.4 1.9 2.9 8.4 The device is very inefficient from the point of view of pulling apart the capsule and the airflow leaves 20 90~ ~f the powder blend in the capsule unless the powder I is deliberately tipped onto the floor of the chamber.
This results in a very low respirable fraction (< 3%).
The respirable fraction is low (8%) even when the powder is spilt deliberately out of the capsule before inhalation 25 commences, .. ., . ~ ~ ... .. . . . . . . . .

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The bronchodilator effect of 200 lug isoprenaline sulphate as delivered to a sample of 12 patients by the non-propellant device of the invention and by a pressurized aerosol commercially available from Riker Laboratories under the trade mark Medihaler, was compared together with a control in which a placebo preparation was administered by both devices. The bronchodilator effect was compared by measuring the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEVl) for patients before and after administration of the drug and the average results are - recorded in Figure 11 as a plot of FEV1 against time.
There was no statistically significant difference between the values of the measured pulmonary function parameters resulting from the application of `the drug by each device. ~owever, both modes of application of the drug produced a significant change in .
.

=23=
~ 11 77~5 1 .
pulmonary function compared with ~ placebo administered by both modes of delivery.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 4, the device is identical to that shown in Figure 1 with the exception that the cylindrical member 2 is elongated to form a skirt portion 40 which completely surrounds the lower piston 8 when in its lower position A thereby protecting the piston from damage and preventing the user's fingers from interfering with its free movement.

The skirt portion 40 includes a vertical slot'42 through which arm 44 attached to the pis'ton 8 protrudes thus enabling the piston to be raised and held at its upper position B when required for opening the capsule.

In a second modification of the device of Fig. 1 illustrated in Figure 4a the bottom slidlng piston is replaced by a fixed base 13 housing a'clutch ~echanism 12 at a position corresponding to the higher posltion B of the sliding piston (Figure 1). This modification m~es the device' simpler and more compact. In addition, by incorporating a locking mechanism 15 into the device which will enablè

the piston 6 to be loc];ed securely at its lowest extent of tràvel with its end surface touching the fixed base, the device may be pre-loaded with a capsule which will be firmly held at'all times by the two clutch mechanisms.
When medlcation is then required the user need only unlock =24=
3 ~ ~745 1 the piston and return it to its upper position thus opening the pre-loaded capsule. The piston need not be spring-loaded but may instead be secured at both the lower and higher positions. Pre-loading the device in this manner reduces to a minimum the effort required by the user at a vital time when relief from, for example, an asthmatic attack is being sought.
Figures 5 to 7 show a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the device contains a plurality of capsules which may be used sequentially. The device comprises a body portion 50 having a hinged lid 52, a rotatable carousel 54, a base cap 56 and a movable piston assembly 58. The carousel 54 is formed with a number of apertures 60 adapted to support capsules 62.
The capsules 62 comprise a lid component 62A which is a force fit within a base component 62B. The apertures 60 in the carousel have a lip 64 against which the edge of the base component 62B abuts to prevent the base component of the capsule passing completely through the aperture.
The body of the device incl~udes a short mouthpiece 66 which is covered by the lid 52 when the lid is closed.
The piston assembly 58 is movable between the two positions shown in Figures 6 and 7, the assembly being biased b~
spring 68 so that upon opening of the lid it adopts it.s raised position as shown in Fi~ure 7. The piston assembly =25=
g 1l77~5~1 includes an aperture 70 of a suitable size to accommodate the lid component 62A of a capsule 62. -The apertures 60 in the carousel and aperture 70 in the piston assembly may include a suitable clutch means as illustrated in Figures 1 to 4.
The chamber 72 of the device is defined by various portions of the carousel, body and piston assembly.
In particular, moulded portions 74 on the carousel define the side walls, these mouldings being provided with apertures 76 forming the air inlet ports. The inlet ports are positioned so that in use air flows through the inlet ports directly over the base component 62s of the capsule and out through the mouthpiece 66.
The capsule is opened in the chamber by depressing piston assembly 58 so that the aperture 70 accommodates the lid component of the capsule 62A. Upon releasing the piston assembly it is urged to its raised position as shown in Figure 7 taking the lid component of the capsule 62A with it, thereby opening the capsule as shown in Figure 7. The device is then ready for inhalation.
The device may readily be arranged such that upon opening the lid 52 a capsule in the chamber is automatically openea and the device ready for immediate u~e. Afier use the rotatable carousel may be advanced ~, . .

