BR112020012938B1 - ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention discloses various systems and methods for determining tissue composition by means of an ultrasonic surgical instrument. A control circuit may be configured to monitor the change in the resonant frequency of an ultrasonic electromechanical system of the ultrasonic surgical instrument as the ultrasonic blade oscillates against a tissue and determine the composition of the tissue accordingly. In some aspects, the control circuit may be configured to modify the operation of the ultrasonic electromechanical system or other operational parameters of the ultrasonic surgical instrument in accordance with the detected tissue composition.

Description

REFERENCE TO RELATED DEPOSIT REQUESTS

[0001] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) to US provisional patent application No. 62/721,995, entitled CONTROLLING AN ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO TISSUE LOCATION, filed on August 23, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,998, entitled SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF ELECTROSURGICAL SYSTEMS, filed August 23, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein into reference title, in its entirety.

[0003] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) to US provisional patent application No. 62/721,999, entitled INTERRUPTION OF ENERGY DUE TO INADVERTENT CAPACITIVE COUPLING, filed on August 23, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.

[0004] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) to US provisional patent application No. 62/721,994, entitled BIPOLAR COMBINATION DEVICE THAT AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS PRESSURE BASED ON ENERGY MODALITY, filed on August 23, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.

[0005] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) to US provisional patent application No. 62/721,996, entitled RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY DEVICE FOR DELIVERING COMBINED ELECTRICAL SIGNAL, filed on August 23, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0006] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) to US provisional patent application No. 62/692,747, entitled SMART ACTIVATION OF AN ENERGY DEVICE BY ANOTHER DEVICE, filed June 30, 2018, to the application provisional patent application for no. 62/692,748, entitled SMART ENERGY ARCHITECTURE, filed on June 30, 2018 and the provisional patent application for no. 62/692,768, titled SMART ENERGY DEVICES, filed on June 30, 2018, with disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0007] This application also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) for U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/640,417, entitled TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ULTRASONIC DEVICE AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, filed March 8 2018, and for US provisional patent application serial No. 62/640,415, entitled ESTIMATING STATE OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, filed on March 8, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its totality. This application also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/650,898 filed March 30, 2018, entitled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS, for the application US provisional patent application serial no. 62/650,887, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMIZED SENSING CAPABILITIES, filed on March 30, 2018, to US provisional patent application serial no. 62/650,882, titled SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM , filed March 30, 2018, and US provisional patent application serial No. 62/650,877, entitled SURGICAL SMOKE EVACUATION SENSING AND CONTROLS, filed March 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein for reference, in its entirety.

[0008] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e) to US Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, to US Provisional Patent Application No. serial number 62/611,340, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed on December 28, 2017, and US provisional patent application serial number 62/611,339, entitled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed on December 28, 2017 , the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by way of reference, in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0009] In a surgical environment, smart power devices may be required in a smart power architecture environment.

SUMMARY

[0010] In a general aspect, the present invention discloses an ultrasonic electromechanical system for an ultrasonic surgical instrument. The ultrasonic electromechanical system comprises: an end actuator comprising an ultrasonic blade, an ultrasonic transducer acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic blade, and a control circuit coupled to the ultrasonic transducer. The ultrasonic transducer is configured to ultrasonically oscillate the ultrasonic blade in response to a trigger signal. The control circuit is configured to: determine a first resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system, determine a second resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system as the ultrasonic blade oscillates against a tissue, and determine a composition of the tissue according to a comparison between the first resonance frequency and the second resonance frequency.

[0011] In another general aspect, an ultrasonic generator connectable to an ultrasonic electromechanical system comprising an ultrasonic blade and an ultrasonic transducer acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic blade is disclosed. The ultrasonic generator comprises a control circuit attachable to the ultrasonic transducer. The control circuit is configured to: apply a drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer to cause the ultrasonic transducer to oscillate the ultrasonic blade; determine a first resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system; determining a second resonant frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system as the ultrasonic blade oscillates against a tissue; and determining a tissue composition according to a comparison between the first resonance frequency and the second resonance frequency.

[0012] In another general aspect, an ultrasonic surgical instrument comprising: an end actuator comprising an ultrasonic blade, an ultrasonic transducer acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic blade, an infrared source configured to emit infrared energy into a tissue within the actuator at the end, an infrared detector and a control circuit coupled to the ultrasonic transducer and the infrared detector. The ultrasonic transducer is configured to ultrasonically oscillate the ultrasonic blade in response to a trigger signal. The control circuit is configured to: receive infrared energy reflected from the tissue through the infrared detector and determine the composition of the tissue according to the reflected infrared energy.

FIGURES

[0013] The characteristics and resources of various aspects are presented with particularity in the attached claims. The various aspects, however, as regards both the organization and the methods of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, may be better understood by reference to the description given below, taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings, as per presented below.

[0014] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 2 is a surgical system being used to perform a surgical procedure in an operating room, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 3 illustrates a central surgical controller paired with a visualization system, a robotic system and an intelligent instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 4 is a partial perspective view of a central surgical controller compartment, and a combined generator module slidably received in a drawer of the central surgical controller compartment, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. .

[0018] Figure 5 is a perspective view of a generator module combined with bipolar, ultrasonic and monopolar contacts and a smoke evacuation component, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 6 illustrates different power bus connectors for a plurality of side docking ports of a side modular cabinet configured to receive a plurality of modules, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 7 illustrates a vertical modular cabinet configured to receive a plurality of modules, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 8 illustrates a surgical data network comprising a central modular communications controller configured to connect modular devices located in one or more operating rooms of a healthcare facility, or any environment in a healthcare facility. healthcare specially equipped for surgical operations, to the cloud, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 9 illustrates a computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 10 illustrates a central surgical controller comprising a plurality of modules coupled to the modular control tower, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 11 illustrates an aspect of a universal serial bus (USB) network central controller device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 12 illustrates a logical diagram of a control system for a surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 13 illustrates a control circuit configured to control aspects of the instrument or surgical tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 14 illustrates a combinational logic circuit configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 15 illustrates a sequential logic circuit configured to control aspects of the instrument or surgical tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 16 illustrates a surgical instrument or tool comprising a plurality of motors that can be activated to perform various functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of a robotic surgical instrument configured to operate a surgical tool described herein, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 18 illustrates a block diagram of a surgical instrument programmed to control distal translation of the displacement member, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 19 is a schematic diagram of a surgical instrument configured to control various functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 20 is a system configured to execute adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms on a surgical data network comprising a central modular communication controller, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0034] Figure 21 illustrates an example of a generator, according to at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figure 22 is a surgical system comprising a generator and various surgical instruments that can be used with the generator, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0036] Figure 23 is a view of an end actuator, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0037] Figure 24 is a diagram of the surgical system of Figure 22, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0038] Figure 25 is a model illustrating the branching current of movement, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0039] Figure 26 illustrates a structural view of a generator architecture, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0040] Figures 27A to 27C illustrate functional views of a generator architecture, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0041] Figures 28A and 28B are structural and functional aspects of a generator, according to at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0042] Figure 29 is a schematic diagram of one aspect of an ultrasonic drive circuit.

[0043] Figure 30 is a schematic diagram of a control circuit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0044] Figure 31 shows a simplified block circuit diagram illustrating another electrical circuit contained within a modular ultrasonic surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0045] Figure 32 illustrates a generator circuit divided into multiple stages, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0046] Figure 33 illustrates a generator circuit divided into multiple stages, with a first stage circuit being common to the second stage circuit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0047] Figure 34 is a schematic diagram of one aspect of a drive circuit configured to drive a high frequency current (RF), in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0048] Figure 35 illustrates one aspect of a fundamental architecture for a digital synthesis circuit as a digital direct synthesis (DDS) circuit configured to generate a plurality of waveforms for the electrical signal waveform for use in a surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0049] Figure 36 illustrates one aspect of the digital direct synthesis (DDS) circuit configured to generate a plurality of waveforms for the electrical signal waveform for use in a surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present revelation.

[0050] Figure 37 illustrates a cycle of a discrete-time digital electrical signal waveform, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure, of an analog waveform (shown superimposed on an electrical signal waveform discrete-time digital for comparison purposes), in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0051] Figure 38 is a diagram of a control system configured to enable progressive closing of a closing member as it advances distally to close the clamping arm to apply a closing force load at a desired rate, in accordance with with an aspect of the present revelation.

[0052] Figure 39 illustrates a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller feedback control system, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0053] Figure 40 is a system diagram of a segmented circuit comprising a plurality of independently operated circuit segments, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0054] Figure 41 is a circuit diagram of various components of a surgical instrument with motor control functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0055] Figure 42 is an alternative system for controlling the frequency of an ultrasonic electromechanical system and detecting its impedance, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0056] Figure 43A is a graphical representation of the impedance phase angle as a function of the resonance frequency of the same ultrasonic device with a cold (blue) and hot (red) ultrasonic blade; It is

[0057] Figure 43B is a graphical representation of the impedance magnitude as a function of the resonance frequency of the same ultrasonic device with a cold (blue) and hot (red) ultrasonic blade.

[0058] Figure 44 is a diagram of a Kalman filter for improving the temperature estimator and impedance-based state space model over an ultrasonic transducer measured at a variety of frequencies, in accordance with at least one aspect. of the present revelation.

[0059] Figure 45 illustrates three probability distributions employed by a Kalman filter state estimator shown in Figure 44 to maximize estimates, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0060] Figure 46A is a graphical representation of the temperature versus time of an ultrasonic device where no temperature control reaches a maximum temperature of 490 °C.

[0061] Figure 46B is a graphical representation of the temperature versus time of an ultrasonic device in which the temperature control reaches a maximum temperature of 320 ° C, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0062] Figures 47A and 47B are graphical representations of feedback control to adjust ultrasonic energy applied to an ultrasonic transducer when a sudden drop in the temperature of an ultrasonic blade is detected, where

[0063] Figure 47A is a graphical representation of ultrasonic energy as a function of time; It is

[0064] Figure 47B is a graph of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade as a function of time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0065] Figure 48 is a logic flow diagram of a process representing a control program or a logic configuration for controlling the temperature of an ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0066] Figure 49 is a graphical representation of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade as a function of time during firing of a vessel, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0067] Figure 50 is a logic flow diagram of a process representing a control program or logic configuration for controlling the temperature of an ultrasonic blade between two temperature set points, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present revelation.

[0068] Figure 51 is a logical flow diagram of a process that represents a control program or a logical configuration for determining the initial temperature of an ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0069] Figure 52 is a logic flow diagram of a process that represents a control program or logic configuration for determining when an ultrasonic blade is approaching instability and then adjusting the power applied to the ultrasonic transducer to prevent instability of the ultrasonic transducer, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0070] Figure 53 is a logic flow diagram of a process representing a control program or a logic configuration for providing temperature-controlled ultrasonic sealing, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0071] Figure 54 are graphical representations of the ultrasonic transducer current and the temperature of the ultrasonic blade as a function of time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0072] Figure 55 is a bottom view of an ultrasonic end actuator showing a clamping arm and an ultrasonic blade outlining the positioning of tissue within the ultrasonic end actuator, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0073] Figure 56 is a graphical representation showing the change in impedance of the ultrasonic transducer as a function of tissue location within the ultrasonic end actuator over a range of predetermined increases in the power level of the ultrasonic generator, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present revelation.

[0074] Figure 57 is a graphical representation showing the change in impedance of the ultrasonic transducer as a function of time in relation to the location of tissue within the ultrasonic end actuator, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0075] Figure 58 is a logic flow diagram of a process representing a control program or logic configuration for identifying operation in a non-therapeutic power range applied to the ultrasonic transducer to determine tissue positioning, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present revelation.

[0076] Figure 59 illustrates an aspect of an end actuator of an ultrasonic surgical instrument comprising infrared (IR) sensors located on the claw member, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0077] Figure 60 illustrates an aspect of a flexible circuit in which the IR sensors shown in Figure 59 can be integrally assembled or formed, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0078] Figure 61 is a sectional view of an ultrasonic end actuator comprising a clamping arm and an ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0079] Figure 62 illustrates IR refractivity detection sensor circuits mounted on a flexible circuit substrate shown in plan view, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0080] Figure 63 is a logic flow diagram of a process representing a control program or logic configuration for measuring IR reflectance to determine tissue composition for the purpose of adjusting the amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer in accordance with with at least one aspect of the present revelation.

[0081] Figure 64A is a graphical representation of the closure rate of the clamping arm as a function of time to identify the collagen transformation point in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, where time is shown along the horizontal geometric axis and the change in position of the clamping arm is shown along the vertical geometric axis, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0082] Figure 64B is an enlarged portion of the graphical representation shown in Figure 64A.

[0083] Figure 65 is a logic flow diagram of a process representing a control program or a logic configuration for detecting the collagen transformation point to control the closing rate of the clamping arm or the amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0084] Figure 66 is a graphical representation of identifying the collagen transformation temperature point to identify the collagen/elastin ratio in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, with the tissue temperature being shown along the horizontal geometric axis and the impedance of the ultrasonic transducer is shown along the vertical geometric axis, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0085] Figure 67 is a logic flow diagram of a process representing a control program or a logic configuration for identifying the collagen transformation temperature to identify the collagen/elastin ratio, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present revelation.

[0086] Figure 68 is a graphical representation of the distribution of compression load along an ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0087] Figure 69 is a graphical representation of the pressure applied to the tissue as a function of time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0088] Figure 70 illustrates an end actuator that includes a simple claw electrode array for detecting tissue location, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0089] Figure 71 is an activation matrix for the single claw electrode array of Figure 70, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0090] Figure 72 illustrates an end actuator that includes a dual-prong electrode array for detecting tissue location, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0091] Figure 73 is an activation matrix for the double claw electrode array of Figure 72, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0092] Figure 74 illustrates sets of opposing electrodes superimposed on a tissue secured by an end actuator that corresponds to the activation matrix in Figure 73, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0093] Figure 75 illustrates an end actuator that includes an array of double-claw segmented electrodes, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0094] Figure 76 illustrates a fabric superimposed on a claw that includes an array of segmented electrodes, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0095] Figure 77 is a schematic diagram of a segmented electrode array circuit that includes bandpass filters, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0096] Figure 78 is a graphical representation of the frequency response corresponding to the trapped tissue shown in Figure 76, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0097] Figure 79 is a graphical representation of the frequency of the ultrasonic transducer system as a function of the drive frequency and temperature deviation of the ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0098] Figure 80 is a graphical representation of the temperature of the ultrasonic transducer as a function of time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0099] Figure 81 is a graphical representation of the modal shift of the resonance frequency based on the temperature of the ultrasonic blade that moves the resonance frequency as a function of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[00100] Figure 82 shows spectra of an ultrasonic surgical instrument with a variety of different end actuator states and conditions where the phase and impedance amplitude of an ultrasonic transducer are plotted as a function of frequency, according to at least one aspect of the present revelation.

[00101] Figure 83 illustrates a methodology for classifying data based on a training data set S, where the magnitude and phase of the impedance are plotted as a function of frequency, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure .

[00102] Figure 84 is a logic flow diagram representing a control program or logic configuration for determining clamp conditions based on the characteristic complex impedance pattern ("fingerprint"), according to at least one aspect of the present revelation.

[00103] Figure 85 is a timeline representing situational awareness of a central surgical controller, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION

[00104] The applicant of this application holds the following US patent applications, filed on August 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US patent application, no. docket END8536USNP2/180107-2, entitled ESTIMATING STATE OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR; • US patent application, docket number END8560USNP2/180106-2, entitled TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR; • US patent application, docket number END8561USNP1/180144-1, entitled RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY DEVICE FOR DELIVERING COMBINED ELECTRICAL SIGNALS; • US patent application, docket number END8563USNP1/180139-1, entitled CONTROLLING AN ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO TISSUE LOCATION; • US patent application, docket number END8563USNP2/180139-2, entitled CONTROLLING ACTIVATION OF AN ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO THE PRESENCE OF TISSUE; • US patent application, docket number END8563USNP4/180139-4, entitled DETERMINING THE STATE OF AN ULTRASONIC ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY SHIFT; • US patent application, docket number END8563USNP5/180139-5, entitled DETERMINING THE STATE OF AN ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR; • US patent application, docket number END8564USNP1/180140-1, entitled SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF ELECTROSURGICAL SYSTEMS; • US patent application, docket number END8564USNP2/180140-2, entitled MECHANISMS FOR CONTROLLING DIFFERENT ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS OF AN ELECTROSURGICAL INSTRUMENT; • US patent application, docket number END8564USNP3/180140-3, entitled DETECTION OF END EFFECTOR IMMERSION IN LIQUID; • US patent application, docket number END8565USNP1/180142-1, entitled INTERRUPTION OF ENERGY DUE TO INADVERTENT CAPACITIVE COUPLING; • US patent application, docket number END8565USNP2/180142-2, entitled INCREASING RADIO FREQUENCY TO CREATE PAD-LESS MONOPOLAR LOOP; • US patent application, docket number END8566USNP1/180143-1, entitled BIPOLAR COMBINATION DEVICE THAT AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS PRESSURE BASED ON ENERGY MODALITY; and • US patent application, docket number END8573USNP1/180145-1, entitled ACTIVATION OF ENERGY DEVICES.

[00105] The applicant of this application holds the following US patent applications, filed on August 23, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. 62/721,995, entitled CONTROLLING AN ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO TISSUE LOCATION; • US provisional patent application no. 62/721,998, entitled SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF ELECTROSURGICAL SYSTEMS; • US provisional patent application no. 62/721,999, entitled INTERRUPTION OF ENERGY DUE TO INADVERTENT CAPACITIVE COUPLING; • US provisional patent application no. 62/721,994, entitled BIPOLAR COMBINATION DEVICE THAT AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS PRESSURE BASED ON ENERGY MODALITY; and • US provisional patent application No. 62/721,996, entitled RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY DEVICE FOR DELIVERING COMBINED ELECTRICAL SIGNALS.

[00106] The applicant of this application holds the following US patent applications, filed on June 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. 62/692,747, entitled SMART ACTIVATION OF AN ENERGY DEVICE BY ANOTHER DEVICE; • US provisional patent application no. 62/692,748, entitled SMART ENERGY ARCHITECTURE; and • US provisional patent application No. 62/692,768, entitled SMART ENERGY DEVICES.

[00107] The applicant of this application holds the following US patent applications, filed on June 29, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US patent application no. series 16/024,090, entitled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,057, entitled CONTROLLING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO SENSED CLOSURE PARAMETERS; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,067, entitled SYSTEMS FOR ADJUSTING END EFFECTOR PARAMETERS BASED ON PERIOPERATIVE INFORMATION; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,075, entitled SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR SMART POWERED SURGICAL STAPLING; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,083, entitled SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR SMART POWERED SURGICAL STAPLING; • US patent application serial no. 16/024,094, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING END EFFECTOR TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IRREGULARITIES; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,138, entitled SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING PROXIMITY OF SURGICAL END EFFECTOR TO CANCEROUS TISSUE; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,150, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT CARTRIDGE SENSOR ASSEMBLIES; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,160, entitled VARIABLE OUTPUT CARTRIDGE SENSOR ASSEMBLY; • US patent application serial no. 16/024,124, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE ELECTRODE; • US patent application serial no. 16/024,132, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE CIRCUIT; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,141, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH A TISSUE MARKING ASSEMBLY; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,162, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH PRIORITIZED DATA TRANSMISSION CAPABILITIES; • US patent application serial no. 16/024,066, entitled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND MOTOR CONTROL; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,096, entitled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSOR ARRANGEMENTS; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,116, entitled SURGICAL EVACUATION FLOW PATHS; • US patent application serial no. 16/024,149, entitled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND GENERATOR CONTROL; • US patent application serial no. 16/024,180, entitled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND DISPLAY; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,245, entitled COMMUNICATION OF SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS TO HUB OR CLOUD IN SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,258, entitled SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM INCLUDING A SEGMENTED CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM; • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,265, entitled SURGICAL EVACUATION SYSTEM WITH A COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A FILTER AND A SMOKE EVACUATION DEVICE; and • US Patent Application Serial No. 16/024,273, entitled DUAL IN-SERIES LARGE AND SMALL DROPLET FILTERS.

[00108] The applicant of this application holds the following US provisional patent applications, filed on June 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. serial number 62/691,228, entitled A METHOD OF USING REINFORCED FLEX CIRCUITS WITH MULTIPLE SENSORS WITH ELECTROSURGICAL DEVICES; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/691,227, entitled CONTROLLING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO SENSED CLOSURE PARAMETERS; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/691,230, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE ELECTRODE; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/691,219, entitled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND MOTOR CONTROL; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/691,257, entitled COMMUNICATION OF SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS TO HUB OR CLOUD IN SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/691,262, entitled SURGICAL EVACUATION SYSTEM WITH A COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A FILTER AND A SMOKE EVACUATION DEVICE; and • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/691,251, entitled DUAL IN-SERIES LARGE AND SMALL DROPLET FILTERS.

[00109] The applicant of this application holds the following US provisional patent applications, filed on April 19, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. No. 62/659,900, entitled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION.

[00110] The applicant of this application holds the following US provisional patent applications, filed on March 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. ° 62/650,898, filed on March 30, 2018, entitled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/650,887, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMIZED SENSING CAPABILITIES; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/650,882, entitled SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM; and • US Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,877, entitled SURGICAL SMOKE EVACUATION SENSING AND CONTROLS

[00111] The applicant of this application holds the following US patent applications, filed on March 29, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. serial 15/940,641, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES; • US provisional patent application serial no. 15/940,648, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH CONDITION HANDLING OF DEVICES AND DATA CAPABILITIES; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,656, entitled SURGICAL HUB COORDINATION OF CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION OF OPERATING ROOM DEVICES; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,666, entitled SPATIAL AWARENESS OF SURGICAL HUBS IN OPERATING ROOMS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,670, entitled COOPERATIVE UTILIZATION OF DATA DERIVED FROM SECONDARY SOURCES BY INTELLIGENT SURGICAL HUBS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,677, entitled SURGICAL HUB CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,632, entitled DATA STRIPPING METHOD TO INTERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS AND CREATE ANONYMIZED RECORD; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,640, entitled COMMUNICATION HUB AND STORAGE DEVICE FOR STORING PARAMETERS AND STATUS OF A SURGICAL DEVICE TO BE SHARED WITH CLOUD BASED ANALYTICS SYSTEMS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,645, entitled SELF DESCRIBING DATA PACKETS GENERATED AT AN ISSUING INSTRUMENT; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,649, entitled DATA PAIRING TO INTERCONNECT A DEVICE MEASURED PARAMETER WITH AN OUTCOME; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,654, entitled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,663, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEM DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,668, entitled AGGREGATION AND REPORTING OF SURGICAL HUB DATA; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,671, entitled SURGICAL HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN OPERATING THEATER; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,686, entitled DISPLAY OF ALIGNMENT OF STAPLE CARTRIDGE TO PRIOR LINEAR STAPLE LINE; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,700, entitled STERILE FIELD INTERACTIVE CONTROL DISPLAYS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,629, entitled COMPUTER IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,704, entitled USE OF LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,722, entitled CHARACTERIZATION OF TISSUE IRREGULARITIES THROUGH THE USE OF MONO-CHROMATIC LIGHT REFRACTIVITY; and • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,742, entitled DUAL CMOS ARRAY IMAGING. • US patent application serial no. 15/940,636, entitled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,653, entitled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL HUBS; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,660, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,679, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR LINKING OF LOCAL USAGE TRENDS WITH THE RESOURCE ACQUISITION BEHAVIORS OF LARGER DATA SET; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,694, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR MEDICAL FACILITY SEGMENTED INDIVIDUALIZATION OF INSTRUMENT FUNCTION; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,634, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND AUTHENTICATION TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,706, entitled DATA HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS NETWORK; and • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,675, entitled CLOUD INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES. • US patent application serial no. 15/940,627, entitled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,637, entitled COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,642, entitled CONTROLS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,676, entitled AUTOMATIC TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,680, entitled CONTROLLERS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,683, entitled COOPERATIVE SURGICAL ACTIONS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; • US patent application serial no. 15/940,690, entitled DISPLAY ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; and • US Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,711, entitled SENSING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS.

[00112] The applicant of this application holds the following US provisional patent applications, filed on March 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. serial number 62/649,302, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,294, entitled DATA STRIPPING METHOD TO INTERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS AND CREATE ANONYMIZED RECORD; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,300, entitled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,309, entitled SURGICAL HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN OPERATING THEATER; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,310, entitled COMPUTER IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,291, entitled USE OF LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,296, entitled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,333, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,327, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND AUTHENTICATION TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,315, entitled DATA HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS NETWORK; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,313, entitled CLOUD INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,320, entitled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,307, entitled AUTOMATIC TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; and • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/649,323, entitled SENSING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS.

[00113] The applicant of this application holds the following US provisional patent applications, filed on March 8, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. serial number 62/640,417, entitled TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ULTRASONIC DEVICE AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR; and • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/640,415, entitled ESTIMATING STATE OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR.

[00114] The applicant of this application holds the following US provisional patent applications, filed on December 28, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: • US provisional patent application no. serial number 62/611,341, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM; • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/611,340, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS; and • US provisional patent application serial no. 62/611,339, entitled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM.

[00115] Before explaining in detail the various aspects of surgical devices and generators, it should be noted that the illustrative examples are not limited, in terms of application or use, to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the drawings and description attached. The illustrative examples may be implemented or incorporated in other aspects, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or performed in various ways. Furthermore, except where otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions used in the present invention have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative examples for the convenience of the reader and not for the purpose of limiting the same. Furthermore, it should be understood that one or more of the aspects, aspect expressions, and/or examples described below may be combined with any one or more of the other aspects, aspect expressions, and/or examples described below.

[00116] Various aspects are directed to improved ultrasonic surgical devices, electrosurgical devices and generators for use therewith. Aspects of ultrasonic surgical devices can be configured to transect and/or coagulate tissue during surgical procedures, for example. Aspects of electrosurgical devices can be configured to transect, coagulate, scale, weld, and/or desiccate tissue during surgical procedures, for example.

[00117] Referring to Figure 1, a computer-implemented interactive surgical system 100 includes one or more surgical systems 102 and a cloud-based system (e.g., cloud 104 that may include a remote server 113 coupled to a storage device 105). Each surgical system 102 includes at least one central surgical controller 106 communicating with the cloud 104 that may include a remote server 113. In one example, as illustrated in Figure 1, the surgical system 102 includes a visualization system 108, a robotic system 110, an intelligent handheld surgical instrument 112, which are configured to communicate with each other and/or with the central controller 106. In some aspects, a surgical system 102 may include an M number of central controllers 106, an N number of visualization systems 108, an O number of robotic systems 110, and a P number of handheld intelligent surgical instruments 112, where M, N, O, and P are integers greater than or equal to 1.

[00118] Figure 3 represents an example of a surgical system 102 being used to perform a surgical procedure on a patient who is lying on an operating table 114 in a surgical operating room 116. A robotic system 110 is used in the surgical procedure as part of the surgical system 102. The robotic system 110 includes a surgeon console 118, a patient cart 120 (surgical robot), and a robotic central surgical controller 122. The patient cart 120 can handle at least one attached surgical tool of removable manner 117 through a minimally invasive incision in the patient's body while the surgeon observes the surgical site through the surgeon's console 118. An image of the surgical site can be obtained by a medical imaging device 124, which can be manipulated through the patient carriage 120 to guide the imaging device 124. The robotic central controller 122 may be used to process images of the surgical site for subsequent display to the surgeon via the surgeon console 118.

[00119] Other types of robotic systems can be readily adapted for use with the surgical system 102. Several examples of robotic systems and surgical tools that are suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in US provisional patent application serial no. 62 /611,339, entitled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed on December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[00120] Various examples of cloud-based analytical processes that are performed by cloud 104, and are suitable for use with the present disclosure, are described in US provisional patent application serial no. 62/611,340, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS , deposited on December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[00121] In various aspects, the imaging device 124 includes at least one image sensor and one or more optical components. Suitable image sensors include, but are not limited to, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors. .

[00122] The optical components of the imaging device 124 may include one or more lighting sources and/or one or more lenses. One or more lighting sources can be directed to illuminate portions of the surgical field. The one or more image sensors may receive reflected or refracted light from the surgical field, including light reflected or refracted from tissue and/or surgical instruments.

[00123] The one or more lighting sources can be configured to radiate electromagnetic energy in the visible spectrum as well as the invisible spectrum. The visible spectrum, sometimes called the optical spectrum or light spectrum, is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (that is, can be detected by) the human eye and may be called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths in the air ranging from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.

[00124] The invisible spectrum (i.e., the non-luminous spectrum) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying below and above the visible spectrum (i.e., wavelengths below about 380 nm and above about 750 nm). The invisible spectrum is not detectable by the human eye. Wavelengths greater than about 750 nm are longer than the visible red spectrum and become invisible radiation in the infrared (IR), microwave, radio, and electromagnetic bands. Wavelengths shorter than about 380 nm are shorter than the ultraviolet spectrum, and become invisible ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma-ray electromagnetic radiation.

[00125] In several aspects, the imaging device 124 is configured for use in a minimally invasive procedure. Examples of imaging devices suitable for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, an arthroscope, angioscope, bronchoscope, choledochoscope, colonoscope, cytoscope, duodenoscope, enteroscope, esophagus-duodenoscope (gastroscope), endoscope, laryngoscope, nasopharyngo- neproscope, sigmoidoscope, thoracoscope and ureteroscope.

[00126] In one aspect, the imaging device employs multiple spectrum monitoring to discriminate topography and underlying structures. A multispectral image is one that captures image data within wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be separated by filters or through the use of instruments that are sensitive to specific wavelengths, including light of frequencies beyond the visible light range, for example, IR and ultraviolet light. Spectral imaging can allow the extraction of additional information that the human eye cannot capture with its receptors for the colors red, green and blue. The use of multispectral imaging is described in more detail under the heading "Advanced Imaging Acquisition Module" in US Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is here incorporated by reference in its entirety. Multispectral monitoring can be a useful tool for relocating a surgical field after a surgical task is completed to perform one or more of the previously described tests on the treated tissue.

[00127] It is axiomatic that rigorous sterilization of the operating room and surgical equipment is a requirement during any surgery. The strict hygiene and sterilization conditions required in an "operating room", that is, an operating or treatment room, require the highest possible sterilization of all medical devices and equipment. Part of this sterilization process is the need to sterilize everything that comes into contact with the patient or enters the sterile field, including the imaging device 124 and its connectors and components. It will be recognized that the sterile field may be considered a specific area, such as within a tray or on a sterile towel, that is considered free of microorganisms, or the sterile field may be considered an area immediately surrounding a patient who has been prepared to perform a surgical procedure. The sterile field may include sterilized team members, who are appropriately attired, and all furniture and accessories in the area.

[00128] In various aspects, the visualization system 108 includes one or more imaging sensors, one or more image processing units, one or more storage arrays, and one or more screens that are strategically disposed relative to the sterile field, as illustrated in Figure 2. In one aspect, the visualization system 108 includes an interface for HL7, PACS and RME. Various components of the visualization system 108 are described under the heading "Advanced Imaging Acquisition Module" in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein for reference in its entirety.

[00129] As illustrated in Figure 2, a primary screen 119 is positioned in the sterile field to be visible to the operator on the operating table 114. Additionally, a viewing tower 111 is positioned outside the sterile field. The viewing tower 111 includes a first non-sterile screen 107 and a second non-sterile screen 109, which are opposite each other. The display system 108, guided by the central controller 106, is configured to utilize screens 107, 109, and 119 to coordinate the flow of information to operators inside and outside the sterile field. For example, the central controller 106 may cause the visualization system 108 to display a snapshot of a surgical site, as recorded by an imaging device 124, on a non-sterile screen 107 or 109, while maintaining a live feed of the site. surgical on the main screen 119. The snapshot on the non-sterile screen 107 or 109 may allow a non-sterile operator to perform a diagnostic step relevant to the surgical procedure, for example.

[00130] In one aspect, the central controller 106 is also configured to route a diagnostic input or feedback from a non-sterile operator in the viewing tower 111 to the primary screen 119 within the sterile field, where the input or feedback can be viewed by a sterile operator on the operating table. In one example, the input may be in the form of a modification of the snapshot displayed on the non-sterile screen 107 or 109, which may be routed to the main screen 119 by the central controller 106.

[00131] Referring to Figure 2, a surgical instrument 112 is being used in the surgical procedure as part of the surgical system 102. The central controller 106 is also configured to coordinate the flow of information to a display of the surgical instrument 112. For example, in US provisional patent application serial no. 62/611,341, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed on December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A diagnostic input or feedback entered by a non-sterile operator into the viewing tower 111 may be routed by the central controller 106 to the surgical instrument display 115 in the sterile field, where it can be viewed by the surgical instrument operator 112. Exemplary surgical instruments that are suitable for use with the surgical system 102 are described under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware" and in US Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, for example.

[00132] Now referring to Figure 3, a central controller 106 is shown in communication with a visualization system 108, a robotic system 110, and an intelligent handheld surgical instrument 112. The central controller 106 includes a central controller display 135, an imaging module 138, a generator module 140, a communications module 130, a processor module 132, and a storage array 134. In certain aspects, as illustrated in Figure 3, the central controller 106 additionally includes a heat evacuation module. smoke 126 and/or a suction/irrigation module 128.

[00133] During a surgical procedure, the application of energy to the tissue, for sealing and/or cutting, is generally associated with the evacuation of smoke, suction of excess fluid and/or irrigation of the tissue. Fluid, energy and/or data lines from different sources are often intertwined during the surgical procedure. Valuable time can be lost in addressing this issue during a surgical procedure. To untangle the lines it may be necessary to disconnect them from their respective modules, which may require a reset of the modules. The modular central controller housing 136 provides a unified environment for managing power, data, and fluid lines, which reduces the frequency of intertwining between such lines.

[00134] Aspects of the present disclosure present a central surgical controller for use in a surgical procedure involving the application of energy to tissue at a surgical site. The central surgical controller includes a central controller housing and a combination generator module slidably received in a docking station of the central controller housing. The docking station includes data and power contacts. The combined generator module includes two or more of an ultrasonic power generating component, a bipolar RF power generating component, and a monopolar RF power generating component that are housed in a single unit. In one aspect, the combined generator module also includes a smoke evacuation component, at least one cable for applying power to connect the combined generator module to a surgical instrument, at least one smoke evacuation component configured to evacuate smoke, fluid and/or particulates produced by the application of therapeutic energy to the tissue, and a fluid line extending from the remote surgical site to the smoke evacuation component.

[00135] In one aspect, the fluid line is a first fluid line and a second fluid line extends from the remote surgical site to a suction and irrigation module slidably received in the central controller housing. In one aspect, the central controller compartment comprises a fluidic interface.

[00136] Certain surgical procedures may require the application of more than one type of energy to the tissue. One type of energy may be more beneficial for cutting the tissue, while a different type of energy may be more beneficial for sealing the tissue. For example, a bipolar generator can be used to seal the tissue, while an ultrasonic generator can be used to cut the sealed tissue. Aspects of the present disclosure present a solution in which a modular compartment of the central controller 136 is configured to accommodate different generators and facilitate interactive communication between them. One of the advantages of the modular housing of the central controller 136 is that it allows for rapid removal and/or replacement of multiple modules.

[00137] Aspects of the present disclosure present a modular surgical compartment for use in a surgical procedure involving application of energy to tissue. The modular surgical compartment includes a first power generating module configured to generate a first power for application to tissue, and a first docking station comprising a first docking port including first data contacts and power contacts, the The first power generating module is slidingly movable in an electrical engagement with the power and data contacts, and the first power generating module is slidingly movable out of the electrical engagement with the first power and data contacts. data.

[00138] In addition to the foregoing, the modular compartment also includes a second energy generating module configured to generate a second energy, different from the first energy, for application to the tissue, and a second docking station comprising a second docking port that includes second power and data contacts, the second power generating module being slidingly movable in an electrical engagement with the power and data contacts, and the second power generating module being slidingly movable to outside the electrical coupling with the second power and data contacts.

[00139] Additionally, the modular surgical compartment also includes a communication bus between the first docking port and the second docking port, configured to facilitate communication between the first power generating module and the second power generating module.

[00140] With reference to Figures 3 to 7, aspects of the present disclosure are presented for a modular central controller compartment 136 that allows modular integration of a generator module 140, a smoke evacuation module 126 and a suction/irrigation module 128. The modular housing of the central controller 136 further facilitates interactive communication between the modules 140, 126, 128. As illustrated in Figure 5, the generator module 140 may be a generator module with integrated monopolar, bipolar, and ultrasonic components supported on a single cabinet unit 139 slidingly insertable into the modular housing of the central controller 136. As illustrated in Figure 5, the generator module 140 may be configured to connect to a monopolar device 146, a bipolar device 147, and an ultrasonic device 148. Alternatively, the generator module 140 may comprise a series of monopolar, bipolar and/or ultrasonic generator modules that interact through the central controller modular housing 136. The central controller modular housing 136 may be configured to facilitate the insertion of multiple generators and the interactive communication between the generators anchored in the modular compartment of the central controller 136 so that the generators would act as a single generator.

[00141] In one aspect, the modular central controller housing 136 comprises a modular power and communication backplate 149 with external, wireless communication heads to allow removable connection of modules 140, 126, 128 and interactive communication between the same.

[00142] In one aspect, the modular compartment of the central controller 136 includes docking stations, or drawers, 151, here also called drawers, which are configured to slidely receive modules 140, 126, 128. Figure 4 illustrates is a partial perspective view of a central surgical controller housing 136, and a combined generator module 145 slidably received in a docking station 151 of the central surgical controller housing 136. A docking port 152 with power and power contacts data on a rear side of the combined generator module 145 is configured to engage a corresponding docking port 150 with the power and data contacts of a corresponding docking station 151 of the central controller modular housing 136 as the combined generator module 145 is slid in. to position in the corresponding docking station 151 of the central controller modular housing 136. In one aspect, the combined generator module 145 includes a bipolar, ultrasonic and monopolar module and a smoke evacuation module integrated into a single cabinet unit 139, as illustrated in Figure 5.

[00143] In various aspects, the smoke evacuation module 126 includes a fluid line 154 that transports smoke and/or captured/collected fluid away from a surgical site and to, for example, the smoke evacuation module 126. Vacuum suction originating from the smoke evacuation module 126 can draw smoke into an opening of a utility conduit at the surgical site. The utility conduit, coupled to the fluid line, may be in the form of a flexible tube terminating at the smoke evacuation module 126. The utility conduit and the fluid line define a fluid path extending toward the smoke evacuation module 126 which is received in the central controller housing 136.

[00144] In various aspects, the suction/irrigation module 128 is coupled to a surgical tool comprising a fluid aspiration line and a fluid suction line. In one example, the aspiration and suction fluid lines are in the form of flexible tubes extending from the surgical site toward the suction/irrigation module 128. One or more drive systems may be configured to cause irrigation. and aspiration of fluids to and from the surgical site.

[00145] In one aspect, the surgical tool includes a drive shaft having an end actuator at a distal end thereof and at least one power treatment associated with the end actuator, an aspiration tube, and an irrigation tube. . The suction tube may have an inlet port at a distal end thereof and the suction tube extends through the drive shaft. Similarly, an irrigation tube may extend through the drive shaft and may have an inlet port near the power application implement. The energy application implement is configured to apply ultrasonic and/or RF energy to the surgical site and is coupled to the generator module 140 by a cable initially extending through the drive shaft.

[00146] The irrigation tube may be in fluid communication with a fluid source, and the aspiration tube may be in fluid communication with a vacuum source. The fluid source and/or vacuum source may be housed in the suction/irrigation module 128. In one example, the fluid source and/or vacuum source may be housed in the central controller compartment 136 separately from the fluid source module 136. suction/irrigation 128. In such an example, a fluid interface may be configured to connect the suction/irrigation module 128 to the fluid source and/or the vacuum source.

[00147] In one aspect, the modules 140, 126, 128 and/or their corresponding docking stations in the modular compartment of the central controller 136 may include alignment features that are configured to align the docking ports of the mating modules with their counterparts. in the docking stations of the central controller modular housing 136. For example, as illustrated in Figure 4, the combined generator module 145 includes side brackets 155 that are configured to slidably engage corresponding brackets 156 of the corresponding docking station 151 of the housing. module housing of the central controller 136. The brackets cooperate to guide the mating port contacts of the combined generator module 145 into an electrical engagement with the mating port contacts of the modular housing of the central controller 136.

[00148] In some aspects, the drawers 151 of the modular compartment of the central controller 136 are the same, or substantially the same size, and the modules are adjusted in size to be received in the drawers 151. For example, the side supports 155 and/or or 156 can be larger or smaller depending on the size of the module. In other aspects, the drawers 151 are different in size and are each designed to accommodate a specific module.

[00149] Additionally, the contacts of a specific module can be keyed into engagement with the contacts of a specific drawer to avoid inserting a module into a drawer with contact misalignment.

[00150] As illustrated in Figure 4, the docking port 150 of a drawer 151 can be coupled to the docking port 150 of another drawer 151 via a communication link 157 to facilitate interactive communication between the modules housed in the modular compartment of the central controller 136. The docking ports 150 of the central controller modular housing 136 may alternatively or additionally facilitate wireless interactive communication between modules housed in the central controller modular housing 136. Any suitable wireless communication may be used, such as Air Titan Bluetooth.

[00151] Figure 6 illustrates individual power bus connectors for a plurality of side docking ports of a side modular compartment 160 configured to receive a plurality of modules from a central surgical controller 206. The side modular compartment 160 is configured to receive and laterally interconnect the modules 161. The modules 161 are slidably inserted into the docking stations 162 of the lateral modular compartment 160, which includes a backplate for interconnecting the modules 161. As illustrated in Figure 6, the modules 161 are arranged laterally in the side modular cabinet 160. Alternatively, the modules 161 can be arranged vertically in a side modular cabinet.

[00152] Figure 7 illustrates a vertical modular cabinet 164 configured to receive a plurality of modules 165 of the central surgical controller 106. The modules 165 are slidably inserted into docking stations, or drawers, 167 of the vertical modular cabinet 164, the which includes a back panel for interconnecting modules 165. Although the drawers 167 of the vertical modular cabinet 164 are arranged vertically, in certain cases, a vertical modular cabinet 164 may include drawers that are arranged laterally. Furthermore, the modules 165 can interact with each other through the docking ports of the vertical modular cabinet 164. In the example of Figure 7, a screen 177 is provided to show data relevant to the operation of the modules 165. Furthermore, the vertical modular compartment 164 includes a master module 178 that houses a plurality of submodules that are slidably received in the master module 178.

[00153] In various aspects, the imaging module 138 comprises an integrated video processor and a modular light source and is adapted for use with various imaging devices. In one aspect, the imaging device is comprised of a modular housing that can be assembled with a light source module and a camera module. The compartment may be a disposable compartment. In at least one example, the disposable housing is removably coupled to a reusable controller, a light source module, and a camera module. The light source module and/or camera module can be selectively chosen depending on the type of surgical procedure. In one aspect, the camera module comprises a CCD sensor. In another aspect, the camera module comprises a CMOS sensor. In another aspect, the camera module is configured for imaging the scanned beam. Similarly, the light source module can be configured to provide white light or a different light depending on the surgical procedure.

[00154] During a surgical procedure, removing a surgical device from the surgical field and replacing it with another surgical device that includes a different camera or other light source may be an inefficient practice. Temporarily losing sight of the surgical field can lead to undesirable consequences. The imaging device module of the present disclosure is configured to allow replacement of a light source module or a midstream camera module during a surgical procedure, without the need to remove the imaging device from the surgical field.

[00155] In one aspect, the imaging device comprises a tubular housing that includes a plurality of channels. A first channel is configured to slidingly receive the Camera module, which can be configured for a snap-fit fit with the first channel. A second channel is configured to slidingly receive the camera module, which can be configured for a snap-fit fit with the first channel. In another example, the camera module and/or the light source module may be rotated to a final position within their respective channels. A threaded coupler can be used instead of the press fit.

[00156] In several examples, multiple imaging devices are placed in different positions in the surgical field to provide multiple views. The imaging module 138 can be configured to switch between imaging devices to provide an optimal view. In various aspects, the imaging module 138 can be configured to integrate images from different imaging devices.

[00157] Various image processors and imaging devices suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in US Patent No. 7,995,045 entitled COMBINED SBI AND CONVENTIONAL IMAGE PROCESSOR, issued August 9, 2011, which is incorporated herein by way of reference in its entirety. Additionally, US Patent No. 7,982,776, entitled SBI MOTION ARTIFACT REMOVAL APPARATUS AND METHOD, issued July 19, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes various systems for removing motion artifacts from image data. Such systems can be integrated with the imaging module 138. In addition, the publication of US patent application No. 2011/0306840, entitled CONTROLLABLE MAGNETIC SOURCE TO FIXTURE INTRACORPOREAL APPARATUS, published on December 15, 2011, and the publication of the application US Patent No. 2014/0243597, entitled SYSTEM FOR PERFORMING A MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURE, published on August 28, 2014, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[00158] Figure 8 illustrates a surgical data network 201 comprising a central modular communications controller 203 configured to connect modular devices located in one or more operating rooms of a healthcare facility, or any environment in a healthcare facility. public services specially equipped for surgical operations, to a cloud-based system (e.g., cloud 204 which may include a remote server 213 coupled to a storage device 205). In one aspect, the modular communication core controller 203 comprises a network core controller 207 and/or a network switch 209 communicating with a network router. The central modular communications controller 203 may also be coupled to a local computer system 210 to provide local computer processing and data manipulation. The surgical data network 201 can be configured as a passive, intelligent, or switching network. A passive surgical data network serves as a conduit for data, allowing data to be transmitted from one device (or thread) to another and to cloud computing resources. An intelligent surgical data network includes features for allowing traffic to pass through the surgical data network to be monitored and for configuring each port on the central network controller 207 or network switch 209. An intelligent surgical data network may be referred to as a central controller or controllable switch. A central switching controller reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the packet to the correct port.

[00159] Modular devices 1a to 1n located in the operating room can be coupled to the modular communication central controller 203. The central network controller 207 and/or the network switch 209 can be coupled to a network router 211 to connect devices 1a through 1n to cloud 204 or local computer system 210. Data associated with devices 1a through 1n can be transferred to cloud-based computers via the router for remote processing and manipulation of the data. Data associated with devices 1a through 1n may also be transferred to local computer system 210 for local data processing and manipulation. Modular devices 2a to 2m located in the same operating room can also be coupled to a network switch 209. The network switch 209 can be coupled to the central network controller 207 and/or the network router 211 to connect the devices 2a to 2m to cloud 204. Data associated with devices 2a to 2n may be transferred to cloud 204 via network router 211 for processing and manipulation of the data. Data associated with devices 2a to 2m may also be transferred to local computer system 210 for local data processing and manipulation.

[00160] It will be understood that the surgical data network 201 may be expanded by interconnecting multiple central network controllers 207 and/or multiple network switches 209 with multiple network routers 211. The central modular communications controller 203 may be contained in a modular control tower configured to receive multiple devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m. The local computer system 210 may also be contained in a modular control tower. The central modular communication controller 203 is connected to a screen 212 to display images obtained by some of the devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m, for example, during surgical procedures. In various aspects, devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m may include, for example, various modules such as an imaging module 138 coupled to an endoscope, a generator module 140 coupled to a power-based surgical device, a smoke 126, a suction/irrigation module 128, a communication module 130, a processor module 132, a storage array 134, a surgical device coupled to a display and/or a contactless sensor module, among other modular devices which can be connected to the central modular communication controller 203 of the surgical data network 201.

[00161] In one aspect, the surgical data network 201 may comprise a combination of central network controllers, network switches, and network routers that connect devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m to the cloud. Any or all 1a to 1n/2a to 2m devices coupled to the central network controller or network switch can collect real-time data and transfer data to cloud computers for data processing and manipulation. It will be understood that cloud computing relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle software applications. The word "cloud" can be used as a metaphor for "the Internet", although the term is not limited as such. Consequently, the term "cloud computing" can be used here to refer to "a type of Internet-based computing" in which different services - such as servers, storage, and applications - are applied to the central modular communications controller 203 and /or to the computer system 210 located in the operating room (e.g., a fixed, mobile, temporary room or space, or operating field) and to devices connected to the central modular communications controller 203 and/or the computer system 210 through the Internet. Cloud infrastructure can be maintained by a cloud service provider. In this context, the cloud service provider may be the entity that coordinates the use and control of the 1a to 1n/2a to 2m devices located in one or more operating rooms. Cloud computing services can perform a large number of calculations based on data collected by intelligent surgical instruments, robots, and other computerized devices located in the operating room. Central controller hardware allows multiple devices or connections to be connected to a computer that communicates with cloud computing and storage resources.

[00162] Applying cloud computer data processing techniques to the data collected by devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m, the surgical data network provides better surgical results, reduced costs, and improved patient satisfaction. At least some of the devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m can be used to visualize tissue states to assess the occurrence of leaks or perfusion of sealed tissue following a tissue sealing and cutting procedure. At least some of the devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m can be used to identify pathology, such as the effects of disease, using cloud-based computing to examine data including images of body tissue samples for diagnostic purposes. This includes confirmation of tissue location and margin and phenotypes. At least some of the devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m can be used to identify anatomical structures of the body using a variety of sensors integrated with imaging devices and techniques such as superimposing images captured by multiple imaging devices. Data collected by devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m, including image data, may be transferred to the cloud 204 or the local computer system 210 or both for data processing and manipulation including image processing and manipulation. The data can be analyzed to improve the results of the surgical procedure by determining whether additional treatment, such as application of endoscopic intervention, emerging technologies, targeted radiation, targeted intervention, precise robotics to specific tissue sites and conditions, can be followed. Such data analysis can additionally use analytical processing of the results, and with the use of standardized approaches can provide beneficial standardized feedback to either confirm surgical treatments and surgeon behavior or suggest modifications to surgical treatments and surgeon behavior.

[00163] In one implementation, operating room devices 1a to 1n may be connected to the modular communication central controller 203 via a wired channel or a wireless channel depending on the configuration of devices 1a to 1n on a central operating room controller 203. network. The central network controller 207 may be implemented, in one aspect, as a local network transmission device that acts on the physical layer of the OSI ("open system interconnection") model. The central network controller provides connectivity to devices 1a through 1n located on the same network as the operating room. The central network controller 207 collects data in the form of packets and sends it to the router in "half-duplex" mode. The central network controller 207 does not store any media access control/Internet Protocol (MAC/IP) for transferring device data. Only one of devices 1a through 1n at a time can send data through the central network controller 207. The central network controller 207 has no routing tables or intelligence about where to send information and transmits all network data through each connection and to a remote server 213 (Figure 9) in cloud 204. The central network controller 207 can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information transmitted to multiple input ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks.

[00164] In another implementation, operating room devices 2a to 2m may be connected to a network switch 209 via a wired or wireless channel. Network key 209 works at the data connection layer of the OSI model. Network switch 209 is a multicast device for connecting devices 2a to 2m located in the same operation center to the network. The network switch 209 sends data in the form of frames to the network router 211 and operates in full duplex mode. Multiple devices 2a to 2m can send data at the same time via network switch 209. Network switch 209 stores and uses MAC addresses of devices 2a to 2m to transfer data.

