CA1138272A - Non-sticking ply end turn-over bladder and method of manufacture thereof - Google Patents
Non-sticking ply end turn-over bladder and method of manufacture thereofInfo
- Publication number
- CA1138272A CA1138272A CA000362847A CA362847A CA1138272A CA 1138272 A CA1138272 A CA 1138272A CA 000362847 A CA000362847 A CA 000362847A CA 362847 A CA362847 A CA 362847A CA 1138272 A CA1138272 A CA 1138272A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cords
- bladder
- coating
- rubber
- article
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010073 coating (rubber) Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004636 vulcanized rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
- B32B25/10—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C37/00—Component parts, details, accessories or auxiliary operations, not covered by group B29C33/00 or B29C35/00
- B29C37/0067—Using separating agents during or after moulding; Applying separating agents on preforms or articles, e.g. to prevent sticking to each other
- B29C37/0075—Using separating agents during or after moulding; Applying separating agents on preforms or articles, e.g. to prevent sticking to each other using release sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/08—Building tyres
- B29D30/20—Building tyres by the flat-tyre method, i.e. building on cylindrical drums
- B29D30/24—Drums
- B29D30/26—Accessories or details, e.g. membranes, transfer rings
- B29D2030/2614—Bladders associated with the building drum, e.g. bladders used for the toroidal expansion, bladders for turning-up the plies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
- B29K2105/0809—Fabrics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2022/00—Hollow articles
- B29L2022/02—Inflatable articles
- B29L2022/025—Bladders
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2605/00—Vehicles
Landscapes
- Tyre Moulding (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The bladder has at least a portion of its outer surface comprrising a fabric layer of cords partially embedded therein so that such cords project slightly above the rubber surface. The article is manufactured by calendering a fabric layer of cords on one side only with a coating of uncured and unvulcanized rubber, applying the layer to the bladder material with the rubber coated surface in contact therewith, and heating the article so formed to cure the rubber coating. The curing causes some of the rubber coating to flow between and over the outside surfaces of the cords. This excess rubber is removed by abrading the article so as to expose the cords. The abrading removes some of the cured rubber between the cords so that the cords project slightly above the surface of the rubber substrate.
The bladder has at least a portion of its outer surface comprrising a fabric layer of cords partially embedded therein so that such cords project slightly above the rubber surface. The article is manufactured by calendering a fabric layer of cords on one side only with a coating of uncured and unvulcanized rubber, applying the layer to the bladder material with the rubber coated surface in contact therewith, and heating the article so formed to cure the rubber coating. The curing causes some of the rubber coating to flow between and over the outside surfaces of the cords. This excess rubber is removed by abrading the article so as to expose the cords. The abrading removes some of the cured rubber between the cords so that the cords project slightly above the surface of the rubber substrate.
Description
~3~
This invention relates primarily to apparatus for manufacturing pneumatic vehicle tires. It is more particularly concerned with the inflatable rubber bladders conventionally used to turn ply ends over a bead ring and against plies on the tire building machine mandrel, although it is not limited to such bladders.
Background of the Invention Tire building machines as above mentioned conventionally use rolling inflatable rubber bladders to turn the ends of plies wrapped on the tire building mandrel up around the bead rings and over them against the ply material. The rubber ply material is tacky by nature and it is this tack which causes the plies to stick together. The turn-over bladders are conventionally made from vulcanized rubber, natural, synthetic or mixtures of the two, and the tacky ply ends have a tendency to stick tothe bladders which turn them over, particularly, since the inflated bladders exert pressure on the turned over ply ends. This adhesion tends to retard the retraction of the deflated bladders, and it also results in erosion of the bladder material coming in contact with the ply ends.
The description of our invention which follows is specific to ply turn-over bladders but it will be evident that our invention is applicable to other articles which may come in contact with tacky rubber-like material.
Applicants' Invention It is an object of our invention to provide a ply turn-over bladder or the like which has less tendency to adhere to unvulcanized rubber or rubbery polymers than do conventional bladders made of the same materials. It is another object to provide such a bladder which is inherently or permanently less ~3~127~2 adhesive. It is another object to provide a process for manufacturing such bladders. Other objects of our invention will appear in the course of the description thereof which follows.
The invention provides a ply turn-over bladder formed of a rubbery polymer at least a portion of its outer surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubbery polymers, said portion comprising a fabric layer of spaced cords partially embedded in the rubbery polymer surface, the spaces between the cords being free of said polymer at said surface, so that such cords project above said surface.