=26=
3 P 77~5 ~

so that a new capsule is positioned in the chamber so that when the device is closed the piston assembly will engage the lid component o~ the new capsule ready for opening when the lid 52 of the device is opened.
- 5 Automatic advancement of the carousel may be effected by a suitable ratchet mechanism, which may be operated, f~r example, by closing the lid.
Figures 8 to 10 show an alternative device which must be recharged manually after use. The device comprises a body portion 80 incorporating a mouthpiece 82, a piston assembly 84 and a capsule holder 86. A capsule 62 is manually inserted in an aperture 88 in the body portion as shown in Figure 9. The aperture 88has a lip portion 90 equivalent to the lip 64 in Figures 5 to 7.
lS The piston assembly 84 is movable between a lower and upper position as shown in Figures 9 and 10 respectively, the piston being spring biased by a spring 92~ The piston assemkly includes an aperture 94 for accommodating the lid component of the capsule 62A in a similar manner to aperture 70 in Figures 5 to 7.~
The chamber 96 of the device is defined by the body portion ana piston assembly and includes apertures 98 which are arranged so that in use the airflow is directly across the base component of the capsule 62B. The mode of operation of the piston assembly is similar to that .

~ ~77~5~
shown in Figures 5 to 7 although the piston is depressed ~anually. The foot of the spring 92 is arranged in an annular aepression 100 in the base of the chamber so that - there is no disruption of the airflow over the base component of the capsule 62B, the pitch of the spring being sufficiently large so that the coils of the spring do not obstruct the airflow.
The capsule holder 86 may contain a plurality of capsules and is removed from the body portion when a new capsule is to be inserted.
Figures 11 to 13 show a further device according to the invention which comprises a body portion 110 (shown in part section in Figure 11) incorporating a mouthpiece 112, a carousel 114 and a cover 116. In this device the rotatable carousel 114 also forms the p~ston assembly and the capsules 62 are loaded by inserting their lid component 62A into the apertures of the carousel. The arrangement of the carousel is similar to that shown in Figures 5 to 7 and includes moulded portions LO define parts of the side wall of the chamber.
The body portion is moulded to define a substantial portion of the chamber 118 and includes an aperture 120 adapted to accommodate and retain the base component of ~ capsule 62B. Apertures 122 form the air inlet ports . .

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i =28=
~ ~ 77~5 ~
which are arranged so that in use an airflow is established directly across the base component of the capsule.
The capsulç is opened in the chamber by depressing the cover 115 and hence the carousel 114 so that the base component of the capsule held in the carousel engages in an aperture 120. Upon releasing the cover the carousel and cover is spring biased to the raised position shown in Figure 13 thereby removing the lid component of the capsule 62B from the base component of the capsule 62A.
The device is then ready for use. After use the carousel is advanced to position the next capsule within the chamber. The spent base component of the capsule 62B
is pushed through the aperture 120 when a new capsule is inserted.
Whilst the arrangement shown in Figures 11 to 13 requires the carousel to be rotated manually, the device may be constructed so that the carousel is ad~anced automatically, for example by a ratchet mechanism, as the lid is depressed to facilitate ease of operation of ! 20 the device.