[00165] The central network controller 207 and/or the network switch 209 are coupled to the network router 211 for a connection to the cloud 204. The network router 211 functions at the network layer of the OSI model. The network router 211 creates a route to transmit data packets received from the central network controller 207 and/or the network switch 211 to a computer with cloud capabilities for further processing and manipulation of the data collected by any or all of the devices 1a to 1n/ 2a to 2m. Network router 211 can be used to connect two or more different networks located in different locations, such as different operating rooms of the same healthcare facility or different networks located in different operating rooms of different healthcare facilities. of health. The network router 211 sends data in the form of packets to the cloud 204 and operates in full duplex mode. Multiple devices can send data at the same time. The network router 211 uses IP addresses to transfer data.

[00166] In one example, the network core controller 207 can be implemented as a USB core controller, which allows multiple USB devices to be connected to a host computer. The USB core controller can expand a single USB port by multiple levels so that more ports are available to connect devices to the system's host computer. The central network controller 207 may include wired or wireless capabilities for receiving information about a wired channel or a wireless channel. In one aspect, a wireless, broadband, short-range USB wireless radio communication protocol may be used for communication between devices 1a to 1n and devices 2a to 2m situated in the operating room.

[00167] In other examples, operating room devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m may communicate with the central modular communication controller 203 via standard wireless Bluetooth technology to exchange data over short distances (with the using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks (PANs). In other aspects, operating room devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m may communicate with the modular communication central controller 203 via a number of wireless and wired communication standards or protocols, including but not limited to a, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, long-term evolution (LTE), and Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM , GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, and Ethernet derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless and wired protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The computing module may include a plurality of communication modules. For example, a first communication module may be dedicated to short-range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and a second communication module may be dedicated to longer-range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA , WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others.

[00168] The central modular communications controller 203 can serve as a central connection for one or all of the operating room devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m and handles a type of data known as frames. The frames carry data generated by devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m. When a frame is received by the central modular communications controller 203, it is amplified and transmitted to the network router 211, which transfers the data to cloud computing resources using a series of wireless communication standards or protocols. or wired, as described here.

[00169] The modular communication core controller 203 can be used as a stand-alone device or be connected to compatible network core controllers and network switches to form a larger network. The Modular Communication Central Controller 203 is generally easy to install, configure and maintain, making it a good choice for networked operations of devices 1a to 1n/2a to 2m from the operating room.

[00170] Figure 9 illustrates a computer-implemented interactive surgical system 200. The computer-implemented interactive surgical system 200 is similar in many respects to the computer-implemented interactive surgical system 100. For example, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system per computer 200 includes one or more surgical systems 202, which are similar in many respects to surgical systems 102. Each surgical system 202 includes at least one central surgical controller 206 in communication with a cloud 204 that may include a remote server 213. In a In this aspect, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system 200 comprises a modular control tower 236 connected to multiple operating room devices, such as intelligent surgical instruments, robots, and other computerized devices located in the operating room. As shown in Figure 10, the modular control tower 236 comprises a modular communications central controller 203 coupled to a computer system 210. As illustrated in the example of Figure 9, the modular control tower 236 is coupled to an imaging module 238 which is coupled to an endoscope 239, a generator module 240 which is coupled to a power device 241, a smoke evacuation module 226, a suction/irrigation module 228, a communication module 230, a processor module 232, a storage array 234, a smart device/instrument 235 optionally coupled to a display 237, and a contactless sensor module 242. The operating room devices are coupled to cloud computing resources and data storage via the tower modular control tower 236. The robotic central controller 222 can also be connected to the modular control tower 236 and cloud computing resources. Devices/instruments 235, visualization systems 208, among others, can be coupled to the modular control tower 236 through wired or wireless communication standards or protocols, as described in the present invention. The modular control tower 236 may be coupled to a central controller display 215 (e.g., monitor, display) to display and overlay images received from the imaging module, device/instrument display, and/or other display systems 208. The central controller's screen can also display data received from devices connected to the modular control tower together with images and superimposed images.

[00171] Figure 10 illustrates a central surgical controller 206 comprising a plurality of modules coupled to the modular control tower 236. The modular control tower 236 comprises a modular central communication controller 203, e.g., a network connectivity device , and a computer system 210 for providing local processing, visualization and imaging, for example. As shown in Figure 10, the modular communications core controller 203 may be connected in a layered configuration to expand the number of modules (e.g., devices) that can be connected to the modular communications core controller 203 and transfer to the system. computer 210 data associated with modules, cloud computing resources, or both. As shown in Figure 10, each of the central controllers/network switches in the modular communication central controller 203 includes three downstream ports and one upstream port. The central controller/upstream network switch is connected to a processor to provide a communication connection to the cloud computing resources and a local display 217. Communication with the cloud 204 may be done via a wired communication channel or wireless.

[00172] The central surgical controller 206 employs a non-contact sensor module 242 to measure the dimensions of the operating room and generate a map of the operating room using laser or ultrasonic type non-contact measuring devices. An ultrasound-based contactless sensor module scans the operating room by transmitting a burst of ultrasound and receiving the echo as it bounces off the surrounding walls of an operating room, as described under the heading "Surgical Hub Spatial Awareness Within an Operating Room." in US provisional patent application serial no. 62/611,341, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed on December 28, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, the sensor module being configured to determine the size of the room operation and to adjust the Bluetooth pairing distance limits. A laser-based non-contact sensor module scans the operating room by transmitting pulses of laser light, receiving pulses of laser light that bounce off the perimeter walls of the operating room, and comparing the phase of the transmitted pulse with the received pulse to determine the operating room size and adjust Bluetooth pairing distance limits, for example.

[00173] The computer system 210 comprises a processor 244 and a network interface 245. The processor 244 is coupled to a communication module 247, storage 248, memory 249, non-volatile memory 250, and input/output interface 251 through of a system bus. The system bus can be any of several types of bus structures, including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or local bus that uses any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, not limited to, 9-bit bus, industry standard architecture (ISA), Micro-Charmel Architecture (MSA), extended ISA (EISA), intelligent drive electronics (IDE), VESA local bus (VLB), interconnect peripheral components (PCI), USB, advanced graphics port (AGP), PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) bus, small computer systems interface (SCSI), or any another proprietary bus.

[00174] Processor 244 may be any single-core or multi-core processor, such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex available from Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the processor may be a Core Cortex-M4F LM4F230H5QR ARM processor, available from Texas Instruments, for example, which comprises an integrated memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz. , a look-ahead buffer to optimize performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), an internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with the StellarisWare® program, 2 KB electrically erasable programmable readout (EEPROM), one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more analog quadrature encoder inputs (QEI), one or more analog to digital converters (ADC) 12-bit with 12 analogue input channels, details of which are available in the product datasheet.

[00175] In one aspect, the processor 244 may comprise a security controller comprising two controller-based families, such as TMS570 and RM4x, known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also available from Texas Instruments. The safety controller can be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety-critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while providing scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

[00176] System memory includes volatile memory and non-volatile memory. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines for transferring information between elements within the computer system, such as during startup, is stored in non-volatile memory. For example, non-volatile memory may include ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), EEPROM, or flash memory. Volatile memory includes random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. Furthermore, RAM is available in many forms such as SRAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct RAM. Rambus RAM (DRRAM).

[00177] Computer system 210 also includes removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media, such as, for example, disk storage. Disk storage includes, but is not limited to, devices such as a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-60 drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. drive). Additionally, the storage disk may include storage media separately or in combination with other storage media including, but not limited to, an optical disk drive such as a compact disk ROM device (CD-ROM) compact disk drive recordable (CD-R Drive), rewritable compact disc drive (CD-RW drive), or a digital versatile disk ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitate the connection of disk storage devices to the system bus, a removable or non-removable interface can be used.

[00178] It should be considered that computer system 210 includes software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in a suitable operating environment. Such software includes an operating system. The operating system, which can be stored on disk storage, acts to control and allocate computer system resources. System applications benefit from management capabilities by the operating system through program modules and program data stored in system memory or disk storage. It should be considered that various components described here can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[00179] A user enters commands or information into computer system 210 through input device(s) coupled to I/O interface 251. Input devices include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touchpad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite card, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processor via the system bus through the interface port(s). Interface ports include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a USB. Output devices use some of the same types of ports as input devices. Thus, for example, a USB port can be used to provide input to the computer system and to provide information from the computer system to an output device. An output adapter is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices such as monitors, screens, speakers, and printers, among other output devices, that require special adapters. Output adapters include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device and the system bus. It should be noted that other devices and/or device systems, such as remote computers, provide input and output capabilities.

[00180] Computer system 210 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections with one or more remote computers, such as cloud computers, or local computers. Remote cloud computers may be a personal computer, server, router, network personal computer, workstation, microprocessor-based device, peer device, or other common network node, and the like, and typically include many or all of the elements described in relation to the computer system. For brevity, only one memory storage device is illustrated with the remote computer. Remote computers are logically connected to the computer system through a network interface and then physically connected through a communications connection. The network interface encompasses communication networks such as local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, Token Ring/IEEE 802.5, and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit-switched networks such as integrated services digital networks (ISDN) and variations thereof, packet-switched networks, and digital subscriber lines (DSL).

[00181] In various aspects, the computer system 210 of Figure 10, the imaging module 238 and/or display system 208, and/or the processor module 232 of Figures 9 to 10, may comprise an image processor, image processing engine, media processor, or any specialized digital signal processor (DSP) used for processing digital images. The image processor can employ parallel computing with single instruction multiple data (SIMD) or multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) technologies to increase speed and efficiency. The digital image processing engine can perform a number of tasks. The image processor may be a system on an integrated circuit with multi-core processor architecture.

[00182] The communication connection(s) refers to the hardware/software used to connect the network interface to the bus. Although the communications connection is shown for illustrative clarity within the computer system, it may also be external to the computer system 210. The hardware/software required for connection to the network interface includes, for illustrative purposes only, internal and external technologies such as modems, including regular telephone series modems, cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters and Ethernet cards.

[00183] Figure 11 illustrates a functional block diagram of one aspect of a USB network central controller device 300, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the illustrated aspect, the USB 300 network central controller device uses a TUSB2036 integrated circuit central controller available from Texas Instruments. The USB network core controller 300 is a CMOS device that provides one upstream USB transceiver port 302 and up to three downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 in compliance with the USB 2.0 specification. The upstream USB transceiver port 302 is a differential data root port comprising a "minus" differential data input (DM0) paired with a "plus" differential data input (DP0). The three downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 are differential data ports, with each port including "plus" differential data outputs (DP1-DP3) paired with "minus" differential data outputs (DM1-DM3). .

[00184] The USB network core controller device 300 is implemented with a digital state machine instead of a microcontroller, and no firmware programming is required. Fully compatible USB transceivers are integrated into the circuitry for the upstream USB transceiver port 302 and all downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308. The downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 support both full speed or low speed by automatically configuring the scan rate according to the speed of the device attached to the ports. The USB network central controller device 300 may be configured in bus-powered mode or self-powered mode and includes central controller power logic 312 to manage power.

[00185] The USB network core controller device 300 includes a serial interface engine 310 (SIE). The SIE 310 is the hardware front end of the USB 300 central network controller and handles most of the protocol described in chapter 8 of the USB specification. SIE 310 typically comprises signaling down to the transaction level. The functions it handles could include: packet recognition, transaction sequencing, SOP, EOP, RESET, and RESUME signal detection/generation, clock/data separation, non-reverse-zero data encoding/decoding (NRZI) , generation and verification of CRC (token and data), generation and verification/decoding of packet ID (PID), and/or series-parallel/parallel-series conversion. The SIE 310 receives a clock input 314 and is coupled to a suspend/resume and frame timer logic circuit 316 and a central controller replay circuit 318 to control communication between the upstream USB transceiver port 302 and the downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 via port logic circuits 320, 322, 324. The SIE 310 is coupled to a command decoder 326 via interface logic to control commands from an EEPROM memory serial via a 330 serial EEPROM interface.

[00186] In various aspects, the USB central network controller 300 can connect 127 functions configured in up to six logical layers (levels) to a single computer. Additionally, the USB 300 central network controller can connect all peripherals using a standardized four-wire cable that provides both communication and power distribution. The power settings are bus-powered and self-powered modes. The USB 300 network central controller can be configured to support four power management modes: a bus-powered central controller, with individual port power management or grouped port power management, and the self-powered central controller, with power management. individual port power or grouped port power management. In one aspect, using a USB cable, the USB network core controller 300, the upstream USB transceiver port 302 is plugged into a USB host controller, and the downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 are exposed to connect compatible USB devices, and so on.

Surgical Instrument Hardware

[00187] Figure 12 illustrates a logical diagram of a module of a control system 470 of a surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. System 470 comprises a control circuit. The control circuit includes a microcontroller 461 comprising a processor 462 and a memory 468. One or more of sensors 472, 474, 476, for example, provide real-time feedback to the processor 462. A motor 482, driven by a driver of motor 492, operatively couples a longitudinally movable displacement member to drive a clamping arm of the closing member. A tracking system 480 is configured to determine the position of the longitudinally movable displacement member. Position information is provided to processor 462, which can be programmed or configured to determine the position of the longitudinally movable drive member as well as the position of the closure member. Additional motors may be provided at the tool driver interface to control the tube closing trajectory, drive shaft rotation, pivoting, or clamping arm closing, or a combination thereof. A screen 473 displays a variety of instrument operating conditions and may include touch screen functionality for data entry. Information displayed on screen 473 may be overlaid with images captured through endoscopic imaging modules.

[00188] In one aspect, the microcontroller 461 may be any single-core or multi-core processor, such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex available from Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the main microcontroller 461 may be an LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F processor, available from Texas Instruments, for example, which comprises an integrated memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a look-ahead buffer to optimize performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), an internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with the StellarisWare® program, memory 2 KB programmable and erasable electrically read-only (EEPROM), one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more analogue quadrature encoder inputs (QEI), and/or one or more analog converters to 12-bit digital (ADC) with 12 analog input channels, details of which are available in the product datasheet.

[00189] In one aspect, the microcontroller 461 may comprise a safety controller comprising two controller-based families, such as TMS570 and RM4x known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also available from Texas Instruments. The safety controller can be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety-critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while providing scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

[00190] The microcontroller 461 can be programmed to perform various functions, such as precisely controlling the speed and position of the scalpel, the articulation systems, the clamping arm, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the microcontroller 461 includes a processor 462 and a memory 468. The electric motor 482 may be a brushed direct current (DC) motor with a gearbox and mechanical connections with a linkage or scalpel system. In one aspect, a motor driver 492 may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system. A detailed description of an absolute positioning system is provided in US Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0296213, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, published October 19, 2017, which is incorporated herein into reference title in its entirety.

[00191] The microcontroller 461 can be programmed to provide precise control of the speed and position of the travel members and linkage systems. The microcontroller 461 may be configured to compute a response in the microcontroller 461 software. The computed response is compared to a measured response of the real system to obtain an "observed" response, which is used for actual feedback-based decisions. The observed response is a favorable and adjusted value, which balances the uniform and continuous nature of the simulated response with the measured response, which can detect external influences on the system.

[00192] In one aspect, the motor 482 can be controlled by the motor driver 492 and can be used by the firing system of the instrument or surgical tool. In various forms, the motor 482 may be a brushed direct current (DC) drive motor, with a maximum rotational speed of approximately 25,000 RPM, for example. In other arrangements, the motor 482 may include a brushless motor, a wireless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable type of electric motor. Motor driver 492 may comprise an H-bridge driver comprising field effect transistors (FETs), for example. Motor 482 may be powered by a power assembly releasably mounted in the grip assembly or tool housing to provide control power to the instrument or surgical tool. The power supply assembly may comprise a battery that may include a plurality of battery cells connected in series, which may be used as the power source to power the instrument or surgical tool. In certain circumstances, the power pack battery cells may be replaceable and/or rechargeable battery cells. In at least one example, the battery cells may be lithium-ion batteries that may be attachable and separable from the power pack.

[00193] The 492 motor driver may be an A3941, available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. The 492 A3941 driver is a full bridge controller for use with external power semiconductor metal oxide field effect transistors (MOSFET). , N-channel, specifically designed for inductive loads such as brushed DC motors. The 492 driver comprises a unique charge pump regulator that provides full gate drive (>10 V) for batteries with voltages up to 7 V and allows the A3941 to operate with reduced gate drive, up to 5.5 V. A capacitor input drive can be employed to provide the over-battery voltage required for the N-channel MOSFETs. An internal charge pump for the top-side drive allows direct current operation (100% duty cycle). The entire bridge can be driven in fast or slow decay modes using diodes or synchronized rectification. In slow drop mode, current recirculation can occur through the upper and lower FETs. Power FETs are protected from the shoot-through effect by means of resistors with programmable dead time. Built-in diagnostics provide indication of undervoltage, overtemperature, and power bridge faults and can be configured to protect power MOSFETs under most short circuit conditions. Other motor drives can be readily substituted for use in the tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system.

[00194] The tracking system 480 comprises a controlled motor drive circuit arrangement comprising a position sensor 472 in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. Position sensor 472 for an absolute positioning system provides a unique position signal that corresponds to the location of a moving member. In one aspect, the displacement member represents a longitudinally movable drive member comprising a rack of drive teeth for engagement meshed with a corresponding drive gear of a gear reducer assembly. In other aspects, the displacement member represents the firing member, which may be adapted and configured to include a rack of drive teeth. In yet another aspect, the displacement member represents a longitudinal displacement member for opening and closing a clamping arm, which may be adapted and configured to include a rack of drive teeth. In other aspects, the displacement member represents a clamping arm closing member configured to close and open a clamping arm of a stapler, ultrasonic, or electrosurgical device, or combinations thereof. Accordingly, as used in the present invention, the term displacement member is used generically to refer to any movable member of the instrument or surgical tool such as the drive member, the gripping arm, or any element that can be displaced. Consequently, the absolute positioning system can, in effect, track the displacement of the clamping arm by tracking the linear displacement of the longitudinally movable drive member.

[00195] In other aspects, the absolute positioning system can be configured to track the position of a clamping arm in the opening or closing process. In various other aspects, the displacement member may be coupled to any position sensor 472 suitable for measuring linear displacement. In this way, the longitudinally movable drive member, or clamping arm, or combinations thereof, can be coupled to any linear displacement sensor. Linear displacement sensors may include contact or non-contact displacement sensors. Linear displacement sensors may comprise Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT), Differential Variable Reluctance Transducers (DVRT), a potentiometer, a magnetic detection system comprising a movable magnet and a linearly arranged array of Hall Effect Sensors, a magnetic detection system comprising a fixed magnet and a series of movable, linearly arranged Hall Effect Sensors, a movable optical detection system comprising a moving light source and a series of linearly arranged photodiodes or photodetectors, an optical detection system that comprises a fixed light source and a movable series of linearly arranged photodiodes or photodetectors, or any combination thereof.

[00196] The electric motor 482 may include a rotating drive shaft, which operatively interfaces with a gear assembly, which is mounted in coupling engagement with a set or rack of drive teeth on the drive member. A sensing element may be operatively coupled to a gear assembly such that a single revolution of the position sensing element 472 corresponds to some linear longitudinal translation of the displacement member. An arrangement of gears and sensors may be connected to the linear actuator through a rack and pinion arrangement, or to a rotary actuator, through a toothed wheel or other connection. A power source provides power to the absolute positioning system, and an output indicator can display the output of the absolute positioning system. The drive member represents the longitudinally movable drive member comprising a rack of drive teeth formed thereon for mesh engagement with a corresponding drive gear of the gear reducer assembly. The displacement member represents the longitudinally movable firing member for opening and closing a clamping arm.

[00197] A single revolution of the sensing element associated with position sensor 472 is equivalent to a longitudinal linear displacement of d1 of the displacement member, where d1 represents the longitudinal linear distance by which the displacement member moves from point "a" to point "b" after a single revolution of the sensing element coupled to the displacement member. The sensor arrangement may be connected via a gear reduction that results in the position sensor 472 completing one or more revolutions for the full stroke of the travel member. The position sensor 472 can complete multiple revolutions for the full stroke of the displacement member.

[00198] A series of switches, where n is an integer greater than one, may be employed alone or in combination with a gear reduction to provide a single position signal for more than one revolution of the position sensor 472. The state of the switches is transmitted back to the microcontroller 461 which applies logic to determine a single position signal corresponding to the longitudinal linear displacement of di + d2 + ... dn of the displacement member. The output of the position sensor 472 is provided to the microcontroller 461. In various embodiments, the position sensor 472 of the sensor array may comprise a magnetic sensor, an analog rotary sensor such as a potentiometer, or a series of analog Hall effect elements. , which output a unique combination of position signals or values.

[00199] The position sensor 472 may comprise any number of magnetic sensing elements, such as, for example, magnetic sensors classified according to whether they measure the total magnetic field or the vector components of the magnetic field. The techniques used to produce both types of magnetic sensors span many aspects of physics and electronics. Technologies used for magnetic field detection include flowmeter, saturated flow, optical pumping, nuclear precession, SQUID, Hall effect, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance, magnetic tunnel junctions, giant magnetoimpedance, magnetostrictive/piezoelectric compounds, magnetodiode, magnetic transistor , optical fiber, magneto-optics and magnetic sensors based on microelectromechanical systems, among others.

[00200] In one aspect, the position sensor 472 for the tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system comprises a magnetic rotating absolute positioning system. The 472 position sensor can be implemented as a single integrated circuit, magnetic, rotary position sensor, AS5055EQFT, available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor 472 interfaces with the microcontroller 461 to provide an absolute positioning system. The position sensor 472 is a low voltage, low power component and includes four effect elements in an area of the position sensor 472 located above a magnet. A high-resolution ADC and an intelligent power management controller are also provided on the integrated circuit. A CORDIC processor (digital computer for coordinate rotation), also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder's algorithm, is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm for calculating hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, shift operations bits and lookup table. Angle position, alarm bits, and magnetic field information are transmitted through a standard serial communications interface, such as a serial peripheral interface (SPI), to the 461 microcontroller. The 472 position sensor provides 12 or 14 bits of resolution. The position sensor 472 may be an AS5055 integrated circuit provided in a small 16-pin QFN package with dimensions of 4 x 4 x 0.85 mm.

[00201] The tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system may comprise and/or be programmed to implement a feedback controller, such as a PID, state feedback, and adaptive controller. A power source converts the feedback controller signal into a physical input to the system, in this case voltage. Other examples include a voltage, current, and power PWM. Other sensors may be provided to measure parameters of the physical system in addition to the position measured by position sensor 472. In some aspects, the other sensors may include sensor arrangements as described in US Patent No. 9,345,481 entitled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, granted May 24, 2016, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein; US Patent Application Serial No. 2014/0263552, entitled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, published September 18, 2014, is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein; and US Patent Application Serial No. 15/628,175, entitled TECHNIQUES FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF MOTOR VELOCITY OF A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, submitted on June 20, 2017, is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In a digital signal processing system, an absolute positioning system is coupled to a digital data capture system where the output of the absolute positioning system will have a finite resolution and sampling frequency. The absolute positioning system may comprise a comparison and combination circuit for combining a computed response with a measured response through the use of algorithms, such as a weighted average and a theoretical control loop, that drive the calculated response toward the measured response. The computed response to the physical system considers properties such as mass, inertia, viscous friction, inductance resistance, etc., to predict from knowledge of the input what the states and outputs of the physical system will be.

[00202] The absolute positioning system provides absolute positioning of the displaced member upon activation of the instrument without having to retract or advance the longitudinally movable actuation member to the reset (zero or initial) position, as may be required by encoders conventional rotary devices that merely count the number of progressive or regressive steps that the motor 482 has traveled to infer the position of an actuator device, drive bar, scalpel, and the like.

[00203] A sensor 474, such as, for example, a strain gauge or a microstress gauge, is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end actuator, such as, for example, the amplitude of the strain exerted on the anvil during a grasping operation, which may be indicative in relation to tissue compression. The measured effort is converted into a digital signal and provided to processor 462. Alternatively, or in addition to sensor 474, a sensor 476, such as a load sensor, can measure the closing force applied by the drive system. closure to the anvil on a stapler or a clamping arm on an electrosurgical or ultrasonic instrument. The sensor 476, such as a load sensor, may measure the triggering force applied to a closure member coupled to a clamping arm of the instrument or surgical tool or the force applied by a clamping arm to tissue located in the claws of an electrosurgical or ultrasonic instrument. Alternatively, a current sensor 478 may be used to measure the current drawn by the motor 482. The displacement member may also be configured to engage a clamping arm to open or close the clamping arm. The force sensor can be configured to measure the gripping force on the fabric. The force required to advance the displacement member may correspond to the current drawn by motor 482, for example. The measured force is converted into a digital signal and supplied to the 462 processor.

[00204] In one form, a strain measuring sensor 474 can be used to measure the force applied to the fabric by the end actuator. A strain gauge may be attached to the end actuator to measure the force applied to the tissue being treated by the end actuator. A system for measuring forces applied to tissue secured by the end actuator comprises a strain gauge sensor 474, such as, for example, a microstrain meter, which is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end actuator, for example. In one aspect, the strain sensor 474 can measure the amplitude or magnitude of mechanical tension exerted on a gripper member of an end actuator during a grasping operation, which can be indicative of tissue compression. The measured effort is converted into a digital signal and provided to the processor 462 of a microcontroller 461. A load sensor 476 can measure the force used to operate the knife element, for example, to cut tissue captured between the anvil and the cartridge. of staples. A load sensor 476 can measure the force used to operate the gripping arm member, for example, to capture tissue between the gripping arm and an ultrasonic blade or to capture tissue between the gripping arm and a gripper of a electrosurgical instrument. A magnetic field sensor can be used to measure the thickness of captured tissue. The magnetic field sensor measurement can also be converted to a digital signal and provided to the 462 processor.

[00205] Measurements of tissue compression, tissue thickness, and/or force required to close the end actuator to the tissue, as respectively measured by sensors 474, 476, may be used by microcontroller 461 to characterize the selected position of the firing member and/or the corresponding velocity value of the firing member. In one case, a memory 468 may store a technique, an equation, and/or a look-up table that may be used by the microcontroller 461 in evaluation.

[00206] The control system 470 of the surgical instrument or tool may also comprise wired or wireless communication circuits for communicating with the central modular communication controller shown in Figures 8 to 11.

[00207] Figure 13 illustrates a control circuit 500 configured to control aspects of the instrument or surgical tool in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. Control circuit 500 may be configured to implement various processes described herein. Control circuit 500 may comprise a microcontroller comprising one or more processors 502 (e.g., microprocessor, microcontroller) coupled to at least one memory circuit 504. Memory circuit 504 stores machine-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 502, cause processor 502 to execute machine instructions to implement various of the processes described herein. Processor 502 may be any of a number of single-core or multi-core processors known in the art. The memory circuit 504 may comprise volatile and non-volatile storage media. The processor 502 may include an instruction processing unit 506 and an arithmetic unit 508. The instruction processing unit may be configured to receive instructions from the memory circuit 504 of the present disclosure.

[00208] Figure 14 illustrates a combinational logic circuit 510 configured to control aspects of the instrument or surgical tool in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. Combinational logic circuit 510 may be configured to implement various processes described herein. The combinational logic circuit 510 may comprise a finite state machine comprising a combinational logic 512 configured to receive data associated with the instrument or surgical tool at an input 514, process the data by the combinational logic 512, and provide an output 516.

[00209] Figure 15 illustrates a sequential logic circuit 520 configured to control aspects of the instrument or surgical tool in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. Sequential logic circuit 520 or combinational logic 522 may be configured to implement the process described herein. The sequential logic circuit 520 may comprise a finite state machine. The sequential logic circuit 520 may comprise a combinational logic 522, at least one memory circuit 524, a clock 529, and, for example. The at least one memory circuit 524 may store a current state of the finite state machine. In certain cases, the sequential logic circuit 520 may be synchronous or asynchronous. Combinational logic 522 is configured to receive data associated with the instrument or surgical tool from an input 526, process the data by combinational logic 522, and provide an output 528. In other aspects, the circuit may comprise a combination of a processor (e.g. , processor 502, Figure 13) and a finite state machine for implementing various processes of the present invention. In other aspects, the finite state machine may comprise a combination of a combinational logic circuit (e.g., a combinational logic circuit 510, Figure 14) and the sequential logic circuit 520.

[00210] Figure 16 illustrates a surgical instrument or tool comprising a plurality of motors that can be activated to perform various functions. In certain cases, a first engine may be activated to perform a first function, a second engine may be activated to perform a second function, a third engine may be activated to perform a third function, a fourth engine may be activated to perform a fourth function, and so on. In certain cases, the plurality of motors of the robotic surgical instrument 600 may be individually activated to cause firing, closing, and/or pivoting movements in the end actuator. The firing, closing and/or articulation movements can be transmitted to the end actuator through a drive shaft assembly, for example.

[00211] In certain cases, the surgical instrument or tool system may include a trigger motor 602. The trigger motor 602 may be operatively coupled to a trigger motor drive assembly 604, which may be configured to transmit motion firing, generated by motor 602 to the end actuator, particularly to move the closing member of the clamping arm. The closing member can be retracted by reversing the direction of the motor 602, which also causes the clamping arm to open.

[00212] In certain instances, the surgical instrument or tool may include a closing motor 603. The closing motor 603 may be operatively coupled to a closing motor drive assembly 605 that may be configured to transmit closing movements, generated by motor 603 to the end actuator, particularly to move a closing tube to close the anvil and compress the tissue between the anvil and the staple cartridge. The closing motor 603 may be operatively coupled to a closing motor drive assembly 605 that may be configured to transmit closing movements generated by the motor 603 to the end actuator, particularly to move a closing tube to close the closing arm. clamping and compressing tissue between the clamping arm and an ultrasonic blade or the clamping arm or gripper member of an electrosurgical device. Closing movements can cause the end actuator to transition from an open configuration to a rough configuration to capture tissue, for example. The end actuator can be transitioned to an open position by reversing the direction of the motor 603.

[00213] In certain cases, the instrument or surgical tool may include one or more joint motors 606a, 606b, for example. Motors 606a, 606b may be operatively coupled to linkage motor drive assemblies 608a, 608b, which may be configured to transmit linkage movements generated by motors 606a, 606b to the end actuator. In certain cases, pivoting movements may cause the end actuator to be pivoted relative to the drive shaft assembly, for example.

[00214] As described above, the surgical instrument or tool may include a plurality of motors that may be configured to perform various independent functions. In certain cases, the plurality of motors of the instrument or surgical tool may be activated individually or separately to perform one or more functions, while other motors remain inactive. For example, the linkage motors 606a, 606b may be activated to cause the end actuator to be articulated, while the trigger motor 602 remains inactive. Alternatively, the firing motor 602 may be activated to fire the plurality of staples, and/or advance the cutting edge, while the linkage motor 606 remains inactive. Furthermore, the closure motor 603 may be activated simultaneously with the trigger motor 602 to cause the closure tube or closure member to advance distally as described in more detail later in this document.

[00215] In certain cases, the surgical instrument or tool may include a common control module 610 that may be used with a plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool. In certain cases, the common control module 610 may accommodate one of the plurality of motors at a time. For example, the common control module 610 may be attachable to and separable from the plurality of motors of the robotic surgical instrument individually. In certain cases, a plurality of motors of the instrument or surgical tool may share one or more common control modules, such as common control module 610. In certain cases, a plurality of motors of the instrument or surgical tool may be individually and selectively engaged to the common control module 610. In certain cases, the common control module 610 may be selectively switched between interfacing with one of a plurality of motors of the instrument or surgical tool to interfacing with another of the plurality of motors of the instrument or surgical tool.

[00216] In at least one example, the common control module 610 may be selectively switched between operational engagement with linkage motors 606a, 606B, and operational engagement with firing motor 602 or closing motor 603. In In at least one example, as illustrated in Figure 16, a switch 614 may be moved or transitioned between a plurality of positions and/or states. In the first position 616, the switch 614 can electrically couple the common control module 610 to the trigger motor 602; in a second position 617, the switch 614 may electrically couple the control module 610 to the closing motor 603; in a third position 618a, the switch 614 may electrically couple the common control module 610 to the first linkage motor 606a; and in a fourth position 618b, the switch 614 may electrically couple the common control module 610 to the second linkage motor 606b, for example. In certain cases, separate common control modules 610 may be electrically coupled to the firing motor 602, the closing motor 603, and the linkage motors 606a, 606b at the same time. In certain cases, the switch 614 may be a mechanical switch, an electromechanical switch, a solid state switch, or any suitable switching mechanism.

[00217] Each of the motors 602, 603, 606a, 606b may comprise a torque sensor for measuring the output torque on the motor drive shaft. The force on an end actuator can be sensed in any conventional way, such as by means of force sensors on the outer sides of the grippers or by a torque sensor on the motor that drives the grippers.

[00218] In various cases, as illustrated in Figure 16, the common control module 610 may comprise a motor driver 626 that may comprise one or more H-Bridge FETs. The motor driver 626 may modulate power transmitted from a power source 628 to a motor coupled to the common control module 610, based on an input from a microcontroller 620 (the "controller"), for example. In certain cases, the microcontroller 620 may be used to determine the current drawn by the motor, for example, while the motor is coupled to the common control module 610, as described above.

[00219] In certain cases, the microcontroller 620 may include a microprocessor 622 (the "processor") and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media or memory units 624 (the "memory"). In certain cases, memory 624 may store various program instructions that, when executed, may cause processor 622 to perform a plurality of functions and/or calculations described herein. In certain cases, one or more of the memory units 624 may be coupled to the processor 622, for example. In various aspects, the microcontroller 620 may communicate over a wired or wireless channel, or combinations thereof.

[00220] In certain cases, the power source 628 may be used to supply power to the microcontroller 620, for example. In certain cases, the power source 628 may comprise a battery (or "battery pack" or "power source"), such as a Li-ion battery, for example. In certain instances, the battery pack may be configured to be releasably mounted to the handle to provide power to the surgical instrument 600. Multiple battery cells connected in series may be used as the power source 628. In certain instances, the power supply 628 may be replaceable and/or rechargeable, for example.

[00221] In various cases, the processor 622 may control the motor driver 626 to control the position, direction of rotation and/or speed of a motor that is coupled to the common control module 610. In certain cases, the processor 622 may signal motor driver 626 to stop and/or disable a motor that is coupled to common control module 610. It should be understood that the term "processor" as used herein includes any microprocessor, microcontroller, or other control device. Proper basic computing that incorporates the functions of a computer central processing unit (CPU) on an integrated circuit or, at most, a few integrated circuits. The 622 processor is a multipurpose programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. This is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory. Processors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system.

[00222] In one example, processor 622 may be any single-core or multi-core processor, such as those known by the trade name ARM Cortex from Texas Instruments. In certain cases, the 620 microcontroller may be an LM 4F230H5QR, available from Texas Instruments, for example. In at least one example, the Texas Instruments LM4F230H5QR is an ARM Cortex-M4F processor core comprising an integrated 256 KB single-cycle flash-type memory or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a look-ahead buffer for optimize performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle SRAM, an internal ROM loaded with StellarisWare® software, 2 KB EEPROM, one or more PWM modules, one or more QEI analogs, one or more ADCs 12-bit with 12 analog input channels, among other features that are readily available in the product data sheet. Other microcontrollers can be readily substituted for use with the 4410 module. Accordingly, the present disclosure should not be limited in this context.

[00223] In certain cases, memory 624 may include program instructions for controlling each of the motors of surgical instrument 600 that are attachable to common control module 610. For example, memory 624 may include program instructions for controlling the motor trigger 602, the closing motor 603 and the articulation motors 606a, 606b. Such program instructions may cause the processor 622 to control the firing, closing, and articulation functions in accordance with inputs from the control algorithms or programs of the instrument or surgical tool.

[00224] In certain cases, one or more mechanisms and/or sensors, such as sensors 630, may be used to alert processor 622 to program instructions that need to be used in a specific configuration. For example, sensors 630 may alert processor 622 to use program instructions associated with triggering, closing, and articulating the end actuator. In certain cases, the sensors 630 may comprise position sensors that may be used to detect the position of the switch 614, for example. Accordingly, the processor 622 may use the program instructions associated with triggering the closure member coupled to the clamping arm of the end actuator upon detecting, through the sensors 630, for example, that the switch 614 is in the first position 616; the processor 622 may use the program instructions associated with closing the anvil upon detection through the sensors 630, for example, that the switch 614 is in the second position 617; and the processor 622 may use the program instructions associated with the end actuator linkage upon detection through the sensors 630, for example, that the switch 614 is in the third or fourth position 618a, 618b.

[00225] Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of a robotic surgical instrument 700 configured to operate a surgical tool described herein, in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure. The robotic surgical instrument 700 may be programmed or configured to control the distal/proximal translation of a displacing limb, the distal/proximal displacement of a closure tube, the rotation of the drive shaft, and articulation, either with a single type or multiple articulation drive links. In one aspect, the surgical instrument 700 may be programmed or configured to individually control a firing member, a closing member, a drive shaft member, or one or more pivot members, or combinations thereof. Surgical instrument 700 comprises a control circuit 710 configured to control motor-driven firing members, closing members, drive shaft members, or one or more pivot members, or combinations thereof.

[00226] In one aspect, the robotic surgical instrument 700 comprises a control circuit 710 configured to control a gripping arm 716 and a closing member 714, a portion of an end actuator 702, an ultrasonic blade 718 coupled to a transducer ultrasonic 719 excited by an ultrasonic generator 721, a drive shaft 740, and one or more pivot members 742a, 742b through a plurality of motors 704a to 704e. A position sensor 734 may be configured to provide feedback about the position of the closure member 714 to the control circuit 710. Other sensors 738 may be configured to provide feedback to the control circuit 710. A timer/counter 731 provides timing information and count to the control circuit 710. A power source 712 may be provided to operate the motors 704a to 704e and a current sensor 736 provides motor current feedback to the control circuit 710. The motors 704a to 704e may be operated individually by the control circuit 710 in an open-loop or closed-loop feedback control.

[00227] In one aspect, the control circuit 710 may comprise one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other processors suitable for executing instructions that cause the processor or processors to perform one or more tasks. In one aspect, a timer/counter 731 provides an output signal, such as elapsed time or a digital count, to the control circuit 710 to correlate the position of the closure member 714 as determined by the position sensor 734 with the output of the timer. /counter 731 so that the control circuit 710 can determine the position of the closing member 714 at a specific time (t) relative to a starting position or the time (t) when the closing member 714 is in a specific position relative to an initial position. The 731 timer/counter can be configured to measure elapsed time, count external events, or time external events.

[00228] In one aspect, the control circuit 710 may be programmed to control functions of the end actuator 702 based on one or more tissue conditions. The control circuit 710 may be programmed to directly or indirectly sense tissue conditions, such as thickness, as described herein. Control circuit 710 may be programmed to select a firing control program or closing control program based on fabric conditions. A trigger control program can describe the distal movement of the displacement limb. Different trigger control programs can be selected to best address different tissue conditions. For example, when thicker tissue is present, control circuit 710 may be programmed to translate the travel member at a lower speed and/or with lower power. When finer tissue is present, control circuit 710 can be programmed to translate the displacement member at a higher speed and/or with greater power. A closing control program can control the closing force applied to the fabric by the clamping arm 716. Other control programs control the rotation of the drive shaft 740 and the pivot members 742a, 742b.

[00229] In one aspect, control circuit 710 can generate motor setpoint signals. Motor setpoint signals can be provided to multiple 708a through 708e motor controllers. The motor controllers 708a to 708e may comprise one or more circuits configured to provide motor drive signals to the motors 704a to 704e to drive the motors 704a to 704e as described herein. In some examples, motors 704a to 704e may be brushed direct current electric motors. For example, the speed of motors 704a to 704e may be proportional to respective motor drive signals. In some examples, motors 704a to 704e may be brushless DC electric motors, and respective motor drive signals may comprise a PWM signal provided to one or more stator windings of motors 704a to 704e. Furthermore, in some examples, the motor controllers 708a to 708e may be omitted and the control circuit 710 may directly generate the motor drive signals.

[00230] In one aspect, control circuit 710 may initially operate each of motors 704a to 704e in an open-loop configuration for a first open-loop portion of travel of the travel member. Based on the response of the robotic surgical instrument 700 during the open-loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit 710 may select a trigger control program in a closed-loop configuration. The instrument response may include a translation of the distance from the traveling member during the open-circuit portion, an elapsed time during the open-circuit portion, the energy supplied to one of the motors 704a to 704e during the open-circuit portion, a sum of pulse widths of a motor drive signal, etc. After the open circuit portion, control circuit 710 may implement the selected firing control program for a second portion of travel of the travel member. For example, during a portion of the closed-loop stroke, the control circuit 710 may modulate one of the motors 704a to 704e based on translating data describing a position of the closed-loop travel member to translate the travel member to a constant speed.

[00231] In one aspect, motors 704a to 704e may receive power from a power source 712. The power source 712 may be a DC power source driven by a main alternating current power source, a battery, a super capacitor, or any other suitable power source. Motors 704a to 704e may be mechanically coupled to individual movable mechanical elements such as the closure member 714, the clamping arm 716, drive shaft 740, linkage 742a, and the linkage 742b, through respective transmissions 706a to 706e. Transmissions 706a to 706e may include one or more gears or other linkage components for coupling motors 704a to 704e to movable mechanical elements. A position sensor 734 may detect a position of the closure member 714. The position sensor 734 may be or may include any type of sensor that is capable of generating position data that indicates a position of the closure member 714. In some examples , the position sensor 734 may include an encoder configured to provide a series of pulses to the control circuit 710 as the closure member 714 translates distally and proximally. The control circuit 710 may track the pulses to determine the position of the closure member 714. Other suitable position sensors may be used, including, for example, a proximity sensor. Other types of position sensors may provide other signals that indicate movement of the closure member 714. Additionally, in some examples, the position sensor 734 may be omitted. When any of the motors 704a to 704e is a stepper motor, the control circuit 710 can track the position of the closure member 714 by aggregating the number and direction of steps that the motor 704 has been instructed to perform. The position sensor 734 may be located in the end actuator 702 or in any other portion of the instrument. The outputs of each of the motors 704a to 704e include a torque sensor 744a to 744e for detecting force and have an encoder for detecting the rotation of the drive shaft.

[00232] In one aspect, the control circuit 710 is configured to actuate a firing member such as the closure member portion 714 of the end actuator 702. The control circuit 710 provides a motor set point for a control of the motor 708a, which provides a drive signal to the motor 704a. The motor output drive shaft 704a is coupled to a torque sensor 744a. The torque sensor 744a is coupled to a transmission 706a which is coupled to the closure member 714. The transmission 706a comprises movable mechanical elements such as rotating elements and a firing member for distally and proximally controlling the movement of the closure member 714 along a longitudinal axis of the end actuator 702. In one aspect, the motor 704a may be coupled to the knife gear assembly, which includes a knife gear reduction assembly, which includes a first knife drive gear and a second gear. knife drive. A torque sensor 744a provides a trigger force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The trigger force signal represents the force required to trigger or displace the closure member 714. A position sensor 734 can be configured to provide the position of the closure member 714 along the firing stroke or the position of the firing member as a feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The end actuator 702 may include additional sensors 738 configured to provide feedback signals to the control circuit 710. When ready for use, the control circuit 710 can provide a trigger signal to the motor control 708a. In response to the trigger signal, the motor 704a may drive the firing member distally along the longitudinal axis of the end actuator 702 from a stroke start proximal position to a stroke end distal position relative to the stroke start position. course. As the closing member 714 translates distally, the clamping arm 716 closes toward the ultrasonic blade 718.

[00233] In one aspect, the control circuit 710 is configured to actuate a closure member such as the clamping arm portion 716 of the end actuator 702. The control circuit 710 provides a motor set point for a control of the motor 708b, which provides a drive signal to the motor 704b. The output shaft of the 704b motor is coupled to a 744b torque sensor. The torque sensor 744b is coupled to a transmission 706b which is coupled to the clamping arm 716. The transmission 706b comprises movable mechanical elements such as rotating elements and a closing member for controlling the movement of the clamping arm 716 from the open and closed. In one aspect, the motor 704b is coupled to a closing gear assembly, which includes a closing reduction gear assembly that is supported in mesh engagement with the closing gear wheel. Torque sensor 744b provides a closing force feedback signal to control circuit 710. The closing force feedback signal represents the closing force applied to clamping arm 716. Position sensor 734 can be configured to provide the position of the closing member as a feedback signal to the control circuit 710. Additional sensors 738 in the end actuator 702 can provide the closing force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The pivotable clamping arm 716 is positioned opposite the ultrasonic blade 718. When ready for use, the control circuit 710 can provide a close signal to the motor control 708b. In response to the closing signal, the motor 704b advances a closing member to clamp the tissue between the clamping arm 716 and the ultrasonic blade 718.

[00234] In one aspect, the control circuit 710 is configured to rotate a drive shaft member, such as the drive shaft 740, to rotate the end actuator 702. The control circuit 710 provides a motor set point to a motor control 708c, which provides a drive signal to the motor 704c. The output shaft of the 704c engine is coupled to a 744c torque sensor. The torque sensor 744c is coupled to a transmission 706c which is coupled to the shaft 740. The transmission 706c comprises movable mechanical elements, such as rotating elements, to control the rotation of the drive shaft 740 clockwise or counterclockwise until and above 360°. In one aspect, the motor 704c is coupled to the rotary drive assembly, which includes a tube gear segment that is formed over (or attached to) the proximal end of the proximal closure tube for engagement operable by a rotational gear assembly that is operationally supported on the tool mounting plate. The torque sensor 744c provides a rotational force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The rotational force feedback signal represents the rotational force applied to the drive shaft 740. The position sensor 734 can be configured to provide the position of the closure member as a feedback signal to the control circuit 710. Additional sensors 738, such as a drive shaft encoder, may provide the rotational position of the drive shaft 740 to the control circuit 710.

[00235] In one aspect, the control circuit 710 is configured to articulate the end actuator 702. The control circuit 710 provides a motor set point for a motor control 708d, which provides a drive signal to the motor 704d. The output shaft of the 704d engine is coupled to a 744d torque sensor. Torque sensor 744d is coupled to a transmission 706d which is coupled to a pivot member 742a. The transmission 706d comprises movable mechanical elements, such as linkage elements, to control the articulation of the end actuator 702 ± 65°. In one aspect, the motor 704d is coupled to a pivot nut, which is pivotally seated on the proximal end portion of the distal column portion and is pivotably driven therein by a pivot gear assembly. The torque sensor 744d provides a linkage force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The linkage force feedback signal represents the linkage force applied to the end actuator 702. The sensors 738, such as a linkage encoder , may provide the pivot position of the end actuator 702 to the control circuit 710.

[00236] In another aspect, the articulation function of the robotic surgical system 700 may comprise two articulation members, or links, 742a, 742b. These articulation members 742a, 742b are driven by separate discs in the robot interface (the rack), which are driven by the two motors 708d, 708e. When the separate firing motor 704a is provided, each pivot link 742a, 742b may be antagonistically driven relative to the other link to provide a resistive holding movement and load to the head when it is not moving and to provide a resistive holding movement. articulation when the head is articulated. Pivot members 742a, 742b attach to the head at a fixed radius when the head is rotated. Consequently, the mechanical advantage of the push-pull link changes when the head is rotated. This change in mechanical advantage may be more pronounced with other linkage drive systems.

[00237] In one aspect, the one or more motors 704a to 704e may comprise a brushed DC motor with a gearbox and mechanical connections to a firing member, closure member, or pivot member. Another example includes electric motors 704a to 704e that operate movable mechanical elements such as the displacement member, pivot links, shut-off tube and drive shaft. An external influence is an unmeasured and unpredictable influence of things such as tissue, surrounding bodies, and friction in the physical system. This external influence can be called drag, which acts in opposition to one of the electric motors 704a to 704e. External influence, such as drag, can cause the operation of the physical system to deviate from a desired operation of the physical system.

[00238] In one aspect, the position sensor 734 can be implemented as an absolute positioning system. In one aspect, the position sensor 734 may comprise an absolute rotary magnetic positioning system implemented as a single integrated circuit rotary magnetic position sensor AS5055EQFT, available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor 734 may interface with the control circuit 710 to provide an absolute positioning system. The position may include multiple Hall effect elements located above a magnet and coupled to a CORDIC processor, also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder's algorithm, which is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm for calculating hyperbolic and trigonometric functions which require only addition, subtraction, bit shift, and lookup table operations.

[00239] In one aspect, the control circuit 710 may be in communication with one or more sensors 738. The sensors 738 may be positioned on the end actuator 702 and adapted to work with the robotic surgical instrument 700 to measure various derived parameters. such as span distance as a function of time, tissue compression as a function of time, and anvil deformation as a function of time. The sensors 738 may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a load cell, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, a torque sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other sensor suitable for measuring one or more parameters of the end actuator 702. The sensors 738 may include one or more sensors. Sensors 738 may be located on clamping arm 716 to determine tissue location using segmented electrodes. Torque sensors 744a to 744e can be configured to detect forces such as trigger force, closing force, and/or pivot force, among others. Accordingly, the control circuit 710 can detect (1) the closing load experienced by the distal closing tube and its position, (2) the firing member in the rack and its position, (3) which portion of the ultrasonic blade 718 has tissue in it, and (4) the load and position on both pivot rods.

[00240] In one aspect, the one or more sensors 738 may comprise a strain gauge, such as a microstrain gauge, configured to measure the magnitude of strain on anvil 716 during a pinched condition. The voltage meter provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the voltage. The sensors 738 may comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure generated by the presence of tissue compressed between the gripping arm 716 and the ultrasonic blade 718. The sensors 738 may be configured to detect the impedance of a section of tissue situated between the clamping arm 716 and the ultrasonic blade 718 which is indicative of the thickness and/or totality of the tissue located between them.

[00241] In one aspect, sensors 738 may be implemented as one or more limit switches, electromechanical devices, solid state switches, Hall effect devices, magneto-resistive (MR) devices, giant magneto-resistive (GMR) devices, magnetometers, among others. In other implementations, sensors 738 can be implemented as solid-state switches that operate under the influence of light, such as optical sensors, infrared sensors, ultraviolet sensors, among others. Furthermore, the switches can be solid-state devices such as transistors (e.g., FET, junction FET, MOSFET, bipolar, and the like). In other implementations, sensors 738 may include conductorless electrical switches, ultrasonic switches, accelerometers, and inertial sensors, among others.

[00242] In one aspect, sensors 738 can be configured to measure the forces exerted on the clamping arm 716 by the closing drive system. For example, one or more sensors 738 may be at a point of interaction between the closure tube and clamping arm 716 to detect closing forces applied by the closing tube to clamping arm 716. The forces exerted on the clamping arm clamping 716 may be representative of the tissue compression experienced by the section of tissue captured between the clamping arm 716 and the ultrasonic blade 718. The one or more sensors 738 may be positioned at various interaction points along the closure drive system to detect the closing forces applied to the clamping arm 716 by the closing drive system. The one or more sensors 738 may be sampled in real-time during a grasping operation by the control circuit processor 710. The control circuit 710 receives real-time sample measurements to provide and analyze time-based information and evaluate timely real, the closing forces applied to the clamping arm 716.

[00243] In one aspect, a current sensor 736 can be used to measure the current drawn by each of the motors 704a to 704e. The force required to advance any of the movable mechanical elements such as the closure member 714 corresponds to the current drawn by one of the motors 704a to 704e. The force is converted to a digital signal and supplied to the control circuit 710. The control circuit 710 can be configured to simulate the response of the actual instrument system in the controller software. A displacement member may be actuated to move the closure member 714 in the end actuator 702 at or near a target speed. The robotic surgical instrument 700 may include a feedback controller, which may be one or any of the feedback controllers, including, but not limited to, a PID, state feedback, linear quadratic (LQR) controller, and/or an adaptive controller. , for example. The robotic surgical instrument 700 may include a power source for converting the feedback controller signal into a physical input such as case voltage, PWM voltage, frequency modulated voltage, current, torque, and/or force, for example. Additional details are disclosed in US Patent Application Serial No. 15/636,829, entitled CLOSED LOOP VELOCITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, filed on June 29, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[00244] Figure 18 illustrates a schematic diagram of a surgical instrument 750 configured to control distal translation of the displacement member in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the surgical instrument 750 is programmed to control the distal translation of the displacement member as the closing member 764. The surgical instrument 750 comprises an end actuator 752 which may comprise a clamping arm 766, a closing member 764 and an ultrasonic blade 768 coupled to an ultrasonic transducer 769 driven by an ultrasonic generator 771.

[00245] The position, movement, displacement, and/or translation of a linear displacement member, such as closure member 764, can be measured by an absolute positioning system, sensor arrangement, and a position sensor 784. Because the closure member 764 is coupled to a longitudinally movable drive member, the position of the closure member 764 can be determined by measuring the position of the longitudinally movable drive member employing the position sensor 784. Accordingly, in the following description , the position, displacement and/or translation of the closure member 764 can be obtained by the position sensor 784, as described in the present invention. A control circuit 760 may be programmed to control the translation of the displacement member, such as the closure member 764. The control circuit 760, in some examples, may comprise one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other processors suitable for executing instructions. which cause the processor or processors to control the displacement member, e.g., the closure member 764, in the manner described. In one aspect, a timer/counter 781 provides an output signal, such as elapsed time or a digital count, to the control circuit 760 to correlate the position of the closure member 764 as determined by the position sensor 784 with the output of the timer. /counter 781 so that the control circuit 760 can determine the position of the closure member 764 at a specific time (t) relative to an initial position. The 781 timer/counter can be configured to measure elapsed time, count external events, or measure eternal events.

[00246] The control circuit 760 may generate a motor setpoint signal 772. The motor setpoint signal 772 may be provided to a motor controller 758. The motor controller 758 may comprise one or more circuits configured to provide a drive signal from engine 774 to engine 754 to drive engine 754 as described herein. In some examples, the motor 754 may be a DC motor with brushed DC electric motor. For example, the speed of the motor 754 may be proportional to the motor drive signal 774. In some examples, the motor 754 may be a brushless DC electric motor and the motor drive signal 774 may comprise a PWM signal supplied to a or more stator windings of the motor 754. Furthermore, in some examples, the motor controller 758 may be omitted, and the control circuit 760 may generate the motor drive signal 774 directly.

[00247] The motor 754 may receive power from a power source 762. The power source 762 may be or include a battery, a super capacitor, or any other suitable power source. The motor 754 may be mechanically coupled to the closure member 764 via a transmission 756. The transmission 756 may include one or more gears or other linkage components for coupling the motor 754 to the closure member 764. A position sensor 784 may detect a position of the closure member 764. The position sensor 784 may be or may include any type of sensor that is capable of generating position data that indicates a position of the closure member 764. In some examples, the position sensor 784 may include an encoder configured to provide a series of pulses to the control circuit 760 as the I-beam 764 translates distally and proximally. The control circuit 760 may track the pulses to determine the position of the closure member 764. Other suitable position sensors may be used, including, for example, a proximity sensor. Other types of position sensors may provide other signals that indicate movement of the closure member 764. Additionally, in some examples, the position sensor 784 may be omitted. When the motor 754 is a stepper motor, the control circuit 760 may track the position of the closure member 764 by aggregating the number and orientation of steps that the motor 754 has been instructed to perform. The position sensor 784 may be located in the end actuator 752 or in any other portion of the instrument.

[00248] The control circuit 760 may be in communication with one or more sensors 788. The sensors 788 may be positioned on the end actuator 752 and adapted to work with the surgical instrument 750 to measure various derived parameters, such as span distance. as a function of time, tissue compression as a function of time and anvil tension as a function of time. The sensors 788 may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, a optical and/or any other sensors suitable for measuring one or more parameters of the end actuator 752. The sensors 788 may include one or more sensors.

[00249] The one or more sensors 788 may comprise a strain gauge, such as a microstress gauge, configured to measure the magnitude of strain on anvil 766 during a tight condition. The voltage meter provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the voltage. The sensors 788 may comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure generated by the presence of tissue compressed between the gripping arm 766 and the ultrasonic blade 768. The sensors 788 may be configured to detect the impedance of a section of tissue situated between the clamping arm 766 and the ultrasonic blade 768 which is indicative of the thickness and/or totality of the tissue located between them.

[00250] Sensors 788 can be configured to measure the forces exerted on the clamping arm 766 by the closing drive system. For example, one or more sensors 788 may be at a point of interaction between the closure tube and clamping arm 766 to detect closing forces applied by a clamping tube to clamping arm 766. The forces exerted on the clamping arm 766. The clamping arm 766 may be representative of the tissue compression experienced by the section of tissue captured between the clamping arm 766 and the ultrasonic blade 768. The one or more sensors 788 may be positioned at various interaction points along the closure drive system. to detect the closing forces applied to the clamping arm 766 by the closing drive system. The one or more sensors 788 may be sampled in real time during a grasping operation by a processor of the control circuit 760. The control circuit 760 receives real-time sample measurements to provide and analyze time-based information and evaluate, in in real time, the closing forces applied to the clamping arm 766.

[00251] A current sensor 786 can be employed to measure the current drawn by the motor 754. The force required to advance the closing member 764 corresponds to the current drawn by the motor 754. The force is converted into a digital signal and supplied to the circuit control 760.

[00252] Control circuit 760 can be configured to simulate the response of the actual instrument system in the controller software. A displacement member may be actuated to move a closure member 764 in the end actuator 752 at or near a target speed. The surgical instrument 750 may include a feedback controller, which may be one or any of the feedback controllers, including, but not limited to, a PID controller, status feedback, LQR, and/or an adaptive controller, for example. Surgical instrument 750 may include a power source to convert the feedback controller signal into a physical input such as case voltage, PWM voltage, frequency modulated voltage, current, torque, and/or force, for example.

[00253] The actual drive system of the surgical instrument 750 is configured to drive the moving member, the cutting member, or the closing member 764, by a brushed DC motor with gearbox and mechanical linkages to a linkage system. and/or knife. Another example is the electric motor 754 that operates the travel member and the pivot driver, for example, of an interchangeable drive shaft assembly. An external influence is an unmeasured and unpredictable influence of things such as tissue, surrounding bodies, and friction in the physical system. This external influence can be called drag, which acts in opposition to the 754 electric motor. External influence, such as drag, can cause the operation of the physical system to deviate from a desired operation of the physical system.

[00254] Various exemplary aspects are directed to a surgical instrument 750 comprising an end actuator 752 with motor-driven sealing and cutting surgical implements. For example, a motor 754 may drive a displacement member distally and proximally along a longitudinal axis of the end actuator 752. The end actuator 752 may comprise a pivotable clamping arm 766 and, when configured for use, a ultrasonic blade 768 positioned on the opposite side of the clamping arm 766. A clinician can hold tissue between the clamping arm 766 and the ultrasonic blade 768 as described in the present invention. When ready to use the instrument 750, the practitioner may provide a trigger signal, for example, by pressing a trigger of the instrument 750. In response to the trigger signal, the motor 754 may drive the displacement member distally along the longitudinal axis. of end actuator 752 from a proximal start-of-stroke position to an end-of-stroke position distal to the start-of-stroke position. As the displacement member moves distally, the closing member 764 with a cutting member positioned at a distal end, can cut the tissue between the ultrasonic blade 768 and the clamping arm 766.

[00255] In various examples, the surgical instrument 750 may comprise a control circuit 760 programmed to control the distal translation of the displacement member, such as the closing member 764, for example, based on one or more tissue conditions. Control circuit 760 may be programmed to detect, directly or indirectly, fabric conditions, such as thickness, as described herein. Control circuit 760 may be programmed to select a control program based on tissue conditions. A control program can describe the distal movement of the displacement limb. Different control programs can be selected to best treat different tissue conditions. For example, when thicker tissue is present, control circuit 760 may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a lower speed and/or with lower power. When finer tissue is present, control circuit 760 can be programmed to translate the displacement member at a higher speed and/or with greater power.

[00256] In some examples, control circuit 760 may initially operate motor 754 in an open-loop configuration for a first open-loop portion of a stroke of the travel member. Based on a response from instrument 750 during the open circuit portion of the stroke, control circuit 760 may select a firing control program. The instrument response may include a translational distance of the travel member during the open-circuit portion, an elapsed time during the open-circuit portion, the power supplied to motor 754 during the open-circuit portion, a sum of pulse widths of a motor drive signal, etc. After the open circuit portion, control circuit 760 may implement the selected firing control program for a second portion of travel of the travel member. For example, during the closed-loop portion of the stroke, control circuit 760 may modulate motor 754 based on translational data describing a position of the travel member in a closed-loop fashion to translate the travel member in a constant speed. Additional details are disclosed in US Patent Application Serial No. 15/720,852, entitled SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING A DISPLAY OF A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, filed on September 29, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[00257] Figure 19 is a schematic diagram of a surgical instrument 790 configured to control various functions in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the surgical instrument 790 is programmed to control the distal translation of a displacement member such as the closing member 764. The surgical instrument 790 comprises an end actuator 792 which may comprise a clamping arm 766, a closing member 764, and an ultrasonic blade 768 that can be interchanged with or function in conjunction with one or more RF electrodes 796 (shown in dashed line). The ultrasonic blade 768 is coupled to an ultrasonic transducer 769 driven by an ultrasonic generator 771.

[00258] In one aspect, sensors 788 can be implemented as a limit switch, electromechanical device, solid state switches, Hall effect devices, MR devices, GMR devices, magnetometers, among others. In other implementations, sensors 638 may be solid-state switches that operate under the influence of light, such as optical sensors, infrared sensors, ultraviolet sensors, among others. Furthermore, the switches can be solid-state devices such as transistors (e.g., FET, junction FET, MOSFET, bipolar, and the like). In other implementations, sensors 788 may include conductorless electrical switches, ultrasonic switches, accelerometers, inertial sensors, and so on.

[00259] In one aspect, the position sensor 784 can be implemented as an absolute positioning system, which comprises a rotary magnetic absolute positioning system implemented as a single integrated circuit rotary magnetic position sensor AS5055EQFT, available from Austria Microsystems , AG. The position sensor 784 may interface with the control circuit 760 to provide an absolute positioning system. The position may include multiple Hall effect elements located above a magnet and coupled to a CORDIC processor, also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder's algorithm, which is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm for calculating hyperbolic and trigonometric functions which require only addition, subtraction, bit shift, and lookup table operations.

[00260] In some examples, position sensor 784 may be omitted. When the motor 754 is a stepper motor, the control circuit 760 can track the position of the closure member 764 by aggregating the number and orientation of the steps that the motor has been instructed to perform. The position sensor 784 may be located in the end actuator 792 or in any other portion of the instrument.

[00261] The control circuit 760 may be in communication with one or more sensors 788. The sensors 788 may be positioned on the end actuator 792 and adapted to work with the surgical instrument 790 to measure various derived parameters, such as span distance. as a function of time, tissue compression as a function of time and anvil tension as a function of time. The sensors 788 may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, a optical and/or any other sensors suitable for measuring one or more parameters of the end actuator 792. The sensors 788 may include one or more sensors.

[00262] An RF energy source 794 is coupled to the end actuator 792 and is applied to the RF electrode 796 when the RF electrode 796 is provided in the end actuator 792 in place of the ultrasonic blade 768 or to work in conjunction with the 768 ultrasonic blade. For example, the ultrasonic blade is produced from electrically conductive metal and can be employed as the return path for RF electrosurgical current. Control circuit 760 controls the delivery of RF energy to RF electrode 796.

[00263] Additional details are disclosed in US Patent Application Serial No. 15/636,096, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEM COUPLABLE WITH STAPLE CARTRIDGE AND RADIO FREQUENCY CARTRIDGE, AND METHOD OF USING SAME, filed June 28, 2017, which is incorporated herein for reference in its entirety.

Generator Hardware Adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms

[00264] In various aspects, intelligent ultrasonic power devices may comprise adaptive algorithms to control the operation of the ultrasonic blade. In one aspect, adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms are configured to identify tissue type and adjust device parameters. In one aspect, the ultrasonic blade control algorithms are configured to parameterize the tissue type. An algorithm for detecting the tissue collagen/elastin ratio to adjust the amplitude of the distal tip of the ultrasonic blade is described in the following section of the present disclosure. Various aspects of intelligent ultrasonic power devices are described herein in connection with Figures 1 to 85, for example. Consequently, the following description of adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms should be read in conjunction with Figures 1 through 85 and their associated descriptions.

Tissue Type Identification and Device Parameter Adjustments

[00265] In certain surgical procedures it would be desirable to use adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms. In one aspect, adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms can be used to adjust the parameters of the ultrasonic device based on the type of tissue in contact with the ultrasonic blade. In one aspect, the parameters of the ultrasonic device can be adjusted based on the location of the tissue within the jaws of the ultrasonic end actuator, e.g., the location of the tissue between the gripping arm and the ultrasonic blade. The impedance of the ultrasonic transducer can be used to differentiate the percentage of tissue that is situated at the distal or proximal end of the tip actuator. Ultrasonic device reactions can be based on tissue type or tissue compressibility. In another aspect, the parameters of the ultrasonic device can be adjusted based on the identified tissue type or parameterization. For example, the amplitude of the mechanical displacement of the distal tip of the ultrasonic blade can be adjusted based on the ratio of collagen to elastin in the tissue detected during the tissue identification procedure. The ratio of tissue collagen to elastin can be detected using a variety of techniques including infrared (IR) reflectance and surface emissivity. The force applied to the fabric by the clamping arm and/or the travel of the clamping arm to produce gap and compression. Electrical continuity across a gripper equipped with electrodes can be used to determine the percentage of the gripper that is covered with tissue.

[00266] Figure 20 is a system 800 configured to execute adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms in a surgical data network comprising a modular communication central controller, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the generator module 240 is configured to execute the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms 802, as described herein with reference to Figures 43A to 54. In another aspect, the device/instrument 235 is configured to execute the control algorithms of adaptive ultrasonic blades 804, as described herein with reference to Figures 43A to 54. In another aspect, the device/instrument 235 is configured to execute the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms 802, 804 as described herein with reference to Figures 43A at 54.

[00267] Generator module 240 may comprise an isolated patient stage in communication with a non-isolated stage via a power transformer. A secondary winding of the power transformer is contained in the isolated stage and may comprise a tapped configuration (e.g., a center-tapped or non-center-tapped configuration) to define drive signal outputs to deliver drive signals. to different surgical instruments, such as an ultrasonic surgical device and an RF electrosurgical instrument, and a multifunctional surgical instrument that includes ultrasonic and RF energy modes that can be delivered alone or simultaneously. In particular, the drive signal outputs may output an ultrasonic drive signal (e.g., a 420 V root mean square (RMS) drive signal for an ultrasonic surgical instrument 241, and the drive signal outputs may output 21 to 28B.

[00268] The generator module 240 or the device/instrument 235 or both are coupled to the modular control tower 236 connected to multiple operating room devices such as, for example, intelligent surgical instruments, robots and other computerized devices located in the operating room , as described with reference to Figures 8 to 11, for example.

[00269] Figure 21 illustrates an example of a generator 900, which is a form of a generator configured to couple to an ultrasonic instrument and further configured to execute adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms in a surgical data network comprising a controller modular communication center as shown in Figure 20. Generator 900 is configured to provide multiple modalities of power to a surgical instrument. Generator 900 provides ultrasonic and RF signals to power a surgical instrument, independently or simultaneously. Ultrasonic and RF signals can be provided alone or in combination and can be provided simultaneously. As indicated above, at least one generator output can provide multiple modalities of energy (e.g., ultrasonic, bipolar or monopolar RF, irreversible and/or reversible electroporation, and/or microwave energy, among others) through a single port, and these signals can be provided separately or simultaneously to the end actuator to treat tissue. The generator 900 comprises a processor 902 coupled to a waveform generator 904. The processor 902 and the waveform generator 904 are configured to generate various signal waveforms based on information stored in a memory coupled to the processor 902 , not shown for clarity of revelation. Digital information associated with a waveform is provided to waveform generator 904 which includes one or more DAC circuits for converting the digital input to an analog output. The analog output is fed to a 1106 amplifier for signal conditioning and amplification. The conditioned and amplified output of the amplifier 906 is coupled to a power transformer 908. Signals are coupled through the power transformer 908 to the secondary side, which is the patient isolation side. A first signal of a first power modality is supplied to the surgical instrument between the terminals labeled POWER1 and RETURN. A second signal of a second energy modality is coupled through a capacitor 910 and is supplied to the surgical instrument between the terminals labeled POWER2 and RETURN. It will be recognized that more than two modes of energy may be emitted and therefore the subscript "n" may be used to designate that up to n ENERGIAn terminals may be provided, where n is a positive integer greater than 1. It will also be It is recognized that up to "n" return trajectories, RETURNn may be provided without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[00270] A first voltage detection circuit 912 is coupled across the terminals labeled POWER1 and the RETURN path to measure the output voltage between them. A second voltage detection circuit 924 is coupled across the terminals labeled POWER2 and the RETURN path to measure the output voltage between them. A current sensing circuit 914 is arranged in series with the RETURN branch of the secondary side of the power transformer 908, as shown, to measure the output current for any power modality. If different return paths are provided for each power modality, then a separate current detection circuit would be provided on each return branch. The outputs of the first and second voltage sensing circuits 912, 924 are supplied to respective isolation transformers 916, 922, and the output of the current sensing circuit 914 is supplied to another isolation transformer 918. isolation 916, 928, 922 on the primary side of the power transformer 908 (non-isolated patient side) are provided to one or more ADC circuits 926. The digitized output of the ADC circuit 926 is provided to the processor 902 for further processing and calculations. The output voltages and output current feedback information can be employed to adjust the output voltage and current supplied to the surgical instrument, and to compute the output impedance, among other parameters. Input/output communications between the processor 902 and the patient's isolated circuits are provided through an interface circuit 920. The sensors may also be in electrical communication with the processor 902 through the interface circuit 920.

[00271] In one aspect, the impedance may be determined by the processor 902 by dividing the output of the first voltage sensing circuit 912 coupled over the terminals labeled POWER1/RETURN or the second voltage sensing circuit 924 coupled over the terminals identified as POWER2/RETURN by the output of the current sensing circuit 914 disposed in series with the RETURN branch of the secondary side of the power transformer 908. The outputs of the first and second voltage sensing circuits 912, 924 are provided to separate the isolation transformers 916, 922, and the output of the current sensing circuit 914 is provided to another isolation transformer 916. Digitized voltage and current sensing measurements from the ADC circuit 926 are provided to the processor 902 to calculate the impedance. As an example, the first energy modality ENERGY1 may be ultrasonic energy and the second energy modality ENERGY2 may be RF energy. However, in addition to ultrasonic and bipolar or monopolar RF energy modalities, other energy modalities include irreversible and/or reversible electroporation and/or microwave energy, among others. Furthermore, although the example illustrated in Figure 21 shows a single RETURN return trajectory that may be provided for two or more energy modalities, in other aspects, multiple RETURN return trajectories may be provided for each energy modality ENERGIAn. Thus, as described herein, the impedance of the ultrasonic transducer can be measured by dividing the output of the first voltage sensing circuit 912 by the current sensing circuit 914, and the tissue impedance can be measured by dividing the output of the second sensing circuit 912. voltage detection 924 by current detection circuit 914.

[00272] As shown in Figure 21, the generator 900 comprising at least one output port may include a power transformer 908 with a single output and with multiple taps for providing power in the form of one or more energy modalities, such as ultrasonic , bipolar or monopolar RF, irreversible and/or reversible electroporation, and/or microwave energy, among others, for example, to the end actuator depending on the type of tissue treatment that is performed. For example, generator 900 may provide power at higher voltage and lower current to drive an ultrasonic transducer, at lower voltage and higher current to drive RF electrodes to seal tissue, or with a coagulation waveform for spot coagulation using electrosurgical electrodes. Monopolar or bipolar RF. The output waveform of the generator 900 may be steered, switched, or filtered to provide the frequency to the end actuator of the surgical instrument. The connection of an ultrasonic transducer to the output of the generator 900 would preferably be located between the output labeled POWER1 and RETURN, as shown in Figure 21. In one example, a connection of bipolar RF electrodes to the output of the generator 900 would preferably be located between the output identified as ENERGY2 and the RETURN. In the case of a monopolar output, the preferred connections would be active electrode (e.g. light beam or other probe) to the POWER2 output and a suitable return block connected to the RETURN output.

[00273] Additional details are disclosed in US Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0086914 entitled TECHNIQUES FOR OPERATING GENERATOR FOR DIGITALLY GENERATING ELECTRICAL SIGNAL WAVEFORMS AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, which was published on March 30, 2017, which is incorporated herein by title reference in its entirety.

[00274] As used throughout this description, the term "wireless" and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communication channels, etc., that can communicate data through the use of electromagnetic radiation modulated through a non-solid medium. The term does not imply that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some respects they may not. The communication module may implement any of a number of wireless and wired communication standards or protocols, including, but not limited to, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, evolution (LTE, "long-term evolution"), Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, Bluetooth, Ethernet derivatives thereof, as well as any other protocols without wired and wired which are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The computing module may include a plurality of communication modules. For example, a first communication module may be dedicated to short-range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and a second communication module may be dedicated to longer-range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA , WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others.

[00275] As used herein, a processor or processing unit is an electronic circuit that performs operations on some external data source, usually memory or some other data stream. The term is used in the present invention to refer to the central processor (central processing unit) in a computer system or systems (specifically systems on a chip (SoCs)) that combine several specialized "processors".

[00276] As used herein, a system on a chip or system on chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit (also known as an "IC" or "chip") that integrates all of the components of a computer or other electronic systems . It can contain digital, analog, mixed and often radio frequency functions — all on a single substrate. An SoC integrates a microcontroller (or microprocessor) with advanced peripherals such as a graphics processing unit (GPU), Wi-Fi module, or coprocessor. An SoC may or may not contain internal memory.

[00277] As used herein, a microcontroller or controller is a system that integrates a microprocessor with peripheral circuits and memory. A microcontroller (or MCU for microcontroller unit) can be implemented as a small computer on a single integrated circuit. It can be similar to an SoC; an SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components. A microcontroller may contain one or more core processing units (CPUs) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash, or OTP ROM is also often included on the chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers can be used for integrated applications, in contrast to microprocessors used in personal computers or other general-purpose applications that consist of several discrete integrated circuits.

[00278] As used herein, the term controller or microcontroller may be an independent chip or IC (integrated circuit) device that interfaces with a peripheral device. This may be a link between two parts of a computer or a controller on an external device that manages the operation of (and connection to) that device.

[00279] Any of the processors or microcontrollers in the present invention can be any implemented by any single-core or multi-core processor, such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the processor may be a Core Cortex-M4F LM4F230H5QR ARM processor, available from Texas Instruments, for example, which comprises an integrated memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz. , a look-ahead buffer to optimize performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), an internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with the StellarisWare® program, 2 KB electrically erasable programmable readout (EEPROM), one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more analog quadrature encoder inputs (QEI), one or more analog to digital converters (ADC) 12-bit with 12 analogue input channels, details of which are available in the product datasheet.

[00280] In one aspect, the processor may comprise a security controller comprising two controller-based families, such as TMS570 and RM4x, known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. The safety controller can be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety-critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while providing scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

[00281] Modular devices include modules (as described in connection with Figures 3 and 9, for example) that are receivable within a central surgical controller and surgical devices or instruments that can be connected to the various modules in order to connect or pair with the corresponding surgical core controller. Modular devices include, for example, smart surgical instruments, medical imaging devices, suction/irrigation devices, smoke evacuators, power generators, ventilators, insufflators, and displays. The modular devices described here can be controlled by control algorithms. The control algorithms may be executed on the modular device itself, on the central surgical controller with which the specific modular device is paired, or on both the modular device and the central surgical controller (e.g., through a distributed computing architecture). In some exemplifications, the modular device control algorithms control the devices based on data sensed by the modular device itself (i.e., by sensors in, on, or connected to the modular device). This data may be related to the patient being operated on (e.g., tissue properties or inflation pressure) or to the modular device itself (e.g., the rate at which a knife is being advanced, the motor current, or the levels of energy). For example, a control algorithm for a surgical stapling and cutting instrument may control the rate at which the instrument's motor drives its knife through tissue according to the resistance encountered by the knife as it advances.

[00282] Figure 22 illustrates one form of a surgical system 1000 comprising a generator 1100 and various surgical instruments 1104, 1106 and 1108 that can be used with the generator, the surgical instrument 1104 being an ultrasonic surgical instrument, the instrument surgical instrument 1106 is an RF electrosurgical instrument, and the multifunctional surgical instrument 1108 is a combination ultrasonic/RF electrosurgical instrument. The 1100 generator is configurable for use with a variety of surgical instruments. In various ways, the generator 1100 may be configurable for use with different surgical instruments of different types, including, for example, the ultrasonic surgical instrument 1104, the RF electrosurgical instruments 1106, and the multifunctional surgical instrument 1108 that integrates ultrasonic and 22 the generator 1100 is shown separately from the surgical instruments 1104, 1106, 1108 in one form, the generator 1100 may be formed integrally with any of the surgical instruments 1104, 1106 and 1108 to form a unitary surgical system. The generator 1100 comprises an input device 1110 located on a front panel of the generator 1100 console. The input device 1110 may comprise any suitable device that generates signals suitable for programming the operation of the generator 1100. The generator 1100 may be configured for communication wired or wireless.

[00283] The generator 1100 is configured to drive multiple surgical instruments 1104, 1106, 1108. The first surgical instrument is an ultrasonic surgical instrument 1104 and comprises a handle 1105 (HP), an ultrasonic transducer 1120, a drive shaft 1126, and a end actuator 1122. The end actuator 1122 comprises an ultrasonic blade 1128 acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic transducer 1120 and a grip arm 1140. The grip 1105 comprises a trigger 1143 for operating the grip arm 1140 and a combination of toggle buttons 1134a , 1134b, 1134c to energize and drive the ultrasonic blade 1128 or other function. Toggle buttons 1134a, 1134b, 1134c can be configured to energize the ultrasonic transducer 1120 with the generator 1100.

[00284] The generator 1100 is also configured to drive a second surgical instrument 1106. The second surgical instrument 1106 is an RF electrosurgical instrument and comprises a handle 1107 (HP), a drive shaft 1127 and an end actuator 1124. The end actuator 1124 comprises electrodes on gripping arms 1142a and 1142b and return via the electrical conductor portion of the drive shaft 1127. The electrodes are coupled to and energized by a bipolar power source within the generator 1100. The grip 1107 comprises a trigger. 1145 to operate the clamping arms 1142a, 1142b and a power button 1135 to actuate a power switch to energize the electrodes on the end actuator 1124.

[00285] The generator 1100 is also configured to drive a multifunctional surgical instrument 1108. The multifunctional surgical instrument 1108 comprises a handle 1109, a drive shaft 1129 and an end actuator 1125. The end actuator 1125 comprises an ultrasonic blade 1149 and a gripping arm 1146. The ultrasonic blade 1149 is acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic transducer 1120. The handle 1109 comprises a trigger 1147 for operating the gripping arm 1146 and a combination of toggle buttons 1137a, 1137b, 1137c for energizing and actuating the blade ultrasonic 1149 or other function. Toggle buttons 1137a, 1137b, 1137c may be configured to energize the ultrasonic transducer 1120 with the generator 1100 and energize the ultrasonic blade 1149 with a bipolar power source also contained within the generator 1100.

[00286] Generator 1100 is configurable for use with a variety of surgical instruments. In various ways, the generator 1100 may be configurable for use with different surgical instruments of different types, including, for example, the ultrasonic surgical instrument 1104, the RF surgical instrument 1106, and the multifunctional surgical instrument 1108 that integrates ultrasonic and 22 the generator 1100 is shown separate from the surgical instruments 1104, 1106, 1108 in another form, the generator 1100 may be formed integrally with any of the surgical instruments 1104, 1106, 1108 to form a unitary surgical system. As discussed above, the generator 1100 comprises an input device 1110 situated on a front panel of the generator 1100 console. The input device 1110 may comprise any suitable device that generates signals suitable for programming the operation of the generator 1100. The generator 1100 may also comprise one or more output devices 1112. Other aspects of generators for digitally generating electrical signal waveforms and surgical instruments are described in patent publication US-2017-0086914-A1, which is incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.

[00287] Figure 23 is an end actuator 1122 of the exemplary ultrasonic device 1104, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The end actuator 1122 may comprise a blade 1128 that may be coupled to the ultrasonic transducer 1120 via a waveguide. When activated by the ultrasonic transducer 1120, the blade 1128 can vibrate and, when placed in contact with tissues, can cut and/or coagulate them, as described in the present invention. In various aspects, and as illustrated in Figure 23, the end actuator 1122 may also comprise a clamping arm 1140 that may be configured for cooperative action with the blade 1128 of the end actuator 1122. With the blade 1128, the arm gripper 1140 may comprise a set of claws. The clamping arm 1140 may be pivotally connected to a distal end of a drive shaft 1126 of the instrumental portion 1104. The clamping arm 1140 may include a clamping arm tissue block 1163, which may be formed from Teflon. ® or other suitable low friction material. The block 1163 may be assembled for cooperation with the blade 1128, with pivoting movement of the clamping arm 1140 positioning the clamping block 1163 in a relationship substantially parallel to, and in contact with, the blade 1128. For this construction, a portion tissue block 1163 and blade 1128. The tissue block 1163 may be provided with a sawtooth-like configuration including a plurality of axially spaced and proximally extending gripping teeth 1161. improve tissue grip in cooperation with the blade 1128. The clamping arm 1140 can transition from the open position shown in Figure 23 to a closed position (with the clamping arm 1140 in contact with or near the blade 1128) of any appropriate way. For example, the grip 1105 may comprise a claw closing trigger. When actuated by a clinician, the jaw closing trigger can rotate gripping arm 1140 in any suitable manner.

[00288] The generator 1100 may be activated to provide the drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer 1120 in any suitable manner. For example, the generator 1100 may comprise a foot switch 1430 (Figure 24) coupled to the generator 1100 via a foot switch cable 1432. A clinician may activate the ultrasonic transducer 1120 and thereby the ultrasonic transducer 1120 and the blade 1128 by pressing the foot switch 1430. In addition, or instead of the foot switch 1430, some aspects of the ultrasonic device 1104 may utilize one or more switches positioned on the handle 1105 which, when activated, may cause the generator to 1100 activates the ultrasonic transducer 1120. In one aspect, for example, the one or more switches may comprise a pair of toggle buttons 1134a, 1134b, 1134c (Figure 22), for example, to determine a mode of operation of the device 1104. When the toggle button 1134a is pressed, for example, the ultrasonic generator 1100 can provide a maximum drive signal to the transducer 1120, causing it to produce a maximum ultrasonic energy output. Pressing the toggle button 1134b may cause the ultrasonic generator 1100 to provide a user-selectable drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer 1120, causing it to produce less than the maximum ultrasonic power output. The device 1104 additionally or alternatively may comprise a second switch to, for example, indicate a position of a gripper closing trigger for operating the grippers via the clamping arm 1140 of the end actuator 1122. Furthermore, in some aspects, the ultrasonic generator 1100 may be activated based on the position of the clamp closing trigger, (e.g., as the clinician presses the clamp closing trigger to close through the gripping arm 1140, ultrasonic energy may be applied).

[00289] Additionally or alternatively, the one or more switches may comprise a toggle button 1134c which, when pressed, causes the generator 1100 to provide an output in pulses (Figure 22). Pulses can be delivered at any suitable frequency and grouping, e.g. In certain aspects, the power level of the pulses may consist of the power levels associated with toggle buttons 1134a, 1134b (maximum, less than maximum), for example.

[00290] It will be recognized that a device 1104 may comprise any combination of toggle buttons 1134a, 1134b, 1134c (Figure 22). For example, device 1104 could be configured to have only two toggle buttons: a toggle button 1134a to produce a maximum ultrasonic power output, and a toggle button 1134c to produce a pulsed output, either at the power level maximum or less than maximum. Thus, the drive signal output configuration of the generator 1100 could be five continuous signals, or any discrete number of individual pulsed signals (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5). In certain aspects, the specific drive signal configuration may be controlled based on, for example, EEPROM settings in generator 1100 and/or user power level selections.

[00291] In certain aspects, a two-position switch may be offered as an alternative to a toggle button 1134c (Figure 22). For example, a device 1104 may include a toggle switch 1134a for producing a continuous output at a maximum power level and a two-position toggle switch 1134b. In a first predetermined position, the toggle button 1134b may produce a continuous output at a power level less than the maximum, and in a second detent position, the toggle button 1134b may produce a pulsed output (e.g., at a maximum or less than maximum power level, depending on the EEPROM configuration).

[00292] In some aspects, the RF electrosurgical end actuator 1124, 1125 (Figure 22) may also comprise a pair of electrodes. The electrodes may be in communication with the generator 1100, for example, via a cable. The electrodes can be used, for example, to measure an impedance of a tissue portion present between the clamping arm 1142a, 1146 and the blade 1142b, 1149. The generator 1100 can provide a signal (e.g., a non-therapeutic signal) to the electrodes. The impedance of the tissue portion can be found, for example, by monitoring current, voltage, etc. of the signal.

[00293] In various aspects, the generator 1100 may comprise several separate functional elements, such as modules and/or blocks, as shown in Figure 24, a diagram of the surgical system 1000 of Figure 22. Different modules or functional elements may be configured to drive different types of surgical devices 1104, 1106, 1108. For example, an ultrasonic generator module can drive an ultrasonic device, such as ultrasonic instrument 1104. An electrosurgery/RF generator module can drive the electrosurgical device 1106. The modules can generate respective drive signals for driving the surgical devices 1104, 1106, 1108. In various aspects, each of the ultrasonic generator module and/or the electrosurgery/RF generator module may be formed integrally with the generator 1100. Alternatively, one or more of the modules may be provided as a separate circuit module electrically coupled to the generator 1100. (The modules are shown in dashed line to illustrate this option.) Additionally, in some aspects the electrosurgery/RF generator module may be integrally formed with the ultrasonic generator, or vice versa.

[00294] According to the aspects described, the ultrasonic generator module can produce one or more drive signals with specific voltages, currents and frequencies (for example, 55,500 cycles per second, or Hz). The one or more drive signals may be provided to the ultrasonic device 1104, and specifically to the transducer 1120, which may operate, for example, as described above. In one aspect, the generator 1100 can be configured to produce a drive signal of a specific voltage, current, and/or frequency output signal that can be performed with high resolution, accuracy, and repeatability.

[00295] According to the aspects described, the generator module for electrosurgery/RF can generate one or more drive signals with sufficient energy output to perform bipolar electrosurgery using radiofrequency (RF) energy. In bipolar electrosurgery applications, the drive signal may be provided, for example, to the electrodes of the electrosurgical device 1106, for example, as described above. Accordingly, the generator 1100 can be configured for therapeutic purposes by applying electrical energy to the tissue sufficient to treat said tissue (e.g., coagulation, cauterization, tissue welding, etc.).

[00296] The generator 1100 may comprise an input device 2150 (Figure 27B) located, for example, on a front panel of the generator console 1100. The input device 2150 may comprise any suitable device that generates signals suitable for programming operation. of the generator 1100. In operation, the user may program or otherwise control the operation of the generator 1100 using the input device 2150. The input device 2150 may comprise any suitable device that generates signals that can be used by the generator (e.g., by one or more processors contained in the generator) to control the operation of the generator 1100 (e.g., the operation of the ultrasonic generator module and/or the electrosurgery/RF generator module). In various aspects, input device 2150 includes one or more of buttons, switches, rotary controls, keyboard, numeric keypad, touch screen monitor, pointing device, and remote connection to a general-purpose or dedicated computer. In other aspects, input device 2150 may comprise a suitable user interface, such as one or more user interface screens displayed on a touch screen monitor, for example. Consequently, through input device 2150, the user can adjust or program various operating parameters of the generator, such as current (I), voltage (V), frequency (f), and/or period (T) of one or more input signals. drives generated by the ultrasonic generator module and/or the electrosurgery/RF generator module.

[00297] The generator 1100 may comprise an output device 2140 (Figure 27B) located, for example, on a front panel of the generator console 1100. The output device 2140 includes one or more devices for providing the user with sensory feedback. Such devices may comprise, for example, visual feedback devices (e.g., an LCD monitor, LED indicators), audio feedback devices (e.g., a speaker, a buzzer), or tactile feedback devices. (e.g. haptic actuators).

[00298] Although certain modules and/or blocks of generator 1100 may be described by way of example, it should be considered that a greater or lesser number of modules and/or blocks may be used and still be within the scope of aspects . Additionally, although various aspects may be described in terms of modules and/or blocks for ease of description, these modules and/or blocks may be implemented by one or more hardware components, e.g., processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), circuits, registers and/or software components, e.g., programs, subroutines, logic and/or combinations of hardware and software components.

[00299] In one aspect, the ultrasonic generator drive module and the electrosurgery/RF drive module 1110 (Figure 22) may comprise one or more integrated applications, implemented as firmware, software, hardware, or any combination thereof. Modules can comprise various executable modules, such as software, programs, data, triggers, and application program interfaces (APIs), among others. The firmware may be stored in non-volatile memory (NVM), such as read-only memory (ROM) with a bit mask, or flash memory. In many implementations, storing firmware in ROM can preserve flash memory. The NVM may comprise other types of memory including, for example, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM). programmable ROM"), or battery backed random-access memory (RAM, "random-access memory") such as dynamic RAM (DRAM, "dynamic RAM"), DRAM with double data rate (DDRAM, "Double -Data- Rate DRAM"), and/or synchronous DRAM (SDRAM, for "synchronous DRAM").

[00300] In one aspect, the modules comprise a hardware component implemented as a processor for executing program instructions for monitoring various measurable characteristics of devices 1104, 1106, 1108 and generating a corresponding output drive signal or signals for the operation of devices 1104, 1106, 1108. In aspects in which generator 1100 is used in conjunction with device 1104, the drive signal may drive ultrasonic transducer 1120 in cutting and/or coagulation surgical modes. The electrical characteristics of the device 1104 and/or the tissue may be measured and used to control the operational aspects of the generator 1100 and/or be provided as feedback to the user. In aspects in which the generator 1100 is used in conjunction with the device 1106, the drive signal may provide electrical energy (e.g., RF energy) to the end actuator 1124 in cutting, coagulation, and/or desiccation modes. The electrical characteristics of the device 1106 and/or the tissue may be measured and used to control the operational aspects of the generator 1100 and/or be provided as feedback to the user. In many aspects, as previously discussed, hardware components can be implemented as PSD, PLD, ASIC, circuits and/or registers. In one aspect, the processor may be configured to store and execute computer software program instructions to generate step function output signals for driving various components of devices 1104, 1106, 1108, such as the ultrasonic transducer. 1120 and end actuators 1122, 1124, 1125.

[00301] An electromechanical ultrasonic system includes an ultrasonic transducer, a waveguide, and an ultrasonic blade. The electromechanical ultrasonic system has an initial resonance frequency defined by the physical properties of the ultrasonic transducer, the waveguide, and the ultrasonic blade. The ultrasonic transducer is excited by an alternating voltage signal Vg(t) and current Ig(t) equal to the resonant frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system. When the electromechanical ultrasonic system is in resonance, the phase difference between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals is zero. In other words, at resonance the inductive impedance is equal to the capacitive impedance. As the ultrasonic blade heats up, the compliance of the ultrasonic blade (modeled as an equivalent capacitance) causes the resonant frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system to shift. Therefore, the inductive impedance is no longer equal to the capacitive impedance causing a difference between the drive frequency and the resonance frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system. The system is now operating "out of resonance". The difference between the drive frequency and the resonance frequency is manifested as a phase difference between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer. The generator's electronic circuits can easily monitor the phase difference between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals and can continually adjust the drive frequency until the phase difference is once again equal to zero. At this point, the new drive frequency is equal to the resonant frequency of the new electromechanical ultrasonic system. The change in phase and/or frequency can be used as an indirect measurement of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade.

[00302] As shown in Figure 25, the electromechanical properties of the ultrasonic transducer can be modeled as an equivalent circuit comprising a first branch that has a static capacitance and a second "moving" branch that has an inductance, resistance and capacitance connected in series that define the electromechanical properties of a resonator. Known ultrasonic generators may include a tuning inductor to cancel static capacitance at a resonant frequency so that substantially all of the generator drive signal current flows to the moving branch. Consequently, through the use of a tuning inductor, the generator drive signal current represents the moving branch current, and the generator is thus able to control its drive signal to maintain the resonant frequency of the ultrasonic transducer. The tuning inductor can also transform the phase impedance curve of the ultrasonic transducer to optimize the frequency locking capabilities of the generator. However, the tuning inductor needs to be matched to the specific static capacitance of an ultrasonic transducer at the operating resonance frequency. In other words, a different ultrasonic transducer having a different static capacitance needs a tuning inductor.

[00303] Figure 25 illustrates an equivalent circuit 1500 of an ultrasonic transducer, such as the ultrasonic transducer 1120, according to one aspect. The circuit 1500 comprises a first "motion" branch having, connected in series, inductance Ls, resistance Rs and capacitance Cs that define the electromechanical properties of the resonator, and a second capacitive branch having a static capacitance C0. The drive current Ig(t) can be received from a generator at a drive voltage Vg(t), with the motion current Im(t) flowing through the first branch and the current Ig(t)-Im(t) that flows through the capacitive branch. Controlling the electromechanical properties of the ultrasonic transducer can be achieved by adequately controlling Ig(t) and Vg(t). As explained above, conventional generator architectures may include a tuning inductor Lt (shown in dashed line in Figure 25) to cancel, in a parallel resonant circuit, the static capacitance C0 at a resonant frequency so that substantially all the current output of the Ig(t) generator flows through the motion branch. In this way, control of the current of the movement branch Im(t) is obtained by controlling the current output of the generator Ig(t). The tuning inductor Lt is specific to the static capacitance C0 of an ultrasonic transducer, however, and a different ultrasonic transducer having a different static capacitance requires a different tuning inductor Lt. Furthermore, how does the tuning inductor Lt correlate to the nominal value of the static capacitance C0 at a single resonant frequency, accurate control of the motion branch current Im(t) is guaranteed only at that frequency. As frequency shifts downward with transducer temperature, accurate control of motion branch current becomes compromised.

[00304] Various aspects of the generator 1100 may not feature a tuning inductor Lt to monitor the motion branch current Im(t). Instead, generator 1100 may use the measured value of static capacitance C0 between applications of power to a specific ultrasonic surgical device 1104 (along with drive signal voltage and current feedback data) to determine output current values. movement branch Im(t) on a dynamic and continuous basis (e.g. in real time). These forms of the generator 1100 are therefore capable of providing virtual tuning to simulate a system that is tuned or resonant with any value of static capacitance C0 at any frequency, and not just at a single resonant frequency imposed by a nominal value of the capacitance. static C0.

[00305] Figure 26 is a simplified block diagram of one aspect of the generator 1100, to provide inductorless tuning as described above, among other benefits. Figures 27A to 27C illustrate an architecture of the generator 1100 of Figure 26, in accordance with one aspect. Referring to Figure 26, the generator 1100 may comprise a patient isolated stage 1520 in communication with a non-isolated stage 1540 via a power transformer 1560. A secondary winding 1580 of the power transformer 1560 is contained in the isolated stage 1520 and may comprise a tapped configuration (e.g., a center tapped or a non-center tapped configuration) for defining drive signal outputs 1600a, 1600b, 1600c so as to provide output drive signals to different surgical devices, such as an ultrasonic surgical device 1104 and an electrosurgical device 1106. In particular, the drive signal outputs 1600a, 1600b and 1600c may provide a drive signal (e.g., a drive signal at 420 V RMS) to an ultrasonic instrument 1104, and the drive signal outputs 1600a, 1600b, and 1600c may provide a drive signal (e.g., a drive signal at 100 V RMS) to an electrosurgical device 1106, with the output 1600b corresponding to the center tap of the power transformer 1560 The non-isolated stage 1540 may comprise a power amplifier 1620 that has an output connected to a primary winding 1640 of the power transformer 1560. In certain aspects, the power amplifier 1620 may comprise a push-pull type amplifier, e.g. . The non-isolated stage 1540 may further comprise a programmable logic device 1660 for providing a digital output to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 1680 which, in turn, provides a corresponding analog signal to an input of the power amplifier 1620 In certain aspects, the programmable logic device 1660 may comprise a field programmable gate array (FPGA), for example. The programmable logic device 1660, by controlling the input of the power amplifier 1620 through the DAC 1680, can therefore control any of a number of parameters (e.g., frequency, waveform, waveform amplitude) of drive signals appearing at drive signal outputs 1600a, 1600b and 1600c. In certain aspects and as discussed below, the programmable logic device 1660, in conjunction with a processor (e.g., the processor 1740 discussed below), may implement a number of control algorithms based on digital signal processing (DSP) and/or or other control algorithms for control parameters of drive signals provided by generator 1100.

[00306] Power may be supplied to a power amplifier supply rail 1620 by a switch mode regulator 1700. In certain aspects, the switch mode regulator 1700 may comprise an adjustable voltage regulator, for example. As discussed above, the non-isolated stage 1540 may further comprise a processor 1740 which, in one aspect may comprise a DSP processor such as an ADSP-21469 SHARC DSP, available from Analog Devices, Norwood, Mass., USA, for example. . In certain aspects, the processor 1740 may control the operation of the switch mode power converter 1700 responsive to voltage feedback data received from the power amplifier 1620 by the processor 1740 via an analog-to-digital converter (DAC) 1760 In one aspect, for example, the processor 1740 may receive as input, via the ADC 1760, the waveform envelope of a signal (e.g., an RF signal) being amplified by the power amplifier 1620. The processor 1740 may then control the switch mode regulator 1700 (e.g., via a pulse-width modulated ("PWM") output so that the rail voltage provided to the power amplifier 1620 follows the waveform envelope of the amplified signal. By dynamically modulating the rail voltage of the power amplifier 1620 based on the waveform envelope, the efficiency of the power amplifier 1620 can be significantly improved over a voltage amplifier scheme. fixed rail. The 1740 processor can be configured for wired or wireless communication.

[00307] In certain aspects and as discussed in further detail in connection with Figures 28A and 28B, the programmable logic device 1660, in conjunction with the processor 1740, may implement a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) control scheme to control the waveform, the frequency and/or amplitude of the drive signals provided by the generator 1100. In one aspect, for example, the programmable logic device 1660 may implement a DDS control algorithm 2680 (Figure 28A) upon sample recovery. of waveforms stored in a dynamically updated lookup table (LUT), such as a RAM LUT that can be integrated into an FPGA. This control algorithm is particularly useful for ultrasonic applications in which an ultrasonic transducer, such as the 1120 ultrasonic transducer, can be driven by a clean sinusoidal current at its resonant frequency. Since other frequencies can excite parasitic resonances, minimizing or reducing the total distortion of the motion branch current can correspondingly minimize or reduce the undesirable effects of the resonance. Because the waveform of a drive signal provided by generator 1100 is impacted by various sources of distortion present in the output drive circuit (e.g., power transformer 1560, power amplifier 1620), feedback data about voltage and current based on the drive signal may be fed to an algorithm, such as an error control algorithm implemented by processor 1740, that compensates for distortion by appropriately pre-distorting or modifying the waveform samples stored in the LUT in a dynamic and continuous basis (e.g. in real time). In one aspect, the amount or degree of predistortion applied to the LUT samples may be based on the error between a computed motion branch current and a desired shape of the current waveform, with the error being determined on a basis of sample by sample. In this way, the pre-distorted LUT samples, when processed through the drive circuit, can result in a motion branch drive signal that has the desired wave shape (e.g., sine) to optimally drive the transducer. ultrasonic. In such respects, the LUT waveform samples will therefore not represent the desired drive signal waveform, but rather the waveform that is necessary to ultimately produce the desired signal waveform. of the movement branch, when distortion effects are taken into account.

[00308] The non-isolated stage 1540 may additionally comprise an ADC 1780 and an ADC 1800 coupled to the output of the power transformer 1560 through respective isolation transformers, 1820 and 1840, to respectively sample the voltage and current of drive signals. emitted by the generator 1100. In certain aspects, the ADCs 1780 and 1800 can be configured to sample at high speeds (e.g., 80 Msps) to enable oversampling of the drive signals. In one aspect, for example, the sampling speed of the 1780 and 1800 ADCs can enable approximately 200X oversampling (depending on the drive frequency) of the drive signals. In certain aspects, sampling operations of the ADCs 1780, 1800 may be performed by a single ADC receiving input voltage and current signals through a bidirectional multiplexer. The use of high-speed sampling in aspects of the generator 1100 may enable, among other things, calculation of the complex current flowing through the motion branch (which may be used in certain aspects to implement the DDS-based waveform control described above), accurate digital filtering of sampled signals, and calculation of actual power consumption with a high degree of accuracy. Voltage and current feedback data provided by the ADCs 1780 and 1800 may be received and processed (e.g., FIFO buffer storage, multiplexing) by the programmable logic device 1660 and stored in data memory for subsequent retrieval, e.g. , by processor 1740. As noted above, voltage and current feedback data can be used as input to an algorithm for pre-distorting or modifying waveform samples in the LUT, in a dynamic and continuous manner. In certain aspects, this may require that each stored voltage and current feedback data pair be indexed based on, or otherwise associated with, a sample of the corresponding LUT that was provided by the programmable logic device 1660 when the data pair of voltage and current feedback was captured. Synchronizing the LUT samples with the voltage and current feedback data in this way contributes to the correct timing and stability of the pre-distortion algorithm.

[00309] In certain aspects, voltage and current feedback data can be used to control the frequency and/or amplitude (e.g., current amplitude) of drive signals. In one aspect, for example, the voltage and current feedback data can be used to determine the phase of the impedance, e.g., the phase difference between the voltage and current drive signals. The frequency of the drive signal can then be controlled to minimize or reduce the difference between the determined impedance phase and an impedance phase set point (e.g., 0°), thereby minimizing or reducing the effects of harmonic distortion. and, correspondingly, enhancing the accuracy of the impedance phase measurement. Phase impedance determination and a frequency control signal may be implemented in processor 1740, for example, with the frequency control signal being provided as input to a DDS control algorithm implemented by programmable logic device 1660.

[00310] The phase of the impedance can be determined using Fourier analysis. In one aspect, the phase difference between the drive signals of the generated voltage Vg(t) and the generated current Ig(t) can be determined using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) or the discrete Fourier transform. (DFT) as set out below:

[00311] Evaluation of the Fourier transform at the sinusoid frequency produces:

[00312] Other approaches include weighted least squares estimation, Kalman filtering, and space- and vector-based techniques. Virtually all of the processing in an FFT or DFT technique can be performed in the digital domain with the aid of the two-channel high-speed ADC, 1780, 1800, for example. In one technique, digital signal samples of voltage and current signals are Fourier transformed with an FFT or a DFT. The phase angle Φ at any point in time can be calculated by: where Φ is the phase angle, f is the frequency, t is the time, and Φ0 is the phase at t = 0.

[00313] Another technique for determining the phase difference between voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals is the zero-crossing method and produces highly accurate results. For voltage signals Vg(t) and current Ig(t) having the same, each zero crossing from negative to positive of the voltage signal Vg(t) triggers the start of a pulse, while each zero crossing from negative to positive current signal Ig(t) triggers the end of the pulse. The result is a train of pulses with a pulse width proportional to the phase angle between the voltage signal and the current signal. In one aspect, the pulse train can be passed through an averaging filter to produce a measure of the phase difference. Furthermore, if positive to negative zero crossings are also used in a similar way, and the results averaged, any effects of DC and harmonic components can be reduced. In one implementation, analog voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals are converted to digital signals that are high if the analog signal is positive and low if the analog signal is negative. Highly accurate phase estimates require sharp transitions between highs and lows. In one aspect, a Schmitt trigger together with an RC stabilization network can be used to convert analog signals into digital signals. In other aspects, an edge-triggered RS flip-flop circuit and auxiliaries can be used. In yet another aspect, the zero-crossing technique can use an eXclusive (XOR) gate.

[00314] Other techniques for determining the phase difference between voltage and current signals include Lissajous figures and image monitoring; methods such as the three-voltmeter method, the "crossed-coil" method, the vector voltmeter and vector impedance methods; and the use of standard phase instruments, phase-locked loops, and other techniques as described in Phase Measurement, Peter O'Shea, 2000 CRC Press LLC, <http://www.engnetbase. com>, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[00315] In another aspect, for example, current feedback data may be monitored so as to maintain the current amplitude of the drive signal at a current amplitude set point. The current amplitude setpoint can be specified directly or determined indirectly based on the specified setpoints for voltage and power amplitude. In certain aspects, control of the current amplitude may be implemented by the control algorithm, such as a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm, in the processor 1740. The variables controlled by the control algorithm to adequately control the current amplitude of the drive signal may include, for example, scaling the LUT waveform samples stored in the programmable logic device 1660 and/or the full-scale output voltage of the DAC circuit 1680 (which provides input to the drive amplifier). power 1620) through a DAC 1860 circuit.

[00316] The non-isolated stage 1540 may further contain a processor 1900 to provide, among other things, user interface (UI) functionality. In one aspect, the processor 1900 may comprise an Atmel AT91 SAM9263 processor with an ARM 926EJ-S core, available from Atmel Corporation of San Jose, California, USA, for example. Examples of UI functionality supported by processor 1900 may include audible and visual user feedback, communication with peripheral devices (e.g., via a universal serial bus (USB) interface), communication with footswitch 1430, communication with a data input device 2150 (e.g., a touch screen) and communicating with an output device 2140 (e.g., a speaker). The processor 1900 may communicate with the processor 1740 and the programmable logic device (e.g., via serial peripheral interface (SPI) buses). Although the UI processor 1900 may primarily support UI functionality, it may also coordinate with the PSD processor 1740 to implement risk mitigation in certain ways. For example, processor 1900 may be programmed to monitor various aspects of user actions and/or other inputs (e.g., touch screen inputs 2150, footswitch inputs 1430, temperature sensor inputs 2160) and may disable the 1100 generator drive output when an error condition is detected.

[00317] In certain aspects, both the processor 1740 (Figure 26, 27A) and the processor 1900 (Figure 26, 27B) can determine and monitor the operational state of the generator 1100. For the processor 1740, the operational state of the generator 1100 can determine, for example, which control and/or diagnostic processes are implemented by the processor 1740. For the processor 1900, the operational state of the generator 1100 may determine, for example, which elements of a user interface (e.g., monitor screens , sounds) are presented to a user. The processors 1740 and 1900, respectively, can independently maintain the current operating state of the generator 1100, and recognize and evaluate possible transitions out of the current operating state. Processor 1740 may function as the master in this relationship and may determine when transitions between operational states should occur. Processor 1900 may be aware of valid transitions between operating states and may confirm whether a given transition is appropriate. For example, when processor 1740 instructs processor 1900 to transition to a specific state, processor 1900 may verify that the requested transition is valid. If a requested transition between states is determined to be invalid by processor 1900, processor 1900 may cause generator 1100 to enter a failure mode.

[00318] The non-isolated stage 1540 may further comprise a controller 1960 (Figures 26, 27B) for monitoring input devices 2150 (e.g., a capacitive touch sensor used to turn the generator 1100 on and off, a capacitive screen touch sensitive). In certain aspects, the controller 1960 may comprise at least one processor and/or other controlling device in communication with the processor 1900. In one aspect, for example, the controller 1960 may comprise a processor (e.g., an 8-bit Mega168 controller available from Atmel) configured to monitor user actions through one or more capacitive touch sensors. In one aspect, the controller 1960 may comprise a touch screen controller (e.g., a QT5480 touch screen controller available from Atmel) to control and manage the capture of touch data from a capacitive touch screen. to the touch.

[00319] In certain aspects, when the generator 1100 is in an "off" state, the controller 1960 may continue to receive operating power (e.g., through a line from a generator power supply 1100, such as the power supply 2110 (Figure 26) discussed below). In this manner, the controller 1960 may continue to monitor an input device 2150 (e.g., a capacitive touch sensor located on a front panel of the generator 1100) to turn the generator 1100 on and off. When the generator 1100 is in the off state, The controller 1960 may wake up the power supply (e.g., enable one or more DC/DC voltage converters 2130 (Figure 26) of the power supply 2110 to operate) if activation of the "on/off" input device is detected. turns off" 2150 by a user. The controller 1960 may therefore initiate a sequence to transition the generator 1100 to an "on" state. Conversely, the controller 1960 may initiate a sequence to transition the generator 1100 to the off state if activation of the "on/off" input device 2150 is detected when the generator 1100 is in the on state. In certain aspects, for example, the controller 1960 may report the activation of the "on/off" input device 2150 to the processor 1900 which, in turn, implements the process sequence necessary to transition the generator 1100 to the off state. In these aspects, the controller 1960 may not have any independent ability to cause the removal of power from the generator 1100 after its on state has been established.

[00320] In certain aspects, controller 1960 may cause generator 1100 to provide audible feedback or other sensory feedback to alert the user that an on or off sequence has been initiated. This type of alert can be provided at the beginning of an on or off sequence, and before the start of other processes associated with the sequence.

[00321] In certain aspects, the isolated stage 1520 may comprise an instrument interface circuit 1980 to, for example, provide a communication interface between a control circuit of a surgical device (e.g., a control circuit comprising switches handle) and components of the non-isolated stage 1540, such as the programmable logic device 1660, the processor 1740, and/or the processor 1900. The instrument interface circuit 1980 may exchange information with components of the non-isolated stage 1540 via a link communication link that maintains a suitable degree of electrical isolation between stages 1520 and 1540, such as an infrared (IR) based communication link. Power may be supplied to the instrument interface circuit 1980 with the use of, for example, a low-loss voltage regulator fed by an isolation transformer driven from the non-isolated stage 1540.

[00322] In one aspect, the instrument interface circuit 1980 may comprise a programmable logic device 2000 (e.g., an FPGA) in communication with a signal conditioning circuit 2020 (Figure 26 and Figure 27C). The signal conditioning circuit 2020 may be configured to receive a periodic signal from the programmable logic device 2000 (e.g., a 2 kHz square wave) to generate a bipolar interrogation signal that has an identical frequency. The interrogation signal can be generated, for example, using a bipolar current source fed by a differential amplifier. The interrogation signal may be communicated to a control circuit of the surgical device (e.g., through the use of a conductive pair on a wire connecting the generator 1100 to the surgical device) and monitored to determine a state or configuration of the control circuit. control. The control circuit may comprise a plurality of switches, resistors and/or diodes for modifying one or more characteristics (e.g., amplitude, rectification) of the interrogation signal so that a state or configuration of the control circuit is unambiguously discernible. based on one or more characteristics. In one aspect, for example, the signal conditioning circuit 2020 may comprise an ADC for generating samples of a voltage signal appearing between inputs of the control circuit that result from passing the interrogation signal therethrough. The programmable logic device 2000 (or a component of the non-isolated stage 1540) may then determine the state or configuration of the control circuit based on the ADC samples.

[00323] In one aspect, the instrument interface circuit 1980 may comprise a first data circuit interface 2040 to enable the exchange of information between the programmable logic device 2000 (or another element of the instrument interface circuit 1980) and a first data circuit disposed in, or otherwise associated with, a surgical device. In certain aspects, for example, a first data circuit 2060 may be disposed in a wire integrally attached to a handle of the surgical device, or in an adapter for interfacing between a specific type or model of surgical device and the generator 1100. In certain aspects, the first data circuit may comprise a non-volatile storage device, such as an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory device (EEPROM). In certain aspects and again with reference to Figure 26, the first data circuit interface 2040 may be implemented separately from the programmable logic device 2000 and comprises suitable circuitry (e.g., distinct logic devices, a processor) to enable communication between the programmable logic device 2000 and the first data circuit. In other aspects, the first data circuit interface 2040 may be integral to the programmable logic device 2000.

[00324] In certain aspects, the first data circuit 2060 may store information related to the specific surgical device with which it is associated. This information may include, for example, a model number, a serial number, a number of operations in which the surgical device has been used, and/or any other types of information. This information may be read by instrument interface circuit 1980 (e.g., programmable logic device 2000), transferred to a non-isolated stage component 1540 (e.g., programmable logic device 1660, processor 1740, and/or processor 1900 ) for presentation to a user via an output device 2140 and/or to control a function or operation of the generator 1100. Additionally, any type of information may be communicated to the first data circuit 2060 for storage therein via the first interface of data circuit 2040 (e.g., using programmable logic device 2000). This information may comprise, for example, an updated number of operations in which the surgical device was used and/or the dates and/or times of its use.

[00325] As discussed previously, a surgical instrument may be removable from a handle (e.g., instrument 1106 may be removable from handle 1107) to promote interchangeability and/or disposability of the instrument. In these cases, known generators may be limited in their ability to recognize specific instrument configurations being used, as well as to optimize control and diagnostic processes as needed. Adding readable data circuits to surgical device instruments to address this issue is problematic from a compatibility standpoint, however. For example, it may be impractical to design a surgical device to remain backwards compatible with generators lacking the indispensable data reading functionality due to, for example, different signaling schemes, design complexity, and cost. Other aspects of the instruments address these concerns through the use of data circuits that can be implemented into existing surgical instruments, economically and with minimal design changes to preserve the compatibility of the surgical devices with current generator platforms.

[00326] Additionally, aspects of the generator 1100 may enable communication with instrument-based data circuits. For example, generator 1100 may be configured to communicate with a second data circuit (e.g., a data circuit) contained in an instrument (e.g., instrument 1104, 1106, or 1108) of a surgical device. The instrument interface circuit 1980 may comprise a second data circuit interface 2100 to enable such communication. In one aspect, the second data circuit interface 2100 may comprise a three-state digital interface, although other interfaces may also be used. In certain aspects, the second data circuit may generally be any circuit for transmitting and/or receiving data. In one aspect, for example, the second data circuit may store information relating to the specific surgical instrument with which it is associated. This information may include, for example, a model number, a serial number, a number of operations in which the surgical instrument was used, and/or any other types of information. Additionally or alternatively, any type of information may be communicated to the second data circuit for storage therein via the second data circuit interface 2100 (e.g., using programmable logic device 2000). This information may comprise, for example, an updated number of operations in which the surgical instrument was used and/or the dates and/or times of its use. In certain aspects, the second data circuit may transmit data captured by one or more sensors (e.g., an instrument-based temperature sensor). In certain aspects, the second data circuit may receive data from the generator 1100 and provide an indication to the user (e.g., an LED indication or other visible indication) based on the received data.

[00327] In certain aspects, the second data circuit and the second data circuit interface 2100 can be configured so that communication between the programmable logic device 2000 and the second data circuit can be done without the need to install conductors additional for this purpose (e.g., dedicated conductors of a cable connecting a handle to the generator 1100). In one aspect, for example, information may be communicated to and from the second data circuit using a one-wire bus communication scheme implemented in existing wiring, such as one of the conductors used transmitting interrogation signals from from the 2020 signal conditioner circuit to a control circuit in a grip. In this way, changes or modifications to the design of the surgical device that might otherwise be necessary are minimized or reduced. Furthermore, because different types of communications can be implemented on a common physical channel (with or without frequency band separation), the presence of a second data circuit can be "invisible" to generators that do not have the essential data reading functionality, which therefore allows backward compatibility of the surgical device instrument.

[00328] In certain aspects, the isolated stage 1520 may comprise at least one blocking capacitor 2960-1 (Figure 27C) connected to the drive signal output 1600b, to prevent the passage of direct current to a patient. A single blocking capacitor may be required to comply with medical regulations and standards, for example. Although failures in single-capacitor designs are relatively uncommon, this type of failure can still have negative consequences. In one aspect, a second blocking capacitor 2960-2 may be placed in series with the blocking capacitor 2960-1, with leakage current from a point between the blocking capacitors 2960-1 and 2960-2 being monitored by, e.g. example, a 2980 ADC for sampling a voltage induced by leakage current. Samples may be received by programmable logic device 2000, for example. Based on changes in leakage current (as indicated by the voltage samples in the aspect ratio of Figure 26), the generator 1100 can determine when at least one of the blocking capacitors 2960-1 and 2960-2 has failed. Consequently, the appearance of Figure 26 may provide a benefit over single-capacitor designs having a single point of failure.

[00329] In certain aspects, the non-isolated stage 1540 may comprise a power supply 2110 for outputting DC power with suitable voltage and current. The power supply may comprise, for example, a 400 W power supply to provide a system voltage of 48 VDC. As discussed above, the power supply 2110 may additionally comprise one or more DC/DC voltage converters 2130 for receiving output from the power supply to generate DC outputs at the voltages and currents required by the various components of the generator 1100. As discussed above With respect to the controller 1960, one or more of the DC/DC voltage converters 2130 may receive an input from the controller 1960 when activation of the "on/off" input device 2150 by a user is detected by the controller 1960, to allow the operation or activation of the 2130 DC/DC voltage converters.

[00330] Figures 28A and 28B illustrate certain functional and structural aspects of one aspect of the generator 1100. Feedback indicating current and voltage output from the secondary winding 1580 of the power transformer 1560 is received by the ADCs 1780 and 1800, respectively. As shown, the ADCs 1780 and 1800 can be implemented in the form of a 2-channel ADC and can sample the feedback signals at a high rate (e.g., 80 Msps) to enable oversampling (e.g., approximately 200x of oversampling) of the trigger signals. The current and voltage feedback signals may be suitably conditioned in the analog domain (e.g., amplified, filtered) prior to processing by the ADCs 1780 and 1800. The current and voltage feedback samples from the ADCs 1780 and 1800 may be individually stored in 28A and 28B, the programmable logic device 1660 comprises an FPGA.

[00331] Multiplexed current and voltage feedback samples may be received by a parallel data capture port (PDAP) implemented within block 2144 of processor 1740. The PDAP may comprise a packaging unit to implement any of a number of methodologies for correlating feedback samples multiplexed with a memory address. In one aspect, for example, feedback samples corresponding to a specific LUT sample output by the programmable logic device 1660 may be stored in one or more memory addresses that are correlated or indexed to the LUT address of the LUT sample. In another aspect, feedback samples corresponding to a specific LUT sample by programmable logic device 1660 may be stored, along with the LUT address of the LUT sample, in a common memory location. In any case, the feedback samples may be stored so that the sample address of the LUT from which a specific set of feedback samples originated can subsequently be determined. As discussed above, synchronizing the addresses of the LUT samples and feedback samples in this way contributes to the correct timing and stability of the pre-distortion algorithm. A direct memory access controller (AMD) implemented in block 2166 of processor 1740 may store the feedback samples (and any LUT sample address data, where applicable) in a designated memory location 2180 of processor 1740 (e.g. , internal RAM).

[00332] Block 2200 of processor 1740 may implement a pre-distortion algorithm to pre-distort or modify LUT samples stored in programmable logic device 1660 on a dynamic and continuous basis. As discussed above, the pre-distortion of the LUT samples can compensate for various sources of distortion present in the generator output drive circuit 1100. The pre-distorted LUT samples, when processed through the drive circuit will therefore result in a drive signal having the desired wave shape (e.g., sinusoidal) to optimally drive the ultrasonic transducer.

[00333] In block 2220 of the pre-distortion algorithm, the current through the movement branch of the ultrasonic transducer is determined. The motion branch current may be determined using Kirchoff's current law based on, for example, current and voltage feedback samples stored in memory location 2180 (which when, appropriately sized, may be representative of Ig and Vg in the model of Figure 25 discussed above), a value of the static capacitance of the ultrasonic transducer C0 (measured or known a priori) and a known value of the drive frequency. A motion branch current sample can be determined for each set of current and voltage feedback samples stored associated with a LUT sample.

[00334] In block 2240 of the pre-distortion algorithm, each sample of current from the motion branch determined in block 2220 is compared to a sample of a desired shape of the current waveform to determine a difference, or sample amplitude error, between the compared samples. For this determination, the sample with the desired current waveform can be provided, for example, from a waveform LUT 2260 containing amplitude samples for one cycle of a desired current waveform. The specific LUT 2260 current waveform sample used for the comparison can be determined by the LUT sample address associated with the motion branch current sample used in the comparison. Consequently, the motion branch current input in block 2240 can be synchronized with the input of its associated LUT sample address in block 2240. The LUT samples stored in the programmable logic device 1660 and the LUT samples stored in the format LUT waveform 2260 can therefore be equal in terms of number. In certain aspects, the desired current waveform represented by the LUT samples stored in the waveform LUT 2260 may be a fundamental sine wave. Other waveforms may be desirable. For example, it is contemplated that a fundamental sine wave could be used to drive the main longitudinal movement of an ultrasonic transducer, superimposed on one or more other drive signals at other frequencies, such as a third-order ultrasonic wave to drive at least two resonances. mechanical in order to obtain beneficial vibrations in transverse or other modes.

[00335] Each sample amplitude error value determined in block 2240 may be transmitted to the LUT of the programmable logic device 1660 (shown in block 2280 in Figure 28A) along with an indication of its associated LUT address. Based on the amplitude error sample value and its associated address (and, optionally, the amplitude error sample values for the same previously received LUT address), the LUT 2280 (or other programmable logic device control block 1660) can pre-distort or modify the LUT sample value stored at the LUT address so that the sample amplitude error is reduced or minimized. It should be understood that this pre-distortion or modification of each sample of the LUT in an iterative manner throughout the LUT address range will cause the waveform of the generator output current to match or adapt to the desired shape of the current waveform, represented by LUT 2260 samples of waveforms.

[00336] Current and voltage amplitude measurements, power measurements, and impedance measurements may be determined in block 2300 of processor 1740 based on current and voltage feedback samples stored in memory location 2180. Prior to determination of these quantities, the feedback samples can be appropriately sized and, in certain aspects, processed through a suitable filter 2320 to remove noise resulting from, for example, the data capture process and induced harmonic components. The filtered voltage and current samples can therefore substantially represent the fundamental frequency of the generator drive output signal. In certain aspects, filter 2320 may be a finite impulse response (FIR) filter applied in the frequency domain. These aspects can use fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the current and voltage output signals of the drive signal. In certain aspects, the resulting frequency spectrum can be used to provide additional functionality to the generator. In one aspect, for example, the ratio of the second and/or third order harmonic component to the fundamental frequency component can be used as a diagnostic indicator.

[00337] In block 2340 (Figure 28B), a root mean square (RMS) calculation may be applied to a sample size of the current feedback samples representing an integral number of cycles of the drive signal, to generate an Irms measurement. representing the output current of the drive signal.

[00338] In block 2360, a root mean square (RMS) calculation may be applied to a sample size of the voltage feedback samples representing an integral number of cycles of the drive signal, to determine a Vrms measurement representing the voltage of drive signal output.

[00339] In block 2380, the current and voltage feedback samples may be multiplied point by point, and an average calculation is applied to the samples representing an integral number of cycles of the drive signal, to determine a Pr measurement of the drive energy. actual generator output.

[00340] In block 2400, the Pa measurement of the apparent output power of the generator can be determined as the product Vms-Irms.

[00341] In block 2420, the measurement Zm of the magnitude of the load impedance can be determined as the quotient Vrms/Irms.

[00342] In certain aspects, the quantities lrms, Vrms, Pr, Pa and Zm determined in blocks 2340, 2360, 2380, 2400 and 2420, can be used by the generator 1100 to implement any of a number of control processes and/or diagnostics. In certain aspects, any of these quantities may be communicated to a user via, for example, an output device 2140 integral to the generator 1100, or an output device 2140 connected to the generator 1100 via a suitable communication interface (e.g. example, a USB interface). The various diagnostic processes may include, but are not limited to, grip integrity, instrument integrity, instrument attachment integrity, instrument overload, instrument overload proximity, frequency lock failure, overvoltage condition, overload condition, current, over power condition, voltage sensor failure, current sensor failure, audio indication failure, visual indication failure, short circuit condition, power supply failure, or blocking capacitor failure, for example.

[00343] Block 2440 of processor 1740 may implement a phase control algorithm for determining and controlling the phase of the impedance of an electrical load (e.g., the ultrasonic transducer) driven by the generator 1100. As discussed above, when controlling the frequency of the drive signal to minimize or reduce the difference between the determined impedance phase and an impedance phase set point (e.g. 0°), the effects of harmonic distortion can be minimized or reduced, and measurement accuracy is increased phase.

[00344] The phase control algorithm receives as input current and voltage feedback samples stored in memory location 2180. Prior to their use in the phase control algorithm, the feedback samples may be appropriately sized and, in certain aspects, processed through a suitable filter 2460 (which may be identical to filter 2320) to remove noise resulting from the data capture process and induced harmonic components, for example. The filtered voltage and current samples can therefore substantially represent the fundamental frequency of the generator drive output signal.

[00345] In block 2480 of the phase control algorithm, the current through the movement branch of the ultrasonic transducer is determined. This determination may be identical to that described above in connection with block 2220 of the predistortion algorithm. Thus, the output of block 2480 may be, for each set of current and voltage feedback samples stored associated with a LUT sample, a current sample from the motion branch.

[00346] In block 2500 of the phase control algorithm, the impedance phase is determined based on the synchronized input of motion branch current samples determined in block 2480 and corresponding to voltage feedback samples. In certain aspects, the impedance phase is determined as the average of the impedance phase measured at the rising edge of the waveforms and the impedance phase measured at the falling edge of the waveforms.

[00347] In block 2520 of the phase control algorithm, the impedance phase value determined in block 2220 is compared to the phase set point 2540 to determine a difference, or phase error, between the compared values.

[00348] In block 2560 (Figure 28A) of the phase control algorithm, based on a phase error value determined in block 2520 and the impedance magnitude determined in block 2420, a frequency output is determined to control the frequency of the trigger signal. The frequency output value may be continuously adjusted by block 2560 and transferred to a DDS control block 2680 (discussed below) in order to maintain the phase of the impedance determined in block 2500 at the phase set point (e.g., phase zero). In certain aspects, the phase of the impedance can be adjusted to a 0° phase set point. In this way, any harmonic distortion will be centered around the crest of the voltage waveform, enhancing the accuracy of determining the phase impedance.

[00349] Block 2580 of processor 1740 may implement an algorithm for modulating the current amplitude of the drive signal to control the current, voltage, and power of the drive signal according to user-specified set points. or according to requirements specified by other processes or algorithms implemented by the generator 1100. Control of these quantities can be accomplished, for example, by scaling the LUT samples in the LUT 2280, and/or by adjusting the output voltage block 2600 (which may be implemented as a PID controller in certain respects) may receive as input current feedback samples ( which can be appropriately sized and filtered) from memory location 2180. The current feedback samples can be compared to the "current demand" value Id determined by the controlled variable (e.g., current, voltage, or power) to determine whether the drive signal is supplying the required current. In aspects where the drive signal current is the control variable, the current demand Id can be specified directly by a current setpoint 2620A (Isp). For example, an RMS value of the current feedback data (determined as in block 2340) may be compared to the user-specified RMS current setpoint Isp to determine appropriate action for the controller. If for example the current feedback data indicates an RMS value less than the Isp current set point, scaling of the LUT and/or full scale output voltage of the DAC 1680 may be adjusted by block 2600 so that it is the drive signal current is increased. Conversely, block 2600 may adjust a scaling of the LUT and/or the full-scale output voltage of the DAC 1680 to decrease the drive signal current when the current feedback data indicates an RMS value greater than the set point. current adjustment Isp.

[00350] In aspects where the drive signal voltage is the control variable, the current demand Id can be specified indirectly, for example, based on the current required to maintain a desired voltage reference value 2620B (Vsp ) given the magnitude of load impedance Zm measured in block 2420 (e.g., Id = Vsp/Zm). Similarly, in aspects where the drive signal power is the control variable, the current demand Id can be specified indirectly, for example, based on the current required to maintain a desired power setpoint 2620C ( Psp) given the voltage Vrms measured on the 2360 blocks (e.g., Id = Psp/Vrms).

[00351] Block 2680 (Figure 28A) may implement a DDS control algorithm to control the drive signal by retrieving LUT samples stored in LUT 2280. In certain aspects, the DDS control algorithm may be an oscillator algorithm numerically-controlled oscillator (NCO) to generate samples of a waveform at a fixed timing rate using a point-skipping technique. The NCO algorithm may implement a phase accumulator, or frequency-to-phase converter, that functions as an address pointer for retrieving LUT samples from the LUT 2280. In one aspect, the phase accumulator may be a phase accumulator of size of step D, modulo N, where D is a positive integer representing a frequency control value, and N is the number of LUT samples in the LUT 2280. A frequency control value of D=1, for example, can do cause the phase accumulator to point sequentially to each address of the LUT 2280, resulting in a waveform output that replicates the waveform stored in the LUT 2280. When D>1, the phase accumulator may skip addresses in the LUT 2280, resulting in a waveform output that has a higher frequency. Consequently, the frequency of the waveform generated by the DDS control algorithm can therefore be controlled by appropriately varying the frequency control value. In certain aspects, the frequency control value may be determined based on the output of the phase control algorithm implemented in block 2440. The output of block 2680 may provide the input of DAC 1680, which in turn provides an analog signal. corresponding to a power amplifier input 1620.

[00352] Block 2700 of processor 1740 may implement a switch mode converter control algorithm to dynamically modulate the rail voltage of the power amplifier 1620 based on the waveform envelope of the signal being amplified, thereby improving efficiency. of the power amplifier 1620. In certain aspects, the characteristics of the waveform envelope can be determined by monitoring one or more signals contained in the power amplifier 1620. In one aspect, for example, the characteristics of the waveform envelope wave can be determined by monitoring the minimum of a drain voltage (e.g., a MOSFET drain voltage) that is modulated according to the envelope of the amplified signal. A minimum voltage signal can be generated, for example, by a voltage minimum detector coupled to the drain voltage. The minimum voltage signal may be sampled by the ADC 1760, with the output minimum voltage samples being received in block 2720 of the switching mode converter control algorithm. Based on the minimum voltage sample values, the block 2740 can control a PWM signal supplied by a PWM generator 2760 which, in turn, controls the rail voltage supplied to the power amplifier 1620 by the switching mode regulator. 1700. In certain aspects, as long as the minimum voltage sample values are less than a target input for the minimum 2780 in block 2720, the voltage on the rail can be modulated in accordance with the waveform envelope as characterized by the minimum voltage samples. When the trough voltage samples indicate low envelope power levels, for example, the 2740 block may cause a low rail voltage to be supplied to the power amplifier 1620, with the full rail voltage being supplied only when the samples minimum voltage levels indicate maximum power levels of the envelope. When the minimum voltage samples fall below the target for the minimum 2780, the block 2740 may cause the rail voltage to be maintained at a minimum value suitable to ensure proper operation of the power amplifier 1620.

[00353] Figure 29 is a schematic diagram of an aspect of an electrical circuit 2900, suitable for driving an ultrasonic transducer, such as the ultrasonic transducer 1120, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The electrical circuit 2900 comprises an analog multiplexer 2980. The analog multiplexer 2980 multiplexes various signals from the upstream channels SCL-A, SDA-A, such as ultrasonic, battery and power control circuit. A 2982 current sensor is coupled in series with the return or ground branch of the power supply circuit to measure the current supplied by the power supply. A 2984 field effect transistor (FET) temperature sensor provides the ambient temperature. A 2988 pulse width modulation (PWM) watchdog timer automatically generates a system reset if the main program fails to perform periodic maintenance. It is provided to automatically reset the 2900 electrical circuit when it hangs or freezes due to a software or hardware failure. It will be recognized that the electrical circuit 2900 can be configured as an RF driver circuit to drive the ultrasonic transducer or to drive the RF electrodes like the electrical circuit 3600 shown in Figure 34, for example. Consequently, with reference now again to Figure 29, the electrical circuit 2900 can be used to interchangeably drive the ultrasonic transducers and the RF electrodes. If driven simultaneously, filter circuits may be provided in corresponding first stage circuits 3404 (Figure 32) to select both the ultrasonic waveform and the RF waveform. These filtering techniques are described in commonly owned US Patent Application Publication No. US-2017-0086910-A1 entitled TECHNIQUES FOR CIRCUIT TOPOLOGIES FOR COMBINED GENERATOR, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

[00354] A drive circuit 2986 provides left and right ultrasonic power outputs. A digital signal representing the signal waveform is supplied to the SCL-A, SDA-A inputs of the analog multiplexer 2980 from a control circuit such as control circuit 3200 (Figure 30). A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 2990 converts the digital input to an analog output to drive a pulse-width modulation circuit 2992 coupled to an oscillator 2994. The pulse-width modulation circuit 2992 provides a first signal to a first gate drive circuit 2996a coupled to a first transistor output stage 2998a to drive a first ultrasonic power output (left). The pulse width modulation circuit 2992 also provides a second signal to a second gate drive circuit 2996b coupled to a second transistor output stage 2998b to drive a second ultrasonic power output (right). A 2999 voltage sensor is coupled between the left/right ultrasonic output terminals to measure the output voltage. The driver circuit 2986, the first and second driver circuits 2996a, 2996b and the first and second transistor output stages 2998a, 2998b define a first stage amplifier circuit. In operation, the control circuit 3200 (Figure 30) generates a digital waveform 4300 (Figure 37) that employs circuits such as digital direct synthesis (DDS) circuits 4100, 4200 (Figures 35 and 36). The 2990 DAC receives the 4300 digital waveform and converts it to an analog waveform, which is received and amplified by the first stage amplifier circuit.

[00355] Figure 30 is a schematic diagram of a control circuit 3200, such as control circuit 3212, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The 3200 control circuit is located inside a battery pack compartment. The battery pack is the power source for a variety of local power supplies 3215. The control circuitry comprises a main processor 3214 coupled via a master interface 3218 to various downstream circuits via the SCL-A and SDA-A, SCL-B and SDA-B, SCL-C and SDA-C, for example. In one aspect, the 3218 interface master is a general purpose serial interface, such as an I2C serial interface. The main processor 3214 is also configured to drive switches 3224 via general purpose input/output (GPIO) 3220, a display 3226 (e.g., an LCD screen), and various indicators 3228 via GPIO 3222. surveillance 3216 is provided to control the main processor 3214. A switch 3230 is provided in series with a battery 3211 to activate the control circuit 3212 upon insertion of the battery pack into a handle assembly of a surgical instrument.

[00356] In one aspect, the main processor 3214 is coupled to the electrical circuit 2900 (Figure 29) via output terminals SCL-A/SDA-A. The main processor 3214 comprises a memory for storing tables of drive signals or digitized waveforms that are transmitted to the electrical circuit 2900 to drive the ultrasonic transducer 1120, for example. In other aspects, the main processor 3214 may generate a digital waveform and transmit it to the electrical circuit 2900 or may store the digital waveform for later transmission to the electrical circuit 2900. The main processor 3214 may also provide RF triggering by via SCL-B/SDA-B output terminals and various sensors (e.g. Hall effect sensors, magnetorheological fluid (MRF) sensors, etc.) via SCL-C/SDA-C output terminals . In one aspect, the main processor 3214 is configured to detect the presence of an ultrasonic drive circuit and/or RF drive circuit to enable appropriate software and user interface functionality.

[00357] In one aspect, the main processor 3214 may be an LM 4F230H5QR, available from Texas Instruments, for example. In at least one example, the Texas Instruments LM4F230H5QR is an ARM Cortex-M4F processor core comprising an integrated memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a transfer buffer to optimize performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with the StellarisWare® program, 2 KB, one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more analog quadrature encoder (QED) input, one or more 12-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADC) with 12 analog input channels , among other resources that are readily available in the product data sheet. Other processors can be easily substituted and, consequently, the present disclosure should not be limited in this context.

[00358] Figure 31 shows a simplified circuit block diagram illustrating another electrical circuit 3300 contained within a modular ultrasonic surgical instrument 3334, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. The electrical circuit 3300 includes a processor 3302, a clock 3330, a memory 3326, a power supply 3304 (e.g., a battery), a switch 3306, such as a semiconductor metal oxide field effect transistor power switch ( MOSFET), a drive circuit 3308 (PLL), a transformer 3310, a signal smoothing circuit 3312 (also called a matching circuit and may be, for example, a tank circuit), a detection circuit 3314, a transducer 1120, and a drive shaft assembly (e.g., drive shaft assembly 1126, 1129) comprising an ultrasonic transmission waveguide terminating in an ultrasonic blade (e.g., ultrasonic blade 1128, 1149) that can be called, in the present invention, simply a waveguide.

[00359] A feature of the present disclosure that breaks the dependence on high voltage (120 VAC) input power (a characteristic of general ultrasonic cutting devices) is the utilization of low voltage switching throughout the entire process of forming wave and the amplification of the drive signal only directly before the transformer stage. Therefore, in one aspect of the present disclosure, power is derived from just one battery, or group of batteries, small enough to fit inside a grip assembly. State-of-the-art battery technology provides powerful batteries a few centimeters high and wide and a few millimeters deep. By combining the features of the present disclosure to provide a self-contained and self-powered ultrasonic device, a reduction in production cost can be achieved.

[00360] The output of the power supply 3304 is fed to the processor 3302 and powers it. The processor 3302 receives and sends signals and, as will be described below, operates according to custom logic or according to computer programs that are executed by the processor 3302. As discussed above, the electrical circuit 3300 may also include a memory 3326, preferably a random access memory (RAM) that stores computer-readable instructions and data.

[00361] The output of the power supply 3304 is also directed to the switch 3306 having a duty cycle controlled by the processor 3302. By controlling the dwell time of the switch 3306, the processor 3302 is able to determine the total amount of power that is , ultimately supplied to transducer 1120. In one aspect, switch 3306 is a MOSFET, although other switch and switching configurations are also adaptable. The output of the switch 3306 is fed to a drive circuit 3308 that contains, for example, a phase detecting phase-lock circuit (PLL) and/or a low pass filter and/or a voltage controlled oscillator. The output of switch 3306 is sampled by processor 3302 to determine the voltage and current of the output signal (VIN and IIN, respectively). These values are used in a feedback architecture to adjust the pulse width modulation of the switch 3306. For example, the duty cycle of the switch 3306 can vary from about 20% to about 80% depending on the desired and actual output. from key 3306.

[00362] The drive circuit 3308, which receives the signal from the switch 3306, includes an oscillatory circuit that transforms the output of the switch 3306 into an electrical signal having an ultrasonic frequency, for example, 55 kHz (VCO). As explained above, a smoothed version of this ultrasonic waveform is ultimately fed to the ultrasonic transducer 1120 to produce a resonant sine wave along the ultrasonic transmission waveguide.

[00363] At the output of the drive circuit 3308 there is a transformer 3310 that is capable of raising the low voltage signal(s) to a higher voltage. It is noted that the upstream switching, before the 3310 transformer, is performed at low voltages (e.g. battery driven), something that, until now, has not been possible for ultrasonic cutting and cauterizing devices. This is, at least partially, due to the fact that the device advantageously uses low-resistance MOSFET switching devices. Low-resistance MOSFET switches are advantageous, as they produce lower switching losses and less heat than a traditional MOSFET device and allow greater current to pass through. Therefore, the switching stage (pre-transformer) can be characterized as low voltage/high current. To ensure the lowest resistance of the amplifier's MOSFET(s), the MOSFET(s) is run, for example, at 10 V. In this case, a 10 VDC power supply A separate switch can be used to power the MOSFET gate, which ensures that the MOSFET is fully turned on and that a reasonably low resistance is achieved. In one aspect of the present disclosure, transformer 3310 raises the battery voltage to 120 V root mean square (RMS). Transformers are known in the art and are therefore not explained in detail here.

[00364] In the described circuit configurations, circuit component degradation may negatively affect the circuit performance of the circuit. One factor that directly affects component performance is heat. Known circuits generally monitor switching temperatures (i.e., MOSFET temperatures). However, due to technological advances in MOSFET designs and due to the corresponding reduction in size, MOSFET temperatures are no longer a valid indicator of circuit loads and heat. For this reason, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure, a detection circuit 3314 detects the temperature of the transformer 3310. This temperature detection is advantageous because the transformer 3310 is operated at or very close to its maximum temperature. while using the device. The additional temperature will cause the core material, for example ferrite, to rupture and permanent damage may occur. The present disclosure may respond to a maximum temperature of the transformer 3310, for example, by reducing the drive power in the transformer 3310, signaling the user, turning off the power, pulsing the power, or through other appropriate responses.

[00365] In one aspect of the present disclosure, the processor 3302 is coupled in communication with the end actuator (e.g., 1122, 1125) which is used to place the material in physical contact with the ultrasonic blade (e.g., 1128, 1149 ). Sensors are provided that measure, at the end actuator, a pinch force value (existing within a known range) and, based on the received pinch force value, the 3302 processor varies the driving voltage VM. Since high values of force, combined with a defined rate of motion, can result in high blade temperatures, a temperature sensor 3332 may be coupled in communication with the processor 3302, the processor 3302 being operable to receive and interpret a signal that indicates a current blade temperature from the temperature sensor 3336 and to determine a target frequency of blade movement based on the received temperature. In another aspect, force sensors, such as mechanical tension gauges or pressure sensors, can be coupled to the trigger (e.g., 1143, 1147) to measure the force applied to the trigger by the user. In another aspect, force sensors, such as mechanical strain gauges or pressure sensors, can be coupled to a switch button so that the magnitude of the displacement corresponds to the force applied by the user to the switch button.

[00366] According to at least one aspect of the present disclosure, the PLL portion of the drive circuit 3308, which is coupled to the processor 3302, is capable of determining a waveguide movement frequency and communicating that frequency to the processor 3302. Processor 3302 stores the value of this frequency in memory 3326 when the device is turned off. By reading the clock 3330, the processor 3302 is able to determine an elapsed time after the device is turned off and recover the last moving frequency of the waveguide if the elapsed time is less than a predetermined value. The device can then start at the latter frequency, which presumably is the optimal frequency for charging current.

Battery-Powered Modular Handheld Surgical Instrument with Multi-Stage Generator Circuits

[00367] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a battery-powered modular handheld surgical instrument with multistage generator circuits. A surgical instrument is disclosed that includes a battery assembly, a handle assembly, and a drive shaft assembly, wherein the battery assembly and the drive shaft assembly are configured to mechanically and electrically connect the handle assembly. The drum set includes a control circuit configured to generate a digital waveform. The handle assembly includes a first stage circuit configured to receive the digital waveform, convert the digital waveform to an analog waveform, and amplify the analog waveform. The drive shaft assembly includes a second stage circuit coupled to the first stage circuit to receive, amplify, and apply the analog waveform to a load.

[00368] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a surgical instrument, comprising: a battery assembly, comprising a control circuit comprising a battery, a memory coupled to the battery, and a processor coupled to the memory and the battery, wherein the processor is configured to generate a digital waveform; a handle assembly comprising a first stage circuit coupled to the processor, the first stage circuit comprising a digital to analog converter (DAC) and a first amplifier stage circuit, the DAC being configured to receive the form of digital wave and converting the digital waveform into an analog waveform, with the first stage amplifier circuit being configured to receive and amplify the analog waveform; and a drive shaft assembly comprising a second stage circuit coupled to the first stage amplifier circuit for receiving the analog waveform, amplifying the analog waveform, and applying the analog waveform to a load; wherein the battery assembly and drive shaft assembly are configured to connect mechanically and electrically to the grip assembly.

[00369] The load may comprise any of an ultrasonic transducer, an electrode or a sensor, or any combinations thereof. The first stage circuit may comprise an ultrasonic drive first stage circuit and a high frequency current drive first stage circuit. The control circuit may be configured to drive the first ultrasonic drive stage circuit and the first high frequency current drive stage circuit independently or simultaneously. The first ultrasonic drive stage circuit may be configured to couple to a second ultrasonic drive stage circuit. The second ultrasonic drive stage circuit can be configured to couple to an ultrasonic transducer. The first stage high frequency current drive stage circuit may be configured to couple to a second high frequency stage circuit. The second high frequency drive stage circuit may be configured to couple to an electrode.

[00370] The first stage circuit may comprise a first sensor drive stage circuit. The first sensor trigger stage circuit may be configured to a second trigger stage circuit. The second sensor drive stage circuit may be configured to couple to a sensor.

[00371] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a surgical instrument, comprising: a battery assembly, comprising a control circuit comprising a battery, a memory coupled to the battery, and a processor coupled to the memory and the battery , where the processor is configured to generate a digital waveform; a handle assembly comprising a first common stage circuit coupled to the processor, the first common stage circuit comprising a digital to analog converter (DAC) and a first common stage amplifier circuit, the DAC being configured to receive the digital waveform and converting the digital waveform into an analog waveform, the first common stage amplifier circuit being configured to receive and amplify the analog waveform; and a drive shaft assembly comprising a second stage circuit coupled to the first common stage amplifier circuit for receiving the analog waveform, amplifying the analog waveform, and applying the analog waveform to a load; wherein the battery assembly and drive shaft assembly are configured to connect mechanically and electrically to the grip assembly.

[00372] The load may comprise any of an ultrasonic transducer, an electrode or a sensor, or any combinations thereof. The first common stage circuit can be configured to drive ultrasonic, high frequency, or sensor circuits. The first common drive stage circuit may be configured to couple to a second ultrasonic drive stage circuit, a second high frequency drive stage circuit, or a second sensor drive stage circuit. The second ultrasonic drive stage circuit may be configured to couple to an ultrasonic transducer, the second high frequency drive stage circuit is configured to couple to an electrode, and the second sensor drive stage circuit is configured to couple to a sensor.

[00373] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a surgical instrument, which comprises: a control circuit comprising a memory coupled to a processor, the processor being configured to generate a digital waveform; a handle assembly comprising a first common stage circuit coupled to the processor, the first common stage circuit configured to receive the digital waveform, convert the digital waveform to an analog waveform, and amplify the waveform analog; and a drive shaft assembly comprising a second stage circuit coupled to the common first stage circuit for receiving and amplifying the analog waveform; wherein the drive shaft assembly is configured to connect mechanically and electrically to the grip assembly.

[00374] The first common stage circuit can be configured to drive ultrasonic, high frequency, or sensor circuits. The first common drive stage circuit may be configured to couple to a second ultrasonic drive stage circuit, a second high frequency drive stage circuit, or a second sensor drive stage circuit. The second ultrasonic drive stage circuit may be configured to couple to an ultrasonic transducer, the second high frequency drive stage circuit is configured to couple to an electrode, and the second sensor drive stage circuit is configured to couple to a sensor.

[00375] Figure 32 illustrates a generator circuit 3400 partitioned into a first stage circuit 3404 and a second stage circuit 3406, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000 described herein may comprise a generator circuit 3400 divided into multiple stages. For example, the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000 may comprise the generator circuit 3400 divided into at least two circuits: the first stage circuit 3404 and the second stage amplification circuit 3406 allowing operation of RF energy only, ultrasonic energy only. , and/or a combination of RF energy and ultrasonic energy. A combination modular drive shaft assembly 3414 will be powered by the first common stage circuit 3404 located in a grip assembly 3412 and the second modular stage circuit 3406 integral with the modular drive shaft assembly 3414. As previously discussed in this description In connection with the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000, a battery assembly 3410 and the drive shaft assembly 3414 are configured to mechanically and electrically connect to the handle assembly 3412. The end actuator assembly is configured to mechanically connect and electrically to the 3414 drive shaft assembly.

[00376] Now referring to Figure 32, the generator circuit 3400 is partitioned into multiple stages located in multiple modular sets of a surgical instrument, such as the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000 described herein. In one aspect, a stage control circuit 3402 may be situated in the battery pack 3410 of the surgical instrument. Stage control circuit 3402 is a control circuit 3200 as described in connection with Figure 30. Control circuit 3200 comprises a processor 3214, which includes an internal memory 3217 (Figure 32) (e.g., volatile and non-volatile memory). volatile), and is electrically coupled to a battery 3211. The battery 3211 provides power to the first stage circuit 3404, the second stage circuit 3406, and a third stage circuit 3408, respectively. As previously discussed, the control circuit 3200 generates a digital waveform 4300 (Figure 37) using circuits and techniques described in connection with Figures 35 and 36. Again with reference to Figure 32, the digital waveform 4300 can be configured to drive an ultrasonic transducer, high frequency (e.g. RF) electrodes, or a combination thereof, independently or simultaneously. If driven simultaneously, filter circuits may be provided in corresponding first stage circuits 3404 to select both the ultrasonic waveform and the RF waveform. These filtering techniques are described in commonly owned US Patent Application Publication No. US-2017-0086910-A1 entitled TECHNIQUES FOR CIRCUIT TOPOLOGIES FOR COMBINED GENERATOR, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

[00377] The first stage circuits 3404 (e.g., the first ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3420, the first RF drive stage circuit 3422, and the first sensor drive stage circuit 3424) are located in a surgical instrument handle assembly 3412. The control circuit 3200 provides the ultrasonic drive signal to the first ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3420 through the SCL-A, SDA-A outputs of the control circuit 3200. The first ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3420 is described in detail in connection with Figure 29. The control circuit 3200 provides the RF trigger signal to the first RF trigger stage circuit 3422 through the SCL-B, SDA-B outputs of the control circuit 3200. The first stage circuit RF trigger stage 3422 is described in detail in connection with Figure 34. Control circuit 3200 provides the sensor trigger signal to the first sensor trigger stage circuit 3424 via the circuit's SCL-C, SDA-C outputs. control circuit 3200. In general, each of the first stage circuits 3404 includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a first stage amplifier section for driving the second stage circuits 3406. The outputs of the first stage circuits 3404 are provided for the inputs of the second stage circuits 3406.

[00378] Control circuit 3200 is configured to detect which modules are plugged into control circuit 3200. For example, control circuit 3200 is configured to detect whether the first ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3420, the first stage circuit trigger circuit 3422, or the first sensor trigger stage circuit 3424 situated in the grip assembly 3412 is connected to the battery pack 3410. Likewise, each of the first stage circuits 3404 can detect which second stage circuits 3404 stage 3406 are connected thereto and what information is fed back to the control circuit 3200 to determine what type of signal waveform to generate. Similarly, each of the second stage circuits 3406 can detect which third stage circuits 3408 or components are connected thereto and what information is fed back to the control circuit 3200 to determine what type of signal waveform to generate. .

[00379] In one aspect, the second stage circuits 3406 (e.g., the second ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3430, the second RF drive stage circuit 3432, and the second sensor drive stage circuit 3434) are located on the 3414 drive shaft assembly of the surgical instrument. The first ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3420 provides a signal to the second ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3430 via US-left/US-forward outputs. The second ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3430 may include, for example, a transformer, a filter, an amplifier, and/or signal conditioning circuitry. The first high-frequency current (RF) drive stage circuit 3422 provides a signal to the second RF drive stage circuit 3432 via the RF-left/RF-right outputs. In addition to a transformer and blocking capacitors, the 3432 second RF drive stage circuit may also include filter, amplifier, and signal conditioning circuits. The first sensor drive stage circuit 3424 provides a signal to the second sensor drive stage circuit 3434 via sensor-1/sensor-2 outputs. The second sensor driver stage circuit 3434 may include filter, amplifier, and signal conditioning circuitry depending on the type of sensor. The outputs of the second stage circuits 3406 are provided to the inputs of the third stage circuits 3408.

[00380] In one aspect, third stage circuits 3408 (e.g., ultrasonic transducer 1120, RF electrodes 3074a, 3074b, and sensors 3440) may be located in various sets 3416 of the surgical instruments. In one aspect, the second ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3430 provides a drive signal to the piezoelectric stack of the ultrasonic transducer 1120. In one aspect, the ultrasonic transducer 1120 is located in the ultrasonic transducer assembly of the surgical instrument. In other aspects, however, the ultrasonic transducer 1120 may be located in the handle assembly 3412, the drive shaft assembly 3414, or the end actuator. In one aspect, the second RF drive stage circuit 3432 provides a drive signal to RF electrodes 3074a, 3074b, which are generally located on the end actuator portion of the surgical instrument. In one aspect, the second sensor drive stage circuit 3434 provides a drive signal to a plurality of sensors 3440 located on the surgical instrument.

[00381] Figure 33 illustrates a generator circuit 3500 partitioned into multiple stages in which a first stage circuit 3504 is common to the second stage circuit 3506, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000 described herein may comprise generator circuit 3500 divided into multiple stages. For example, the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000 may comprise the generator circuit 3500 divided into at least two circuits: the first stage circuit 3504 and the second stage amplification circuit 3506 allowing operation of high frequency RF energy only, energy ultrasonic only, and/or a combination of RF energy and ultrasonic energy. A combination modular drive shaft assembly 3514 will be powered by the first common stage circuit 3504 located in a grip assembly 3512 and the second modular stage circuit 3506 integral with the modular drive shaft assembly 3514. As previously discussed in this description In connection with the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000, a battery assembly 3510 and the drive shaft assembly 3514 are configured to connect mechanically and electrically to the handle assembly 3512. The end actuator assembly is configured to connect mechanically and electrically to the 3514 drive shaft assembly.

[00382] As shown in the example of Figure 33, the battery pack portion 3510 of the surgical instrument comprises a first control circuit 3502, which includes the previously described control circuit 3200. The grip assembly 3512, which connects to the battery pack 3510, comprises a first common drive stage circuit 3420. As previously discussed, the first drive stage circuit 3420 is configured to drive high frequency ultrasonic current (RF). ), and sensor loads. The output of the first common drive stage circuit 3420 may drive any of the second stage circuits 3506 such as the second ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3430, the second high frequency current (RF) drive stage circuit 3432, and /or the second sensor drive stage circuit 3434. The first common drive stage circuit 3420 detects which second stage circuit 3506 is situated in the drive shaft assembly 3514 when the drive shaft assembly 3514 is connected to the assembly. handle assembly 3512. After the drive shaft assembly 3514 is connected to the handle assembly 3512, the first common drive stage circuit 3420 determines which of the second stage circuits 3506 (e.g., the second ultrasonic drive stage circuit 3430, the second RF drive stage circuit 3432, and/or the second sensor drive stage circuit 3434) is located in the drive shaft assembly 3514. Information is provided to the control circuit 3200 located in the handle 3512 to provide a suitable digital waveform 4300 (Figure 37) to the second stage circuit 3506 to drive the appropriate load, e.g., ultrasonic, RF, or sensor. It will be understood that identification circuits may be included in various assemblies 3516 in the third stage circuit 3508 such as the ultrasonic transducer 1120, the electrodes 3074a, 3074b, or the sensors 3440. Thus, when a third stage circuit 3508 is connected to a second stage circuit 3506, the second stage circuit 3506 recognizes the type of load that is required based on the identification information.