From another aspect, the invention provides the method of manufacturing a rubbery polymer material with at least a portion of its surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubber polymers comprising calendering a fabric layer of inextensible cords on one side only with a coating of unvulcanized uncured polymer, applying that layer to the surface of the article with the coating against that surface, heating the article so formed to cure the coating, whereby some of the rubbery polymer coating flows between and over the cords, and abrading those cords so as to remove excess rubbery polymer coating and expose the outer surfaces of the cords.
The invention also provides the method of manufacturing a rubbery polymer material with at least a portion of its surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubber polymers comprising calendering a fabric layer of stretchable cords on one side only with a coating of unvulcanized uncured polymer, applying that layer to the surface of the article with the coating against that surface, and heating the article so formed to cure the coating, whereby some of the rubbery polymer coating flows between the cords.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a cross section of a partially deflated and partially retracted turn-over bladder of our invention, showing the positioning of our fabric layer of cords thereon;
Figure 2 is a partial plan of the portion of the bladder of Figure 1 having our fabric layer of cords thereon;
Figure 3 is a side elevation of the portion of the bladder of
This invention relates primarily to apparatus for manufacturing pneumatic vehicle tires. It is more particularly concerned with the inflatable rubber bladders conventionally used to turn ply ends over a bead ring and against plies on the tire building machine mandrel, although it is not limited to such bladders.
Background of the Invention Tire building machines as above mentioned conventionally use rolling inflatable rubber bladders to turn the ends of plies wrapped on the tire building mandrel up around the bead rings and over them against the ply material. The rubber ply material is tacky by nature and it is this tack which causes the plies to stick together. The turn-over bladders are conventionally made from vulcanized rubber, natural, synthetic or mixtures of the two, and the tacky ply ends have a tendency to stick tothe bladders which turn them over, particularly, since the inflated bladders exert pressure on the turned over ply ends. This adhesion tends to retard the retraction of the deflated bladders, and it also results in erosion of the bladder material coming in contact with the ply ends.
The description of our invention which follows is specific to ply turn-over bladders but it will be evident that our invention is applicable to other articles which may come in contact with tacky rubber-like material.
Applicants' Invention It is an object of our invention to provide a ply turn-over bladder or the like which has less tendency to adhere to unvulcanized rubber or rubbery polymers than do conventional bladders made of the same materials. It is another object to provide such a bladder which is inherently or permanently less ~3~127~2 adhesive. It is another object to provide a process for manufacturing such bladders. Other objects of our invention will appear in the course of the description thereof which follows.
The invention provides a ply turn-over bladder formed of a rubbery polymer at least a portion of its outer surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubbery polymers, said portion comprising a fabric layer of spaced cords partially embedded in the rubbery polymer surface, the spaces between the cords being free of said polymer at said surface, so that such cords project above said surface.
From another aspect, the invention provides the method of manufacturing a rubbery polymer material with at least a portion of its surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubber polymers comprising calendering a fabric layer of inextensible cords on one side only with a coating of unvulcanized uncured polymer, applying that layer to the surface of the article with the coating against that surface, heating the article so formed to cure the coating, whereby some of the rubbery polymer coating flows between and over the cords, and abrading those cords so as to remove excess rubbery polymer coating and expose the outer surfaces of the cords.
The invention also provides the method of manufacturing a rubbery polymer material with at least a portion of its surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubber polymers comprising calendering a fabric layer of stretchable cords on one side only with a coating of unvulcanized uncured polymer, applying that layer to the surface of the article with the coating against that surface, and heating the article so formed to cure the coating, whereby some of the rubbery polymer coating flows between the cords.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a cross section of a partially deflated and partially retracted turn-over bladder of our invention, showing the positioning of our fabric layer of cords thereon;
Figure 2 is a partial plan of the portion of the bladder of Figure 1 having our fabric layer of cords thereon;
Figure 3 is a side elevation of the portion of the bladder of
2-11~8;~
Figure 2 greatly enlarged; and Figure 4 is similar to Figure 3 but shows the bladder before the fabric layer is abraded to expose the outer surface of the cords.
In Figure 1, bladder 11 is mounted on a tire building machine with one edge of its mouth clamped between mounting rings -2a-~i3l3Z~2 17 and 18 and the other edge clamped between mounting rings 18 and 19. Ply end 20 is shown turned up around bead ring 21 and over against the ply body 22 wound on mandrel 23. On the outer surface of bladder 11, which would be against ply 20 in the turn-over operation, is positioned a fabric layer 16 comprising cords 12 parallel to the plane of the figure and fibers 13 normal to the plane of the figure.