Claims (16)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A breath actuated device for oral inhalation of medicament in finely divided powder form from a capsule formed by base component having a rim defining an aperture and a lid component, the base component being capable of holding said medicament and the lid component being removable to expose said medicament, said device comprising: a chamber having one or more inlet ports for entry of air and an outlet port in direct communi-cation with a mouthpiece and positioned within the chamber, said chamber being adapted to mount the base component of the capsule substantially vertically with said rim aperture substantially horizontal, the inlet ports and outlet port being arranged such that when the device is operated by suction at the mouthpiece an airflow is established from the inlet ports to the outlet port directly across and substantially parallel to said rim causing particles of medicament to become entrained in said airflow.

2. A device as claimed in Claim 1, wherein there is positioned within the chamber means for separating the lid and base components of a said capsule containing the medicament whilst holding the capsule substantially vertically.

3. A device as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein the capsule base component is positioned so that the rim is at sub-stantially the same height as or lower than the lower extent of the inlet ports.

4. A device as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the lower extent of the inlet port is higher than the lower extent of the outlet port.

5. A device as claimed in Claim 4, wherein the vertical extent of the inlet ports is wholly within the vertical extent of the outlet port.

6. A device as claimed in Claim 2 wherein the means for separating the two components of the capsule comprises an opening means movable between an engaging position in which said opening means engages the lid component of the capsule held by its base component in a substantially vertical position, and a dispensing position whereby movement of said opening means from its engaging position to its dispensing position causes separation of the lid component from the base component of the capsule.

7. A device as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the opening means comprises a piston, spring biased to its dispensing position.

8. A device as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the piston includes a clutch assembly for gripping the top of the capsule.

9. A device as claimed in Claim 2 including means for supporting the base of the capsule comprising a piston assembly having a face defining the base of the chamber and including a clutch assembly for gripping the base of the capsule, the piston being urged upwards when the device is operated until it abuts a stop to give impetus to powdered medicament contained in said base of the capsule.

10. A device as claimed in Claim 8 or Claim 9, wherein the clutch assembly comprises an annulus of thin flexible material having a plurality of radial slots in the inner circumference to form a ring of teeth which are capable of gripping and retaining a capsule component.

11. A device as claimed in Claim 1, wherein means for support-ing the base of the capsule comprises a carousel adapted to support a plurality of capsules, the carousel being rotatable so that each capsule in turn may be positioned within the chamber, opened and its medicament entrained in said air flow.

12. A device as claimed in Claim 11, wherein the base of each of said plurality of capsules is integrally formed in the carousel.

13. A device as claimed in Claim 11, wherein the carousel is constructed to form at least part of the walls and floor of the chamber around each capsule.

14. A device as claimed in any one of Claims 11 to 13, wherein the device comprises a body portion having the mouthpiece integral therewith, the body containing and supporting the carousel and a lid hinged to the body which when closed covers the carousel, opening means and mouthpiece.

15. A device as claimed in Claim 6 wherein means for support-ing the base of the capsule comprises a carousel adapted to support a plurality of capsules, the carousel being rotatable so that each capsule in turn may be positioned within the chamber, opened and its medicament entrained in said air flow, the carousel being constructed to form at least part of the walls and floor of the chamber around each capsule, the device comprising a body portion having the mouthpiece integral therewith, the body containing and supporting the carousel, and a lid hinged to the body which when closed covers the carousel, opening means and mouthpiece, the device being constructed and arranged so that when the lid is closed the opening means is in its engaging position and when the lid is raised the opening means moves to its dispensing position.

16. A device as claimed in any one of Claims 1, or 2 wherein the device further comprises a rotatable carousel having a plurality of clutch means for vertically supporting a plurality of capsules by their lid components with their base component directed downwardly, the carousel defining a portion of the roof of the chamber so that each capsule may be sequentially introduced into the chamber by rotation of the carousel, the carousel being vertically movable between a raised position, and an engaging position in which the base component of a capsule supported in the carousel engages the clutch means in the floor of the chamber, whereby movement of the carousel from its engaging position to its raised position causes separation of the lid from the base com-ponent of the capsule.