[00383] Figure 34 is a schematic diagram of an aspect of an electrical circuit 3600 configured to drive a high frequency current (RF), in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The electrical circuit 3600 comprises an analog multiplexer 3680. The analog multiplexer 3680 multiplexes various signals from the SCL-A, SDA-A upstream channels such as RF, battery and power control circuits. A 3682 current sensor is coupled in series with the return or ground branch of the power supply circuit to measure the current supplied by the power supply. A 3684 field effect transistor (FET) temperature sensor provides the ambient temperature. A 3688 pulse width modulation (PWM) watchdog timer automatically generates a system reset if the main program fails to perform periodic maintenance. It is provided to automatically reset the 3600 electrical circuit when it crashes or freezes due to a software or hardware failure. It will be recognized that the electrical circuit 3600 may be configured to drive RF electrodes or to drive the ultrasonic transducer 1120 as described in connection with Figure 29, for example. Consequently, with reference now again to Figure 34, the electrical circuit 3600 can be used to drive both ultrasonic and RF electrodes interchangeably.

[00384] A driver circuit 3686 provides left and right RF power outputs. A digital signal representing the signal waveform is supplied to the SCL-A, SDA-A inputs of the 3680 analog multiplexer from a control circuit such as the 3200 control circuit (Figure 30). A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 3690 converts the digital input to an analog output to generate a pulse-width modulation circuit 3692 coupled to an oscillator 3694. The pulse-width modulation circuit 3692 provides a first signal to a first gate drive circuit 3696a coupled to a first transistor output stage 3698a to drive a first RF+ power output (left). The pulse width modulation circuit 3692 also provides a second signal to a second gate drive circuit 3696b coupled to a second transistor output stage 3698b to drive a second RF-power output (right). A 3699 voltage sensor is coupled between the left/RF RF output terminals to measure the output voltage. The driver circuit 3686, the first and second driver circuits 3696a, 3696b, and the first and second transistor output stages 3698a, 3698b define a first stage amplifier circuit. In operation, the control circuit 3200 (Figure 30) generates a digital waveform 4300 (Figure 37) that employs circuits such as digital direct synthesis (DDS) circuits 4100, 4200 (Figures 35 and 36). The 3690 DAC receives the 4300 digital waveform and converts it to an analog waveform, which is received and amplified by the first stage amplifier circuit.

[00385] In one aspect, the ultrasonic generator or high frequency current generator of the surgical instrument 1000 may be configured to generate the electrical signal waveform digitally as desired using a predetermined number of phase points stored in a table of query to digitize the waveform. The phase points can be stored in a table defined in a memory, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any suitable non-volatile memory. Figure 35 illustrates one aspect of a fundamental architecture for a digital synthesis circuit, such as a digital direct synthesis (DDS) circuit 4100, configured to generate a plurality of waveforms for the electrical signal waveform. Generator software and digital controls may command the FPGA to scan addresses in lookup table 4104, which in turn provides variable digital input values to a DAC circuit 4108 that feeds a power amplifier. Addresses can be scanned according to a frequency of interest. The use of such a look-up table 4104 enables the generation of various types of waveforms that can be fed into the tissue or to a transducer, an RF electrode, multiple transducers simultaneously, or a combination of ultrasonic and RF instruments. Additionally, multiple lookup tables 4104 representing multiple waveforms can be created, stored, and applied to tissue from one generator.

[00386] The signal waveform may be configured to control at least one of an output current, an output voltage, or an output power of an ultrasonic transducer and/or RF electrode, or multiples thereof (e.g. , two or more ultrasonic transducers and/or two or more RF electrodes). Additionally, where a surgical instrument comprises ultrasonic components, the waveform may be configured to drive at least two vibration modes of an ultrasonic transducer of at least one surgical instrument. In this way, the generator may be configured to provide a waveform to at least one surgical instrument, wherein the waveform signal corresponds to at least one waveform of a plurality of waveforms in the table. Additionally, the waveform signal provided to the two surgical instruments may comprise two or more waveforms. The table may comprise information associated with a plurality of waveforms and the table may be stored within the generator. In one aspect or example, the table may be a digital direct synthesis table, which may be stored in an FPGA of the generator. The table can be addressed in any way that is convenient for categorizing waveforms. According to one aspect, the table, which may be a digital direct synthesis table, is addressed according to a frequency of the waveform signal. Additionally, information associated with the plurality of waveforms can be stored as digital information in the table.

[00387] The analog electrical signal waveform may be configured to control at least one of an output current, an output voltage, or an output power of an ultrasonic transducer and/or RF electrode, or multiples thereof ( e.g., two or more ultrasonic transducers and/or two or more RF electrodes). Additionally, where the surgical instrument comprises ultrasonic components, the analog electrical signal waveform may be configured to drive at least two vibration modes of an ultrasonic transducer of at least one surgical instrument. In this way, the generator circuit may be configured to provide an analog electrical signal waveform to at least one surgical instrument, the analog electrical signal waveform corresponding to at least one waveform of a plurality of surgical instrument waveforms. waveform stored in lookup table 4104. Additionally, the analog electrical signal waveform provided to the at least two surgical instruments may comprise two or more waveforms. The lookup table 4104 may comprise information associated with a plurality of waveforms and the lookup table 4104 may be stored within the generating circuit or within the surgical instrument. In one aspect or example, the lookup table 4104 may be a digital direct synthesis table, which may be stored in an FPGA of the generator circuit or surgical instrument. The lookup table 4104 can be addressed in any way that is convenient for categorizing the waveforms. In one aspect, the lookup table 4104, which may be a digital direct synthesis table, is addressed according to a frequency of the desired analog electrical signal waveform. Additionally, information associated with the plurality of waveforms may be stored as digital information in lookup table 4104.

[00388] With the widespread use of digital techniques in instrumentation and communications systems, a digitally controlled method of generating multiple frequencies from a reference frequency source has evolved and is referred to as digital direct synthesis. The basic architecture is shown in Figure 35. In this simplified block diagram, a DDS circuit is coupled to a processor, controller, or logic device in the generator circuit and to a memory circuit located in the generator circuit of the surgical system 1000. The DDS circuit 4100 comprises an address counter 4102, a lookup table 4104, a register 4106, a DAC circuit 4108 and a filter 4112. A stable clock fc is received by the address counter 4102 and the register 4106 drives a programmable read-only memory (PROM ) that stores one or more integer cycles of a sine wave (or other arbitrary waveform) in a lookup table 4104. As the address counter 4102 cycles through memory locations, the values stored in the lookup table 4104 are written to register 4106, which is coupled to DAC circuit 4108. The corresponding digital amplitude of the signal in the memory location of look-up table 4104 drives DAC circuit 4108, which in turn generates an analog output signal 4110. The spectral purity of the 4110 analog output signal is mainly determined by the 4108 DAC circuit. The phase noise is basically that of the fc reference clock. The first analog output signal 4110 from the DAC circuit 4108 is filtered by the filter 4112 and a second analog output signal 4114 produced by the filter 4112 is provided to an amplifier having an output coupled to the output of the generator circuit. The second analog output signal has a frequency fout.

[00389] As the DDS 4100 circuit is a sampled data system, problems involved in sampling need to be considered: quantization noise, distortion, filtering, etc. For example, the higher-order harmonics of the output frequencies of the 4108 DAC circuit fold into the Nyquist bandwidth, making them unfilterable, whereas the higher-order harmonics of the output of DAC circuit-based synthesizers phase-locked loop or phase-locked loop (PLL) can be filtered. Lookup table 4104 contains signal data for an integral number of cycles. The final output frequency fout can be changed by changing the reference clock frequency fc or reprogramming the PROM.

[00390] The DDS circuit 4100 may comprise multiple lookup tables 4104, wherein the lookup table 4104 stores a waveform represented by a predetermined number of samples, the samples defining a predetermined shape of the waveform. In this way, multiple waveforms that have a unique shape can be stored in multiple lookup tables 4104 to provide different tissue treatments based on instrument settings or tissue feedback. Examples of waveforms include high crest factor RF electrical signal waveforms for surface tissue coagulation, low crest factor RF electrical signal waveforms for deeper tissue penetration, and signal waveforms. electric that promote efficient touch-up coagulation. In one aspect, the DDS circuit 4100 may create multiple waveform lookup tables 4104 and during a tissue treatment procedure (e.g., simultaneously or in virtual real time based on user or sensor actions) switch between different formats. of waves stored in separate lookup tables 4104 based on the desired tissue effect and/or tissue feedback.

[00391] Therefore, switching between waveforms can be based on tissue impedance and other factors, for example. In other aspects, lookup tables 4104 can store electrical signal waveforms formatted to maximize the power delivered to the tissue per cycle (i.e., trapezoidal or square wave). In other aspects, lookup tables 4104 can store synchronized waveforms such that they maximize power delivery by the multifunctional surgical instrument of surgical system 1000 when it provides RF and ultrasonic drive signals. In still other aspects, lookup tables 4104 can store electrical signal waveforms to simultaneously drive therapeutic and/or subtherapeutic ultrasonic and RF energy while simultaneously maintaining ultrasonic frequency lock. Custom waveforms specific to different instruments and their tissue effects can be stored in the non-volatile memory of the generator or the non-volatile memory (e.g., EEPROM) of the surgical system 1000 and fetched when connecting the multifunctional surgical instrument to the generator circuit. An example of an exponentially damped sinusoid, as used in many high crest factor "coagulation" waveforms, is shown in Figure 37.

[00392] A more flexible and efficient implementation of the DDS 4100 circuit employs a digital circuit called a Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO). A block diagram of a more flexible and efficient digital synthesis circuit, such as a DDS 4200 circuit, is shown in Figure 36. In this simplified block diagram, a DDS 4200 circuit is coupled to a processor, controller, or generator logic device and to a memory circuit located in the generator or any of the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000. The DDS circuit 4200 comprises a charge register 4202, a parallel delta phase register 4204, an adder circuit 4216, a phase register 4208, a look-up table 4210 (phase-to-amplitude converter), a DAC circuit 4212, and a filter 4214. The adder circuit 4216 and the phase register 4208 form part of a phase accumulator 4206. A clock frequency fc is applied to the phase register 4208 and to a DAC circuit 4212. The load register 4202 receives a tuning word that specifies the output frequency as a fraction of the reference clock frequency signal fc. The output of the load register 4202 is fed to the parallel delta phase register 4204 with an M tuning word.

[00393] The DDS circuit 4200 includes a sample clock that generates the clock frequency fc, the phase accumulator 4206, and the look-up table 4210 (e.g., phase-to-amplitude converter). The contents of the phase accumulator 4206 are updated once per fc clock cycle. When the phase accumulator 4206 is updated, the digital number, M, stored in the delta phase register 4204 is added to the number in the phase register 4208 by an adder circuit 4216. Assuming that the number in the parallel delta phase register 4204 is 00 ...01 and that the initial content of the phase accumulator 4206 is 00...00. The 4206 phase accumulator is updated by 00.01 per clock cycle. If the 4206 phase accumulator has a width of 32 bits, it takes 232 clock cycles (more than 4 billion) before the 4206 phase accumulator returns to 00.00, and the cycle repeats.

[00394] A truncated output 4218 of the phase accumulator 4206 is provided to a look-up table of the phase-to-amplitude converter 4210 and the output of the look-up table 4210 is coupled to a DAC circuit 4212. The truncated output 4218 of the phase accumulator 4206 serves as the address for a sine (or cosine) lookup table. An address in the lookup table corresponds to a phase point in the sine wave from 0° to 360°. The lookup table 4210 contains digital amplitude information corresponding to one complete cycle of a sine wave. The lookup table 4210 therefore maps the phase information from the phase accumulator 4206 into a digital amplitude word, which in turn drives the DAC circuit 4212. The output of the DAC circuit is a first analog signal 4220 and is filtered by a filter 4214. The output of the filter 4214 is a second analog signal 4222, which is supplied to a power amplifier coupled to the generator circuit.

[00395] In one aspect, the electrical signal waveform can be digitized at 1024 (210) phase points, although the waveform that can be digitized is any suitable number of 2n phase points ranging from 256 (28) to 281,474,976,710,656 (248), where n is a positive integer, as shown in TABLE 1. The electrical signal waveform can be expressed as An(θn), where a normalized amplitude An at a point n is represented by a phase angle θn is called the phase point at point n. The number of distinct phase points n determines the tuning resolution of the DDS 4200 circuit (as well as the DDS 4100 circuit shown in Figure 35).

[00396] Table 1 specifies the electrical signal waveform digitized at a number of phase points. TABLE 1

[00397] The generator circuit algorithms and digital controls can scan the addresses in the lookup table 4210, which in return provides variable digital input values to the DAC circuit 4212 that feeds the filter 4214 and the power amplifier. Addresses can be scanned according to a frequency of interest. The use of the look-up table allows the generation of various types of formats that can be converted into an analog output signal by the DAC circuit 4212 filtered by the filter 4214, amplified by the power amplifier coupled to the output of the generator circuit and fed to the tissue in the form of RF energy or fed to an ultrasonic transducer and applied to the tissue in the form of ultrasonic vibrations that deliver energy to the tissue in the form of heat. The amplifier output can be applied to an RF electrode, multiple output electrodes simultaneously, an ultrasonic transducer, multiple ultrasonic transducers simultaneously, or a combination of RF and ultrasonic transducers, for example. Additionally, multiple waveform tables can be created, stored, and applied to tissue from one generator circuit.

[00398] Again referring to Figure 35, for n = 32 and M = 1, phase accumulator 4206 passes through 232 of the possible outputs before overflowing and resetting. The corresponding output wave frequency is equal to the input clock frequency divided by 232. If M = 2, then the 1708 phase register "runs" twice as fast, and the output frequency is doubled. This can be generalized as follows.

[00399] For a phase accumulator 4206 configured to accumulate n bits (generally n is in the range of 24 to 32 in most DDS systems, but as previously discussed, n can be selected from a wide range of options), there are 2n possible phase points. The digital word in the delta M phase register represents the amount of phase accumulation that is incremented per clock cycle. If fc is the clock frequency, then the frequency of the output sine wave is equal to:

[00400] The above equation is known as the DDS "tuning equation". It is observed that the frequency resolution of the system is equal to

[00401] For n = 32, the resolution is greater than one part in four billion. In one aspect of the DDS system 4200, not all bits outside the phase accumulator 4206 pass into the lookup table 4210, but are truncated, leaving only the first 13 to 15 most significant bits (MSBs), for example. This reduces the size of the 4210 lookup table and does not affect frequency resolution. Phase truncation only adds a small but acceptable amount of phase noise to the final output.

[00402] The electrical signal waveform can be characterized by current, voltage or power at a certain frequency. Additionally, when any of the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000 comprises ultrasonic components, the electrical signal waveform may be configured to drive at least two vibration modes of an ultrasonic transducer of at least one surgical instrument. In this way, the generator circuit may be configured to provide an electrical signal waveform to at least one surgical instrument, the electrical signal waveform being characterized by a predetermined waveform stored in lookup table 4210 (or query table 4104 - Figure 35). Furthermore, the electrical signal waveform can be a combination of two or more waveforms. The lookup table 4210 may comprise information associated with a plurality of waveforms. In one aspect or example, the lookup table 4210 may be generated by the DDS circuit 4200 and may be called a digital direct synthesis table. Digital direct synthesis (DDS) operates by first storing a large repetitive waveform in onboard memory. One cycle of a waveform (sine, triangular, square, arbitrary) can be represented by a predetermined number of phase points as shown in TABLE 1 and stored in memory. Once the waveform is stored in memory, it can be generated at very precise frequencies. The digital direct synthesis table may be stored in a non-volatile memory of the generator circuit and/or may be implemented with an FPGA circuit in the generator circuit. The lookup table 4210 may be addressed by any suitable technique that is convenient for categorizing the waveforms. In one aspect, the lookup table 4210 is addressed according to a frequency of the electrical signal waveform. Furthermore, information associated with the plurality of waveforms may be stored as digital information in a memory or as part of the lookup table 4210.

[00403] In one aspect, the generator circuit may be configured to provide electrical signal waveforms to at least two surgical instruments simultaneously. The generator circuit may also be configured to provide the electrical signal waveform, which may be characterized by two or more waveforms, through an output channel of the generator circuit to the two surgical instruments simultaneously. For example, in one aspect, the electrical signal waveform comprises a first electrical signal for driving an ultrasonic transducer (e.g., ultrasonic drive signal), a second RF drive signal, and/or a combination thereof. Furthermore, an electrical signal waveform may comprise a plurality of ultrasonic drive signals, a plurality of RF drive signals, and/or a combination of a plurality of ultrasonic and RF drive signals.

[00404] Additionally, a method for operating the generator in accordance with the present disclosure comprises generating an electrical signal waveform and providing the generated electrical signal waveform to any of the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000, wherein generating the electrical signal waveform comprises receiving information associated with the electrical signal waveform from a memory. The generated electrical signal waveform comprises at least one waveform. Further, providing the generated electrical signal waveform to at least one surgical instrument comprises providing the electrical signal waveform to at least two surgical instruments simultaneously.

[00405] The generator circuit, as described here, may allow the generation of various types of digital direct synthesis tables. Examples of waveforms for RF/electrosurgical signals suitable for treating a variety of tissues generated by the generator circuit include RF signals with a high crest factor (which can be used for superficial coagulation in RF mode), high crest factor RF signals low crest (which can be used for deeper tissue penetration) and touch-up waveforms that promote efficient coagulation. The generator circuit can also generate multiple waveforms employing a 4210 digital direct synthesis lookup table and, in real time, can switch between specific waveforms based on the desired tissue effect. Alternation may be based on tissue impedance and/or other factors.

[00406] In addition to traditional sine/cosine waveforms, the generator circuit can be configured to generate waveform(s) that maximize tissue power per cycle (e.g., trapezoidal or square wave). The generator circuit may provide waveforms that are synchronized to maximize the power delivered to the load by simultaneously driving RF and ultrasonic signals and maintaining ultrasonic frequency lock, provided that the generator circuit includes a circuit topology that enables simultaneous driving of RF and ultrasonic signals. Additionally, instrument-specific custom waveforms and their effects on tissue can be stored in a non-volatile memory (NVM) or an instrument EEPROM and can be fetched by connecting any of the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000 to the generator circuit.

[00407] The DDS circuit 4200 may comprise multiple lookup tables 4104, wherein the lookup table 4210 stores a waveform represented by a predetermined number of phase points (also called samples), with the phase points defining a predetermined shape of the waveform. In this way, multiple waveforms that have a unique shape can be stored in multiple lookup tables 4210 to provide different tissue treatments based on instrument settings or tissue feedback. Examples of waveforms include high crest factor RF electrical signal waveforms for surface tissue coagulation, low crest factor RF electrical signal waveforms for deeper tissue penetration, and signal waveforms. electric that promote efficient touch-up coagulation. In one aspect, the DDS circuit 4200 may create multiple waveform lookup tables 4210 and during a tissue treatment procedure (e.g., simultaneously or in virtual real time based on user or sensor actions) switch between different formats. of waves stored in different lookup tables 4210 based on the effect on the desired tissue and/or tissue feedback.

[00408] Therefore, switching between waveforms can be based on tissue impedance and other factors, for example. In other aspects, the lookup tables 4210 can store electrical signal waveforms formatted to maximize the power delivered to the tissue per cycle (i.e., trapezoidal or square wave). In other aspects, the lookup tables 4210 can store synchronized waveforms so that they maximize power delivery by any of the surgical instruments of the surgical system 1000 when it provides RF and ultrasonic drive signals. In still other aspects, lookup tables 4210 can store electrical signal waveforms to simultaneously drive therapeutic and/or subtherapeutic ultrasonic and RF energy while simultaneously maintaining ultrasonic frequency lock. Generally speaking, the output waveform can be in the form of a sine wave, cosine wave, pulse wave, square wave and the like. However, custom and more complex waveforms specific to different instruments and their tissue effects can be stored in the non-volatile memory of the generator circuit or in the non-volatile memory (e.g., EEPROM) of the surgical instrument and fetched when connecting the surgical instrument. in the generator circuit. An example of a custom waveform is an exponentially damped sinusoid as used in many high crest factor "coagulation" waveforms, as shown in Figure 37.

[00409] Figure 37 illustrates a cycle of a discrete-time digital electrical signal waveform 4300, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure, of an analog waveform 4304 (shown superimposed on the signal waveform discrete-time digital electrical 4300 for comparison purposes). The horizontal geometric axis represents Time (t) and the vertical geometric axis represents the digital phase points. The digital electrical signal waveform 4300 is a distinct time digital version of the desired analog waveform 4304, for example. The digital electrical signal waveform 4300 is generated by storing an amplitude phase point 4302 that represents the amplitude per clock cycle Tclk over a cycle or period To. The digital electrical signal waveform 4300 is generated over a period To by any suitable digital processing circuit. Amplitude phase points are digital words stored in a memory circuit. In the example illustrated in Figures 35 and 36, the digital word is a 6-bit word that is capable of storing amplitude phase points with a resolution of 26 or 64 bits. It will be recognized that the examples shown in Figures 35 and 36 are for illustrative purposes and that in current implementations the resolution can be much higher. Digital amplitude phase points 4302 during a To cycle are stored in memory as a string of daisy-chain words in a look-up table 4104, 4210, as described in connection with Figures 35 and 36, for example. To generate the analog version of the analog waveform 4304, the amplitude phase points 4302 are read sequentially from memory from 0 to To per Tclk clock cycle and are converted by a DAC circuit 4108, 4212, also described in connection with Figures 35 and 36. Additional cycles may be generated by repeatedly reading the amplitude phase points 4302 of the digital electrical signal waveform 4300 from 0 to To for as many cycles or periods as desired. The smooth analog version of the analog waveform 4304 is achieved by filtering the output of the DAC circuit 4108, 4212 by a filter 4112, 4214 (Figures 35 and 36). The filtered analog output signal 4114, 4222 (Figures 35 and 36) is applied to the input of a power amplifier.

[00410] Figure 38 is a diagram of a control system 12950 configured to provide progressive closure of a closure member (e.g., closure tube) when the travel member advances distally and engages a clamping arm ( e.g., anvil) to decrease the closing force load on the closing member at a desired speed and decrease the firing force loading on the firing member in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the 12950 control system can be implemented as a nested PID feedback controller. A PID controller is a control loop (controller) feedback mechanism to continuously calculate an error value as the difference between a desired set point and a measured process variable and apply a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms (sometimes indicated P, I, and D respectively). The feedback control system of the nested PID controller 12950 includes a primary controller 12952 in a primary (external) feedback circuit 12954 and a secondary controller 12955 in a secondary (internal) feedback circuit 12956. The primary controller 12952 may be a PID controller 12972, as shown in Figure 39, and the secondary controller 12955 may also be a PID controller 12972, as shown in Figure 39. The primary controller 12952 controls a primary process 12958, and the secondary controller 12955 controls a secondary process 12960. output 12966 of the primary processor 12958 is subtracted from a primary set point P 1 by a first adder 12962. The first adder 12962 produces a single output sum signal that is applied to the primary controller 12952. The output of the primary controller 12952 is the secondary setpoint SP2. The output 12968 of the secondary processor 12960 is subtracted from a primary set point SP2 by a first adder 12964.

[00411] In the context of controlling the displacement of a closing tube, the control system 12950 can be configured so that the primary set point SP1 is a desired closing force value and the primary controller 12952 is configured to receive the closing force from a torque sensor coupled to the output of a closing motor and determine a motor speed from setpoint SP2 for the closing motor. In other aspects, the closing force can be measured with strain gauges, load cells, or other suitable force sensors. The SP2 closure motor speed set point is compared to the actual speed of the closure tube, which is determined by the 12955 secondary controller. The actual speed of the closure tube can be measured by comparing the displacement of the closure tube with the sensor position and measuring the elapsed time with a timer/counter. Other techniques such as linear or rotary encoders can be used to measure closure tube displacement. The output 12968 of the secondary process 12960 is the actual speed of the shut-off tube. This closure tube speed output 12968 is provided to the primary processor 12958 which determines the force acting on the closure tube and is fed back to the adder 12962 which subtracts the measured clamping force from the primary set point SP1. The SP1 master setpoint can be an upper threshold or a lower threshold. Based on the output of the adder 12962, the primary controller 12952 controls the speed and direction of the closing motor. The secondary controller 12955 controls the closure motor speed based on the actual closure tube speed measured by the secondary process 12960 and the secondary setpoint SP2, which is based on a comparison of the upper and lower trigger force thresholds and of the actual firing force.

[00412] Figure 39 illustrates a PID feedback control system 12970, in accordance with an aspect of this disclosure. The primary controller 12952 or the secondary controller 12955, or both, may be implemented as a PID controller 12972. In one aspect, the PID controller 12972 may comprise a proportional element 12974 (P), an integral element 12976 (I), and a derivative element 12978 (D). The outputs of the P, I and D elements 12974, 12976, 12978 are summed by an adder 12986, which provides the control variable μ(t) to the process 12980. The output of the process 12980 is the process variable y(t). An adder 12984 calculates the difference between a desired set point r(t) and a measured process variable y(t). The 12972 PID controller continuously calculates an error value e(t) (e.g., the difference between the closing force threshold and the measured closing force) as the difference between a desired set point r(t) (e.g. , the closing force threshold) and the measured process variable y(t) (for example, the speed and direction of the closing tube) and applies a correction based on the proportional, integral and derivative terms calculated by the proportional element 12974 ( P), the integral element 12976 (I), and the derivative element 12978 (D), respectively. The 12972 PID controller attempts to minimize the error e(t) over time by adjusting the control variable μ(t) (for example, the speed and direction of the shutoff tube).

[00413] According to the PID algorithm, the "P" element 12974 represents the present values of the error. For example, if the error is large and positive, the control output will also be large and positive. According to the present disclosure, the error term e(t) is the difference between the desired closing force and the measured closing force of the closing tube. The "I" element 12976 represents the past values of the error. For example, if the current output is not strong enough, the error integral will accumulate over time, and the controller will respond by applying a stronger action. The "D" element 12978 represents possible future trends of the error, based on its actual rate of change. For example, continuing example P above, when the large positive control output manages to bring the error closer to zero, it also puts the process into a large negative error mode in the near future. In this case, the derivative becomes negative and module D reduces the strength of the action to avoid this excess.

[00414] It will be understood that other variables and set points can be monitored and controlled in accordance with feedback control systems 12950, 12970. For example, the adaptive closure member speed control algorithm described herein can mediate the least two of the following parameters: the location of travel of the firing member, the load of the firing member, the displacement of the cutting element, the speed of the cutting element, the location of travel of the shut-off tube, the load of the closure, among others.

[00415] Ultrasonic surgical devices, such as ultrasonic scalpels, are finding increasingly widespread applications in surgical procedures, due to their unique performance characteristics. Depending on specific device configurations and operating parameters, ultrasonic surgical devices can provide substantially simultaneous tissue transection and coagulation homeostasis, desirably minimizing patient trauma. An ultrasonic surgical device may comprise a handle containing an ultrasonic transducer, and an instrument coupled to the ultrasonic transducer having a distally mounted end actuator (e.g., a blade tip) for cutting and sealing tissue. In some cases, the instrument may be permanently attached to the handle. In other cases, the instrument may be separable from the handle, as in the case of a disposable instrument or an interchangeable instrument. The end actuator transmits ultrasonic energy to the tissues placed in contact with it, to perform the cutting and cauterization action. Ultrasonic surgical devices of this nature can be configured for use in open, laparoscopic or endoscopic surgical procedures, including robotically assisted procedures.

[00416] Ultrasonic energy cuts and coagulates tissue using temperatures lower than those used in electrosurgical procedures and can be transmitted to the end actuator by an ultrasonic generator in communication with the handle. Vibrating at high frequencies (e.g. 55,500 cycles per second), the ultrasonic blade denatures protein present in tissues to form a sticky clot. The pressure exerted on the tissues by the surface of the blade flattens the blood vessels and allows the clot to form a hemostatic seal. A surgeon can control the speed of cutting and coagulation through the force applied to tissues by the end actuator, the time for which the force is applied, and the excursion level selected for the end actuator.

[00417] The ultrasonic transducer can be modeled as an equivalent circuit comprising a first branch that has a static capacitance and a second "moving" branch that has a series-connected inductance, resistance and capacitance that define the electromechanical properties of a resonator . Known ultrasonic generators may include a tuning inductor to cancel static capacitance at a resonant frequency so that substantially all of the generator drive signal current flows to the moving branch. Consequently, through the use of a tuning inductor, the generator drive signal current represents the moving branch current, and the generator is thus able to control its drive signal to maintain the resonant frequency of the ultrasonic transducer. The tuning inductor can also transform the phase impedance curve of the ultrasonic transducer to optimize the frequency locking capabilities of the generator. However, the tuning inductor needs to be matched to the specific static capacitance of an ultrasonic transducer at the operating resonance frequency. In other words, a different ultrasonic transducer having a different static capacitance needs a tuning inductor.

[00418] Additionally, in some ultrasonic generator architectures, the generator drive signal presents asymmetric harmonic distortion that complicates impedance magnitude and phase measurements. For example, the accuracy of impedance phase measurements may be reduced due to harmonic distortion in current and voltage signals.

[00419] Furthermore, electromagnetic interference in noisy environments decreases the generator's ability to maintain locking at the resonant frequency of the ultrasonic transducer, increasing the likelihood of invalid inputs to the control algorithm.

[00420] Electrosurgical devices for applying electrical energy to tissues in order to treat and/or destroy said tissues are also finding increasingly widespread applications in surgical procedures. An electrosurgical device may comprise a handle and an instrument that has a distally mounted end actuator (e.g., one or more electrodes). The end actuator can be positioned against the tissue so that electrical current is introduced into the tissue. Electrosurgical devices can be configured for bipolar or monopolar operation. During bipolar operation, current is introduced into the tissue and returned from it by the active and return electrodes, respectively, of the end actuator. During monopolar operation, a current is introduced into the tissue by an active electrode of the tip actuator and returned through a return electrode (e.g., a grounding plate) separately located on the patient's body. The heat generated by the current flowing through the tissue can form hemostatic seals within the tissue and/or between tissues and thus can be particularly useful for cauterizing blood vessels, for example. The end actuator of an electrosurgical device may also comprise a cutting member that is capable of moving relative to the tissue and electrodes to transect the tissue.

[00421] The electrical energy applied by an electrosurgical device can be transmitted to the instrument by a generator in communication with the handle. Electrical energy can be in the form of radio frequency (RF) energy. RF energy is a form of electrical energy that can be in the frequency range of 300 kHz to 1 MHz, as described in EN60601-2-2:2009+A11:2011, Definition 201.3.218 - HIGH FREQUENCY. For example, the frequency in monopolar RF applications can typically be restricted to less than 5 MHz. However, in bipolar RF applications, the frequency can be almost any. Frequencies above 200 kHz are typically used for monopolar applications to avoid unwanted nerve and muscle stimulation that would result from using a low frequency current. Lower frequencies may be used for bipolar techniques if a risk analysis shows that the possibility of neuromuscular stimulation has been mitigated to an acceptable level. Typically, frequencies above 5 MHz are not used in order to minimize problems associated with high-frequency stray currents. It is generally accepted that 10 mA is the lower threshold for thermal effects on tissue.

[00422] During this operation, an electrosurgical device can transmit low-frequency RF energy through the tissue, which causes friction, or ionic agitation, i.e., resistive heating, which therefore increases the temperature of the tissue. Because a precise contour can be created between the affected tissue and surrounding tissue, surgeons can operate with a high level of precision and control without sacrificing adjacent non-target tissue. The low operating temperatures of RF energy can be useful for removing, shrinking, or sculpting soft tissue while simultaneously cauterizing blood vessels. RF energy can work particularly well on connective tissue, which primarily comprises collagen and shrinks when it comes into contact with heat.

[00423] Due to their unique drive signal, detection, and feedback needs, ultrasonic and electrosurgical devices often require different generators. Additionally, in cases where the instrument is disposable or interchangeable with a handle, ultrasonic and electrosurgical generators are limited in their ability to recognize the configuration of the specific instrument being used and to optimize control and diagnostic processes accordingly. Additionally, capacitive coupling between non-isolated patient and isolated generator circuits, especially in cases where higher voltages and frequencies are used, may result in exposing a patient to unacceptable levels of leakage current.

[00424] Furthermore, due to their unique drive signal, detection, and feedback needs, ultrasonic and electrosurgical devices often require different user interfaces for different generators. In such conventional ultrasonic and electrosurgical devices, one user interface is configured for use with an ultrasonic instrument whereas a different user interface may be configured for use with an electrosurgical instrument. Such user interfaces include hand- and/or foot-activated user interfaces, such as hand-activated switches and/or foot-activated switches. When various aspects of combined generators for use with both ultrasonic instruments and electrosurgical instruments are contemplated in the subsequent disclosure, additional user interfaces that are configured to operate with both ultrasonic and electrosurgical instrument generators are also contemplated.

[00425] Additional user interfaces for providing feedback, whether to the user or to another machine, are contemplated in the subsequent disclosure to provide feedback that indicates a mode of operation or status of an ultrasonic and/or electrosurgical instrument. Providing user and/or machine feedback to operate an ultrasonic and/or electrosurgical instrument in combination will require providing sensory feedback to a user and electrical/mechanical/electromechanical feedback to a machine. Feedback devices that incorporate visual feedback devices (e.g., an LCD display screen, LED indicators), audio feedback devices (e.g., a speaker, a buzzer), or tactile feedback devices (e.g., example, haptic actuators) for use in combined ultrasonic and/or electrosurgical instruments are contemplated in the subsequent disclosure.

[00426] Other electrical surgical instruments include, without limitation, irreversible and/or reversible electroporation, and/or microwave technologies, among others. Consequently, the techniques disclosed herein are applicable to ultrasonic, bipolar or monopolar RF (electrosurgical), irreversible and/or reversible electroporation and/or microwave-based surgical instruments, among others.

[00427] Various aspects are directed to improved ultrasonic surgical devices, electrosurgical devices and generators for use therewith. Aspects of ultrasonic surgical devices can be configured to transect and/or coagulate tissue during surgical procedures, for example. Aspects of electrosurgical devices can be configured to transect, coagulate, scale, weld, and/or desiccate tissue during surgical procedures, for example.

[00428] The generator aspects utilize high-speed analog-to-digital sampling (e.g., approximately 200 x oversampling, depending on frequency) of the current and voltage of the generator drive signal, along with digital signal processing, to provide numerous advantages and benefits over known generator architectures. In one aspect, for example, based on current and voltage feedback data, a value of the static capacitance of the ultrasonic transducer, and a value of the frequency of the drive signal, the generator can determine the current of the moving branch of a transducer. ultrasonic. This provides the benefit of a virtually tuned system and simulates the presence of a system that is tuned or resonant with any value of static capacitance (e.g., C0 in Figure 25) at any frequency. Consequently, control of the motion branch current can be accomplished by canceling the effects of static capacitance without the need for a tuning inductor. Additionally, elimination of the tuning inductor cannot degrade the frequency locking capabilities of the generator, as frequency locking can be accomplished by properly processing the current and voltage feedback data.

[00429] High-speed analog-to-digital sampling of the current and voltage of the generator drive signal, together with digital signal processing, can also enable accurate digital filtering of samples. For example, aspects of the generator may utilize a digital low-pass filter (e.g., a finite impulse response (FIR) filter that rolls off between a fundamental drive signal frequency and a second-order harmonic to reduce asymmetric harmonic distortion and EMI-induced noise in the current and voltage feedback samples. The filtered current and voltage feedback samples substantially represent the frequency of the fundamental drive signal, thus allowing a more accurate measurement of the impedance phase relative to the signal frequency of fundamental drive and an improvement in the generator's ability to maintain resonant frequency lock. Impedance phase measurement accuracy can be further optimized by averaging falling-edge and falling-edge measurements, and by regulating of the impedance phase measured at 0°.

[00430] Various aspects of the generator may also utilize high-speed analog-to-digital sampling of the current and voltage of the generator drive signal, together with digital signal processing, to determine actual power consumption and other quantities with a high degree of precision. This can allow the generator to implement a number of useful algorithms, such as controlling the amount of power applied to the tissue as the tissue impedance changes, and controlling the application of power to maintain a constant rate of increase in tissue impedance. Some of these algorithms are used to determine the phase difference between the current and voltage signals of the generator drive signal. At resonance, the phase difference between the current and voltage signals is zero. The phase changes as the ultrasonic system goes out of resonance. Various algorithms can be used to detect the phase difference and adjust the drive frequency until the ultrasonic system returns to resonance, that is, the phase difference between the current and voltage signals reaches zero. Phase information can also be used to infer the conditions of the ultrasonic blade. As discussed in detail below, the phase changes as a function of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. Therefore, the phase information can be used to control the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. This can be done, for example, by reducing the power supplied to the ultrasonic blade when the ultrasonic blade is too hot and by increasing the power applied to the ultrasonic blade when the ultrasonic blade is too cold.

[00431] Various aspects of the generator may have a broad range of frequencies and increased output power required to drive ultrasonic surgical devices and electrosurgical devices. The lower the voltage, the greater the current demand of electrosurgical devices can be met by a dedicated tap on a wideband power transformer, thus eliminating the need for a separate power amplifier and output transformer. Additionally, the generator's sensing and feedback circuits can support a wide dynamic range that meets the needs of ultrasonic applications and electrosurgical applications with minimal distortion.

[00432] Various aspects can provide a simple and economical means for the generator to read and optionally write to a data circuit (e.g., a single-wire bus device, such as a single-wire protocol EEPROM, known under the trade name "1-Wire") arranged in an instrument attached to the handle using existing multiconductor generator/handle cables. In this way, the generator is capable of retrieving and processing instrument-specific data from an instrument attached to the handle. This can allow the generator to provide better control and improved diagnostics and error detection. Additionally, the generator's ability to record data on the instrument enables new functionality in terms of, for example, tracking instrument usage and capturing operational data. Additionally, the use of the frequency range allows backward compatibility of instruments containing a bus device with existing generators.

[00433] Disclosed aspects of the generator provide active cancellation of leakage current caused by unintentional capacitive coupling between non-isolated and isolated patient circuits of the generator. In addition to reducing risks to the patient, reducing leakage current can also reduce electromagnetic emissions.

[00434] Figure 40 is a system diagram 7400 of a segmented circuit 7401 comprising a plurality of independently operated circuit segments 7402, 7414, 7416, 7420, 7424, 7428, 7434, 7440, in accordance with at least one aspect. of the present revelation. A circuit segment of the plurality of circuit segments of the segmented circuit 7401 comprises one or more circuits and one or more machine-executable instruction sets stored in one or more memory devices. The one or more circuits of a circuit segment are coupled for electrical communication through one or more wired or wireless connection means. The plurality of circuit segments are configured to transition between three modes comprising a sleep mode, a standby mode, and an operating mode.

[00435] In one aspect shown, the plurality of circuit segments 7402, 7414, 7416, 7420, 7424, 7428, 7434, 7440 first begin in standby mode, secondly transition to suspend mode, and thirdly, it switches to operational mode. However, in other aspects, the plurality of circuit segments may transition from any of the three modes to any of the other three modes. For example, the plurality of circuit segments may transition directly from standby mode to operating mode. Individual circuit segments may be placed in a specific state by voltage control circuit 7408 based on execution by a machine-executable instruction processor. The states comprise a de-energized state, a low-energy state, and an energized state. The off state corresponds to sleep mode, the low power state corresponds to standby mode, and the on state corresponds to operating mode. The transition to the low energy state can be achieved, for example, by using a potentiometer.

[00436] In one aspect, the plurality of circuit segments 7402, 7414, 7416, 7420, 7424, 7428, 7434, 7440 may transition from suspend mode or standby mode to operational mode in accordance with a sequence of energization. The plurality of circuit segments may also transition from operating mode to standby mode or suspend mode in accordance with the de-energization sequence. The power-on sequence and power-off sequence may be different. In some aspects, the energization sequence comprises energizing only a subset of circuit segments of the plurality of circuit segments. In some aspects, the de-energization sequence comprises de-energizing only a subset of circuit segments of the plurality of circuit segments.

[00437] Again referring to system diagram 7400 in Figure 40, segmented circuit 7401 comprises a plurality of circuit segments comprising a transition circuit segment 7402, a processor circuit segment 7414, a grip circuit segment 7416, a communication circuit segment 7420, a display circuit segment 7424, a motor control circuit segment 7428, a power handling circuit segment 7434, and a drive shaft circuit segment 7440. The segment The transition circuit comprises an activation circuit 7404, a current amplification circuit 7406, a voltage control circuit 7408, a safety controller 7410, and a POST controller 7412 ("Power On Self-Test"). activation). The transition circuit segment 7402 is configured to implement a power-off sequence and a power-on sequence, a safety detection protocol, and a POST.

[00438] In some aspects, the activation circuit 7404 comprises an accelerometer button sensor 7405. In aspects, the transition circuit segment 7402 is configured to be in an energized state, while other circuit segments of the plurality of activation segments circuit of the segmented circuit 7401 are configured to be in a low power state, an off state, or an on state. The accelerometer button sensor 7405 can monitor the movement or acceleration of the surgical instrument 6480 described in the present invention. For example, the movement may be a change in the orientation or rotation of the surgical instrument. The surgical instrument can be moved in any direction in relation to a three-dimensional Euclidean space, for example, by a user of the surgical instrument. When the accelerometer button sensor 7405 detects motion or acceleration, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 sends a signal to the voltage control circuit 7408 to cause the voltage control circuit 7408 to apply voltage to the processor circuit segment 7414 to transition the processor and volatile memory to a powered state. In aspects, the processor and volatile memory are in a powered state before the voltage control circuit 7409 applies voltage to the processor and volatile memory. In operational mode, the processor can initiate a power-on sequence or a power-off sequence. In various aspects, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may also send a signal to the processor to cause the processor to initiate a power-on sequence or a power-off sequence. In some aspects, the processor initiates a power-up sequence when most of the individual circuit segments are in a low-power state or in a de-energized state. In other aspects, the processor initiates a power-down sequence when the majority of the individual circuit segments are in a powered state.

[00439] Additionally or alternatively, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 can detect external movement within a predetermined vicinity of the surgical instrument. For example, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may detect the movement of the hand of a user of the surgical instrument 6480 described herein, which moves within the predetermined neighborhood. When the accelerometer button sensor 7405 detects this external movement, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may send a signal to the voltage control circuit 7408 and a signal to the processor as previously described. After receiving the sent signal, the processor can initiate a power-on sequence or an off-power sequence to transition one or more circuit segments between the three modes. In aspects, the signal sent to the voltage control circuit 7408 is sent to verify that the processor is in operational mode. In some aspects, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may detect when the surgical instrument has been dropped and send a signal to the processor based on the detected drop. For example, the signal may indicate an error in the operation of an individual circuit segment. One or more sensors can detect damage or failure of the individual circuit segments affected. Based on the detected damage or fault, the 7412 POST controller can POST the corresponding individual circuit segments.

[00440] A power-on sequence or a power-off sequence can be defined based on the accelerometer button sensor 7405. For example, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 can detect a specific movement or sequence of movements that indicates the selection of a specific circuit segment among the plurality of circuit segments. Based on the detected motion or series of detected motions, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may transmit a signal comprising an indication of one or more circuit segments of the plurality of circuit segments to the processor when the processor is in an energized state. Based on the signal, the processor determines a power-up sequence comprising the one or more selected circuit segments. Additionally or alternatively, a user of the surgical instruments 6480 described herein may select a number and order of circuit segments to define a power-on sequence or a power-off sequence based on interaction with a graphical user interface (GUI) of the surgical instrument. .

[00441] In various aspects, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may send a signal to the voltage control circuit 7408 and a signal to the processor only when the accelerometer button sensor 7405 detects movement of the surgical instrument 6480 described herein or the movement external within a predetermined neighborhood above a predetermined threshold. For example, a signal can only be sent if motion is detected for 5 or more seconds or if the surgical instrument is moved 5 or more inches. In other aspects, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may send a signal to the voltage control circuit 7408 and a signal to the processor only when the accelerometer button sensor 7405 detects oscillatory movement of the surgical instrument. A predetermined threshold reduces unintended transition of surgical instrument circuit segments. As previously described, the transition may comprise a transition to the operating mode in accordance with a power-up sequence, a transition to the low-power mode in accordance with a power-down sequence, or a transition to the sleep mode in accordance with a power-up sequence. de-energization. In some aspects, the surgical instrument comprises an actuator that can be actuated by a user of the surgical instrument. Actuation is detected by the 7405 accelerometer button sensor. The actuator can be a sliding element, a toggle switch, or a momentary contact switch. Based on the detected actuation, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may send a signal to the voltage control circuit 7408 and a signal to the processor.

[00442] The current amplification circuit 7406 is coupled to the battery. The 7406 current amplification circuit is a current amplifier, like a relay or transistor, and is configured to amplify the magnitude of a current from an individual circuit segment. The magnitude of the initial current corresponds to the source voltage supplied by the battery to the 7401 segmented circuit. Suitable relays include solenoids. Suitable transistors include field effect transistors (FET), MOSFET and bipolar junction transistors (BJT). The current amplification circuit 7406 may amplify the magnitude of the current corresponding to an individual circuit segment or the circuit that requires the most current extraction during the operation of the surgical instruments 6480 described herein. For example, an increase in current to the motor control circuit segment 7428 may be provided when a surgical instrument motor requires more input power. The increase in current supplied to an individual circuit segment may cause a corresponding reduction in current to another circuit segment or circuit segments. Additionally or alternatively, the increase in current may correspond to the voltage supplied by an additional voltage source operating in conjunction with the battery.

[00443] Voltage control circuit 7408 is coupled to the battery. The voltage control circuit 7408 is configured to supply voltage to or remove voltage from the plurality of circuit segments. The voltage control circuit 7408 is also configured to increase or reduce a voltage supplied to a plurality of circuit segments of the segmented circuit 7401. In various aspects, the voltage control circuit 7408 comprises a combinational logic circuit such as a multiplexer (MUX). ) to select the inputs, a plurality of electronic switches and a plurality of voltage converters. An electronic switch of the plurality of electronic switches may be configured to switch between an open and a closed configuration to disconnect or connect an individual circuit segment to or from the battery. The plurality of electronic switches may consist of solid-state devices such as transistors or other types of switches, such as wireless switches, ultrasonic switches, accelerometers, inertial sensors, among others. The combinational logic circuit is configured to select an individual electronic switch to perform switching to an open configuration to allow voltage to be applied to the corresponding circuit segment. The combined logic circuit is also configured to select an individual electronic switch to perform switching to a closed configuration to allow removal of voltage from the corresponding circuit segment. By selecting a plurality of individual electronic switches, the combined logic circuit can implement a de-energization sequence or an energization sequence. The plurality of voltage converters can provide an up-step voltage or a down-step voltage to a plurality of circuit segments. The voltage control circuit 7408 may also comprise a microprocessor and a memory device.

[00444] Safety controller 7410 is configured to perform safety checks on circuit segments. In some aspects, the 7410 safety controller performs safety checks when one or more individual circuit segments are in operational mode. Safety checks can be performed to determine whether or not there are any errors or defects in the functioning or operation of the circuit segments. The safety controller 7410 may monitor one or more parameters of the plurality of circuit segments. The safety controller 7410 can verify the identity and operation of the plurality of circuit segments by comparing the one or more parameters with predefined parameters. For example, if an RF energy modality is selected, the safety controller 7410 may check whether a drive shaft articulation parameter matches a predefined articulation parameter to verify operation of the RF energy modality of the surgical instrument 6480 described in the present invention. In some aspects, the safety controller 7410 may monitor, through the sensors, a predetermined relationship between one or more properties of the surgical instrument to detect a defect. A defect may occur when one or more properties are inconsistent with the predetermined relationship. When the safety controller 7410 determines that a fault, an error exists, or that some operation of the plurality of circuit segments has not been verified, the safety controller 7410 prevents or disables operation of the specific circuit segment where the fault, error, or failure occurred. check was originated.

[00445] POST controller 7412 performs a POST to verify proper operation of the plurality of circuit segments. In some aspects, POST is performed for an individual circuit segment among the plurality of circuit segments before the voltage control circuit 7408 applies a voltage to the individual circuit segment to transition the individual circuit segment out of power mode. standby or from suspend mode to operational mode. If the individual circuit segment does not pass POST, the specific circuit segment does not transition from standby or suspend mode to operational mode. The POST of the grip circuit segment 7416 may comprise, for example, testing whether the grip control sensors 7418 detect an actuation of a grip control of the surgical instrument 6480 described herein. In some aspects, the POST controller 7412 may transmit a signal to the accelerometer button sensor 7405 to verify the operation of the individual circuit segment as part of the POST. For example, after receiving the signal, the accelerometer button sensor 7405 may instruct a user of the surgical instrument to move the surgical instrument to a plurality of different locations to confirm the operation of the surgical instrument. The 7405 accelerometer button sensor may also monitor an output from a circuit segment or a circuit from a circuit segment as part of POST. For example, accelerometer button sensor 7405 may detect an incremental motor pulse generated by motor 7432 to verify operation. A motor controller of the motor control circuit 7430 may be used to control the motor 7432 to generate the incremental motor pulse.

[00446] In various aspects, the surgical instrument 6480 described herein may comprise additional accelerometer button sensors. The POST controller 7412 may also execute a control program stored in the memory device of the voltage control circuit 7408. The control program may cause the POST controller 7412 to transmit a signal requesting a correlated encrypted parameter from a plurality of of circuit segments. Failure to receive a correlated encrypted parameter from an individual circuit segment indicates to the POST controller 7412 that the corresponding circuit segment is damaged or defective. In some aspects, if the POST controller 7412 determines, based on POST, that the processor is damaged or defective, the POST controller 7412 may send a signal to one or more secondary processors to cause the one or more secondary processors to perform critical functions that the processor is unable to perform. In some aspects, if the POST controller 7412 determines, based on POST, that one or more circuit segments do not operate properly, the POST controller 7412 may initiate a reduced performance mode of the circuit segments that operate properly and, in turn, at the same time, block circuit segments that do not pass POST or that do not operate properly. A blocked circuit segment can function similarly to a circuit segment in standby or suspended mode.

[00447] Processor circuit segment 7414 comprises the processor and volatile memory. The processor is configured to initiate a power-on sequence or a power-off sequence. To initiate the power-up sequence, the processor transmits a power-on signal to the voltage control circuit 7408 to cause the voltage control circuit 7408 to apply voltage to the plurality or a subset of the plurality of circuit segments in accordance with the power-up sequence. To initiate the power-down sequence, the processor transmits a power-off signal to the voltage control circuit 7408 to cause the voltage control circuit 7408 to remove voltage from the plurality or a subset of the plurality of circuit segments in accordance with the de-energization sequence.

[00448] The grip circuit segment 7416 comprises grip control sensors 7418. The grip control sensors 7418 can detect an actuation of one or more grip controls of the surgical instrument 6480 described herein. In various aspects, the one or more grip controls comprise a grip control, a release button, a toggle switch, a power activation button, and/or any other suitable grip control. The user can activate the power enable button to select between an RF power mode, an ultrasonic power mode, or a combined RF and ultrasonic power mode. The 7418 grip control sensors can also facilitate the attachment of a modular grip to the surgical instrument. For example, grip control sensors 7418 may detect proper attachment of the modular handle to the surgical instrument and indicate the detected attachment to a user of the surgical instrument. The 7426 LCD screen can provide a graphical indication of the detected fixation. In some aspects, the 7418 grip control sensors detect actuation of the one or more grip controls. Based on the detected actuation, the processor can initiate either a power-on sequence or a power-off sequence.

[00449] The communication circuit segment 7420 comprises a communication circuit 7422. The communication circuit 7422 comprises a communication interface for facilitating signal communication between the individual circuit segments of the plurality of circuit segments. In some aspects, the communication circuit 7422 provides a path for the modular components of the surgical instrument 6480 described herein to communicate electrically. For example, a modular drive shaft and a modular transducer, when attached together to the surgical instrument handle, can carry control programs to the handle via the 7422 communication circuit.

[00450] The screen circuit segment 7424 comprises an LCD screen 7426. The LCD screen 7426 may comprise a liquid crystal screen, LED indicators, etc. In some aspects, the 7426 LCD display is an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. A screen may be placed on, embedded in, or located remotely from the surgical instrument 6480 described herein. For example, the screen can be placed on the handle of the surgical instrument. The screen is configured to provide sensory feedback to a user. In various aspects, the LCD screen 7426 additionally comprises a backlight. In some aspects, the surgical instrument may also comprise audio feedback devices such as a speaker or a sound signal and tactile feedback devices such as a haptic actuator.

[00451] Motor control circuit segment 7428 comprises a motor control circuit 7430 coupled to a motor 7432. The motor 7432 is coupled to the processor by a driver and a transistor, such as a FET. In various aspects, the 7430 motor control circuit comprises a motor current sensor in signal communication with the processor to provide a signal indicative of a measurement of current draw from the motor to the processor. The processor transmits the signal to the screen. The screen receives the signal and displays the 7432 motor current draw measurement. The processor may use the signal, for example, to monitor that the 7432 motor current draw exists within an acceptable range to compare the current draw with one or more parameters of the plurality of circuit segments, and to determine one or more parameters of a patient treatment site. In various aspects, the 7430 motor control circuit comprises a motor controller for controlling the operation of the motor. For example, the 7430 motor control circuit controls various motor parameters, for example, by adjusting the speed, torque and acceleration of the 7432 motor. The adjustment is performed based on the current passing through the 7432 motor, measured by the motor current sensor.

[00452] In various aspects, the motor control circuit 7430 comprises a force sensor for measuring the force and torque generated by the motor 7432. The motor 7432 is configured to actuate a mechanism of the surgical instruments 6480 described herein. For example, the 7432 motor is configured to control the actuation of the surgical instrument drive shaft to perform grasping, rotation, and articulation functionalities. For example, the 7432 motor may actuate the drive shaft to perform a grasping movement with the jaws of the surgical instrument. The motor controller can determine whether the material held by the grippers is fabric or metal. The motor controller can also determine the extent to which the grippers grip the material. For example, the motor controller may determine how to open or close the grippers based on the derivation of the detected motor current or motor voltage. In some aspects, the 7432 motor is configured to actuate the transducer to cause the transducer to apply torque to the handle or control the articulation of the surgical instrument. The motor current sensor can interact with the motor controller to set a motor current limit. When the current satisfies the preset threshold limit, the motor controller initiates a corresponding change in a motor control operation. For example, exceeding the motor current limit causes the motor controller to reduce current draw from the motor.

[00453] The energy treatment circuit segment 7434 comprises an RF amplifier and safety circuit 7436 and an ultrasonic signal generator circuit 7438 for implementing the modular energy functionality of the surgical instrument 6480 described herein. In various aspects, the RF amplifier and safety circuit 7436 are configured to control the RF modality of the surgical instrument by generating an RF signal. The 7438 ultrasonic signal generator circuit is configured to control the ultrasonic energy modality by generating an ultrasonic signal. The RF amplifier and safety circuit 7436 and an ultrasonic signal generator circuit 7438 may operate together to control the combined modality of RF and ultrasonic energy.

[00454] The drive shaft circuit segment 7440 comprises a drive shaft module controller 7442, a modular control actuator 7444, one or more end actuator sensors 7446, and a non-volatile memory 7448. The module controller drive shaft module 7442 is configured to control a plurality of drive shaft modules comprising control programs to be executed by the processor. The plurality of drive shaft modules implements a drive shaft embodiment, e.g., ultrasonic, combination of ultrasonic and RF, RF I-profile blade, and RF-opposed claw. The 7442 drive shaft module controller can select the drive shaft mode by selecting the corresponding drive shaft module for the processor to operate. The 7444 modular control actuator is configured to actuate the drive shaft according to the selected drive shaft modality. After actuation is initiated, the drive shaft articulates the end actuator in accordance with one or more parameters, routines, or programs specific to the selected shaft modality and the selected end actuator modality. The one or more end actuator sensors 7446 located on the end actuator may include force sensors, temperature sensors, current sensors, or motion sensors. The one or more end actuator sensors 7446 transmit data about one or more end actuator operations, based on the power modality implemented by the end actuator. In various aspects, the energy modalities include an ultrasonic energy modality, an RF energy modality, or a combination of the ultrasonic energy modality and the RF energy modality. The 7448 non-volatile memory stores the drive shaft control programs. A control program comprises one or more parameters, routines or programs specific to the drive shaft. In various aspects, the non-volatile memory 7448 may be a ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory. The non-volatile memory 7448 stores the drive axis modules corresponding to the selected drive axis of the surgical instrument 6480 described herein. The drive shaft modules can be changed or updated in the non-volatile memory 7448 by the drive shaft module controller 7442 depending on the drive shaft of the surgical instrument to be used in the operation.

[00455] Figure 41 is a schematic diagram of a circuit 7925 of various components of a surgical instrument with motor control functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In various aspects, the surgical instrument 6480 described herein may include a drive mechanism 7930 that is configured to drive drive shafts and/or gear components to perform the various operations associated with the surgical instrument 6480. In one aspect, the mechanism drive train 7930 includes a rotation drive train 7932 configured to rotate an end actuator, for example, about a longitudinal axis relative to the grip housing. The drive mechanism 7930 further includes a closure system drive train 7934 configured to close a gripper member for gripping the fabric with the end actuator. Additionally, the drive mechanism 7930 includes a trigger drive train 7936 configured to open and close a clamping arm portion of the end actuator to clamp the fabric with the end actuator.

[00456] The drive mechanism 7930 includes a gearbox assembly with selector 7938 that may be located in the handle assembly of the surgical instrument. Proximal to the selector gearbox assembly 7938 is a function selection module that includes a first motor 7942 that functions to selectively move gear elements in the selector gearbox assembly 7938 to selectively position one of the drive trains 7932. 7934, 7936 in engagement with an input drive component of an optional second motor 7944 and a motor drive circuit 7946 (shown in dashed line to indicate that the second motor 7944 and the motor drive circuit 7946 are optional components) .

[00457] Still referring to Figure 41, motors 7942 and 7944 are coupled to motor control circuits 7946, 7948, respectively, which are configured to control the operation of motors 7942 and 7944, including the flow of electrical power from a power source 7950 for engines 7942 and 7944. Power source 7950 may be a DC battery (e.g., a rechargeable lead-based battery, nickel-based battery, lithium-ion battery, etc.) or any other power source suitable for supplying electrical power to the surgical instrument.

[00458] The surgical instrument additionally includes a 7952 microcontroller ("controller"). In certain cases, controller 7952 may include a microprocessor 7954 ("processor") and one or more computer-readable media or memory units 7956 ("memory"). In certain cases, memory 7956 may store various program instructions that, when executed, may cause processor 7954 to perform a plurality of functions and/or calculations described herein. Power source 7950 may be configured to provide power to controller 7952, for example.

[00459] Processor 7954 may be in communication with engine control circuitry 7946. Additionally, memory 7956 may store program instructions that, when executed by processor 7954 in response to a user action 7958 or feedback elements 7960 , may cause the motor control circuit 7946 to induce the motor 7942 to generate at least one rotary motion to selectively move the gear elements within the selector gearbox assembly 7938 to selectively position one of the drive trains 7932 , 7934, 7936 in engagement with the input drive component of the second motor 7944. Additionally, the processor 7954 may be in communication with the motor control circuit 7948. The memory 7956 may also store program instructions that, when executed by processor 7954 in response to a user action 7958, may cause the motor control circuit 7948 to induce the motor 7944 to generate at least one rotary motion to drive the drive train engaged with the input drive component of the second motor 7948, for example.

[00460] The 7952 controller and/or the other controllers of the present disclosure can be implemented using integrated and/or discrete hardware elements, software elements, and/or a combination of both. Examples of integrated hardware elements may include processors, microprocessors, microcontrollers, integrated circuits, ASICs, PLDs, DSPs, FPGAs, logic gates, registers, semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, microcircuits, chipsets, microcontrollers, system on an integrated circuit (chip). )(SoC) and/or single in-line package (SiP). Examples of discrete hardware elements may include circuits and/or circuit elements such as logic gates, field effect transistors, bipolar transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and/or relays. In certain embodiments, controller 7952 may include a hybrid circuit comprising isolated and integrated circuit elements or components on one or more substrates, for example.

[00461] In certain cases, the 7952 controller and/or the other controllers of the present disclosure may be an LM 4F230H5QR, available from Texas Instruments, for example. In certain instances, the Texas Instruments LM4F230H5QR is an ARM Cortex-M4F processor core comprising an integrated 256 KB single-cycle flash-type memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to optimize performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single cycle SRAM, internal ROM loaded with StellarisWare® software, 2 KB EEPROM, one or more PWM modules, one or more QEI analogs, one or more 12 bits with 12 analog input channels, among other features that are readily available. Other microcontrollers can be readily substituted for use with the present disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure should not be limited in that context.

[00462] In various cases, one or more of the various steps described herein may be performed by a finite state machine comprising a combinational logic circuit or a sequential logic circuit, wherein the combinational logic circuit or the sequential logic circuit is coupled, to the least, to a memory circuit. The at least one memory circuit stores a current state of the finite state machine. The combinational or sequential logic circuit is configured to make the finite state machine perform the steps. The sequential logic circuit can be synchronous or asynchronous. In other examples, one or more of the various steps described herein may be performed by a circuit that includes a combination of the 7958 processor and the finite state machine, for example.

[00463] In several cases, it may be advantageous to be able to assess the state of functionality of a surgical instrument to ensure its proper function. It is possible, for example, that the drive mechanism, as explained above, which is configured to include various motors, drive trains and/or gear components to perform the various operations of the surgical instrument, may wear out over time. This can occur through normal use, and in some cases the drive mechanism can wear more quickly due to abusive use conditions. In certain cases, a surgical instrument may be configured to perform self-assessments to determine the status, i.e. health, of the drive mechanism and its various components.

[00464] For example, self-assessment can be used to determine when the surgical instrument is capable of performing its function before re-sterilization or when some of the components must be replaced and/or repaired. Evaluation of the drive mechanism and its components, including but not limited to the rotation drive train 7932, the closing drive train 7934 and/or the firing drive train 7936, can be performed in several ways. The magnitude of deviation from predicted performance can be used to determine the probability of a detected failure and the severity of that failure. Various metrics can be used, including: Periodic analysis of repeatedly predictable events, rises or falls that exceed an expected threshold, and the extent of failure.

[00465] In various cases, a signature waveform of a properly operating drive mechanism or one or more of its components can be employed to evaluate the state of the drive mechanism or one or more of its components. One or more vibration sensors may be disposed relative to a properly operating drive mechanism or one or more of its components to record various vibrations occurring during the operation of the properly operating drive mechanism or one or more of its components. The recorded vibrations can be employed to create the signature waveform. Future waveforms can be compared to the signature waveform to assess the state of the drive mechanism and its components.

[00466] Still referring to Figure 41, the surgical instrument 7930 includes a drive train fault detection module 7962 configured to record and analyze one or more acoustic outputs from one or more of the drive trains 7932, 7934, 7936. Processor 7954 may be in communication with or otherwise control module 7962. As described in more detail below, module 7962 may be incorporated as various means, such as circuits, hardware, a computer program product comprising a computer-readable media (e.g., memory 7956) that stores computer-readable program instructions that are executable by a processing device (e.g., processor 7954), or some combination thereof. In some cases, processor 36 may include or otherwise control module 7962.

[00467] Figure 42 is an alternative system 132000 for controlling the frequency of an ultrasonic electromechanical system 132002 and detecting the impedance thereof, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The 132000 system can be incorporated into a generator. A processor 132004 coupled to a memory 132026 programs a programmable counter 132006 to tune to the output frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system 132002. The input frequency is generated by a crystal oscillator 132008 and is input to a fixed counter 132010 to scale the frequency to an appropriate value. The outputs of the fixed counter 132010 and the programmable counter 132006 are applied to a phase/frequency detector 132012. The output of the phase/frequency detector 132012 is applied to an amplifier/active filter circuit 132014 to generate a tuning voltage Vt that is applied to a 132016 voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO 132016 applies the output frequency fo to an ultrasonic transducer portion of the ultrasonic electromechanical system 132002, shown here modeled as an equivalent electrical circuit. The voltage and current signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer are monitored by a 132018 voltage sensor and a 132020 current sensor.

[00468] The outputs of voltage and current sensors 132018, 13020 are applied to another phase/frequency detector 132022 to determine the phase angle between voltage and current as measured by voltage and current sensors 132018, 13020. The output of the phase/frequency detector 132022 is applied to a channel of a high-speed analog-to-digital converter 132024 (ADC) and is provided to the processor 132004 therethrough. Optionally, the outputs of the voltage and current sensors 132018, 132020 may be applied to the respective channels of the two ADC channels 132024 and provided to the processor 132004 for zero crossing, FFT, or other algorithm described herein to determine the phase angle between the voltage and current signals applied to the ultrasonic electromechanical system 132002.

[00469] Optionally the tuning voltage V t, which is proportional to the output frequency fo, may be fed back to the processor 132004 via the ADC 132024. This provides the processor 132004 with a feedback signal proportional to the output frequency fo and can use this feedback to adjust and control the fo output frequency.

Temperature inference

[00470] Figures 43A and 43B are graphical representations 133000, 133010 of complex impedance spectra of the same ultrasonic device with a cold (room temperature) ultrasonic blade and a hot ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. As used in the present invention, a cold ultrasonic blade refers to an ultrasonic blade at room temperature and a hot ultrasonic blade refers to an ultrasonic blade after it is heated by friction during use. Figure 43A is a plot 133000 of the impedance phase angle Φ as a function of resonance frequency fo of the same ultrasonic device with a cold ultrasonic blade and a hot ultrasonic blade, and Figure 43B is a plot 133010 of impedance magnitude |Z| as a function of the resonance frequency fo of the same ultrasonic device with a cold ultrasonic blade and a hot ultrasonic blade. The impedance phase angle Φ and the impedance magnitude |Z| are at least at the resonance frequency fo.

[00471] The ultrasonic transducer impedance Zg(t) can be measured as the ratio between the generator voltage drive signals Vg(t) and generator current Ig(t):

[00472] As shown in Figure 43A, when the ultrasonic blade is cool, for example, at room temperature and not heated by friction, the electromechanical resonance frequency fo of the ultrasonic device is approximately 55,500 Hz and the excitation frequency of the ultrasonic transducer is set to 55,500 Hz. Thus, when the ultrasonic transducer is excited at the electromechanical resonance frequency fo and the ultrasonic blade is cold, the phase angle Φ is at least or approximately equal to 0 rad as indicated by the cold blade curve 133002 As shown in Figure 43B, when the ultrasonic blade is cold and the ultrasonic transducer is excited at the electromechanical resonance frequency fo, the impedance magnitude |Z| is 800 Q, for example, the impedance magnitude |Z| is at an impedance minimum, and the drive signal amplitude is at a maximum due to the series resonance equivalent circuit of the ultrasonic electromechanical system as depicted in Figure 25.

[00473] Again with reference to Figures 43A and 43B, when the ultrasonic transducer is driven by generator voltage signals Vg(t) and generator current signals Ig(t) at the electromechanical resonance frequency of 55,500 Hz, the angle phase Φ between the generator voltage signals Vg(t) and the generator current Ig(t) is zero, the impedance magnitude |Z| is at an impedance minimum, for example 800 Q, and the signal amplitude is at a peak or maximum due to the series resonance equivalent circuit of the ultrasonic electromechanical system. As the temperature of the ultrasonic blade increases, due to the frictional heat generated in use, the electromechanical resonance frequency fo’ of the ultrasonic device decreases. As the ultrasonic transducer is still driven by generator voltage signals Vg(t) and generator current signals Ig(t) at the previous resonant electromechanical frequency (cold blade) fo of 55,500 Hz, the ultrasonic device operates out of resonance fo', causing a shift in the phase angle Φ between the generator voltage signals Vg(t) and generator current signals Ig(t). There is also an increase in the impedance magnitude |Z| and a drop in the peak magnitude of the drive signal relative to the previous electromechanical resonance frequency (cold blade) of 55,500 Hz. Consequently, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade can be inferred by measuring the phase angle Φ between the voltage signals generator current Vg(t) and generator current Ig(t) when the electromechanical resonance frequency fo changes due to changes in the temperature of the ultrasonic blade.

[00474] As previously described, an electromechanical ultrasonic system includes an ultrasonic transducer, a waveguide and an ultrasonic blade. As previously discussed, the ultrasonic transducer can be modeled as an equivalent series resonant circuit (see Figure 25) that comprises a first branch having a static capacitance and a second "moving" branch having a series-connected inductance, resistance, and capacitance that define the electromechanical properties of a resonator. The electromechanical ultrasonic system has an initial electromechanical resonance frequency defined by the physical properties of the ultrasonic transducer, the waveguide, and the ultrasonic blade. The ultrasonic transducer is excited by an alternating voltage signal Vg(t) and current Ig(t) at a frequency equal to the electromechanical resonance frequency, for example, the resonance frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system. When the electromechanical ultrasonic system is excited at the resonance frequency, the phase angle Φ between the voltage signals Vg(t) and current signals Ig(t) is zero.

[00475] In other words, at resonance, the analog inductive impedance of the electromechanical ultrasonic system is equal to the analog capacitive impedance of the electromechanical ultrasonic system. As the ultrasonic blade heats up, for example due to frictional engagement with tissue, compliance of the ultrasonic blade (modeled as an analog capacitance) causes a shift in the resonant frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system. In the present example, the resonance frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system decreases as the temperature of the ultrasonic blade increases. Therefore, the analog inductive impedance of the electromechanical ultrasonic system is no longer equal to the analog capacitive impedance of the electromechanical ultrasonic system, causing a mismatch between the drive frequency and the new resonance frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system. In this way, with a hot ultrasonic blade, the electromechanical ultrasonic system operates "out of resonance". The difference between the drive frequency and the resonance frequency is manifested as a phase angle Φ between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer.

[00476] As previously discussed, the electronic circuit of the generator can easily monitor the phase angle Φ between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer. The phase angle Φ can be determined through Fourier analysis, weighted least squares estimation, Kalman filtration, vector space-based techniques, zero crossing method, Lissajous figures, three voltmeter method, crossed-coil method ", vector voltmeter and vector impedance methods, standard phase instruments, phase-locked loops and other previously described techniques. The generator can continuously monitor the phase angle Φ and adjust the drive frequency until the phase angle Φ becomes zero. At this point, the new drive frequency is equal to the resonant frequency of the new electromechanical ultrasonic system. The change in phase angle Φ and/or generator drive frequency can be used as an indirect or inferred measurement of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade.

[00477] There are a variety of techniques available for estimating temperature from data in these spectra. Most notably, a nonlinear, time-varying set of state-space equations can be used to model the dynamic relationship between ultrasonic blade temperature and measured impedance: through a range of generator drive frequencies, with the range of generator drive frequencies being specific to the device model.

Temperature estimation methods

[00478] One aspect of estimating or inferring the temperature of an ultrasonic blade may include three steps. First, define a temperature and frequency state space model that is time and energy dependent. To model temperature as a function of frequency content, a set of nonlinear state space equations are used to model the relationship between the electromechanical resonance frequency and the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. Second, apply a Kalman filter to improve the accuracy of the temperature estimator and the state space model over time. Third, a state estimator is provided in the Kalman filter feedback circuit to control the power applied to the ultrasonic transducer, and consequently the ultrasonic blade, to regulate the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. The three steps are described later in this document.Step 1

[00479] The first step is to define a temperature and frequency state space model that is time and energy dependent. To model temperature as a function of frequency content, a set of nonlinear state space equations are used to model the relationship between the electromechanical resonance frequency and the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. In one aspect, the state space model is defined by:

[00480] The state space model represents the rate of change of the natural frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system Fn and the rate of change of the temperature t of the ultrasonic blade with respect to the natural frequency Fn(t), temperature T(t), energy F(t), and time t. y represents the observability of variables that are measurable and observable, such as the natural frequency Fn(t) of the electromechanical ultrasonic system, the temperature T(t) of the ultrasonic blade, the energy F(t) applied to the ultrasonic blade, and the time t. The temperature T(t) of the ultrasonic blade is observable as an estimate.Step 2

[00481] The second step is to apply a Kalman filter to improve the temperature estimator and the state space model. Figure 44 is a diagram of a 133020 Kalman filter for improving the temperature estimator and impedance-based state space model according to the equation: which represents the impedance across an ultrasonic transducer measured at a variety of frequencies, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[00482] Kalman filter 133020 can be employed to improve temperature estimation performance and allows the augmentation of external sensors, models, or prior information to improve temperature prediction amid noisy data. The 133020 Kalman filter includes a 133022 regulator and a 133024 plant. In control theory, a 133024 plant is the combination of process and actuator. A plant 133024 can be called a transfer function that indicates the relationship between an input signal and the output signal of a system. The regulator 133022 includes a status estimator 133026 and a K controller 133028. The status regulator 133026 includes a feedback circuit 133030. The status regulator 133026 receives y, the plant output 133024, as an input and a feedback variable u . The 133026 state estimator is an internal feedback system that converges to the true value of the system state. The output of the 133026 state estimator is x, the complete feedback control variable including Fn(t) of the electromechanical ultrasonic system, the temperature estimate T(t) of the ultrasonic blade, the energy F(t) applied to the ultrasonic blade, the phase angle Φ, and the time t. The input into the K 133028 controller is x and the output of the K 133028 controller u is fed back to the state estimator 133026 and t of the plant 133024.

[00483] Kalman filtration, also known as linear quadratic estimation (LQE), is an algorithm that uses a series of observed measurements over time, containing noise and other statistical inaccuracies, and produces estimates of the unknown variables that tend to be more more accurate than those based on a single measurement only, by estimating a joint probability distribution over the variables for each time period and thus calculating the maximum likelihood estimate of actual measurements. The algorithm works in a two-step process. In a prediction step, the 133020 Kalman filter produces estimates of the current state variables along with their uncertainties. After the result of the next measurement (necessarily corrupted with some amount of error, including random noise) is observed, these estimates are updated using a weighted average, with more weight being given to estimates with greater certainty. The algorithm is recursive and can be executed in real time, using only the present input measurements and the previously calculated state and its uncertainty matrix; no additional information is required.

[00484] Kalman filter 133020 uses a dynamic model of the electromechanical ultrasonic system, known control inputs for that system, and multiple sequential measurements (observations) of the natural frequency and phase angle of the applied signals (e.g., magnitude and phase of the electrical impedance of the ultrasonic transducer) to the ultrasonic transducer to form an estimate of the electromechanical ultrasonic system's varying quantities (its state) to predict the temperature of the ultrasonic blade portion of the electromechanical ultrasonic system that is better than an estimate obtained using only a single measurement only. As such, the 133020 Kalman filter is an algorithm that includes sensor and data fusion to provide the maximum likelihood estimate of the temperature of the ultrasonic sheet.

[00485] The Kalman filter 133020 effectively estimates the uncertainty due to noise measurements of the signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer to measure the natural frequency and phase shift data, and also effectively estimates the uncertainty due to external random factors. The 133020 Kalman filter produces an estimate of the state of the electromechanical ultrasonic system as a weighted average of the predicted state of the system and the new measurement. Weighted values provide better (i.e., lower) estimated uncertainty and are more "reliable" than unweighted values. Weights can be calculated from covariance, a measure of the estimated uncertainty of predicting the state of the system. The result of the weighted average is a new estimate of the state that lies between the predicted and measured state, and has a better estimated uncertainty than either alone. This process is repeated at each time step, with the new estimate and its covariance generating the prediction used in the next iteration. This recursive nature of the 133020 Kalman filter requires only the last "best guess", rather than the entire history, of the state of the electromechanical ultrasonic system to calculate a new state.

[00486] The relative certainty of measurements and estimation of the current state is an important consideration, and it is common to discuss the filter response in terms of the K gain of the Kalman filter 133020. The Kalman gain K is the relative weight assigned to the measurements and estimation of current state, and can be "tuned" to achieve specific performance. With a high K gain, the 133020 Kalman filter places more weight on the most recent measurements, and thus tracks them more responsively. With a low gain K, the 133020 Kalman filter more closely follows the model predictions. From both extremes, a high gain close to one will result in a more irregular estimated trajectory, while a low gain close to zero will flatten the noise but decrease responsiveness.

[00487] When performing the actual calculations for the Kalman filter 133020 (as discussed below), the state estimate and covariances are encoded in covariance matrices to handle the multiple dimensions involved in a single set of calculations. This allows a representation of linear relationships between variables of different states (such as position, velocity, and acceleration) in any of the models or transition covariances. Using a 133020 Kalman filter does not assume that errors are Gaussian. However, the Kalman filter 133020 produces the exact conditional probability estimate in the special case that all errors are Gaussian distributed.Step 3

[00488] The third step uses an estimator 133026 in the feedback state 133032 of the Kalman filter 133020 to control the power applied to the ultrasonic transducer, and consequently the ultrasonic blade, to regulate the temperature of the ultrasonic blade.

[00489] Figure 45 illustrates a graphical representation 133040 of three probability distributions employed by the state estimator 133026 of the Kalman filter 133020 shown in Figure 44 to maximize the estimates, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The probability distributions include the prior probability distribution 133042, the prediction (state) probability distribution 133044, and the observation probability distribution 133046. The three probability distributions 133042, 133044, 1330467 are used in a power feedback control applied to an ultrasonic transducer to regulate temperature based on impedance across the ultrasonic transducer measured at a variety of frequencies, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The estimator used in feedback control of the power applied to an ultrasonic transducer to regulate temperature based on impedance is given by the expression: which is the impedance across the ultrasonic transducer measured at a variety of frequencies, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.

[00490] Prior probability distribution 133042 includes a state variation defined by the expression:

[00491] The state variance (ak) is used to predict the next state of the system, which is represented as the prediction (state) probability distribution 133044. The observation probability distribution 133046 is the probability distribution of the actual observation of the system state where the observation variance am is used to define the gain, which is given by the following expression:

Feedback control

[00492] The power input is decreased to ensure that the temperature (as estimated by the state estimator and the Kalman filter) is controlled.

[00493] In one aspect, the first proof of concept assumed a static linear relationship between the natural frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system and the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. By reducing the power as a function of the natural frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system (i.e., temperature regulation with feedback control), the temperature of the tip of the ultrasonic blade can be directly controlled. In this example, the temperature of the distal tip of the ultrasonic blade can be controlled so that it does not exceed the melting point of the Teflon block.

[00494] Figure 46A is a graphical representation 133050 of temperature versus time of an ultrasonic device without temperature feedback control. The temperature (°C) of the ultrasonic blade is shown along the vertical axis and the time (s) is shown along the horizontal axis. The test was conducted with a chamois located in the jaws of the ultrasonic device. One claw is the ultrasonic blade and the other claw is the clamping arm with a Teflon block. The ultrasonic blade was excited at the resonant frequency while in frictional engagement with the chamois clamped between the ultrasonic blade and the clamping arm. Over time, the temperature (°C) of the ultrasonic blade increases due to frictional engagement with the chamois. Over time, the temperature profile 133052 of the ultrasonic blade increases until the suede sample is cut after about 19.5 seconds at a temperature of 220°C as indicated in point 133054. Without temperature feedback control, after the cutting the suede sample, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade increases to a temperature well above the melting point of Teflon ~380°C to ~490°C. At point 133056, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade reaches a maximum temperature of 490°C until the Teflon block is completely melted. The temperature of the ultrasonic blade drops slightly from the peak temperature at point 133056 after the block disappears completely.

[00495] Figure 46B is a graph of temperature versus time for an ultrasonic device with temperature feedback control, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The temperature (°C) of the ultrasonic blade is shown along the vertical axis and the time (s) is shown along the horizontal axis. The test was conducted with a chamois sample located in the jaws of the ultrasonic device. One claw is the ultrasonic blade and the other claw is the clamping arm with a Teflon block. The ultrasonic blade was excited at the resonant frequency while in frictional engagement with the chamois clamped between the ultrasonic blade and the clamping arm block. Over time, the temperature profile 133062 of the ultrasonic blade increases until the suede sample is cut after about 23 seconds at a temperature of 220°C as indicated in point 133064. With temperature feedback control, the blade temperature ultrasonic temperature increases to a maximum temperature of about 380°C, just below the melting point of TEFLON, as indicated in point 133066 and is then reduced to an average of about 330°C as indicated generally in region 133068, thus preventing melting of the TEFLON block.

Application of intelligent ultrasonic blade technology

[00496] When an ultrasonic blade is immersed in a surgical field filled with fluid, the ultrasonic blade cools during activation and becomes less effective in sealing and cutting the tissue in contact with it. Cooling the ultrasonic blade may lead to longer activation times and/or hemostasis problems because adequate heat is not applied to the tissue. To overcome ultrasonic blade cooling, more energy application may be required to shorten transection times and achieve adequate hemostasis under these fluid immersion conditions. With the use of a frequency-temperature feedback control system, if the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is detected to start below, or remain below a certain temperature for a certain period of time, the generator output power can be increased to compensate for cooling due to blood/saline/other fluid present in the surgical field.

[00497] Consequently, the temperature-frequency feedback control system described herein can optimize the performance of an ultrasonic device especially when the ultrasonic blade is situated or immersed, partially or fully, in a fluid-filled surgical field. The frequency-temperature feedback control system described here minimizes long activation times and/or potential problems with the performance of the ultrasonic device in the fluid-filled surgical field.

[00498] As previously described, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade can be inferred by detecting the impedance of the ultrasonic transducer given by the following expression: or equivalently, the detection of the phase angle Φ between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer. The phase angle information Φ can also be used to infer the conditions of the ultrasonic blade. As discussed in particular here, the phase angle Φ changes as a function of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. Therefore, the phase angle information Φ can be used to control the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. This can be done, for example, by reducing the power supplied to the ultrasonic blade when the ultrasonic blade is too hot and by increasing the power applied to the ultrasonic blade when the ultrasonic blade is too cold. Figures 58A to 58B are graphical representations of temperature feedback control to adjust ultrasonic energy applied to an ultrasonic transducer when a sudden drop in temperature of an ultrasonic blade is detected.

[00499] Figure 47A is a graphical representation of the ultrasonic energy output 133070 as a function of time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The output power of the ultrasonic generator is shown along the vertical axis and the time (s) is shown along the horizontal axis. Figure 47B is a graphical representation of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade 133080 as a function of time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The temperature of the ultrasonic blade is shown along the vertical axis and the time (s) is shown along the horizontal axis. The temperature of the ultrasonic blade increases with the application of constant energy 133072 as shown in Figure 47A. During use, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade drops suddenly. This can result from a variety of conditions, however, during use it can be inferred that the temperature of the ultrasonic blade drops when it is immersed in a surgical field filled with fluid (e.g. blood, saline, water, etc.). At time t0, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade drops below the desired minimum temperature 133082 and the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm detects the drop in temperature and begins increasing or "stepping up" the power as shown by the supplied power increase 133074 to the ultrasonic blade to begin raising the temperature of the ultrasonic blade above the minimum desired temperature 133082.

[00500] Referring to Figures 47A and 47B, the ultrasonic generator provides substantially constant power outputs 133072 as long as the temperature of the ultrasonic blade remains above the minimum desired temperature 133082. At t0, the processor or control circuit in the generator or in the instrument, or both, detects the drop in temperature of the ultrasonic blade below the minimum desired temperature 133072 and initiates a frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm to raise the temperature of the ultrasonic blade above the minimum desired temperature 133082. Consequently, the energy of the generator begins to rise 133074 at t1 corresponding to the detection of a sudden drop in the temperature of the ultrasonic blade at t0. Under the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm, the power continues to rise 133074 until the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is above the minimum desired temperature 133082.

[00501] Figure 48 is a logic flow diagram 133090 of a process representing a control program or a logic configuration for controlling the temperature of an ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. According to the process, the processor or generator or instrument control circuit, or both, performs an aspect of a frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm discussed in connection with Figures 47A and 47B to apply 133092 a level of power to the ultrasonic transducer to achieve a desired temperature on the ultrasonic blade. The 133094 generator monitors the phase angle Φ between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to drive the ultrasonic transducer. Based on the phase angle Φ, the generator infers 133096 the temperature of the ultrasonic blade using the techniques described herein in connection with Figures 43A through 45. The generator determines 133098 whether the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is below a minimum temperature desired temperature by comparing the inferred temperature of the ultrasonic blade with a predetermined desired temperature. The generator then adjusts the power level applied to the ultrasonic transducer based on the comparison. For example, the process continues along the NO branch when the ultrasonic blade temperature is at or above the minimum desired temperature and continues along the YES branch when the ultrasonic blade temperature is below the minimum desired temperature. When the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is below the desired minimum temperature, the generator increases the power level for the ultrasonic transducer, for example, increasing the voltage signals V g(t) and/or current I g(t), to raise the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and continues to increase the power level applied to the ultrasonic transducer until the temperature of the ultrasonic blade increases above the minimum desired temperature.

Adaptive advanced fabric treatment block economizer mode

[00502] Figure 49 is a graphical representation 133110 of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade as a function of time during firing of a vessel, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. A graph 133112 of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is plotted along the vertical axis as a function of time along the horizontal axis. The frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm combines the control temperature of the ultrasonic blade with the claw detection capability. The frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm provides optimal hemostasis balanced with device durability and can intelligently distribute energy for better sealing while protecting the clamping arm block.

[00503] As shown in Figure 49, the optimum temperature 133114 for vessel sealing is marked as a first target temperature T1 and the optimum temperature 133116 for the "infinite" life of the clamping arm block is marked as a second temperature -target T2. The frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm infers the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and maintains the temperature of the ultrasonic blade between the first and second target temperature thresholds T1 and T2. The power output of the generator is thus driven to obtain optimum ultrasonic blade temperatures to seal the vessels and extend the life of the clamping arm block.

[00504] Initially, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade increases as the blade heats up and eventually exceeds the first target temperature threshold T1. The frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm takes control of the slide temperature for T1 until vessel transection is completed 133118 at t0 and the ultrasonic slide temperature drops below the second threshold target temperature T2. A processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, detects when the ultrasonic blade contacts the clamping arm block. When the vessel transfection is completed at t0 and detected, the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm switches to control the temperature of the ultrasonic blade to the second target threshold T2 to extend the life of the clamping arm block. The optimum clamping arm block temperature for a TEFLON clamping arm block is approximately 325°C. In one aspect, the advanced tissue treatment may be announced to the user in a second activation tone.

[00505] Figure 50 is a logic flow diagram 133120 of a process representing a control program or logic configuration for controlling the temperature of an ultrasonic blade between two temperature set points, as depicted in Figure 49, in accordance with with at least one aspect of the present revelation. According to the process, the generator performs one aspect of the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm to apply 133122 a first power level to the ultrasonic transducer, for example, by adjusting the voltage signals Vg(t) and/or the Ig(t) current applied to the ultrasonic transducer, to adjust the ultrasonic blade to a first target temperature T1 optimized for vessel sealing. As previously described, the generator monitors 133124 the phase angle Φ between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer, and based on the phase angle Φ, the generator 133126 infers the temperature of the ultrasonic blade using the techniques described herein in connection with Figures 43A through 45. In accordance with the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm, a processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, maintains the temperature of the ultrasonic blade at the first target temperature T1 until transection is complete. The frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm can be used to detect the completion of the vessel transection process. The processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, determines 133128 when vessel transection is complete. The process continues along the NO branch when vessel transection is not complete and continues along the YES branch when vessel transection is complete.

[00506] When vessel transection is not complete, the processor or control circuitry of the generator or instrument, or both, determines 133130 whether the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is set at the temperature T1 optimized for vessel sealing and transection. If the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is set at T1, the process continues along the SIM branch and the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, continues to monitor 133124 the phase angle Φ between the voltage signals Vg( t) and current Ig(t) applied to the ultrasonic transducer and based on the phase angle Φ- If the temperature of the ultrasonic blade the temperature is not adjusted at T1, the process continues along the NO branch and the processor or circuit control of the generator or instrument, or both, continues to apply 133122 a first level of power to the ultrasonic transducer.

[00507] When vessel transection is complete, the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, 133132 applies a second power level to the ultrasonic transducer to adjust the ultrasonic blade to a second target temperature 2 optimized to preserve or extend the service life of the clamping arm block. The processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, determines 133134 whether the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is at the set temperature T2. If the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is set to T2, the process completes 133136 the vessel transection procedure.

Blade Start Temperature

[00508] Knowing the temperature of the ultrasonic blade at the beginning of a transect can allow the generator to provide the appropriate amount of power to heat the blade for a quick cut or if the blade is already hot to add power only in the amount that would be needed. This technique can achieve more consistent transection times and extends the life of the clamping arm block (e.g., a TEFLON clamping arm block). Knowing the temperature of the ultrasonic blade at the start of the transect can allow the generator to deliver the right amount of power to the ultrasonic transducer to generate a desired amount of displacement of the ultrasonic blade.

[00509] Figure 51 is a logic flow diagram 133140 of a process representing a control program or a logic configuration for determining the initial temperature of an ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. To determine the initial temperature of an ultrasonic blade, in manufacturing facilities, the resonance frequencies of ultrasonic blades are measured at room temperature or a predetermined ambient temperature. The baseline frequency values are recorded and stored in a lookup table of the generator or instrument or both. The baseline values are used to generate a transfer function. At the beginning of an ultrasonic transducer activation cycle, the generator measures 133142 the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic blade 133144 and compares the measured resonance frequency to the baseline resonance frequency value and determines the frequency difference (Δf). The Δf is compared to a look-up table or transfer function to obtain the corrected temperature of the ultrasonic blade. The resonance frequency of the ultrasonic blade can be determined by sweeping the frequency of the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer. The resonance frequency is the frequency at which the phase angle Φ between the voltage signals Vg(t) and current signals Ig(t) is zero as described here.

[00510] After the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic blade is determined, the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, determines 133146 the initial temperature of the ultrasonic blade based on the difference between the measured resonance frequency and the frequency of baseline resonance. The generator adjusts the power level supplied to the ultrasonic transducer, for example, by adjusting the voltage Vg(t) or current Ig(t) drive signals, or both, to one of the following values before activating the ultrasonic transducer.

[00511] The processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, determines 133148 whether the initial temperature of the ultrasonic blade is low. If the initial temperature of the ultrasonic blade is low, the process continues along the SIM branch and the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, 133152 applies a high level of power to the ultrasonic transducer to increase the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and completes 133156 the vessel transection procedure.

[00512] If the initial temperature of the ultrasonic blade is not low, the process continues along the NO branch and the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, determines 133150 whether the initial temperature of the ultrasonic blade is high. If the initial temperature of the ultrasonic blade is low, the process continues along the SIM branch and the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, 133154 applies a low level of power to the ultrasonic transducer to decrease the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and completes 133156 the vessel transection procedure. If the initial temperature of the ultrasonic blade is not high, the process continues along the NO branch and the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, completes 133156 the transection of the vessel.

Smart blade technology to control blade instability

[00513] The temperature of an ultrasonic blade and the contents within the jaws of an ultrasonic end actuator can be determined using the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithms described in the present invention. The frequency/temperature relationship of the ultrasonic blade is used to control the instability of the ultrasonic blade instability with temperature.

[00514] As described here, there is a well-known relationship between frequency and temperature in ultrasonic blades. Some ultrasonic blades exhibit displacement instability or modal instability with increasing temperature. This known relationship can be used to interpret when an ultrasonic blade is approaching instability and then adjust the power level by driving the ultrasonic transducer (for example, by adjusting the Vg(t) voltage or Ig current drive signals (t), or both, applied to the ultrasonic transducer) to modulate the temperature of the ultrasonic blade to prevent instability of the ultrasonic blade.

[00515] Figure 52 is a logic flow diagram 133160 of a process representing a control program or logic configuration for determining when an ultrasonic blade is approaching instability and then adjusting the power applied to the ultrasonic transducer to prevent the instability of the ultrasonic transducer, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The frequency/temperature relationship of an ultrasonic blade that presents a shift or modal instability is mapped by scanning the frequency of the drive signals for voltage Vg(t) or current Ig(t), or both, at the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and recording the results. A function or relationship is developed that can be used/interpreted by a control algorithm executed by the generator. Trigger points can be established using the relationship to notify the generator that an ultrasonic blade is approaching known blade instability. The generator performs a processing function of the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm and the closed-loop response so that the drive power level is reduced (e.g., by reducing the voltage Vg(t) or current Ig( t) drive, or both, applied to the ultrasonic transducer) to modulate the temperature of the ultrasonic blade at or below the trigger point to prevent a given blade from reaching instability.

[00516] Advantages include simplification of the ultrasonic blade configurations so that the instability characteristics of the ultrasonic blade do not need to be designed and can be compensated for using the present instability control technique. The present instability control technique also enables new ultrasonic blade geometries and can improve the stress profile in heated ultrasonic blades. Additionally, ultrasonic blades can be configured to decrease ultrasonic blade performance if used with generators that do not utilize this technique.

[00517] According to the process shown by logic flow diagram 133160, the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, monitors 133162 the phase angle Φ between the voltage signals Vg(t) and current signals Ig (t) applied to the ultrasonic transducer. The processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, infers 133164 the temperature of the ultrasonic blade based on the phase angle Φ between the voltage Vg(t) and current Ig(t) signals applied to the ultrasonic transducer. The processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, compares 133166 the inferred temperature of the ultrasonic blade to an instability trigger point threshold of the ultrasonic blade. The processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, determines 133168 whether the ultrasonic blade is approaching instability. If not, the process proceeds along the NO branch and monitors 133162 the phase angle Φ, infers 133164 the ultrasonic blade temperature, and compares 133166 the inferred ultrasonic blade temperature to a threshold ultrasonic blade instability trigger point until the ultrasonic blade approaches instability. The process then proceeds along the SIM branch and the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, adjusts 133170 the level of power applied to the ultrasonic transducer to modulate the temperature of the ultrasonic blade.

Ultrasonic sealing algorithm with temperature control

[00518] Ultrasonic sealing algorithms for ultrasonic blade temperature control can be used to optimize hemostasis through the use of a frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm described herein to explore the frequency/temperature relationship of the ultrasonic blades.

[00519] In one aspect, a frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm can be used to change the applied power level of the ultrasonic transducer based on the measured resonance frequency (using spectroscopy) that relates to temperature, as described in various aspects of the present revelation. In one aspect, the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm can be activated by a power button on the ultrasonic instrument.

[00520] It is known that optimal tissue effects can be obtained by increasing the power level that drives the ultrasonic transducer (e.g., by increasing the driving voltage Vg(t) or driving current Ig(t), or both, applied to the ultrasonic transducer) at the beginning of the sealing cycle to quickly heat and dry the tissue, and then decrease the power level that drives the ultrasonic transducer (e.g., decreasing the driving voltage Vg(t) or the driving current Ig(t). , or both, applied to the ultrasonic transducer) to slowly allow the final seal to form. In one aspect, a frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm in accordance with the present disclosure sets a limit on the threshold temperature that the tissue can reach as the tissue heats up during the higher power level stage and then reduces the power level to control the temperature of the ultrasonic blade based on the melting point of the gripper block (e.g. Teflon) to complete the seal. The control algorithm can be implemented by activating a power button on the instrument for a more responsive/adaptive seal to further reduce the complexity of the hemostasis algorithm.

[00521] Figure 53 is a logic flow diagram 133180 of a process representing a control program or a logic configuration for providing temperature-controlled ultrasonic sealing, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. According to the control algorithm, the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, activates 133182 ultrasonic blade detection using spectroscopy (e.g., smart blade) and measures 133184 the resonant frequency of the blade ultrasonic (e.g., the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system) to determine the temperature of the ultrasonic blade using a frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm (spectroscopy) as described herein. As previously described, the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system is mapped to obtain the temperature of the ultrasonic blade as a function of the resonance frequency of the electromechanical ultrasonic system.

[00522] A first desired resonance frequency fx of the ultrasonic electromechanical system corresponds to a first desired temperature Z° of the ultrasonic blade. In one aspect, the first desired ultrasonic blade temperature Z° is the optimum temperature (e.g., 450°C) for tissue coagulation. A second desired frequency fY of the ultrasonic electromechanical system corresponds to a second desired temperature ZZ° of the ultrasonic blade. In one aspect, the second desired ultrasonic blade temperature ZZ° is a temperature of 330°C, which is below the melting point of the clamping arm block, approximately 380°C which is for Teflon.

[00523] The processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, compares 133186 the measured resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system to the first desired frequency fx. In other words, the process determines whether the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is lower than the temperature for optimal tissue coagulation. If the measured resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system is less than the first desired frequency fx, the process continues along the NO branch and the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, 133188 increases the applied power level to the ultrasonic transducer to increase the temperature of the ultrasonic blade until the measured resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system exceeds the first desired frequency fx. In this case, the tissue coagulation process is completed and the process controls the temperature of the ultrasonic blade to the second desired temperature corresponding to the second desired frequency fy.

[00524] The process continues along the SIM branch and the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, decreases 133190 the level of power applied to the ultrasonic transducer to decrease the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. The processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, measures 133192 the resonant frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system and compares the measured resonant frequency to the second desired frequency fY. If the measured resonant frequency is not less than the desired second frequency fY, the processor or control circuit of the generator or instrument, or both, decreases 133190 the ultrasonic power level until the measured resonant frequency is less than the second frequency desired fY. The frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm maintains the measured resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system below the desired second frequency fY, for example, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade is lower than the melting point temperature of the clamping arm block Then, the generator performs increases in the power level applied to the ultrasonic transducer to increase the temperature of the ultrasonic blade until the 133196 tissue transection process is completed.

[00525] Figure 54 is a graphical representation 133200 of the ultrasonic transducer current and the temperature of the ultrasonic blade as a function of time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. Figure 54 illustrates the results of applying the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm described in Figure 53. Graph 133200 shows a first plot 133202 of the ultrasonic blade temperature as a function of time against a second plot 133204 of the ultrasonic blade current. Ig(t) ultrasonic transducer as a function of time. As shown, the Ig(t) transducer is kept constant until the temperature of the ultrasonic blade reaches 450°, which is an optimal coagulation temperature. When the temperature of the ultrasonic blade reaches 450°, the frequency-temperature feedback control algorithm decreases the Ig(t) transducer current until the temperature of the ultrasonic blade drops below 330°, which is below the melting point of a Teflon block, for example.

Identification or parameterization of the type of tissue

[00526] In various aspects, a surgical instrument (e.g., an ultrasonic surgical instrument) is configured to identify or parameterize tissue trapped by the end actuator and adjust various operating parameters of the surgical instrument accordingly. Tissue identification or parameterization may include the tissue type (e.g., physiological tissue type), the physical characteristics or properties of the tissue, the composition of the tissue, the location of the tissue within or relative to the end actuator, and so on. In an example discussed in more detail below, the ultrasonic surgical instrument is configured to adjust the displacement amplitude of the distal tip of the ultrasonic blade according to the collagen/elastin ratio of the tissue detected in the jaws of the tip actuator. As previously discussed, an ultrasonic instrument comprises an ultrasonic transducer acoustically coupled to an ultrasonic blade via an ultrasonic waveguide. The displacement of the ultrasonic blade is a function of the electrical energy applied to the ultrasonic transducer and, consequently, the electrical energy supplied to the ultrasonic transducer can be modulated according to the tissue collagen/elastin ratio detected. In another example discussed in more detail below, the force exerted by the gripping arm on the tissue can be modulated according to the location of the tissue relative to the end actuator. Various techniques for identifying or parameterizing tissue are described in the present disclosure and additional details can be found, for example, in US provisional patent application No. 62/692,768, entitled SMART ENERGY DEVICES, filed on June 30, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Determining Tissue Location by Changing Impedance

[00527] Again referring to Figure 23, an end actuator 1122 comprising an ultrasonic blade 1128 and a clamping arm 1140 is illustrated, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. Figure 55 is a bottom view of an ultrasonic end actuator 1122 showing a clamping arm 1140 and an ultrasonic blade 1128 and delineating the positioning of tissue within the ultrasonic end actuator 1122 in accordance with at least one aspect of the present revelation. The positioning of the tissue between the clamping arm 1140 and the ultrasonic blade 1128 can be delineated according to the region or zone in which the tissue is situated, such as a distal region 130420 and a proximal region 130422.

[00528] Now referring to Figures 23 and 55, as described herein, the ultrasonic end actuator 1122 clamps the tissue between the ultrasonic blade 1128 and the clamping arm 1140. When the tissue is clamped, the ultrasonic generator (e.g., the generator 1100 described in connection with Figure 22) can be activated to apply power to the ultrasonic transducer, which is acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic blade 1128 via an ultrasonic waveguide. The power applied to the ultrasonic transducer can be in a therapeutic or non-therapeutic range of energy levels. In a non-therapeutic range of applied power, the resulting displacement of the ultrasonic blade 1128 does not affect, or minimally affects, the trapped tissue so as not to clot or cut the tissue. Non-therapeutic excitation can be particularly useful in determining the impedance of the ultrasonic transducer, which will vary based on a variety of conditions present in the tip actuator 1122, including, for example, the type of tissue, the location of the tissue within the actuator edge, the ratio between different types of tissue and the temperature of the ultrasonic blade, among other conditions. Several such conditions are described in the present disclosure. The impedance of the ultrasonic transducer is given by: as described here. Since the conditions in the ultrasonic end actuator 1122 are determined using non-therapeutic ultrasonic energy levels, therapeutic ultrasonic energy can be applied based on the conditions in the end actuator 1122 determined to optimize tissue treatment, sealing effectiveness, transection and duration, among other variables associated with a specific surgical procedure. The therapeutic energy is enough to coagulate and cut the tissue.

[00529] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a control process, such as an algorithm, for determining the thickness and type of tissue located within the grippers (i.e., between the gripping arm 1140 and the ultrasonic blade 1128) of an ultrasonic end actuator 1122 as shown in Figures 23 and 55. Additional details regarding the detection of various states and properties of objects gripped by an end actuator 1122 are discussed below under the heading "Claw State Determination" and in the application for US provisional patent No. 62/692,768, entitled SMART ENERGY DEVICES.

[00530] Figure 56 is a graphical representation 130000 showing the change in impedance of the ultrasonic transducer as a function of tissue location within the ultrasonic end actuator 1122 over a range of predetermined increases in the power level of the ultrasonic generator, from agreement with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The horizontal axis 130004 represents tissue location and the vertical axis 130002 represents the transducer impedance (Q). Various boundaries along the horizontal axis 130004, such as a first boundary or proximal boundary 130010 and a second boundary or distal boundary 130012, may delineate or correspond to different positions of the tissue trapped within the ultrasonic end actuator 1122. Delineating the proximal locations and distal portion of the tissue is shown schematically in Figure 55 (i.e., proximal portion 130422 and distal portion 130420). Plots 130006, 130008 represent the change in transducer impedance (Q) as the power applied to the ultrasonic transducer changes from a minimum value or first non-therapeutic power level L1 to a maximum value or second non-therapeutic power level L2. The greater the change in transducer impedance (Q), the closer the resulting plot will be to the distal boundary 130012. Consequently, the location of the tissue corresponds to the position of the resulting plot relative to the various boundaries (e.g., the proximal boundary 130010 and the distal limit 130012). In the first plot 130006, δ1 represents the change in transducer impedance when the tissue is situated at the proximal portion 130422 of the end actuator 1122. This can be seen by the fact that the first plot 130006 does not exceed the proximal limit 130010. In the second plot 130008, δ2 represents the change in transducer impedance when the tissue is situated at the distal end 130012 of the end actuator 1122. This can be seen by the fact that the first plot 130006 exceeds the proximal limit 130010 and/or is situated close to the limit distal 130012. As indicated by plots 130006, 130008, δ2 is much larger than δ1.

[00531] When power (voltage and current) is applied to the ultrasonic transducer to activate the ultrasonic blade 1128 in the non-therapeutic range (e.g., a power that is not sufficient to cut or coagulate tissue), the impedance of the transducer (Q) The resulting measurement is a useful indicator of the position of the tissue within the jaws of the end actuator 1122, whether at the distal end 130420 or the proximal end 130422 of the ultrasonic blade 1128, as shown in Figure 55. The location of the tissue within the end actuator 1122 can be determined based on the change in transducer impedance δ as the non-therapeutic power level applied to the ultrasonic transducer varies from a minimum power level (e.g., L1) to a maximum power level (e.g., L2) . In some aspects, the level (or levels) of non-therapeutic power applied to the ultrasonic transducer may cause the ultrasonic blade 1128 to oscillate at or below the minimum therapeutic amplitude (e.g., less than or equal to 35 μm at distal and/or proximal end of the ultrasonic blade 1128). Impedance calculation is discussed earlier in this disclosure. A measurement of the first transducer impedance Z1 is taken when a first power level L1 is applied, which provides an initial measurement, and a subsequent impedance measurement Z2 is taken again when the applied power is increased to a second power level L2 . In one aspect, the first power level L1 = 0.2 A and the second power level L2 = 0.4 A, or twice the first power level L1, although the voltage is kept constant. The amplitude of the resulting longitudinal displacement of the ultrasonic blade 1128, based on the applied power level, provides an indication of the location of tissue within the jaws of the end actuator 1122. In an exemplary implementation, the first power level L1 produces an amplitude of longitudinal displacement of 35 μm at the distal end 130420 and 15 μm at the proximal end 130422. Additionally in this example, the second power level L2 produces a longitudinal amplitude of 70 μm at the distal end 130420 and 35 μm at the proximal end 130422. An algorithm calculates the difference in transducer impedance δ between the first and second measurements to find the change in impedance ΔZg(t). The change in impedance δ is plotted as a function of tissue location and shows that a greater change in impedance represents the tissue location distributed at the distal end 130012 and a smaller change in impedance represents the tissue location distributed at the proximal end 130010 of the actuator. end 1122. In short, if there is a large change in impedance as the power level is increased from L1 to L2, then the tissue will be positioned distally just within the end actuator 1122; on the other hand, if there is only a small change in impedance as the power level is increased from L1 to L2, then the tissue will be more distributed within the end actuator 1122.

[00532] Figure 57 is a graphical representation 130050 showing the change in impedance of the ultrasonic transducer as a function of time in relation to the location of tissue within the ultrasonic end actuator, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The horizontal axis 130054 represents time (t) and the vertical axis 130052 represents the change in transducer impedance (δ) between the first and second measurements. Plots 130060, 130066 represent the change in transducer impedance (δ) as a function of time (t), relative to the proximal and distal tissue locations in the bite of grip arm 1140. For the proximal and distal tissue locations, it is A force is applied from the clamping arm 1140 to hold the tissue in the ultrasonic end actuator 1122 and a delay period is applied before a first low power level is applied and the transducer impedance is measured. Subsequently, the system applies a second, higher power level and measures the impedance again. It will be recognized that the first and second power levels applied to the ultrasonic transducer are non-therapeutic power levels. The algorithm executed by a processor or a portion of the generator or surgical instrument control circuit (e.g., processor 902 in Figure 21 or control circuit 760 in Figure 18) calculates the difference in transducer impedance (δ) between the first power level and the second power level for the proximal and distal tissue locations. As shown in relation to the first plot 130060, if the difference in transducer impedance (δ) is below a first threshold 130056, the algorithm determines that the tissue is situated in the proximal portion 130422 of the end actuator 1122. In the first curve 130060, the difference in transducer impedance between measurements increases 130062 over time until it stabilizes or remains 130064 below the first threshold 130056. As shown in relation to the first 130066 plot, if the difference in transducer impedance (δ) is above a second threshold 130058, the algorithm determines that the tissue is located in the distal portion 130420 of the end actuator 1122. In the second plot 130066, the transducer impedance difference between measurements increases 130068 over time until it stabilizes or remains 130070 above the second threshold 130058. If the transducer impedance difference (δ) is between the first and second thresholds 130056, 130058, the algorithm determines that the tissue is situated in the intermediate portion 130424 of the end actuator 1122, e.g., between the portions proximal and distal of the end actuator.

[00533] Figure 58 is a logic flow diagram of a process 130100 that represents a control program or a logic configuration for identifying operation in the non-therapeutic power range of power applied to the instrument to determine tissue positioning, in accordance with with at least one aspect of the present revelation. Process 130100 may be executed by a processor or control circuit of a surgical instrument, such as control circuit 760 of Figure 18, or a generator, such as processor 902 of Figure 21. For the sake of brevity, process 130100 will be described as being executed by a processor, but it should be understood that the following description covers the aforementioned variations.

[00534] According to one aspect of process 130100, a processor applies a control signal to close the clamping arm 1140 to capture tissue between the clamping arm 1140 and the ultrasonic blade 1128. After the clamping arm 1140 is closes over the fabric, the processor waits for a predetermined delay period to allow the fabric to relax and release some of its moisture content. After this delay period, processor 130102 adjusts the power level applied to the ultrasonic transducer to a first non-therapeutic power level. Optionally, an aspect of process 130100 includes a feedback control that can be used to check whether the first power is set below a therapeutic power level. In this aspect, the processor determines 130106 whether the first power level is less than a therapeutic power level. If the first power level is not less than a therapeutic power level, process 130100 continues along the NO branch and the processor 130108 decreases the applied power and performs an iteration until the first power level is less than a therapeutic power level. therapeutic potency. The process 130100 then continues along the SIM branch and the processor measures 130110 a first impedance Zg1(t) of the ultrasonic transducer corresponding to the first power level. The processor then adjusts 130112 the power level applied to the ultrasonic transducer to a second, non-therapeutic power level, wherein the second power level is greater than the first power level and is below a therapeutic power level. Again, optionally, a feedback control can be used to verify that the second power level is not only greater than the first power level, but is also below a therapeutic power level. In this aspect, the processor determines 130114 whether the second power level is less than a therapeutic power level. If the second power level is greater than a therapeutic power level, the process 130100 continues along the NO branch and the processor decreases 130108 the second power level and performs an iteration until the second power level is less than a threshold therapeutic potency level. The process 130100 then continues along the SIM branch and the processor measures 130116 a second impedance Zg2(t) of the ultrasonic transducer corresponding to the second power level. Ultrasonic transducer impedance can be measured using a variety of techniques as discussed in this document. The processor then calculates 130118 the difference in transducer impedance between the first and second applied power levels:

[00535] The processor then provides 130120 to the user an indication of the position of the tissue. The processor may indicate the position of the tissue through an output device of a surgical instrument (e.g., visual feedback devices such as the screen shown in Figure 31, audio feedback devices, and/or tactile feedback devices), a screen 135 (Figure 3) or other output device of a central surgical controller 106 communicatively connected to the surgical instrument and/or an output device 2140 (Figure 27B) of a generator 1100 (e.g., visual feedback devices, audio feedback and/or tactile feedback devices).

[00536] The processor compares the difference in transducer impedance with a first and second threshold where, as shown in Figure 57, if the difference in transducer impedance (δ) is below a first threshold 130056, the algorithm determines that the tissue is situated in the proximal portion 130422 of the end actuator 1122, and if the difference in transducer impedance (δ) is above a second threshold 130058, the algorithm determines that the tissue is situated in the distal portion 130420 of the end actuator 1122 If the difference in transducer impedance (δ) is between the first and second thresholds 130056, 130058, the algorithm determines that the tissue is situated in the intermediate portion 130424 of the end actuator 1122, for example, between the proximal and distal portions 130422, 130420 of the end actuator 1122. According to the process described, the impedance of the ultrasonic transducer can be employed to differentiate the percentage of tissue that is located in a distal portion, a proximal portion, or an intermediate location of the end actuator. end 1122 and then apply an appropriate therapeutic potency level.

Keyless mode based on fabric positioning

[00537] In various aspects, the reactions of the ultrasonic instrument may depend on whether tissue is present in the end actuator, the type of tissue situated in the end actuator, or the compressibility or composition of the tissue situated in the end actuator. Accordingly, the generator or ultrasonic surgical instrument may contain and/or execute instructions to execute algorithms to control the time between grasping the tissue in the jaws of the end actuator and activating the ultrasonic transducer to treat the tissue. If the presence of tissue is not detected, the ultrasonic generator activation buttons or pedals may have different meanings to perform different functions. In one aspect, an advanced energy device may use detection of the presence of tissue between the jaws of the end actuator as the indication to activate the ultrasonic transducer, thereby initiating the tissue coagulation cycle. In another aspect, the compression properties and situational awareness may allow automatic activation of the device to also adjust the algorithm parameters for the type of tissue detected. For example, the advanced generator may ignore activation buttons or pedals unless tissue is detected as being in contact with the end actuator jaws. This configuration would eliminate unintentional activation indications which would allow the device to be operated in a simpler manner.

[00538] Accordingly, an advanced generator, such as the advanced generators described in connection with Figures 1 to 42, and/or surgical instruments, such as the ultrasonic surgical instruments described throughout this disclosure, can be configured to operate in a keyless mode or buttons. In a keyless mode, the ultrasonic device automatically activates in coagulation mode when the presence of tissue in the end actuator jaws is detected. In one aspect, when operating in automatic power activation mode (or "keyless" mode), the control algorithm that controls activation of the ultrasonic surgical instrument may be configured to apply less power initially to the ultrasonic instrument than if activated when not operating in keyless mode. Additionally, the ultrasonic generator or instrument can be configured to determine the contact and type of tissue located on the end actuator jaws. Based on the detection of the presence of tissue in the jaws of the end actuator, control algorithms executed by a processor or control circuit of the generator or the ultrasonic instrument could run the ultrasonic instrument in keyless mode and could adjust the algorithm to achieve the best general tissue coagulation in the end actuator jaws. In other aspects, rather than automatically activating the surgical instrument and/or generator, control algorithms executed by a processor or control circuit of the generator or ultrasonic instrument could prevent activation of the generator or ultrasonic instrument unless the presence of tissue is detected at the end actuator.

[00539] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an algorithm executed by a processor or control circuit located in the generator or handheld ultrasonic instrument to determine the presence of tissue and the type of tissue located in the jaws of the end actuator. In one aspect, the control algorithm may be configured to determine that tissue is located within the end actuator using techniques described herein for determining tissue location as described below under the heading "Determining Tissue Location Through Continuity Between electrodes". For example, a control algorithm may be configured to determine whether tissue is situated within the tip actuator by checking whether there is any continuity between the electrodes (as described below) and accordingly activate the surgical instrument (e.g., causing the generator to which the surgical instrument is attached begins applying power to the surgical instrument) automatically upon tissue detection or allows activation of the surgical instrument. When the surgical instrument and/or generator are operated in keyless mode, the control algorithm may be further configured to activate the surgical instrument at a specific power level, which may or may not be different from an initial activation power level. standard for the surgical instrument. In some aspects, a control algorithm may be configured to activate or enable activation of the surgical instrument according to the type or specific composition of tissue, which may be detected, using, for example, the techniques described below. under the title "Determination of tissue collagen/elastin ratio according to infrared (IR) surface reflectance and emissivity". For example, the control algorithm may be configured to activate the surgical instrument when tissue having a high collagen composition is clamped, but not necessarily activate the surgical instrument when tissue having a high elastin composition is clamped. . In some aspects, a control algorithm may be configured to activate or allow activation of the surgical instrument depending on whether the trapped tissue is located in a specific position within the end actuator or whether a certain amount of tissue has been trapped by the end actuator. tip actuator using, for example, the techniques described below under the heading "Determining tissue location through interelectrode continuity." For example, the control algorithm can be configured to activate the surgical instrument when trapped tissue covers a specific percentage of the end actuator. As another example, the control algorithm can be configured to activate the surgical instrument when trapped tissue is situated at the distal end of the end actuator.

[00540] In other aspects, a control algorithm may be configured to determine whether the tissue has been secured by the end actuator, the type of tissue or composition of the tissue, and other characteristics of the end actuator or the tissue through a system of situational awareness, as described in US provisional patent application serial no. 62/659,900, entitled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed on April 19, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and as described herein under the heading "Situational awareness". In these aspects, a central surgical controller 106 (Figures 1 to 11) to which the surgical instrument and/or generator are connected can receive data from the surgical instrument, generator and/or other medical devices used in the operating room and make inferences. about the surgical procedure, or a specific stage of it, that is performed. Consequently, the situational awareness system can infer whether and which tissue type (or types) are being operated on at any given time or step, and then a control algorithm can control the surgical instrument accordingly, including activating automatically the surgical instrument. For example, the control algorithm could be configured to automatically activate or allow activation of the surgical instrument when the tissue gripped by the end actuator matches the tissue type or tissue composition expected by the situational awareness system.

[00541] With the ability to detect whether or not the instrument is in contact with tissue, and what type of tissue it is when in contact, the ultrasonic instrument can be operated in a keyless operation mode in which operation is permitted based on the detection capability of the ultrasonic instrument. In some aspects, a control algorithm may be configured to ignore actuations of activation buttons and pedals, and other input devices coupled to the generator and/or ultrasonic surgical instrument, unless tissue in contact with the jaws is detected. /end actuator of the surgical instrument, thus avoiding unintentional activations of the instrument. In some aspects, a control algorithm may be configured to assign different meanings to inputs from activation buttons and pedals, and other input devices coupled to the generator and/or ultrasonic surgical instrument based on detection of tissue in contact with the inputs. claws/end actuator of the surgical instrument. For example, when the presence of tissue in the end actuator is detected, a control algorithm can be configured to activate the surgical instrument in response to an activation button being actuated; however, when the presence of tissue in the end actuator is not detected, the control algorithm can be configured to perform a certain different or secondary action when the activation button is actuated.

[00542] The ability to determine the lack of tissue present in the end actuator jaws acts as a tolerance to allow the instrument to switch to keyless mode and then initiate a cycle of automatic coagulation operation when tissue is then , detected, resulting in greater instrument uptime and allowing the user to proceed based on the instrument's predictive capabilities. The ability to additionally detect tissue type in addition to detecting the presence of tissue allows the algorithm to adjust and calculate the best clotting opportunity.

Adjustment of an ultrasonic system according to tissue composition

[00543] In various aspects, an ultrasonic surgical instrument may include a processor or control circuit that executes an adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm to detect the composition of tissue trapped by or situated in the end actuator and control operating parameters of the transducer. ultrasound and/or the ultrasonic blade appropriately. The composition of the tissue may include, for example, the ratio of collagen to elastin in the tissue, the stiffness of the tissue, or the thickness of the tissue. The operating parameters controlled or regulated by the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm may include, for example, the amplitude of the ultrasonic blade, the temperature or heat flux of the ultrasonic blade, etc. The adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be executed by a control circuit or a processor located in the generator or surgical instrument.

[00544] In an example described in more detail below, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to control the amplitude of the ultrasonic blade according to the collagen to elastin ratio of the tissue. The ratio of tissue collagen to elastin can be determined using a variety of techniques, such as those described below. In another example described in more detail below, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to control the ultrasonic transducer/ultrasonic blade to provide a longer heating time and lower final temperature of the ultrasonic blade the lower the collagen content of the tissue.

Determination of tissue collagen/elastin ratio according to frequency shift

[00545] In various aspects, a control algorithm can be configured to determine the collagen/elastin ratio of a tissue (e.g., to adjust the amplitude of the distal tip of an ultrasonic blade) by detecting the natural frequency of an ultrasonic blade and the displacements in the waveform of the ultrasonic blade. For example, the techniques described in connection with Figures 1 to 54 can be used to detect the collagen to elastin ratio of tissue located in an end actuator of an ultrasonic instrument. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm for detecting the natural frequency of the ultrasonic blade and the displacement in the waveform for detecting the composition of the tissue in contact with the ultrasonic blade. In another aspect, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to detect the collagen and elastin composition content of the tissue and adjust the therapeutic heat flow of the ultrasonic blade based on the detected collagen content of the tissue. Techniques for monitoring the deviation from the natural frequency of the ultrasonic blade based on the type of tissue situated in the jaws of the end actuator of the ultrasonic instrument are described herein in connection with Figures 1 through 54. Accordingly, for the sake of brevity and clarity, such techniques will not be repeated here.

[00546] The ratio of elastin to collagen can be determined by monitoring the displacement in the natural frequency of the ultrasonic blade and comparing the natural frequency with a look-up table. The look-up table may be stored in memory (e.g., memory 3326 of Figure 31) and contains the ratio of elastin to collagen and a corresponding natural frequency offset for a given empirically determined ratio.

Determination of tissue collagen/elastin ratio according to infrared (IR) surface reflectance and emissivity

[00547] In various aspects, a control algorithm can be configured to determine the collagen/elastin ratio of a tissue (e.g., adjusting the amplitude of the distal tip of an ultrasonic blade) by determining the IR reflectivity of the tissue. For example, Figure 59 illustrates an ultrasonic system 130164 comprising an ultrasonic generator 130152 coupled to an ultrasonic instrument 130150. The ultrasonic instrument 130150 is coupled to an ultrasonic end actuator 130400 via an ultrasonic waveguide 130154. The ultrasonic generator 130152 may be integral with the ultrasonic instrument 130150 or may be connected to the ultrasonic instrument 130150 using wired or wireless electrical/electronic coupling techniques. The end actuator 130400 of the ultrasonic surgical instrument 130150 comprises IR sensors located on the gripping arm 130402 (e.g., gripper member), in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The ultrasonic generator 130152 and/or the ultrasonic instrument 130150 may be coupled to the surgical hub 130160 and/or the cloud 130162 via wired or wireless connections as described in connection with Figures 1 through 11.

[00548] Figure 60 illustrates an IR reflectivity detection sensor circuit 130409 that may be integrally assembled or formed with the clamping arm 130402 of the ultrasonic end actuator 130400 to detect tissue composition, according to at least one aspect. of the present revelation. The IR sensing circuit 130409 includes an IR source 130416 (e.g., an IR transmitter) and an IR detector 130418 (e.g., an IR receiver). The IR source 130416 is coupled to a voltage source V. A current is generated through R2 when the control circuit 130420 closes the switch SW1. When switch SW1 is closed, the IR source 130416 emits IR energy toward the tissue 130410 (e.g., tissue trapped or situated between the clamping arm 130402 and the ultrasonic blade 130404). Part of the emitted IR energy is absorbed by the tissue 130410, part is transmitted through the tissue 130410, and part is reflected by the tissue 130410. The IR detector 130418 receives the IR energy reflected by the tissue 130410 and generates an output voltage Vo or a signal , which are applied to the 130420 control circuit for processing.

[00549] Referring to Figures 59 and 60, in one aspect, the ultrasonic generator 130152 includes the control circuit 130420 for driving the IR source 130416 and the IR detector 130418 located on or within the clamping arm 130402 of the actuator. In other aspects, the ultrasonic instrument 130150 includes the control circuit 130420 for driving the IR source 130416 and the IR detector 130418 located on or within the clamping arm 130402 of the ultrasonic end actuator 130400. In any of these aspects, when the tissue 130410 is clamped between the ultrasonic blade 130404 and the clamping arm 130402, the IR source 130416 is energized by the control circuit 130420 by closing switch SW1, for example, to illuminate the tissue with IR energy. . In one aspect, the IR detector 130418 generates a voltage Vo that is proportional to the IR energy reflected by the tissue 130410. The total IR energy emitted by the IR source 130416 is equal to the sum of the IR energy reflected by the tissue 130410, the IR energy absorbed by tissue 130410 and the IR energy passing through tissue 130410, plus any losses. Accordingly, the control circuit 130420 or the processor may be configured to detect the collagen content of the tissue 130410 by the amount of IR energy detected by the IR detector 130418 relative to the total amount of IR energy emitted by the IR source 130416. An algorithm takes into account the amount of energy absorbed by and/or transmitted through the tissue 130410 to determine the collagen content of the tissue 130410. The IR source 130416, the IR detector 130418, and the algorithms are calibrated to provide useful measurements of the collagen content. tissue collagen 130410 using the principles of IR reflectivity.

[00550] The IR reflectivity detection sensor circuit 130409 shown in Figure 60 provides IR surface reflectance and emissivity to determine the ratio of elastin to collagen. IR reflectance can be used to determine tissue composition to adjust the amplitude of an ultrasonic transducer. The index of refraction is an optical constant that controls the luminous reflection of infrared light. The refractive index can be used to differentiate tissue types. For example, refractive index contrast is shown to differentiate between normal liver tissue and liver metastases. The refractive index could be used as an absolute or comparative measure for tissue differentiation.

[00551] A comparative method employs a power-powered dissecting device, such as a 130404 ultrasonic blade, for example, to determine the exact ratio (as detailed above) and then predict the collagen ratio for all additional actuations using that index. as a baseline. In this way, an endoscope can update the dissection device (e.g., the 130404 ultrasonic blade) based on the collagen ratio. The dissection device can fine-tune the prediction each time it is triggered to make an actual shot of collagen denaturation. An alternative method may employ an absolute index with a look-up table that can differentiate between surface irregularities and collagen concentration beneath the surface. Additional information about tissue IR refractive index properties can be found in "Visible To NearInfrared Refractive Properties of Freshly-Excised Human-Liver Tissues: Marking Hepatic Malignancies"; Panagiotis Giannios, Konstantinos G. Toutouzas, Maria Matiatou, Konstantinos Stasinos, Manousos M. Konstadoulakis, George C. Zografos, and Konstantinos Moutzourisa; Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 27910, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[00552] In other aspects, the ultrasonic dissection device can be configured to change the optimal temperature of the ultrasonic blade control algorithm proportionally with the collagen ratio. For example, the ultrasonic blade temperature control algorithm can be modified based on the collagen ratio received from the control circuit 130420. As a specific example, the ultrasonic blade temperature control algorithm can be configured to reduce the set of temperatures at which the ultrasonic blade 130404 is held and increase the retention time that the ultrasonic blade 130404 is in contact with the tissue 130410 for higher concentrations of collagen in the trapped tissue 130410. As another example, the hold time for the algorithm going through a full activation cycle could be modified based on the collagen ratio. Various temperature control algorithms for ultrasonic blades are described in connection with Figures 43 to 54.

[00553] Figure 61 is a cross-sectional view of an ultrasonic end actuator 130400 comprising a clamping arm 130402 and an ultrasonic blade 130404, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. The gripper arm 130402 comprises IR reflectivity sensing sensor circuits 130409a, 130409b that may be integrally mounted or formed with the gripper arm 130402 of the ultrasonic end actuator 130400 to detect the composition of the fabric 130410. IR reflectivity sensors 130409a, 130409b can be mounted on a flexible circuit substrate 130412, which is shown in plan view in Figure 62. The flexible circuit substrate 130412 includes three elongated elements 130408a, 130408b, 130408c on which the IR reflectivity sensor circuits are mounted. IR reflectivity detection 130409a, 130409b and the IR sensors 130414a, 130414b. The IR sensors 130414a, 130414b may include IR sources 130416 and IR detectors 130418, as shown in Figure 60.

[00554] Figure 63 is a logic flow diagram of a process 130200 that represents a control program or logic configuration for measuring IR reflectance to determine tissue composition for adjusting the amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer. Process 130200 may be executed by a processor or control circuit of a surgical instrument, such as control circuit 760 of Figure 18, or a generator, such as processor 902 of Figure 21. For the sake of brevity, process 130200 will be described as being performed by a control circuit, but it should be understood that the following description covers the aforementioned variations.

[00555] Accordingly, with reference to Figures 1 to 54 and Figures 59 to 63, in one aspect, the control circuit energizes 130202 the IR source 130416 to apply IR energy to tissue 130410 attached to an end actuator 13400 of a ultrasonic instrument 130150. The control circuit 130204 then detects, via an IR detector 130418, the IR energy reflected by the tissue 130410. Consequently, the control circuit determines 130206 the collagen to elastin ratio of the tissue 130410 based on the detected IR energy reflected by tissue 130410. The control circuit adjusts 130208 the ultrasonic blade temperature control algorithm, as discussed in US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,768, entitled SMART ENERGY DEVICES, based on determining the ratio between tissue collagen and elastin. In one aspect, the collagen content of tissue 130410 can be detected according to the reflectivity of an IR light source 130416. In another aspect, the lower the collagen content of tissue 130410, the longer the heating time and The lower the final temperature of the ultrasonic blade 130404. In yet another aspect, the composition of the tissue 130410 may be the thickness or stiffness of the tissue and could be used to affect the control program of the ultrasonic blade transducer.

[00556] The ratio of elastin to collagen can be determined by monitoring the IR reflectance of the tissue and comparing the detected IR reflectance with a look-up table. The look-up table may be stored in memory (e.g., memory 3326 of Figure 31) and contains the ratio of elastin to collagen and a corresponding IR reflectance for a specific ratio as determined empirically.

Determination of the collagen/elastin ratio of the tissue according to the collagen transformation point

[00557] Different types of tissues are composed of different amounts of structural proteins, such as collagen and elastin, which provide different types of tissue with different properties. As heat is applied to tissue (e.g., by an ultrasonic blade), structural proteins denature, which affects the integrity and other properties of the tissue. However, structural proteins denature at different known temperatures. For example, collagen denatures before elastin. Consequently, by detecting at which temperature tissue properties change, the composition of the tissue can be inferred (for example, the ratio of collagen to elastin in the tissue). In various aspects, a control algorithm can be configured to determine the collagen to elastin ratio of a tissue by determining the collagen transformation point of the tissue. The control algorithm can in turn control various operating parameters of the surgical instrument, such as the amplitude of the ultrasonic blade, according to the determined tissue composition. In one aspect, the control algorithm can determine the collagen transformation point of the tissue by measuring the position of the actuating member of the clamping arm and the rate of change of its displacement while the load on the clamping arm is kept constant. . In another aspect, the control algorithm can determine the collagen transformation point of the tissue by directly measuring the temperature at the tissue/blade interface to identify the collagen/elastin percentage.

[00558] Figures 16 to 19 schematically illustrate motorized clamping arm closing mechanisms. Figure 40 is a system diagram 7400 of a segmented circuit 7401 comprising a plurality of independently operated circuit segments 7402, 7414, 7416, 7420, 7424, 7428, 7434, 7440, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, and Figure 35 is a circuit diagram of various components of a surgical instrument with motor control functions, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. For example, Figure 35 illustrates a drive mechanism 7930, which includes a closure drive train 7934 configured to close a gripper member for gripping fabric with the end actuator. Figures 38 and 39 illustrate control systems 12950, 12970 for controlling the rate of closure of the gripper member, as a portion of the clamping arm of an ultrasonic end actuator, and Figure 38 is a diagram of a control system. 12950 configured to provide progressive closure of a closure member as it advances distally to close the clamping arm to apply a closure force load at a desired rate in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, and Figure 39 illustrates a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller feedback control system 12970, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. Accordingly, in the following description of an ultrasonic system comprising a motorized clamping arm controller for controlling the closing rate and/or position of the clamping arm, reference should be made to Figures 16 to 19 and 38 to 41.

[00559] In one aspect, a control algorithm can be configured to detect the collagen transformation point of a trapped tissue and thereby control the application of ultrasonic energy to the tissue by controlling the phase and/or amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer trigger signal or clamping arm closing rate. For example, in one aspect, a control algorithm can be configured to control the force applied to the tissue by the clamping arm according to the collagen transformation point. This can be done by measuring the position of the clamping arm actuating member and its rate of change while the clamping arm load is kept constant within the coaptation pressure in a defined operating range (e.g., from 130 to 180 psi) corresponding to the specific instrument type.

[00560] Figure 64A is a graphical representation 130250 of the displacement of the clamping arm 1140 (Figure 23) as a function of time as the clamping arm 1140 is closed to identify the collagen transformation point, according to at least one aspect of the present revelation. Figure 64B is an enlarged portion 130256 of the graphical representation 130250 shown in Figure 64A. The horizontal geometric axis 130254 represents time (e.g. in seconds) and the vertical geometric axis 130252 represents the displacement of the clamping arm δ (e.g. in millimeters). In one aspect, a control algorithm may be configured to control the load applied to the tissue by the clamping arm 1140 (e.g., controlling the closing rate of the clamping arm 1140) as the ultrasonic blade 1128 (Figure 23) heats. the tissue according to the collagen transformation point of the tissue. In such an aspect, a control algorithm is configured to close the clamping arm 1140 until the clamping arm load reaches a threshold, which may include a specific value (e.g., 4.5 lb) or a range of values. (e.g. within a range of 3.5 to 5 lb). At this point, the control algorithm adjusts the threshold θ of the rate of change of clamp arm displacement, and monitors the displacement of clamp arm 1140. As long as the rate of change of clamp arm displacement remains within a predefined negative threshold (i.e. below the threshold θ), the control algorithm can determine that the tissue is below the transformation temperature. As shown in the graphical representation of Figures 64A and 64B, when the control algorithm determines that the displacement change rate of the clamping arm exceeds the threshold θ, the control algorithm can determine that the collagen melting temperature has been reached.

[00561] In one aspect, when the control algorithm determines that the transition temperature has been reached, the control algorithm can be configured to alter the operation of the ultrasonic instrument appropriately. For example, the control algorithm may switch the surgical instrument from load control mode (of clamping arm 1140) to temperature control mode. In another aspect, the control algorithm can maintain clamping arm load control after the collagen transformation temperature is reached, and monitor when a threshold of the clamping arm displacement rate of change is reached. The second threshold of the rate of change of clamping arm displacement may correspond, for example, to the transition temperature of elastin. The locations of the collagen and/or elastin transition temperatures in the plot 130258 of the clamping arm displacement over time can be called the "knee" points of the curve 130258. Consequently, in this regard, the control algorithm can be configured to change the operation of the ultrasonic instrument in the event that the second threshold of the clamping arm displacement rate of change (or elastin "knee") is reached and change the operation of the ultrasonic instrument accordingly. For example, the control algorithm may switch the surgical instrument from load control mode (of clamping arm 1140) to temperature control mode when the elastin knee in plot 130258 is detected.

[00562] The transformation of collagen must be constant for a given heat flow between 45°C and 50°C for collagen, with elastin having a different melting temperature. Additionally, the temperature must stabilize as the collagen absorbs heat. In some aspects, the control algorithm may be configured to sample the position of the clamping arm and/or the clamping arm travel member at a greater rate around specific temperatures or within temperature ranges (e.g., the expected temperature ranges for collagen and/or elastin transformation) to determine exactly when the monitored events occur.

[00563] In the aspect shown in Figures 64A and 64B, the control algorithm acts to switch the surgical instrument from load control mode to temperature control mode when the collagen transformation point is detected at time tm. Without switching the surgical instrument to temperature control mode, the displacement of the clamping arm would increase geometrically, as shown in projected curve 130260. In one aspect, the control algorithm operating in temperature control mode decreases the amplitude of the driving signal from the ultrasonic transducer to change the heat flux generated by the ultrasonic blade 1128, as shown by the flat portion of the plot 130258 after the threshold θ is reached. In some aspects, the control algorithm may be configured to increase the amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer drive signal after a given period of time to, for example, measure the rate of temperature increase to determine when the elastin transformation temperature has been reached. achieved. Consequently, when the closure rate of the gripping arm approaches the next knee (i.e., the elastin knee), the closing rate of the gripping arm may decrease. Clamping arm 1140 load control can be beneficial because in some cases it can provide better vessel sealing.

[00564] Figure 65 is a logic flow diagram of a process 130300 that represents a control program or logic configuration for detecting the collagen transformation point to control the closing rate of the clamping arm or the amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. Process 130300 may be performed by a control circuit or processor located in the surgical instrument or generator. Accordingly, the control circuit executing process 130300 measures 130302 a position of the actuating member of the gripping arm and its rate of change while maintaining constant the load on the gripper. As described previously, in one aspect, the load on the clamping arm is maintained within the coaptation pressure in a suitable range (130 to 180 psi) defined by the ultrasonic surgical instrument. When the grippers are subjected to a certain clamping arm load (e.g., 4.5 lb) or the clamping arm load is within a specific range (e.g., 3.5 to 5 lb), the clamping circuit control will adjust 130304 the rate of change of clamp arm displacement and monitor the position of the clamp arm actuation member for the period of time that the rate of change of clamp arm displacement remains within a predefined negative limit ( which corresponds to the tissue being below the collagen transformation temperature). Consequently, the control determines 130306 whether the rate of change of displacement of the clamping arm exceeds the established threshold, or, in other words, determines whether the tissue has reached the transition temperature. If the transition temperature has been reached, then the process proceeds along the SIM branch 130300, and the control circuit switches 130308 the surgical instrument to temperature control mode (e.g., controls the ultrasonic transducer to decrease or maintain the ultrasonic blade temperature). In one aspect, the control circuit continues to monitor the collagen transformation temperature. Alternatively, in the aspect depicted in Figure 65, if the transition temperature has not been reached, then the process 130300 proceeds along the NO branch and the control circuit maintains 130310 load control of the clamping arm 1140 and monitors the rate of changing the displacement of the clamping arm to determine when the next transition point (e.g., the elastin transition point) will occur for the clamped tissue. The control circuit may do this to, for example, prevent the tissue temperature from rising beyond the elastin transformation temperature.

[00565] It will be recognized that collagen transformation must be constant for a given heat flow (45°C to 50°C). It will also be recognized that the load control of the clamping arm 1140 may, in some cases, provide the best seal for specific types of tissues (e.g., vessels). During the period of time that collagen transformation is occurring, tissue temperature should stabilize as collagen absorbs heat. The control circuit may be configured to modulate the rate at which data points are collected around a specific temperature or temperatures of interest (e.g., transformation temperatures). Additionally, the control circuit can adjust the amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer drive signal to control the heat flow generated by the ultrasonic blade 1128 at different points in the surgical procedure. For example, the control circuit can decrease the amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer during the collagen transformation period. As another example, the control circuit may increase the amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer to measure the rate at which the temperature increases when elastin knee occurs. It will be recognized that as the elastin knee point approaches, the rate of temperature change will decrease.

[00566] In another aspect, a control algorithm can be configured to detect the collagen transformation temperature to identify the collagen/elastin percentage of the trapped tissue. As discussed above, the control algorithm can then control various operating parameters of the surgical instrument according to the identified trapped tissue composition.

[00567] Figure 66 is a graphical representation 130350 of identifying the collagen transformation temperature point to identify the collagen/elastin ratio, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The vertical axis 130352 represents the impedance of the ultrasonic transducer, and the horizontal axis 130632 represents the tissue temperature. The point where the shift in the rate of change of the ultrasonic transducer impedance occurs corresponds to the empirically determined collagen/tissue composition of the tissue. For example, if the shift in the rate of change of the ultrasonic transducer impedance occurs at the first temperature 130362, then the tissue composition will be 100% collagen. Consequently, if the shift in the rate of change of the ultrasonic transducer impedance occurs at the second temperature 130364, then the composition of the tissue will be 100% elastin. If the shift in the rate of change of the ultrasonic transducer impedance occurs between the first temperature 130362 and the second temperature 130364, then the tissue composition will be a mixture of collagen and elastin.

[00568] The collagen transformation temperature can be used to directly identify the percentage of collagen/elastin in the tissue, and a control algorithm can be configured to adjust the operation of the ultrasonic device accordingly. As shown in Figure 66, a 130356 plot represents the empirical relationship between ultrasonic transducer impedance and tissue temperature. As indicated by curve 130356, the impedance (Z) of the ultrasonic transducer increases linearly at a first rate of change (angular coefficient) as a function of the temperature (T) in the tissue contact area. At the collagen transformation temperature shown in the graph at point 130358, the rate of impedance change (Z) as a function of temperature (T) decreases to a second rate of change. At the point 130358 where the slope of the plot 130356 changes, the ratio of collagen to elastin may correspond to an empirically determined temperature 130360 (e.g., 85%). In one aspect, a control circuit or a processor executing the aforementioned algorithm may be configured to determine the temperature at which the impedance ratio of the ultrasonic transducer changes and then obtain the corresponding tissue composition (e.g., the percentage of collagen, the percentage of elastin, or the collagen/elastin ratio) from a memory (e.g., a lookup table).

[00569] Figure 67 is a flow diagram of a process 130450 for identifying the composition of a tissue according to the change in the impedance of the ultrasonic transducer, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. Process 130450 may be performed by a control circuit or processor located, for example, in the surgical instrument or generator. Consequently, the 130452 control circuit monitors the impedance (Z) of the ultrasonic transducer as a function of temperature (T). As previously described, the temperature (T) at the interface between the tissue and the ultrasonic blade can be inferred by the algorithms described here. The control circuit determines 130454 the rate of change of the impedance ΔZ/ΔT of the ultrasonic transducer. As the temperature at the interface between the ultrasonic blade and the tissue increases, the impedance (Z) increases linearly at a first rate, as shown in Figure 66. With this, the control circuit determines 130456 whether the angular coefficient ΔZ/ΔT changed (e.g. decreased). If the slope ΔZ/ΔT has not changed, then the process 130450 proceeds along the NO branch and continues to determine 130454 the slope ΔZ/ΔT. If the slope ΔZ/ΔT has changed, the 130458 control circuit determines that the collagen transition temperature has been reached.

[00570] The ratio of elastin to collagen can be determined by monitoring the collagen transformation point of the tissue and comparing the detected collagen transformation point with a look-up table. The look-up table may be stored in memory (e.g., memory 3326 of Figure 31) and contains the ratio of elastin to collagen and a corresponding collagen transformation point for a specific empirically determined ratio.

Adjusting the force of the clamping arm according to the location of the fabric

[00571] In various aspects, a control algorithm can be configured to determine the location of a tissue within or relative to an end actuator, and adjust the force of the clamping arm accordingly. In one aspect, the tissue can be identified or parameterized by measuring the compression force load on the gripping arm and the position of the tissue within the gripper, e.g., the location along the length of the ultrasonic blade where the tissue is located. placed on. In one aspect, the time to initial load measured on the gripper arm is measured, and then the rate of compression on the tissue is measured to determine the compressibility of the tissue as a function of the amount of tissue located along the length of the gripper. The rate of change of grip arm actuator position is monitored in load control mode as a way to determine tissue compressibility and therefore tissue type/disease status.

[00572] Figure 68 is a graphical representation 130500 of the distribution of compression load along an ultrasonic blade 130404, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The vertical axis 130502 represents the force applied to the fabric by the clamping arm 1140, and the horizontal axis 130504 represents the position. The 130404 ultrasonic blade is sized so that there are periodic nodes and antinodes that occur along the length of the blade. The location of the nodes/antinodes is determined by the wavelength of the ultrasonic displacement induced in the ultrasonic blade 130404 by the ultrasonic transducer. The ultrasonic transducer is driven by an electrical signal of suitable amplitude and frequency. As is known in the art, a node is a point of minimum or zero displacement of the ultrasonic blade 130404 and an antinode is a point of maximum displacement of the ultrasonic blade 130404.

[00573] In the graphical representation 130500, the ultrasonic blade 130404 is represented so that the nodes and antinodes are aligned with their corresponding position along the horizontal geometric axis 130504. The graphical representation 130500 includes a first plot 130506 and a second plot 130508. As represented by any of curves 130506, 130508, the compression force applied to the ultrasonic blade 130404 decreases exponentially from a proximal end of the ultrasonic blade 130404 to a distal end of the ultrasonic blade 130404. In this way, the tissue 130410 situated at the distal end of the ultrasonic blade 130404 is subjected to a much lower compression force compared to the tissue 130410 situated closer to the proximal end of the ultrasonic blade 130404. The first plot 130506 may represent a standard closure of the clamping arm 1140 where the resulting force is applied to the tissue distal 130410 is represented as F1. Generally speaking, the amount of force applied by the clamping arm 1140 to the tissue 130410 cannot be arbitrarily greatly increased because, in such a case, an excessive amount of force could be applied to the tissue 130410 situated proximally along the ultrasonic blade 130404. In However, by monitoring the location of tissue 130410 along the ultrasonic sheet 130404 (e.g., as discussed above under the heading "Determining Tissue Location by Changing Impedance" and as discussed below under the heading "Determining Location of Tissue tissue through continuity between electrodes"), a control algorithm may amplify the force applied to the tissue 130410 by the clamping arm 1140 in situations where the tissue 130410 is located only at the distal end of the ultrasonic blade 130404, as in the situation shown in Figure 68. For example, the second plot 130508 may represent a modified closure of the clamping arm 1140 with the control algorithm determining that the tissue 130410 is situated only at the distal end of the ultrasonic blade 130404 and correspondingly increasing the applied force to the distal tissue 130410 by the clamping arm 1140 to a value F2 (F2 > F1).

[00574] Figure 69 is a graphical representation 130520 of pressure applied to tissue as a function of time, in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. The vertical axis 130522 represents the pressure (e.g., in N/mm2) applied to the tissue, and the horizontal axis 130524 represents time. The first plot 130526 represents a normal or standard compression force applied to the distal tissue 130410 without amplification. During a standard closure of the clamping arm 1140, the compression force applied to the fabric 130410 is maintained at a constant value after an initial period of elevation. The second plot 130528 represents the amplified compression force applied to the distal tissue 130410 to compensate for the presence of only distal tissue 130410. In the modified closure of the clamping arm 1140, the pressure is increased 130530 compared to the standard closure until eventually the force of amplified compression return 130532 to normal compression levels to prevent burning/melting through the clamping arm block 1140.

Determination of tissue location through interelectrode continuity

[00575] In various aspects, a control algorithm may be configured to determine the location of a tissue within or relative to an end actuator in accordance with electrical continuity in an array of bipolar electrodes (i.e., positive and negative ) positioned along a jaw or jaws of the end actuator. The location of the tissue detectable by the bipolar electrode array may correspond to the specific position of the tissue relative to the claw(s) and/or the percentage of the claw(s) covered by the tissue. In one aspect, the positive and negative electrodes are separated by a physical space so as to establish electrical continuity between the electrodes when the tissue connects the positive and negative electrodes. The positive and negative electrodes are configured in an array or array so that a processor or control circuit can be configured to detect where tissue is located between the positive and negative electrodes by monitoring or scanning the electrode array. In one aspect, the bipolar electrode array may be positioned along a claw of an end actuator. Accordingly, a control circuit or processor coupled to the bipolar electrode array can be configured to detect electrical continuity between adjacent electrodes to detect the presence of tissue against them. In another aspect, the bipolar electrode array can be positioned along opposing jaws of an end actuator. Accordingly, a control circuit or processor coupled to the bipolar electrode array can be configured to detect electrical continuity between opposing claws to detect the presence of tissue therebetween.

[00576] Determining which surface area of the gripper(s) is covered with tissue allows a control algorithm to determine the appropriate coaptation pressure for the amount of tissue gripped by the end actuator and then calculate the corresponding load of the gripper(s) clamping arm. Clamping arm load can be expressed in terms of applied pressure (e.g., 130 to 180 psi) or applied force (e.g., 3.5 to 5 lb or nominally 4.5 lb). In some aspects, the bipolar electrode array may receive power from a bipolar or monopolar RF electrosurgical generator at the positive and negative electrodes. The power output of the generator may be a range of constant, variable, or minimum values (e.g., 45 W, 35 W, or 5 W), a function of various variables associated with the surgical instrument and/or the generator (e.g., amplitude of ultrasonic blade or clamping arm force), or dictated by an algorithm to control the generator according to its power curve (e.g. during generator boost).

[00577] Figure 70 illustrates an end actuator 130400 that includes a simple claw electrode array for sensing tissue location, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the aspect shown, the end actuator 130400 includes a first gripper 130430 that has an electrode array 130431 disposed thereon and a second gripper 130432. The electrode array 130431 includes electrodes 130429 coupled to a power source, such as a power generator. RF. The end actuator 130400 may include an end actuator for an ultrasonic surgical instrument wherein the second claw 130432 is, for example, an ultrasonic blade 1128 (Figure 23), an electrosurgical instrument, an end actuator for a stapling instrument, and surgical cutting, and so on. The second claw 130432 may include, for example, an ultrasonic blade 1128 (Figure 23) or a cooperating claw of an electrosurgical or surgical stapling and cutting instrument. In the aspect shown, the electrode array 130431 includes 12 electrodes 130429 arranged in a generally zigzag shaped pattern; however, the number, shape, and arrangement of electrodes 130429 in electrode array 130431 are for illustrative purposes only. Accordingly, the electrode array 130431 may include various numbers, shapes, and/or arrangements of electrodes 130429. For example, the number of electrodes 130429 may be adjusted according to the desired resolution for detecting tissue position.

[00578] In one aspect, the electrode array 130431 may include electrodes 130429 that are separated by a physical gap and alternate in polarity or are coupled to opposite terminals (i.e., a supply terminal and a return terminal) of a power supply. For example, in the aspect shown, the even-numbered electrodes 130429 may be of a first polarity (e.g., positive polarity or coupled to a power terminal of a power source), and the odd-numbered electrodes 130429 may be a second polarity (e.g., negative or coupled to a return terminal of a power source). Consequently, when the fabric 130410 comes into contact with adjacent electrodes 130429, the fabric 130410 physically and electrically connects the bipolar electrodes 130429 and allows current to flow therebetween. Current flow between the bipolar electrodes 130429 may be detected by a control algorithm executed by a control circuit or a processor coupled to the electrode array 130431, thereby allowing the control circuit or processor to detect the presence of fabric 130410.

[00579] Tissue detection by electrode array 130431 can be represented graphically by an activation matrix. For example, Figure 71 illustrates an activation matrix 130550 that indicates the position of the tissue 130410 according to the electrode array 130431 depicted in Figure 70. The vertical axis 130554 and the horizontal axis 130555 represent the electrodes 130429 of the activation matrix. electrodes 130431, wherein the numbers along the geometric axes 130554, 130555 represent correspondingly numbered electrodes 130429. The activation regions 130552 indicate where continuity is present between the corresponding electrodes 130429, that is, where tissue 130410 is present. In Figure 70, a fabric 130410 is present on the first, second, and third electrodes 130429 and, as discussed above, in some aspects, the polarity of the electrodes 130429 may alternate. Consequently, there is electrical continuity between the first and second electrodes 130429 and between the second and third electrodes 130429. It should be noted that, in this described aspect, there would be no continuity between the first and third electrodes 130429 because they would have the same polarity. Continuity between these electrodes 130429 is indicated graphically by the activation regions 130552 in the activation matrix 130550. It should also be noted that the region 130553 bounded by the activation regions 130552 is not indicated as activated because, in this aspect described, an electrode 130429 does not can continue with itself. A control algorithm executed by a control circuit or a processor coupled to the electrode array 130431 may be configured to infer the position of the tissue 130410 in the end actuator 130400 (as the locations of the electrodes 130429 would be known), the aspect ratio of the grippers 130430 , 130432 of the end actuator 130400 covered by the fabric 130410, etc., because the location of the fabric corresponds to the specific electrodes 130429 where electrical continuity has been established.

[00580] Figure 72 illustrates an end actuator 130400 that includes a dual-prong electrode array for detecting tissue location, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the aspect shown, the end actuator 130400 includes a first gripper 130430 that has a first electrode array 130431 disposed thereon, and a second gripper 130432 that has a second electrode array 130433 disposed thereon. Electrode arrays 130431, 130433 each include electrodes 130429 coupled to a power source, such as an RF generator. The end actuator 130400 may include an end actuator for an electrosurgical instrument, an end actuator for a surgical stapling and cutting instrument, and so on. As discussed above, the number, shape and/or arrangement of electrodes 130429 may vary in several respects. For example, in Figure 75 electrode arrays 130431, 130433 are arranged in overlapping rectangular or tiling patterns.

[00581] In one aspect, opposing electrodes 130429 in electrode arrays 130431, 130433 are separated by a physical gap, and each electrode array 130431, 130433 is of an opposite polarity or is coupled to an opposite terminal (i.e., a supply terminal and a return terminal) of a power source. For example, in the aspect shown, the first electrode array 130431 may be of a first polarity (e.g., positive polarity or coupled to a power terminal of a power source), and the second electrode array 130433 may be of a second polarity (e.g., negative or coupled to a return terminal of a power source). Consequently, when the fabric 130410 comes into contact with an electrode 130429 of each of the opposing electrode arrays 130431, 130433, the fabric 130410 physically and electrically connects the bipolar electrodes 130429 and allows current to flow therebetween. Current flow between the bipolar electrodes 130429 may be detected by a control algorithm executed by a control circuit or a processor coupled to the electrode arrays 130431, 130433, thereby allowing the control circuit or processor to detect the presence of tissue 130410.

[00582] As discussed above, an activation matrix can graphically represent the presence of tissue. For example, Figure 73 illustrates an activation matrix 130556 that indicates the position of tissue 130410 as depicted in Figure 74. The vertical axis 130557 represents electrodes 130429 of the first electrode array 130431 and the horizontal axis 130558 represents electrodes 130429 of the second electrode array 130433, where the numbers along the axes 130557, 130558 represent the correspondingly numbered electrodes 130429 for each electrode array 130431, 130433. The activation regions 130552 indicate where continuity is present between the corresponding electrodes 130429 , that is, where tissue 130410 is present. In Figure 74, a fabric 130410 is positioned against the first, second and third electrodes 130431a, 130431b, 130431c of the first electrode array 130431 and against the first, second and third electrodes 130433a, 130433b, 130433c of the second electrode array. electrodes 130433. Consequently, there is electrical continuity between each such electrode array of opposing electrode arrays 130431, 130433 since current can flow between such opposing electrode arrays. The electrodes between which there is continuity due to the position of the trapped tissue 130410 are graphically indicated by the activation regions 130552 in the activation matrix 130556 of Figure 73. Additionally, due to the fact that the tissue 130410 is not positioned against the fourth, the fifth and the sixth electrodes 130431d, 130431e, 130431f of the first electrode array 130431, and against the fourth, fifth and sixth electrodes 130433d, 130433e, 130433f of the second electrode array 130433, there is no electrical continuity between these electrodes. A control algorithm executed by a control circuit or a processor coupled to the electrode arrays 130431, 130433 may be configured to infer the position of the tissue 130410 within the end actuator 130400 (since the locations of the electrodes 130429 would be known, as per indicated in Figure 74), the proportion of the claws 130430, 130432 of the end actuator 130400 covered by the fabric 130410, etc., because the location of the fabric corresponds to the specific electrodes 130429 where electrical continuity has been established. In the example shown, the activated electrodes of the first and second electrode arrays 130431, 130433 are the electrodes 130429 that overlap and where there is tissue 130410 situated between them.

[00583] In another aspect, the end actuator may be configured to transmit a plurality of signals or "pings" at different frequencies and the electrode array may be coupled to a circuit including corresponding band pass filters that may, each, detect a signal or signals of specific frequency through a frequency domain transform. Various portions of the electrode array circuit may include band pass filters tuned to different frequencies. Therefore, the location of the tissue trapped by the end actuator corresponds to the specific signals detected. Signals may be transmitted, for example, at a non-therapeutic frequency (e.g., frequencies above the therapeutic frequency range for RF electrosurgical instruments). The electrode array circuit may include, for example, a flexible circuit.

[00584] Figure 75 illustrates an end actuator 130400 that includes a first gripper 130430 with a first segmented electrode array 130431 and a second gripper 130432 with a second segmented electrode array 130433, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. . Additionally, Figure 76 illustrates a tissue 130410 held by the end actuator 130400, overlapping the second gripper 130432. In one aspect, the first electrode array 130431 is configured to transmit signals at various frequencies (e.g., non-therapeutic frequencies). , and the second electrode array 130433 is configured to receive the signals through a tissue 130410 secured by the end actuator 130400 (i.e., when a tissue 130410 is in contact with both electrode arrays 130431, 130433). The second electrode array 130433 may include a segmented electrode array circuit 130600, as shown in Figure 77, wherein each segment of the circuit includes a band pass filter 130601 coupled to each electrode 130602 of the second electrode array 130433. Each bandpass filter 130601 may include one or more capacitors 130604 and one or more inductors 130606, wherein the number, arrangement, and values of capacitors 130604 and inductors 130606 may be selected to synchronize each bandpass filter 130601 with a specific frequency or frequency band. Because tissue 130410 functions as the signal conducting medium between electrode arrays 130431, 130433, and different portions of the second electrode array 130433 are adjusted to detect signals of varying frequencies (through differently adjusted band pass filters 130601 ), a control algorithm executed by a control circuit or a processor coupled to electrode arrays 130431, 130433 may be configured to infer the position of tissue 130410 based on which signals are detected. In the aspect shown, electrode arrays 130431, 130433 include six electrode segments 130602 arranged in a generally tiled pattern with a semicircular end segment; however, the number, shape and arrangement of electrodes 130602 in the electrode array 130431, 130433 are for illustrative purposes only. Accordingly, electrode arrays 130431, 130433 may include various numbers, shapes, and/or arrangements of electrodes 130602. For example, the number of electrodes 130602 may be adjusted according to the desired resolution for detecting tissue position.

[00585] Figure 78 is a graphical representation 130650 of the frequency response corresponding to the trapped tissue 130410 shown in Figure 76, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The vertical axis 130652 represents amplitude and the horizontal axis 130654 represents RF frequency. In one aspect, the second electrode array 130433 includes a first electrode circuit segment 130602a set in a frequency band defined by a first center frequency fS1 (e.g., 5 MHz), a second electrode circuit segment 130602b set at a frequency band defined by a second center frequency fS2 (e.g., 10 MHz), a third electrode circuit segment 130602c set in a frequency band defined by a third center frequency fS3 (e.g., 15 MHz), and a fourth electrode circuit segment 130602d set in a frequency band defined by a fourth center frequency fS4 (e.g., 20 MHz). As shown in Figure 78, the detection frequency bands define a range of detection frequencies 130658 above the range of therapeutic frequencies 130656 defined by fT1 (e.g., 300 kHz) to fT2 (e.g., 500 kHz) and/or a preferred therapeutic frequency (e.g. 350 kHz). In one aspect, the center detection frequencies fS1, fS2, fS3, fS4 in the detection frequency range 130658 are each separated by a defined frequency value (e.g., 5 MHz). Additionally, although the detection frequency range 130658 is shown including four detection frequency bands, this is for illustrative purposes only. In the example shown, the tethered tissue 130410 is in contact with the second, third, and fourth electrode circuit segments 130602b, 130602c, 130602d. Consequently, the detected frequency response includes peaks 130655b, 130655c, 130655d at each of the corresponding frequencies. A control algorithm could therefore infer the position of the fabric 130410 from the detected frequency response, that is, the control circuitry could determine that the fabric 130410 is positioned within the end actuator 130400 and is therefore in contact with the second, third and fourth electrode circuit segments 130602b, 130602c, 130602d and not with other circuit segments. The control algorithm can thus infer the position of the fabric 130410 relative to the claws 130430, 130432 of the end actuator 130400 and/or the percentage of the claws 130430, 130432 in contact with the fabric 130410.

Adaptive ultrasonic blade temperature monitoring

[00586] In one aspect, an adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be used to adjust various operating parameters of the ultrasonic system based on the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. The operating parameters controlled or regulated by the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm may include, for example, the amplitude of the ultrasonic blade, the drive control signal of the ultrasonic transducer, the pressure applied by the clamping arm, etc. The adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm may be executed by a control circuit or processor located in the generator or surgical instrument.

[00587] In an example described in more detail below, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm dynamically monitors the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and adjusts the amplitude of the ultrasonic blade and/or the signal provided to the ultrasonic transducer as appropriate. In another example described in more detail below, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm dynamically monitors the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and adjusts the clamping arm pressure as appropriate. The adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can measure the temperature of the ultrasonic blade through various techniques, such as by analyzing the frequency spectrum of the ultrasonic transducer, as discussed above under the heading "Temperature Inference". Other techniques for determining ultrasonic blade temperature employ non-contact imaging. These and other techniques are described in detail in the present disclosure and additional details can be found in US provisional patent application No. 62/692,768, entitled SMART ENERGY DEVICES.

Adjustment of ultrasonic system parameters according to temperature

[00588] In one aspect, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be used to adjust the operating parameters of the ultrasonic system based on the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. As discussed above under the heading "Temperature Inference", the natural frequency of the ultrasonic blade/transducer varies with temperature and thus the temperature of the ultrasonic blade can be inferred from the phase angle between the voltage and temperature signals. current applied to drive the ultrasonic transducer. Additionally, the temperature of the ultrasonic blade corresponds to the temperature of the tissue. In some aspects, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to detect the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and modulate the operating parameters of the surgical instrument accordingly. Operating parameters may include, for example, the frequency of the ultrasonic transducer drive signal, the amplitude of the ultrasonic blade (which may, for example, correspond to the magnitude or amplitude of the electrical current supplied to the ultrasonic transducer), the pressure applied by the arm tightening, and so on. The adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm may be executed by a control circuit or processor located in the generator or surgical instrument.

[00589] Accordingly, in one aspect, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm detects the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic blade, as previously described under the heading "Temperature Inference", and then monitors the resonance frequency along the time to detect a modal shift in the resonant frequency waveform. A shift in the resonant waveform can be correlated with the occurrence of a change in the system, such as an increase in the temperature of the ultrasonic blade. In some aspects, an adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to adjust the amplitude of the ultrasonic drive signal, and therefore the amplitude of displacement of the ultrasonic blade, to measure tissue temperature. In other aspects, an adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to control the amplitude of the ultrasonic drive signal, and therefore the amplitude of displacement of the ultrasonic blade, according to the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and/or the tissue. to maintain the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and/or tissue at a predefined value or within predefined limits (e.g., to allow the ultrasonic blade to cool if its temperature is becoming too high). In still other aspects, an adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to modulate the RF energy and waveform of an electrosurgical instrument to, for example, minimize excess temperature or alter the heat flow of the ultrasonic blade. , based on tissue impedance, tissue temperature, and/or ultrasonic blade temperature. More details about these and other functions have been described with reference to Figures 95 to 100, for example.

[00590] Figure 79 is a graphical representation 130700 of the frequency of the ultrasonic transducer system as a function of the drive frequency and temperature deviation of the ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The horizontal axis 130704 represents the drive frequency (e.g., in Hz) applied to the ultrasonic system (e.g., the ultrasonic transducer and/or the ultrasonic blade), and the vertical axis 130702 represents the phase angle of the resulting impedance (e.g. in rads). The first plot 130706 represents a resonant waveform characteristic of the ultrasonic system at room or normal temperature. As can be seen in the first plot 130706, the ultrasonic system is in phase when driven at the excitation frequency fe (because the impedance phase angle is equal to or close to 0 rad). Consequently, fe represents the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic system at room temperature. The second plot 130708 represents a characteristic waveform of the ultrasonic system after increasing the temperature of the ultrasonic system. As indicated in Figure 79, as the temperature of the ultrasonic system increases, the characteristic waveform (represented by the first plot 130706) of the ultrasonic blade and ultrasonic transducer shifts to the left, for example, to a lower frequency range. Due to the shift in the frequency waveform of the ultrasonic system, it is no longer in phase when activated at the excitation frequency fe. Instead, the resonance frequency has shifted to a value lower than f‘e. Therefore, a control circuit coupled to the ultrasonic system can detect or infer the temperature change in the ultrasonic system by detecting the variation in the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic system and/or by detecting when the ultrasonic system is out of phase when activated in a previously established resonance frequency.

[00591] Correspondingly, in some aspects, a control circuit coupled to the ultrasonic system may be configured to control the drive signal applied to the ultrasonic system by the generator in accordance with the inferred temperature of the ultrasonic system to maintain the ultrasonic system in phase . Keeping the ultrasonic system in phase can be a technique used to, for example, control the temperature of the ultrasonic system. As discussed above, the resonant frequency at which the voltage and current signals are in phase changes from fe (e.g., 55.5 kHz) at normal temperature to f'e depending on the temperature of the ultrasonic blade and/or transducer. ultrasonic increases. Therefore, as the temperature of the ultrasonic system increases, a control circuit can control the generator to change the frequency at which the ultrasonic system is driven from fe to f' and to keep the ultrasonic system in phase with the generator drive signal. For a further description of the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithms, see the description associated with Figures 43A through 54 mentioned earlier in this document.

[00592] Figure 80 is a graphical representation 130750 of the temperature of the ultrasonic transducer as a function of time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The vertical axis 130752 represents the temperature of the ultrasonic transducer, and the horizontal axis 130754 represents time. In one aspect, as the temperature of the ultrasonic transducer (represented by plot 130756) meets or exceeds a temperature threshold T1, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm controls the ultrasonic transducer to maintain the temperature of the ultrasonic transducer at an equal value or lower than the T1 temperature threshold. The adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can control the temperature of the ultrasonic transducer, for example, by modulating the power and/or drive signal applied to the ultrasonic transducer. A further description of algorithms and techniques for controlling the temperature of an ultrasonic blade/transducer can be found under the headings "Feedback Control Circuit" and "Temperature Controlled Ultrasonic Sealing Algorithm" in the present disclosure, and in the patent application provisional US No. 62/640,417, entitled TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ULTRASONIC DEVICE AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, filed on March 8, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[00593] Figure 81 is a graphical representation of the modal shift of the resonance frequency based on the temperature of the ultrasonic blade by varying the resonance frequency as a function of the temperature of the ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the first graph 130800, the vertical geometric axis 130802 represents the change in resonance frequency (Δf), and the horizontal geometric axis 130804 represents the drive frequency of the generator's ultrasonic transducer. In the second, third and fourth graphs 130810, 130820, 130830, the vertical geometric axes 130812, 130822, 130832 represent, respectively, frequency (f), current (I) and temperature (T), and the horizontal geometric axes 130814 , 130824, 130834 represent time (t). The first graph 130810 represents the frequency shift of the ultrasonic system due to temperature change. The second graph 130820 represents the current in the ultrasonic transducer, or the amplitude adjustment, to keep the frequency and temperature stable. The third graph 130830 represents the change in the temperature of the tissue and/or the ultrasonic system. Graphs 130800, 130810, 130820, 130830 together demonstrate the operation of a control algorithm configured to control the temperature of an ultrasonic system.

[00594] The control algorithm can be configured to control the ultrasonic system (e.g., the ultrasonic transducer and/or the ultrasonic blade) when the temperature of the ultrasonic system approaches a temperature threshold T1. In one aspect, the control algorithm can be configured to determine that the temperature threshold T1 is approaching or has been reached, depending on whether the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic system has decreased by a threshold ΔfR. As indicated by the first plot 130800, the change in frequency threshold ΔfR corresponding to the temperature threshold T1 may in turn be a function of the drive frequency fD of the ultrasonic system (as represented by plot 130806). As indicated by the second graph 130810 and the fourth graph 130830, as the temperature of the tissue and/or the ultrasonic sheet increases (as represented by the temperature plot 130836), the resonance frequency correspondingly decreases (as represented by the plot of frequency 130816). As the temperature plot 130836 approaches a temperature threshold T1 (e.g., 130 °C) at time t1, the resonance frequency drops from f1 to f2, causing the resonance frequency to reach the frequency change threshold ΔfR of the control algorithm, and thus causing the control algorithm to act to stabilize the temperature of the ultrasonic system. By monitoring the change in the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic system, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can monitor the temperature of the ultrasonic system. Additionally, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to adjust (e.g., decrease) the electrical current applied to the ultrasonic transducer or otherwise adjust the amplitude of the ultrasonic blade (represented by the current plot 130826) to stabilize the temperature. of the tissue and/or the ultrasonic blade and/or the resonance frequency when the temperature is equal to or exceeds the T1 temperature threshold.

[00595] In another aspect, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm may be configured to adjust (e.g., decrease) the pressure applied by the clamping arm to the tissue when the temperature equals or exceeds the temperature threshold T1. In various other aspects, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to adjust a variety of other operating parameters associated with the ultrasonic system according to temperature. In another aspect, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to monitor multiple temperature thresholds. For example, a second temperature threshold T2 may represent, for example, a melting or failure temperature of the clamping arm. Consequently, the adaptive ultrasonic blade control algorithm can be configured to act similarly or differently based on the specific temperature threshold that has been reached or exceeded.

[00596] In several aspects, non-contact imaging can be used to determine the temperature of the ultrasonic sheet in addition to or in place of the aforementioned techniques. For example, shortwave thermography can be used to measure ultrasonic blade temperature by imaging the blade from the surrounding stationary floor using a CMOS imaging sensor. Non-contact thermographic monitoring of ultrasonic waveguide or ultrasonic blade temperature can be used to control tissue temperature. In other aspects, non-contact imaging can be used to determine the surface and finish conditions of the ultrasonic sheet to improve the temperature of the tissue and/or the ultrasonic sheet through near-infrared (IR) detection techniques.

Determination of the state of the claws

[00597] One challenge of applying ultrasonic energy is that ultrasonic acoustics applied to the wrong materials or the wrong tissue can result in device failures, for example, complete burnout of the clamping arm block or breakage of the ultrasonic blade. It is also desirable to detect what is located in the jaws of an end actuator of an ultrasonic device and the state of the jaws without including additional sensors in the jaws. Installing sensors in the jaws of an ultrasonic end actuator poses reliability, cost, and complexity challenges.

[00598] Ultrasonic spectroscopy smart blade algorithm techniques can be employed to estimate the state of the claw (complete burnout of the gripping arm block, staples, broken blade, presence of bone in the claw, presence of tissue in the claw, retrograde cutting with clamp closed, etc.) based on impedance of an ultrasonic transducer configured to drive an ultrasonic blade, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The impedance Zg(t), the magnitude |Z| and phase ^ are plotted as a function of frequency f.

[00599] Dynamic mechanical analysis (AMD), also known as dynamic mechanical spectroscopy or simply mechanical spectroscopy, is a technique used to study and characterize materials. A sinusoidal mechanical stress is applied to the material, and the stretch in the material is measured, allowing the complex modulus of the material to be determined. Spectroscopy applied to ultrasonic devices includes exciting the tip of the ultrasonic blade with a sweep of frequencies (composite signals or traditional frequency sweeps) and measuring the resulting complex impedance at each frequency. Complex impedance measurements of the ultrasonic transducer over a range of frequencies are used in a classifier or model to infer the characteristics of the ultrasonic end actuator. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a technique for determining the state of an ultrasonic end actuator (grip arm, gripper) to trigger automation in the ultrasonic device (such as disabling power to secure the device, running adaptive algorithms, retrieving information , identify tissue, etc.).

[00600] Figure 82 shows 132030 spectra of an ultrasonic device with a variety of different end actuator states and conditions where the impedance Zg(t), the magnitude |Z| and phase ^ are plotted as a function of frequency f, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The 132030 spectra are plotted in three-dimensional space where the frequency (Hz) is plotted along the x-axis, the phase (rad) is plotted along the y-axis, and the magnitude (ohms) is plotted along the geometric z.

[00601] Spectral analysis of different claw bites and device states produces different characteristic complex impedance patterns (fingerprints) over a range of frequencies for different conditions and states. Each state or condition has a different characteristic pattern in 3D space when plotted. These characteristic patterns can be used to estimate the condition and state of the end actuator. Figure 82 shows the spectra for air 132032, clamping arm block 132034, chamois 132036, staple 132038, and broken blade 132040. Suede 132036 can be used to characterize different types of fabric.

[00602] The 132030 spectra can be evaluated by applying a low-power electrical signal through the ultrasonic transducer to produce a non-therapeutic excitation of the ultrasonic blade. The low power electrical signal can be applied in the form of a sweep or a composite Fourier series to measure impedance through the ultrasonic transducer in a range of frequencies in series (sweep) or in parallel (composite signal) using an FFT.

New data classification methods

[00603] For each characteristic pattern, a parametric line can be fitted to the data used for training with the use of a polynomial, a Fourier series, or any other form of parametric equation dictated by convenience. A new data point is then received and is classified using the Euclidean perpendicular distance between the new data point and the trajectory that was fitted to the characteristic pattern training data. The perpendicular distance from the new data point to each of the trajectories (each trajectory representing a different state or condition) is used to assign the point to a state or condition.

[00604] The probability distribution of the distance from each point in the training data to the fitted curve can be used to estimate the probability of a correctly classified new data point. This essentially constructs a two-dimensional probability distribution in a plane perpendicular to the fitted trajectory at each new data point of the fitted trajectory. The new data point can then be included in the training set based on its probability of correct classification to create an adaptive learning classifier that readily detects high-frequency changes in states but adapts to slow-occurring deviations in system performance. , such as a device that becomes dirty or the block that wears out.

[00605] Figure 83 is a graphical representation of a 132042 plot of a 3D training data set (S), where the impedance Zg(t), the magnitude |Z| and the phase ^ of the ultrasonic transducer are plotted as a function of frequency f, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The 132042 plot of the 3D training data set (S) is plotted in three-dimensional space where phase (rad) is plotted along the x axis, frequency (Hz) is plotted along the y axis, the amplitude (kOhms) is plotted along the z axis, and a parametric Fourier series is fitted to the 3D training data set (S). A methodology for classifying data is based on the 3D training dataset (S0 is used to generate the 132042 plot).

[00606] The parametric Fourier series fitted to the 3D training data set (S) is given by:

[00607] For a new point z, the perpendicular distance between pitch and z is given by:

[00608] When:

[00609] Then:

[00610] A probability distribution of D can be used to estimate the probability of a data point z belonging to group S.

Control

[00611] Based on the classification of data measured before, during, or after activation of the ultrasonic transducer/blade, a variety of automated tasks and safety measures can be implemented. Similarly, the state of the tissue in the end actuator and the temperature of the ultrasonic blade can also be inferred to a certain extent and used to provide the user with more accurate information about the state of the ultrasonic device or to protect critical structures, etc. Temperature control of an ultrasonic blade is described in US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/640,417, filed March 8, 2018, entitled TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ULTRASONIC DEVICE AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[00612] Similarly, energy application may be reduced when there is a high probability that the ultrasonic blade is in contact with the clamping arm block (e.g., there is no tissue between the blade and the block) or if There is a probability that the ultrasonic blade has broken or is touching metal (for example, a staple). Additionally, retrograde cutting may not be permitted if the gripper is closed and no tissue is detected between the ultrasonic blade and the clamping arm block.

Integration of other data to improve ranking

[00613] This system can be used in conjunction with other information provided by sensors, the user, patient metrics, environmental factors, etc., by combining the data obtained from this process with the aforementioned data using probability and a Kalman filter. The Kalman filter determines the maximum probability of a state or condition occurring given an infinite number of uncertain measurements with varying degrees of confidence. Because this method allows the assignment of a probability to a newly classified data point, the information from this algorithm can be implemented with other measurements or estimates in a Kalman filter.

[00614] Figure 84 is a logic flow diagram 132044 of a process representing a control program or logic configuration for determining gripper conditions based on the characteristic complex impedance pattern (fingerprint), in accordance with at least an aspect of the present revelation. Before determining clamp conditions based on the complex impedance characteristic pattern (fingerprint), a database is populated with reference to complex impedance characteristic patterns or training data sets (S) that characterize various clamp conditions. , including, without limitation, air 132032, grip arm block 132034, chamois 132036, staple 132038, broken blade 132040, as shown in Figure 82, and a variety of fabric types and conditions. Dry or wet suede, in full bite or just the tip, can be used to characterize different types of fabric. The data points used to generate complex impedance characteristic patterns or a training data set (S) are obtained by applying a subtherapeutic drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer, sweeping the drive frequency over a predetermined range of frequencies , from frequencies below resonance to frequencies above resonance, measuring the complex impedance at each of the frequencies and recording the data points. The data points are then fitted to a curve using a variety of numerical methods that include polynomial curve fitting, Fourier series, and/or parametric equation. Fitting the parametric Fourier series to complex impedance characteristic patterns or to reference training (S) data sets is described in the present disclosure.

[00615] Once the complex impedance characteristic patterns or training data sets (S) are generated, the ultrasonic instrument measures new data points, classifies the new points, and determines whether the new data points should be added to the characteristic impedance patterns. complex impedance or to a reference training data set (S).

[00616] Now referring to the logic flow diagram of Figure 84, in one aspect, the processor or control circuit measures 132046 a complex impedance of an ultrasonic transducer, the complex impedance being defined as . The processor or control circuit receives 132048 a complex impedance measurement data point and compares 132050 the complex impedance measurement data point with a data point in a reference complex impedance characteristic pattern. The processor or control circuit classifies 132052 the complex impedance measurement data point based on a result of the comparison analysis and assigns 132054 a state or condition of the end actuator based on the result of the comparison analysis.

[00617] In one aspect, the processor or control circuit receives the characteristic reference complex impedance pattern from a database or memory coupled to the processor. In one aspect, the processor or control circuit generates the characteristic reference complex impedance pattern in the manner described below. A drive circuit coupled to the processor or control circuit applies a non-therapeutic drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer starting at an initial frequency, ending at an end frequency, and a plurality of frequencies between the start and end frequencies. The processor or control circuit measures the impedance of the ultrasonic transducer at each frequency and stores a data point corresponding to each impedance measurement. The processor or control circuit performs a curve fit to a plurality of data points to generate a three-dimensional curve representative of the reference complex impedance characteristic pattern, the magnitude |Z| and phase ^ are plotted as a function of frequency f. Curve fitting includes a polynomial curve fit, a Fourier series, and/or a parametric equation.

[00618] In one aspect, the processor or control circuit receives a new impedance measurement data point and classifies the new impedance measurement data point using a Euclidean perpendicular distance between the new impedance measurement data point and a trajectory that has been fitted to the reference complex impedance characteristic pattern. The processor or control circuit calculates a probability that the new impedance measurement data point will be correctly classified. The processor or control circuit adds the new impedance measurement data point to the reference complex impedance characteristic pattern based on the estimated correct classification probability of the new impedance measurement data point. In one aspect, the processor or control circuit classifies data based on a set of training data (S), wherein the set of training data (S) comprises a plurality of complex impedance measurement data, and perform a curve fit of the training data set (S) using a parametric Fourier series, where S is defined here and the probability distribution is used to estimate the probability that the new impedance measurement data point belongs to the group S.

[00619] Additional details regarding the determination or estimation of a state of the claws or the surgical instrument as a whole can be found in US provisional patent application No. 62/692,768, entitled SMART ENERGY DEVICES.

Situational awareness

[00620] Now referring to Figure 85, a timeline 5200 is shown representing situational awareness of a central controller, such as the central surgical controller 106 or 206 (Figures 1 to 11), for example. The timeline 5200 is an illustrative surgical procedure and the contextual information that the central surgical controller 106, 206 can derive from the data received from the data sources at each step of the surgical procedure. Timeline 5200 represents the typical steps that would be taken by nurses, surgeons, and other medical personnel during the course of a lung segmentectomy procedure, beginning with setting up the operating room and ending with transferring the patient to an operating room. post-operative recovery.

[00621] The situationally aware surgical core controller 106, 206 receives data from data sources throughout the course of the surgical procedure, including data generated each time medical personnel use a modular device that is paired with the core surgical controller 106 , 206. The central surgical controller 106, 206 may receive this data from the paired modular devices and other data sources and continually derive inferences (i.e., contextual information) about the ongoing procedure as new data is received, such as which step of the procedure is being performed at any given time. The situational awareness system of the central surgical controller 106, 206 is capable of, for example, recording data regarding the procedure to generate reports, verifying the steps being taken by medical personnel, providing data or warnings (e.g., via a display screen). display) that may be pertinent to the specific step of the procedure, adjust modular devices based on context (e.g., activate monitors, adjust the field of view (FOV) of the medical imaging device, or change the power level of a ultrasonic surgical instrument or RF electrosurgical instrument), and take any other action described above.

[00622] As the first step 5202 in this illustrative procedure, hospital staff members obtain the patient's electronic medical record (EMR) from the hospital's EMR database. Based on the patient selection data in the RME, the central surgical controller 106, 206 determines that the procedure to be performed is a thoracic procedure.

[00623] In the second step 5204, team members scan the incoming medical supplies for the procedure. The central surgical controller 106, 206 cross-references the scanned supplies with a list of supplies that are used in various types of procedures and confirms that the mix of supplies corresponds to a thoracic procedure. Additionally, the central surgical controller 106, 206 is also capable of determining that the procedure is not a wedge resection procedure (because the input supplies are missing certain supplies that are required for a thoracic wedge resection procedure or, otherwise, that the input supplies do not correspond to a thoracic wedge resection procedure).

[00624] In the third step 5206, medical personnel scan the patient's band with a scanner that is communicably connected to the central surgical controller 106, 206. The central surgical controller 106, 206 can then confirm the patient's identity based on the scanned data.

[00625] In the fourth step 5208, medical personnel turn on the auxiliary equipment. The auxiliary equipment being used may vary depending on the type of surgical procedure and the techniques being used by the surgeon, but in this illustrative case they include a smoke evacuator, an insufflator and a medical imaging device. When activated, auxiliary equipment that is modular devices can automatically pair with the central surgical controller 106, 206 that is located in a specific vicinity of the modular devices as part of its initialization process. The central surgical controller 106, 206 can then derive contextual information about the surgical procedure by detecting the types of modular devices paired with it during this pre-operative or initialization phase. In this particular example, the central surgical controller 106, 206 determines that the surgical procedure is a VATS (video-assisted thoracic surgery) procedure based on this specific combination of paired modular devices. Based on a combination of the patient's electronic medical record (EMR) data, the list of medical supplies to be used in the procedure, and the type of modular devices that connect to the central controller, the surgical central controller 106, 206 can generally , infer the specific procedure that the surgical team will perform. Once the central surgical controller 106, 206 recognizes which specific procedure is being performed, the central surgical controller 106, 206 can then retrieve the steps of that process from a memory or from the cloud and then cross-reference the data it subsequently receives from the connected data sources (e.g., modular devices and patient monitoring devices) to infer which step of the surgical procedure the surgical team is performing.

[00626] In the fifth step 5210, team members attach electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes and other patient monitoring devices to the patient. The ECG electrodes and other patient monitoring devices are capable of pairing with the surgical hub controller 106, 206. As the surgical hub controller 106, 206 begins to receive data from the patient monitoring devices, the surgical hub controller 106, 206 This confirms that the patient is in the operating room.

[00627] In the sixth step 5212, medical personnel induced anesthesia in the patient. The surgical hub controller 106, 206 may infer that the patient is under anesthesia based on data from the modular devices and/or patient monitoring devices, including ECG data, blood pressure (BP) data, ventilator data, or combinations thereof, for example. After completion of the sixth step 5212, the preoperative portion of the lung segmentectomy procedure is completed and the operative portion begins.

[00628] In the seventh step 5214, the lung of the patient being operated on is retracted (while ventilation is switched to the contralateral lung). The surgical hub controller 106, 206 may infer from the ventilator data that the patient's lung has been retracted, for example. The central surgical controller 106, 206 can infer that the operative portion of the procedure has begun when it can compare the detection of the patient's lung collapse to the expected steps of the procedure (which can be accessed or retrieved previously) and thus determine that the retraction of the lung is the first operative step in this specific procedure.

[00629] In the eighth step 5216, the medical imaging device (e.g., a display device) is inserted and video from the medical imaging device is started. The central surgical controller 106, 206 receives data from the medical imaging device (i.e., video data or images) through its connection to the medical imaging device. Upon receipt of data from the medical imaging device, the central surgical controller 106, 206 can determine which portion of the laparoscopic surgical procedure has started. Additionally, the central surgical controller 106, 206 may determine that the specific procedure being performed is a segmentectomy rather than a lobectomy (note that a wedge resection procedure has already been ruled out by the central surgical controller 106, 206 based on data received in the second step 5204 of the procedure). Data from the medical imaging device 124 (Figure 2) can be used to determine contextual information about the type of procedure being performed in a number of different ways, including by determining the angle at which the medical imaging device is oriented in In relation to viewing the patient's anatomy, monitor the number of medical imaging devices being used (i.e., that are activated and paired with the central surgical controller 106, 206), and monitor the types of visualization devices used. For example, a technique for performing a VATS lobectomy places the camera in the lower anterior corner of the patient's thoracic cavity above the diaphragm, while a technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy places the camera in an anterior intercostal position relative to the fissure of the segment. Using standard recognition or machine learning techniques, for example, the situational recognition system can be trained to recognize the positioning of the medical imaging device according to the visualization of the patient's anatomy. As another example, one technique for performing a VATS lobectomy uses a single medical imaging device, while another technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy uses multiple cameras. As yet another example, a technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy uses an infrared light source (which may be communicably coupled to the central surgical controller as part of the visualization system) to visualize the segment fissure, which is not used in a VATS lobectomy. By tracking any or all of this data from the medical imaging device, the central surgical controller 106, 206 can thus determine the specific type of surgical procedure being performed and/or the technique being used for a specific type of procedure. surgical.

[00630] In the ninth step 5218 of the procedure, the surgical team begins the dissection stage. The central surgical controller 106, 206 can infer that the surgeon is in the process of dissecting to mobilize the patient's lung because it receives data from the RF or ultrasonic generator that indicates that an energy instrument is being fired. The central surgical controller 106, 206 may cross-reference the received data with the retrieved steps of the surgical procedure to determine that a power instrument being fired at that point in the process (i.e., upon completion of the previously discussed steps of the procedure) corresponds to the dissection. In certain cases, the power instrument may be a power tool mounted on a robotic arm of a robotic surgical system.

[00631] In the tenth step 5220 of the procedure, the surgical team proceeds to the bonding step. The central surgical controller 106, 206 can infer that the surgeon is ligating the arteries and veins because it receives data from the surgical stapling and cutting instrument indicating that the instrument is being fired. Similar to the previous step, the central surgical controller 106, 206 can derive this inference by crossing the reception data from the surgical stapling and cutting instrument with the steps retrieved in the process. In certain cases, the surgical instrument may be a surgical tool mounted on a robotic arm of a robotic surgical system.

[00632] In the eleventh step 5222, the segmentectomy portion of the procedure is performed. The central surgical controller 106, 206 can infer that the surgeon is transecting the parenchyma based on data from the surgical cutting and stapling instrument, including data from its cartridge. Cartridge data may correspond to the size or type of staple being fired by the instrument, for example. As different types of staples are used for different types of tissue, the cartridge data can thus indicate the type of tissue being stapled and/or transected. In this case, the type of clamp that is fired is used for parenchyma (or other similar types of tissue), which allows the central surgical controller 106, 206 to infer which segmentectomy portion of the procedure is being performed.

[00633] In the twelfth step 5224, the node dissection step is then performed. The central surgical controller 106, 206 can infer that the surgical team is dissecting the node and performing a leak test based on data received from the generator that indicates which ultrasonic or RF instrument is being fired. For this specific procedure, an RF or ultrasonic instrument being used after the parenchyma has been transected corresponds to the node dissection step, which allows the central surgical controller 106, 206 to make this inference. It should be noted that surgeons regularly switch between surgical stapling/cutting instruments and surgical energy instruments (i.e., RF or ultrasonic) depending on the specific step in the procedure because different instruments are better suited to specific tasks. The specific sequence in which cutting/stapling instruments and surgical power instruments are used may indicate which step of the procedure the surgeon performs. Additionally, in certain cases, robotic tools may be used for one or more steps in a surgical procedure and/or handheld surgical instruments may be used for one or more steps in the surgical procedure. The surgeon can switch between robotic tools and handheld surgical instruments and/or can use the devices simultaneously, for example. After completion of the twelfth step 5224, the incisions are closed and the post-operative portion of the process begins.

[00634] In the thirteenth step 5226, the patient's anesthesia is reversed. The surgical hub controller 106, 206 may infer that the patient is emerging from anesthesia based on ventilator data (i.e., the patient's respiratory rate begins to increase), for example.

[00635] Finally, in the fourteenth step 5228 is that medical personnel remove the various patient monitoring devices from the patient. The central surgical controller 106, 206 can thus infer that the patient is being transferred to a recovery room when the central controller loses ECG, blood pressure, and other data from the patient monitoring devices. As can be seen from the description of this illustrative procedure, the central surgical controller 106, 206 can determine or infer when each step of a given surgical procedure is occurring in accordance with data received from various data sources that are coupled in communication with the central surgical controller 106, 206.

[00636] Situational awareness is further described in US provisional patent application serial No. 62/659,900, entitled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed on April 19, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In certain instances, the operation of a robotic surgical system, including the various robotic surgical systems disclosed herein, for example, may be controlled by the central controller 106, 206 based on its situational awareness and/or feedback provided by its components and/or or based on information from cloud 102.

[00637] Although various forms have been illustrated and described, it is not the applicant's intention to restrict or limit the scope of the claims attached to such detail. Numerous modifications, variations, alterations, substitutions, combinations and equivalents of these forms can be implemented and will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the structure of each element associated with the form can alternatively be described as a means to provide the function performed by the element. Furthermore, where materials for certain components are disclosed, other materials may be used. It should be understood, therefore, that the foregoing description and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, combinations and variations falling within the scope of the presented embodiments. The attached claims are intended to cover all such modifications, variations, alterations, substitutions, modifications and equivalents.

[00638] The preceding detailed description presented various forms of the devices and/or processes through the use of block diagrams, flowcharts and/or examples. Although these block diagrams, flowcharts and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within these block diagrams, flowcharts and/or examples can be implemented, individually. and/or collectively, across a wide range of hardware, software, firmware or virtually any combination thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize, however, that some aspects of the aspects disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and firmware would be within the scope of practice of one skilled in the art, in light of this disclosure. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as one or more program products in a variety of forms and that an illustrative form of the subject matter described herein is applicable regardless of the specific type of data transmission medium. signals used to effectively carry out distribution.

[00639] The instructions used to program the logic to perform various disclosed aspects may be stored in a memory in the system, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), cache, flash memory, or other storage. Additionally, instructions may be distributed over a network or through other computer-readable media. Thus a machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer), but is not limited to, floppy disks, optical discs, read-only memory compact disk ( CD-ROMs), and optical disks-dynamo disks, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), cards magnetic or optical devices, flash memory, or a tangible machine-readable storage medium used in the transmission of information over the Internet via an electrical, optical, acoustic cable, or other forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signal, digital signals, etc.). Accordingly, non-transitory computer-readable media includes any type of machine-readable media suitable for storing or transmitting electronic instructions or information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).

[00640] As used in any aspect of the present invention, the term "control circuit" may refer to, for example, a set of hard-wired, programmable circuits (e.g., a computer processor comprising one or more cores individual instruction processing unit, processing unit, processor, microcontroller, microcontroller unit, controller, digital signal processor (DSP), programmable logic device (PLD), programmable logic array (PLA), or field programmable gate array ( FPGA)), state machine circuits, firmware that stores instructions executed by the programmable circuit, and any combination thereof. The control circuit may, collectively or individually, be incorporated as an electrical circuit that is part of a larger system, e.g., an integrated circuit (IC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system-on-chip (SoC) ), desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, servers, smart headphones, etc. Accordingly, as used herein, "control circuit" includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuits that have at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuits that have at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuits that have at least one integrated circuit for specific application, electrical circuits that form a general-purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general-purpose computer configured by a computer program that at least partially executes processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program that at least partially executes the processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuits that form a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuits that form a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those skilled in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein can be implemented in analog or digital mode, or in some combination thereof.

[00641] As used in any aspect of the present invention, the term "logic" may refer to an application, software, firmware and/or circuit configured to perform any of the aforementioned operations. The software may be embodied as a software package, code, instructions, instruction sets and/or data recorded on non-transitory computer-readable storage media. Firmware may be embodied as code, instructions or sets of instructions, and/or data that are rigidly encoded (e.g., non-volatile) in memory devices. As used in any aspect of the present invention, the terms "component", "system ", "module" and the like may refer to a computer-related entity, whether hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or running software. As used in any aspect of the present disclosure, an "algorithm" refers to the self-consistent sequence of steps that lead to the desired result, where a "step" refers to the manipulation of physical quantities and/or logical states that can, although need not necessarily be , take the form of electrical or magnetic signals that can be stored, transferred, combined, compared and manipulated in any other way. It is common usage to call these signals bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers or the like. These and similar terms may be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient identifications applied to such quantities and/or states.

[00642] A network may include a packet switched network. Communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a selected packet switched network communications protocol. An exemplary communications protocol may include an Ethernet communications protocol that may be capable of enabling communication using a transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP). The Ethernet protocol may conform to or be compatible with the Ethernet standard published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) entitled "IEEE 802.3 Standard" published in December 2008 and/or later versions of this standard. Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be able to communicate with each other using an X.25 communications protocol. The X.25 communications protocol may conform to or be compatible with a standard promulgated by the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be able to communicate with each other using a frame-relay communications protocol. The frame-relay communications protocol may conform to or be compatible with a standard promulgated by the Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT) and/or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Alternatively or additionally, the transceivers may be able to communicate with each other using an ATM ("asynchronous transfer mode" communication protocol). The ATM communication protocol may conform to or be compatible with an ATM standard published by the ATM forum entitled "ATM-MPLS Network Interworking 2.0" published in August 2001, and/or later versions of that standard. Obviously, different and/or post-developed connection-oriented network communication protocols are also contemplated in the present invention.

[00643] Unless expressly stated otherwise, as is evident from the foregoing disclosure, it is understood that throughout the foregoing disclosure, discussions using terms such as "processing", or "computation", or "calculation", or " determination", or "display", or similar, refer to the action and processes of a computer, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented in the form of physical (electronic) quantities in registers and memories of the computer into other data represented in a similar way in the form of physical quantities in the computer's memories or registers, or in other similar information storage, transmission or display devices.

[00644] One or more components may be called in the present invention "configured for", "configurable for", "operable/operational for", "adapted/adaptable for", "capable of", "conformable/conformed to", etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that "configured for" may generally encompass components in an active state and/or components in an inactive state and/or components in a standby state, except where the context dictates otherwise.

[00645] The terms "proximal" and "distal" are used here with reference to a case in which a doctor manipulates the handle portion of the surgical instrument. The term "proximal" refers to the portion closest to the physician, and the term "distal" refers to the portion located in the direction away from the physician. It will also be understood that, for the sake of convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as "vertical", "horizontal", "up" and "down" may be used in the present invention with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments can be used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute.

[00646] Persons skilled in the art will recognize that, in general, the terms used herein, and particularly in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" shall be construed as "including, but not limited to", the term "having" shall be construed as "having, at least", the term "includes" shall be construed as "includes, but is not limited to ", etc.). It will further be understood by those skilled in the art that, when a specific number of an introduced claim statement is intended, such intention will be expressly mentioned in the claim and, in the absence of such mention, no intention will be present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following attached claims may contain use of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim mentions. However, the use of such phrases should not be interpreted as implying that the introduction of a mention of the claim by the indefinite articles "a, ones" or "a, ones" limits any specific claim containing the introduced claim mention to claims containing only such mention, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "one, ones" or "a, ones" (e.g., "one, ones" and /or "one" should typically be interpreted as meaning "at least one" or "one or more"); the same goes for the use of definite articles used to introduce claims.

[00647] Furthermore, even if a specific number of an introduced claim statement is explicitly mentioned, those skilled in the art will recognize that such mention needs to typically be interpreted as meaning at least the mentioned number (e.g., the mere mention of "two mentions", without other modifiers, typically means at least two mentions, or two or more mentions). Furthermore, in cases where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, this construction is generally intended to have the sense in which the convention would be understood by (e.g., "a system that has at least one of A, B, and C" would include, but is not limited to, systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/ or A, B and C together, etc.). In cases in which a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, this construction is generally intended to have the sense in which the convention would be understood by (e.g., "a system that has at least one of A, B, and C" would include, but is not limited to, systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A , B and C together, etc.). It will further be understood by those skilled in the art that typically a word and/or a disjunctive phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, the claims or the drawings, should be understood as contemplating the possibility of including one of the terms, any of the terms or both terms, except when the context determines to indicate otherwise. For example, the phrase "A or B" will typically be understood as including the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B".

[00648] With respect to the attached claims, those skilled in the art will understand that the operations mentioned therein can, in general, be performed in any order. Furthermore, although various operational flow diagrams are presented in one or more sequences, it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in orders other than those illustrated, or may be performed simultaneously. Examples of such alternative orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplementary, simultaneous, inverse, or other variant orderings, except where the context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms such as "responsive to", "related to" or other adjective participles are not generally intended to exclude these variants, except when the context dictates otherwise.

[00649] It is worth noting that any reference to "one (1) aspect", "an aspect", "an exemplification" or "one (1) exemplification", and the like means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one aspect. Accordingly, the use of expressions such as "in one (1) aspect", "in one aspect", "in an exemplification", "in one (1) exemplification", in various places throughout this specification does not necessarily refer to the same aspect. Furthermore, specific features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more aspects.

[00650] Any patent application, patent, non-patent publication or other disclosure material mentioned in this specification and/or mentioned in any application data sheet is incorporated herein by reference, to the extent that the incorporated materials are not inconsistent with it. Accordingly, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated into the present invention by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, which is incorporated herein by reference but which conflicts with the existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure materials set forth herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that there is no conflict between the incorporated material and the existing developing material.

[00651] In summary, numerous benefits have been described that result from the use of the concepts described in this document. The aforementioned description of one or more embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. This description is not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. One or more embodiments have been chosen and described for the purpose of illustrating the principles and practical application and thereby enabling one skilled in the art to use the various modalities and with various modifications as may be convenient for the specific use contemplated. The attached claims are intended to define the overall scope.

[00652] Various aspects of the subject matter described in this document are defined in the following numbered examples:

[00653] Example 1. An ultrasonic electromechanical system for an ultrasonic surgical instrument. The ultrasonic electromechanical system comprises: an end actuator comprising an ultrasonic blade, an ultrasonic transducer acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic blade, and a control circuit coupled to the ultrasonic transducer. The ultrasonic transducer is configured to ultrasonically oscillate the ultrasonic blade in response to a trigger signal. The control circuit is configured to: determine a first resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system, determine a second resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system as the ultrasonic blade oscillates against a tissue, and determine a composition of the tissue according to a comparison between the first resonance frequency and the second resonance frequency.

[00654] Example 2. The ultrasonic electromechanical system according to Example 1, wherein the tissue composition comprises a ratio of tissue to elastin.

[00655] Example 3. The ultrasonic electromechanical system according to Example 1 or 2, wherein the control circuit is configured to adjust an operational parameter of the ultrasonic surgical instrument according to tissue composition.

[00656] Example 4. The ultrasonic electromechanical system according to Example 3, wherein the operating parameter comprises at least one of a tissue temperature threshold, an ultrasonic blade heating time, or an ultrasonic blade temperature threshold .

[00657] Example 5. The ultrasonic electromechanical system according to any one of Examples 1 to 4, wherein the control circuit is configured to control the ultrasonic transducer to oscillate the ultrasonic blade at a non-therapeutic frequency to determine the first frequency resonance frequency and the second resonance frequency.

[00658] Example 6. The ultrasonic electromechanical system, according to any one of Examples 1 to 5, which additionally comprises a memory coupled to the control circuit. The memory stores a plurality of tissue compositions according to a resonant frequency shift. The control circuit is configured to determine the tissue composition by obtaining, from memory, an indication as to which of the plurality of tissue compositions corresponds to a difference between the first resonant frequency and the second resonant frequency.

[00659] Example 7. The ultrasonic electromechanical system according to any one of Examples 1 to 6, wherein the control circuit is configured to: apply the drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer at a plurality of frequencies over a range of frequencies and determine the first resonance frequency or the second resonance frequency according to a frequency within the frequency range in which a voltage signal and a current signal of the ultrasonic electromechanical system resulting from the drive signal are in phase.

[00660] Example 8. An ultrasonic generator connectable to an ultrasonic electromechanical system comprising an ultrasonic blade and an ultrasonic transducer acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic blade. The ultrasonic generator comprises a control circuit attachable to the ultrasonic transducer. The control circuit is configured to: apply a drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer to cause the ultrasonic transducer to oscillate the ultrasonic blade; determine a first resonance frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system; determining a second resonant frequency of the ultrasonic electromechanical system as the ultrasonic blade oscillates against a tissue; and determining a tissue composition according to a comparison between the first resonance frequency and the second resonance frequency.

[00661] Example 9. The ultrasonic generator according to Example 8, wherein the tissue composition comprises a ratio of tissue to elastin.

[00662] Example 10. The ultrasonic generator according to Example 8 or 9, wherein the control circuit is configured to adjust an operational parameter of the ultrasonic electromechanical system according to the tissue composition. Example 11. The ultrasonic generator , according to Example 10, wherein the operating parameter comprises at least one of a tissue temperature threshold, an ultrasonic blade heating time, or an ultrasonic blade temperature threshold.

[00663] Example 12. The ultrasonic generator according to any one of Examples 8 to 11, wherein the control circuit is configured to control the ultrasonic transducer to oscillate the ultrasonic blade at a non-therapeutic frequency to determine the first frequency of resonance and the second resonance frequency.

[00664] Example 13. The generator, according to any one of Examples 8 to 12, which additionally comprises a memory coupled to the control circuit. The memory stores a plurality of tissue compositions according to a resonant frequency shift. The control circuit is configured to determine the tissue composition by obtaining, from memory, an indication as to which of the plurality of tissue compositions corresponds to a difference between the first resonant frequency and the second resonant frequency.

[00665] Example 14. The ultrasonic generator according to any one of Examples 8 to 13, wherein the control circuit is configured to: apply the drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer at a plurality of frequencies over a range of frequencies and determine the first resonance frequency or the second resonance frequency according to a frequency within the frequency range in which a voltage signal and a current signal of the ultrasonic electromechanical system resulting from the drive signal are in phase.

[00666] Example 15. An ultrasonic surgical instrument comprising: an end actuator comprising an ultrasonic blade, an ultrasonic transducer acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic blade, an infrared source configured to emit infrared energy into a tissue within the end actuator, an infrared detector and a control circuit coupled to the ultrasonic transducer and the infrared detector. The ultrasonic transducer is configured to ultrasonically oscillate the ultrasonic blade in response to a trigger signal. The control circuit is configured to: receive infrared energy reflected from the tissue through the infrared detector and determine the composition of the tissue according to the reflected infrared energy.

[00667] Example 16. The ultrasonic surgical instrument according to Example 15, wherein the tissue composition comprises a ratio of tissue to elastin.

[00668] Example 17. The ultrasonic surgical instrument according to Example 15 or 16, wherein the control circuit is further configured to adjust an operating parameter of the ultrasonic surgical instrument according to tissue composition.

[00669] Example 18. The ultrasonic surgical instrument according to Example 17, wherein the operating parameter comprises at least one of a tissue temperature threshold, an ultrasonic blade heating time, or an ultrasonic blade temperature threshold .

[00670] Example 19. The ultrasonic surgical instrument according to any one of Examples 15 to 18, which further comprises a memory coupled to the control circuit. The memory stores a plurality of tissue compositions according to the reflected infrared energy. The control circuit is configured to determine the composition of the tissue by obtaining, from memory, an indication as to which of the plurality of tissue compositions corresponds to the reflected infrared energy.

[00671] Example 20. The ultrasonic surgical instrument according to any one of Examples 15 to 19, wherein the end actuator further comprises a clamping arm pivotally movable relative to the ultrasonic blade and at least one of the source infrared sensor and the infrared detector is arranged on the clamping arm.

Claims (6)

1. Ultrasonic surgical instrument (130150), comprising: an end actuator (130400) comprising an ultrasonic blade (130404); an ultrasonic transducer acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic blade (130404), the ultrasonic transducer being configured to ultrasonically oscillate the ultrasonic blade (130404) in response to a drive signal; characterized by the fact that it further comprises: an infrared source (130416) configured to emit infrared energy into a tissue (130410) within the end actuator (130400); an infrared detector (130418); and a control circuit (130420) coupled to the ultrasonic transducer and the infrared detector (130418), wherein the control circuit (130420) is configured to: receive infrared energy reflected by the tissue (130410) through the infrared detector ( 130418); and determining a composition of the tissue (130410) according to the reflected infrared energy. 2. Ultrasonic surgical instrument (130150), according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the tissue composition (130410) comprises a ratio of tissue (130410) to elastin. 3. Ultrasonic surgical instrument (130150), according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that the control circuit (130420) is configured to adjust an operational parameter of the ultrasonic surgical instrument (130150) according to the composition of the fabric (130410). 4. Ultrasonic surgical instrument (130150), according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the operational parameter comprises at least one of a tissue temperature limit (130410), an ultrasonic blade heating time (130404), or an ultrasonic blade temperature limit (130404). 5. Ultrasonic surgical instrument (130150), according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by the fact that it additionally comprises: a memory coupled to the control circuit (130420), the memory storing a plurality of tissue compositions (130410) according to the reflected infrared energy; wherein the control circuit (130420) is configured to determine the fabric composition of the fabric (130410) by obtaining, from memory, which of the plurality of fabric compositions (130410 ) corresponds to the reflected infrared energy. 6. Ultrasonic surgical instrument (130150), according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that: the end actuator (130400) additionally comprises a clamping arm (130402) pivotably movable with respect to the ultrasonic blade (130404) ; and at least one of the infrared source (130416) and the infrared detector (130418) is disposed on the clamping arm (130402).