The completed bladder structure is illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, and the article at an intermediate stage of its manufacture is illustrated in Figure 4. The rubber bladder 11 is bonded over at least a portion of its outside surface to a textile fabric 16 comprising parallel cords 12 interwoven with fibers 13 positioned at right angles to the cords 12. Cords 12 are arranged in groups 14 spaced from each other by intervals 15 greater than the spacing between individual cords 12. The spacing between fibers 13 is uniform. As is shown in Figure 3 the material of rubber bladder 11 does not extend above cords 12. The latter are partially embedded in rubber bladder 11 so as to be bonded thereto but their upper surfaces extend somewhat above the upper surface of bladder 11 so as to form a textile contact surface for that portion of the bladder.
The reenforcing cords 12 may be of the same size and spacing as reenforcing cords used in certain types of pneumatic vehicle tires. The cords are positioned around the outer surface of the bladder more or less normal to the annular bladder mouth and to the mounting rings which hold the bladder in place on a tire building machine. Thus, when the inflated bladder turns over the ply end, the relative movement between bladder and ply is parallel to the direction of the embedded cords 12. That cord surface has much less tendency to stick to unvulcanized and ~13~Z~2 uncurecl rubber materials than has ~ulcanized rubber.
The cords may be fibers of material normally used for tire cords such as cotton or synthetic materials including, polyesl,ers, rayon or nylon.
We have also used cords of stretchable or elastic material, Those cords may be positioned either normal to the bladder mouth and to the mounting rings as are inextensible cords, or parallel to the bladder mouth and rings. The cords of stretchable or elastic material allow the bladder to expand circumferentially.
We manufacture our article by calendering the textile fabric 16 comprising cords 12 and fibers 13 on one side with a coating of uncured and unvulcanized rubber. We then apply that fabric to a portion of the surface of bladder 11 with the coated side of the layer against the rubber surface. The article so formed is then heated to cure the unvulcanized rubber. That heating causes some of the rubber coating to flow between and over cords 12 and fibers 13, as is shown in Figure 4, We remove this excess rubber by abrading the outer surface of the article as shown in Figure 4, preferably by rubbing across cords 12 with sandpaper, until the upper portions of cords 12 are clear of rubber and project slightly above the rubber bladder 11.
We have found that it is not necessary to abrade the outer surface of articles made by the process of our invention with textile fabric having cords of stretchable or elastic material.
In the following claims, we use the term "rubbery polymer"
to comprehend natural and synthetic rubbers and mixtures thereof, together with other polymers of rubber-like consistency.
Figure 2 greatly enlarged; and Figure 4 is similar to Figure 3 but shows the bladder before the fabric layer is abraded to expose the outer surface of the cords.
In Figure 1, bladder 11 is mounted on a tire building machine with one edge of its mouth clamped between mounting rings -2a-~i3l3Z~2 17 and 18 and the other edge clamped between mounting rings 18 and 19. Ply end 20 is shown turned up around bead ring 21 and over against the ply body 22 wound on mandrel 23. On the outer surface of bladder 11, which would be against ply 20 in the turn-over operation, is positioned a fabric layer 16 comprising cords 12 parallel to the plane of the figure and fibers 13 normal to the plane of the figure.
The completed bladder structure is illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, and the article at an intermediate stage of its manufacture is illustrated in Figure 4. The rubber bladder 11 is bonded over at least a portion of its outside surface to a textile fabric 16 comprising parallel cords 12 interwoven with fibers 13 positioned at right angles to the cords 12. Cords 12 are arranged in groups 14 spaced from each other by intervals 15 greater than the spacing between individual cords 12. The spacing between fibers 13 is uniform. As is shown in Figure 3 the material of rubber bladder 11 does not extend above cords 12. The latter are partially embedded in rubber bladder 11 so as to be bonded thereto but their upper surfaces extend somewhat above the upper surface of bladder 11 so as to form a textile contact surface for that portion of the bladder.
The reenforcing cords 12 may be of the same size and spacing as reenforcing cords used in certain types of pneumatic vehicle tires. The cords are positioned around the outer surface of the bladder more or less normal to the annular bladder mouth and to the mounting rings which hold the bladder in place on a tire building machine. Thus, when the inflated bladder turns over the ply end, the relative movement between bladder and ply is parallel to the direction of the embedded cords 12. That cord surface has much less tendency to stick to unvulcanized and ~13~Z~2 uncurecl rubber materials than has ~ulcanized rubber.
The cords may be fibers of material normally used for tire cords such as cotton or synthetic materials including, polyesl,ers, rayon or nylon.
We have also used cords of stretchable or elastic material, Those cords may be positioned either normal to the bladder mouth and to the mounting rings as are inextensible cords, or parallel to the bladder mouth and rings. The cords of stretchable or elastic material allow the bladder to expand circumferentially.
We manufacture our article by calendering the textile fabric 16 comprising cords 12 and fibers 13 on one side with a coating of uncured and unvulcanized rubber. We then apply that fabric to a portion of the surface of bladder 11 with the coated side of the layer against the rubber surface. The article so formed is then heated to cure the unvulcanized rubber. That heating causes some of the rubber coating to flow between and over cords 12 and fibers 13, as is shown in Figure 4, We remove this excess rubber by abrading the outer surface of the article as shown in Figure 4, preferably by rubbing across cords 12 with sandpaper, until the upper portions of cords 12 are clear of rubber and project slightly above the rubber bladder 11.
We have found that it is not necessary to abrade the outer surface of articles made by the process of our invention with textile fabric having cords of stretchable or elastic material.
In the following claims, we use the term "rubbery polymer"
to comprehend natural and synthetic rubbers and mixtures thereof, together with other polymers of rubber-like consistency.
Claims (6)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A ply turn-over bladder formed of a rubbery polymer at least a portion of its outer surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubbery polymers, said portion comprising a fabric layer of spaced cords partially embedded in the rubbery polymer surface, the spaces between the cords being free of said polymer at said surface, so that such cords project above said surface.
2. A ply turn-over bladder of claim 1 in which the cords are of stretchable materials.
3. A ply turn-over bladder of claim 1 in which the cords are positioned to permit circumferential expansion of the bladder.
4. A ply turn-over bladder of claim 3 in which the cords are of inextensible material and are positioned on the outer surface of the bladder so that relative movement between bladder and ply is parallel to the direc-tion of the cords.
5. The method of manufacturing a rubbery polymer material with at least a portion of its surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubber polymers comprising calendering a fabric layer of inextensible cords on one side only with a coating of unvulcanized uncured polymer, applying that layer to the surface of the article with the coating against that surface, heating the article so formed to cure the coating, whereby some of the rubbery polymer coating flows between and over the cords, and abrading those cords so as to remove excess rubbery polymer coating and expose the outer surfaces of the cords.
6. The method of manufacturing a rubbery polymer material with at least a portion of its surface having reduced adhesion to unvulcanized rubber polymers comprising calendering a fabric layer of stretchable cords on one side only with a coating of unvulcanized uncured polymer, applying that layer to the surface of the article with the coating against that surface, and heating the article so formed to cure the coating, whereby some of the rubbery polymer coating flows between the cords.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US15795080A | 1980-06-09 | 1980-06-09 | |
| US157,950 | 1980-06-09 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1138272A true CA1138272A (en) | 1982-12-28 |
Family
ID=22566030
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000362847A Expired CA1138272A (en) | 1980-06-09 | 1980-10-21 | Non-sticking ply end turn-over bladder and method of manufacture thereof |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5841189B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1138272A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2483849A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2077657B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1128649B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH01297239A (en) * | 1988-05-26 | 1989-11-30 | Bridgestone Corp | Take-up liner for unvulcanized rubber member |
| CA2024988A1 (en) * | 1990-04-30 | 1991-10-31 | Fredrick L. Magnus | Method of processing, storing and utilizing sheets of elastomeric coated cords |
| JP7280683B2 (en) | 2018-10-25 | 2023-05-24 | 株式会社日立ハイテク | SAMPLE DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM, AUTOMATIC SAMPLE PROCESSING DEVICE USING THE SAME, AND SAMPLE DISCRIMINATION METHOD |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL6617660A (en) * | 1966-01-11 | 1967-07-12 | ||
| JPS4831383U (en) * | 1971-08-27 | 1973-04-17 | ||
| JPS4891266U (en) * | 1972-02-09 | 1973-11-02 | ||
| CA1029262A (en) * | 1972-03-02 | 1978-04-11 | Johns-Manville Corporation | Elastomer coated fabric and method of making the same |
-
1980
- 1980-10-21 CA CA000362847A patent/CA1138272A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-11-24 GB GB8037556A patent/GB2077657B/en not_active Expired
- 1980-12-01 IT IT50284/80A patent/IT1128649B/en active
- 1980-12-03 FR FR8025647A patent/FR2483849A1/en active Granted
-
1981
- 1981-02-20 JP JP56023246A patent/JPS5841189B2/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2483849A1 (en) | 1981-12-11 |
| IT1128649B (en) | 1986-05-28 |
| GB2077657B (en) | 1983-10-26 |
| IT8050284A0 (en) | 1980-12-01 |
| JPS5841189B2 (en) | 1983-09-10 |
| JPS5712628A (en) | 1982-01-22 |
| FR2483849B1 (en) | 1985-04-19 |
| GB2077657A (en) | 1981-12-23 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |