AU710400B2 - Digital waveform generation for electrosurgical generators - Google Patents

Digital waveform generation for electrosurgical generators Download PDF

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Publication number
AU710400B2
AU710400B2 AU57009/96A AU5700996A AU710400B2 AU 710400 B2 AU710400 B2 AU 710400B2 AU 57009/96 A AU57009/96 A AU 57009/96A AU 5700996 A AU5700996 A AU 5700996A AU 710400 B2 AU710400 B2 AU 710400B2
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electrosurgical
serial digital
digital output
electrosurgical generator
generator
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AU5700996A (en
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Michael S. Klicek
Matthew J. Sodnicar
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Covidien AG
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Valleylab Inc
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Assigned to SHERWOOD SERVICES AG reassignment SHERWOOD SERVICES AG Alteration of Name(s) of Applicant(s) under S113 Assignors: VALLEYLAB, INC.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/1206—Generators therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00642—Sensing and controlling the application of energy with feedback, i.e. closed loop control
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00666—Sensing and controlling the application of energy using a threshold value
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00684—Sensing and controlling the application of energy using lookup tables
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00696—Controlled or regulated parameters
    • A61B2018/00726—Duty cycle
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00696—Controlled or regulated parameters
    • A61B2018/00761—Duration

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)

Description

Digital Waveform Generation for Electrosurgical Generators Related applications incorporated herein and made a part hereof by reference were filed as follows: "A Control System for Neurosurgery," US 5720744; "Control Apparatus for Electrosurgical Generator Power Output," AU 57010/96; "Exit Spark Control for an Electrosurgical Generator," AU 57008/96.
Field of the Invention This invention pertains to the design of electrosurgical generators, and more particularly to an improved design for generating electrosurgical output waveforms and monitoring those to waveforms to verify proper operation.
Background of the Disclosure Electrosurgical generators are used for generating high frequency electrical energy for surgical use on the tissue of a patient. The high frequency electrical energy is also referred to as .radio-frequency (RF) energy, or as electrosurgical energy. The electrosurgical energy flows through an electrode which is manipulated by a surgeon. The electrode can be used to cut, coagulate, and/or fulgurate the tissue of the patient.
The electrosurgical energy will have an associated waveform. For example, the electrosurgical energy may be in the form of a sine wave. The waveform will also have a duty cycle. For example, the sine waves may not be continuous, and may instead have the cycles separated in time by periods of zero output.
The importance of the waveform for electrosurgical generators is that different waveforms will have different tissue effects. For example, it is well known in the art that a continuous sine wave may have desirable tissue cutting characteristics. Other waveforms, such as high frequency white noise, may have desirable tissue fulguration characteristics.
One of the important capabilities of electrosurgical generators is that the output waveform can be selected by the surgeon to achieve the desired surgical effect. The surgeon may sometimes desire a combination of cutting and coagulation effects, which is sometimes called a "blend" mode. To achieve these blend modes, designers of electrosurgical generators may experiment with different waveforms and duty cycles to achieve the best possible tissue effects.
3o The commercial success of electrosurgical generators is partly based on the desirability and effectiveness of the modes or waveforms.
Digital technology has been used in prior electrosurgical generators. For example, U.S.
Patent number 4,658,819 discloses an electrosurgical generator with a microprocessor controller [I'\DayLib\LIBH]00157 doc:KBM that is used to decrease the output power with increasing patient impendence. However, there is no disclosure of digital waveform generation.
Some currently available electrosurgical generators use analog circuitry to generate the output waveforms. Other currently available electrosurgical generators use digital technology to generator output waveforms. U.S. Patent number 4,658,820 discloses a waveform generator that stores several waveforms in an MxN storage device. The storage device is loaded in a parallel fashion, and then a shift register is used to sequentially output each bit into a serial data stream.
Similarly, U.S. Patent number 4,961,739 discloses another digital waveform generator in which the storage device has an MxNxP storage capability with an improved memory access capability. This waveform generator allows for a greater diversity of waveforms, waveform lengths, and waveform frequencies. A shift register is also used in this waveform generator to convert a parallel data stream into a serial output. The foregoing patents are incorporated herein by reference.
o Both of the foregoing digital waveform generators require hardware and circuitry S associated with a shift register. It would be desirable to have a microprocessor-based signal S generator that could digitally generate commands for different waveforms without the added complexity and other restrains associated with a shift register. It would also be desirable to have a fault detection circuit for the waveform generator to ensure proper operation.
o 'Summary of the Invention 20 According to the first embodiment of the invention there is provided an electrosurgical generator for applying high frequency electrosurgical energy to a patient comprising: a pulse *generator in the electrosurgical generator for creating a serial digital output; a dosage error monitoring circuit comprising a filter connected for time averaging the serial digital output and a comparator for comparing the filtered serial digital output against a safety threshold; an output amplifier in the electrosurgical generator capable of receiving and transforming the serial digital output into the high frequency electrosurgical energy; an adjustable high voltage DC power supply in electrical connection with the output amplifier for adjusting the amplitude of the high frequency electrosurgical energy, and a patient circuit connected to the electrosurgical generator, the patient circuit including an active electrode in electrical connection with the high frequency electrosurgical o energy, and a return electrode in electrical connection with the electrosurgical generator.
The pulse generator may comprise a microprocessor in the electrosurgical generator having a memory capability, at least one output port, and at least one input port; and an algorithm in the microprocessor designed to execute a command sequence for toggling the output port and to thereby create a serial digital output.
[IDayLb\LIBH]O01 57.doc:KBM The electrosurgical generator may also include the feature of the dosage error monitoring circuit also being electrically connected to terminate the high frequency electrosurgical energy to the patient when the filtered serial digital output exceeds the at least one safety threshold.
The electrosurgical generator may be used for applying amplitude adjusted high frequency electrosurgical energy to a patient wherein the electrosurgical generator further comprises a dosage error monitoring circuit also receives a serial digital output, the dosage error monitoring circuit having a filter for time averaging the serial digital output and a comparator for comparing the time averaged serial digital output with at least one safety threshold and at least substantially terminating the amplitude adjusted high frequency electrosurgical energy when the 1o time averaged serial digital output exceeds the at least one safety threshold.
The electrosurgical generator may also include a mode selector on the electrosurgical •generator for selecting one of a plurality of pulse patterns in the serial digital output, where each pattern results in a different effect on the tissue and bodily fluids of the patient, and a plurality of command sequences in an algorithm, wherein each command sequence is designed to produce at I least one of the plurality of patterns.
The electrosurgical generator may further include a tank damp circuit connected to the output amplifier and is controlled by a microprocessor for reducing the amplitude of voltage spikes in the electrosurgical energy; a pulse suppression circuit connected to the output amplifier to suppress portions of the serial digital output; and a clock signal connected to one of the input ports 2( of the microprocessor to provide reference frequency; wherein the reference frequency is in the range of 28 MHz to 29 MHz.
i The filter of the electrosurgical generator may be a low-pass filter.
An output amplifier in the electrosurgical generator may be capable of transforming the serial digital output into the high frequency electrosurgical energy. A field effects transistor (FET) driver circuit and a FET are most preferably included in the output amplifier. An adjustable high voltage DC power supply in electrical connection with the output amplifier may be used for adjusting the amplitude of the high frequency electrosurgical energy.
A patient circuit is connected to the electrosurgical generator. The patient circuit may include an active electrode in electrical connection with the high frequency electrosurgical energy, 3o and a return electrode in electrical connection with the electrosurgical generator.
A mode selector on the electrosurgical generator may be used for selecting one of a plurality of pulse patterns in the serial digital output. Each pattern results in a different effect on the tissue and bodily fluids of the patient. A plurality of command sequences may be in the algorithm.
7:T Each command sequence is designed to produce one of the plurality of pulse patterns.
[I.\DayLib\I.IBH]O I 57doc:KBM 4 A tank damp circuit may be connected to the output amplifier and may be controlled by the microprocessor for reducing the amplitude of voltage spikes in the electrosurgical energy. A pulse suppression circuit may also be connected to suppress portions of the serial digital output.
A dosage error monitoring circuit can be used to monitor the serial digital output. In general, the dosage error monitor can time-average the serial digital output, and then compare that average to a safety threshold. A low-pass filter may be used to time-average the output, although other filtering and averaging techniques can be used. If a safety threshold is reached, the dosage error monitoring circuit may be used to reduce the electrosurgical output, substantially to zero.
According to a second embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of using t the electrosurgical generator of the invention, the method comprising the steps of: creating a serial digital output using a pulse generator in the electrosurgical generator; time averaging the serial 9*e 9"digital output; comparing the time averaged serial digital output against a safety threshold; transforming the serial digital output into the high frequency electrosurgical energy; adjusting the :amplitude of the high frequency electrosurgical energy with an adjustable high voltage DC power supply in electrical connection with the output amplifier, and providing a patient circuit connected to the electrosurgical generator, the patient circuit including an active electrode in electrical connection with the high frequency electrosurgical energy, and a return electrode in electrical :.connection with the electrosurgical generator.
Some additional steps in the method of using an electrosurgical generator can be: 2o selecting one of a plurality of pulse patterns in the serial digital output using a mode selector on the electrosurgical generator, where each pattern results in a different effect on the tissue and bodily fluids of the patient, and providing a plurality of command sequences in the algorithm, wherein each command sequence is designed to produce one of the plurality of patterns.
The method may further comprise the step of continuously executing the command 2 sequence until it is reset through one of the input ports of a microprocessor. The method can also comprise the step of reducing the amplitude of voltage spikes in the electrosurgical energy with a tank damp circuit which is connected to the output amplifier and is controlled by a microprocessor.
There may also be a step of suppressing portions of the serial digital output using a pulse suppression circuit which is connected to the serial digital output.
3 The method may also comprise the steps of: time averaging the serial digital output; comparing the time-averaged serial digital output against a safety threshold, and reducing the electrosurgical energy substantially to zero whenever the time-averaged serial digital output exceeds the safety threshold.
[I \DayLib\LIBH]00157.doc.KBM WO 96/39088 PCT/IB96/00551 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a functional block diagram of an electrosurgical generator.
Figure 2 is a schematic block diagram of a microprocessor and associated circuits for generating waveforms.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Figure 1 is a partial block diagram of an electrosurgical generator connected to a patient 11 by an active electrode 12 and a return electrode 13. The controller 14 is composed of several microcontrollers, logic circuits, and digital memory. In the preferred embodiment, these microcontrollers are Phillips/Signetics model 80C562. The microprocessor 15 generates a serial digital output which is subsequently used as an RF mask to generate the output waveform. An output amplifier 16 converts the serial digital output into an electrosurgical signal using a field effects transistor (FET). The output amplifier 16 also includes a tank circuit 18 which has been shown as a separate block in Figure 2.
The output amplifier 16 also has an input from an adjustable high voltage power supply 17 which effects the amplitude of the electrosurgical signal. The controller 14 and the microprocessor 15 each have inputs to the adjustable high voltage power supply 17. In the preferred embodiment, the serial digital line from the microprocessor 15 is sent through a low-pass filter 19 which time-averages the serial digital line. The time-averaged, or filtered, signal is sent to the controller 14.
For each waveform, the controller 14 has thresholds for the expected value of the filtered signal. If the filtered signal is outside of the thresholds, an algorithm in the controller 14 will generate a fault signal which shuts off the output of the electrosurgical generator The modes for the electrosurgical generator 10 are selected from a mode selector 20 which sends a signal to the controller 14. Thresholds for the filtered signal are set in the controller 14, and the mode selection is sent to the microprocessor 15. An algorithm in the microprocessor 15 executes one of a plurality of command sequences based on the mode selection. Each command sequence generates a different serial digital output. A clock 21 sends timed pulses to the microprocessor 15 to sequence the execution of the algorithm in the microprocessor WO 96/39088 PCT/IB96/00551 6 Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the microprocessor 15 and some of its associated circuits. In the preferred embodiment, the microprocessor 15 is a Phillips/Signetics 87C750 which is driven with a clock operating at 28.322 MHz.
The microprocessor 15 has on-board memory and input ports for the clock 21, as well as other logic signals. An input from the controller 14 which enables the serial digital output is labeled "TON_EN" in Figure 2. The output of the mode selector is input to the microprocessor 15 through one of the ports labeled, in Figure 2, "MODE 0" through "MODE 3." The microprocessor 15 has output ports to deliver the serial digital line and other logic signals. In Figure 2, the serial digital line is labeled "T ON MICRO." An output which controls the high voltage power supply 17 is labeled "ECON GAIN." In the preferred embodiment, the algorithm in the microprocessor repetitively executes a series of commands that toggle the output port, "TONMICRO," of the microprocessor 15. In this disclosure, the term "toggle" means switching between a logic "on" and a logic "off" in a timed sequence to produce a serial digital output. The series of commands will be different depending on the mode which the surgeon selects. For example, in a pure cut mode, the algorithm will produce a square wave. In a blend mode, the algorithm may reduce the duty cycle by incorporating longer periods of logic "off" in the serial digital output. For one mode, i.e. the electrosurgical spray mode, a 256 byte long lookup table is stored in on-board memory which has the effect of generating a specified waveform output. The pattern will repeat each time the algorithm cycles through the lookup table.
In the preferred embodiment there is also a tank damp circuit which is shown in Figure 1 as block 22. The purpose of the tank damp circuit is to reduce the amplitude of voltage spikes in the electrosurgical output and also to reduce the leakage current. The tank damp circuit 22 is enabled by the microprocessor through an output port labeled "TNK_DMP." The output is sent through NAND gates and UO10D where it is logically NANDED with a high impedance flag labeled "HIZ." The logical output is labeled "TNKDMPOUT" and is sent to the tank damp circuit 22.
In the preferred embodiment there is also a pulse suppression circuit shown in Figure 2 as the logical NAND gate labeled U10; its purpose is to lower the duty WO 96/39088 PCT/IB96/00551 7 cycle of the output by suppressing selected pulses from the serial digital pulse train.
The pulse suppression circuit is enabled by the controller 14 when a lower duty cycle is desirable, depending on the mode selected and on the impedance of the patient tissue 11. A digital signal labeled WAK is NANDED with the serial digital pulse train at UlOB to yield the signal "T_ON" which is sent to the output amplifier 16, as shown in Figure 2.
The preferred embodiment also has a dosage error monitoring circuit composed of a filter 19 and an algorithm in the controller 14. The preferred filter 19 is shown in Figure 2 as a low-pass filter including resistor R15 and capacitor C16.
The filtered signal, labeled "T_ON_AVG", is compared with a threshold in the controller 14 to determine if the proper waveform is being generated. If the filtered signal is too high or too low with respect to the threshold for the desired signal, then a fault condition exists and the electrosurgical generator 10 output is shut off.
It is to be understood that the above detailed description of an embodiment of the invention is provided by way of example only. Various details of design and construction may be modified without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.

Claims (18)

1. An electrosurgical generator for applying high frequency electrosurgical energy to a patient comprising: a pulse generator in the electrosurgical generator for creating a serial digital output; a dosage error monitoring circuit comprising a filter connected for time averaging the serial digital output and a comparator for comparing the filtered serial digital output against a safety threshold; an output amplifier in the electrosurgical generator capable of receiving and transforming the serial digital output into the high frequency electrosurgical energy; an adjustable high voltage DC power supply in electrical connection with the output amplifier for in adjusting the amplitude of the high frequency electrosurgical energy, and a patient circuit connected to the electrosurgical generator, the patient circuit including an active electrode in electrical connection with the high frequency electrosurgical energy, and a return electrode in electrical connection with the electrosurgical generator.
2. An electrosurgical generator of claim 1 wherein the dosage error monitoring circuit is I also electrically connected to terminate the high frequency electrosurgical energy to the patient when the filtered serial digital output exceeds the safety threshold.
3. An electrosurgical generator of claim 1 wherein the pulse generator comprises: a microprocessor having a memory capability, at least one output port, and at least one input port; and M an algorithm in the microprocessor designed to execute a command sequence for toggling the output port and to thereby create said serial digital output.
4. The electrosurgical generator of claim 3 further comprising: a mode selector on the electrosurgical generator for selecting one of a plurality of pulse patterns in the serial digital output, where each pattern results in a different effect on the tissue and bodily fluids of the patient, and a plurality of command sequences in the algorithm, wherein each command sequence is designed to produce at least one of the plurality of patterns. The electrosurgical generator of any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein a tank damp circuit is connected to the output amplifier and is controlled by a microprocessor for reducing the amplitude of voltage spikes in the electrosurgical energy.
6. The electrosurgical generator of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein a pulse suppression circuit is connected to the output amplifier to suppress portions of the serial digital output. SA ,I rV[I:\DayLib\LIBH00157 doc KBM Vr)
7. The electrosurgical generator of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein a clock signal is connected to one of the input ports of the microprocessor to provide reference frequency.
8. The electrosurgical generator of claim 7 wherein the reference frequency is in the range of 28 MHz to 29 MHz.
9. The electrosurgical generator of any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the filter is a low- pass filter. The electrosurgical generator of any one of claims 4 to 9 wherein the algorithm is continuously executing until it is reset by one of the input ports of the microprocessor.
11. An electrosurgical generator for applying high frequency electrosurgical energy to a ino patient, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
12. A method of using the electrosurgical generator any one of claims 1 to 11 for applying high frequency electrical energy to the tissue and bodily fluids of a patient, the method comprising the steps of: creating a serial digital output using said pulse generator in the electrosurgical generator; 15 time averaging the serial digital output; comparing the time averaged serial digital output against a safety threshold; transforming the serial digital output into the high frequency electrosurgical energy; adjusting the amplitude of the high frequency electrosurgical energy with an adjustable high voltage DC power supply in electrical connection with the output amplifier, and providing a patient circuit connected to the electrosurgical generator, the patient circuit including an S. active electrode in electrical connection with the high frequency electrosurgical energy, and a return electrode in electrical connection with the electrosurgical generator.
13. The method of using an electrosurgical generator in claim 12 further comprising the steps of: selecting one of a plurality of pulse patterns in the serial digital output using a mode selector on the electrosurgical generator, where each pattern results in a different effect on the tissue and bodily fluids of the patient, and providing a plurality of command sequences in the algorithm, wherein each command sequence is designed to produce one of the plurality of patterns.
14. The method of using an electrosurgical generator in claim 12 further comprising the step of reducing the amplitude of voltage spikes in the electrosurgical energy with a tank damp circuit which is connected to the output amplifier and is controlled by the microprocessor. [I\DayLib\LIBH]0157.doc:KBM The method of using an electrosurgical generator in claim 12 further comprising the step of suppressing portions of the serial digital output using a pulse suppression circuit which is connected to the serial digital output.
16. An electrosurgical generator of any one of claims 1 to 11 when used in a method for applying high frequency electrical energy to the tissue and body fluids of a patient, said method comprising the steps of: creating a serial digital output using said pulse generator in the electrosurgical generator; time averaging the serial digital output; comparing the time averaged serial digital output against a safety threshold; S transforming the serial digital output into the high frequency electrosurgical energy; adjusting the amplitude of the high frequency electrosurgical energy with an adjustable high voltage DC power supply in electrical connection with the output amplifier, and providing a patient circuit connected to the electrosurgical generator, the patient circuit including an active electrode in electrical connection with the high frequency electrosurgical energy, and a return i: electrode in electrical connection with the electrosurgical generator.
17. The electrosurgical generator of claim 16 wherein the method further comprises the S: steps of: selecting one of a plurality of pulse patterns in the serial digital output using a mode selector on the electrosurgical generator, where each pattern results in a different effect on the tissue and bodily fluids of the patient, and providing a plurality of command sequences in the algorithm, wherein each command S sequence is designed to produce one of the plurality of patterns.
18. The electrosurgical generator of claim 16 wherein the method further comprises: the step of reducing the amplitude of voltage spikes in the electrosurgical energy with a tank damp circuit which is connected to the output amplifier and is controlled by the microprocessor.
19. The Electrosurgical generator of claim 16 wherein the method further comprises: the step of suppressing portions of the serial digital output using a pulse suppression circuit which is connected to the serial digital output. A method of generating high frequency electrosurgical energy in the electrosurgical generator of any one of claims 1 to 11, the method comprising the steps of: creating a serial digital output using a pulse generator in the electrosurgical generator; time averaging the serial digital output and comparing the time-averaged serial digital output against a safety threshold using a dosage error monitoring circuit; [I:\DayLib\LIBH]00157 doc KBM M 11 transforming the serial digital output into the high frequency electrosurgical energy using an output amplifier; adjusting the amplitude of the high frequency electrosurgical energy with an adjustable high voltage DC power in electrical connection with the output amplifier; and S providing a patient circuit connected to the electrosurgical generator, the patient circuit including an active electrode in electrical connection with the high frequency electrosurgical energy, and a return electrode in electrical connection with the electrosurgical generator.
21. The method of claim 20 further comprising the step of reducing the electrosurgical energy substantially to zero whenever the time-averaged serial digital output exceeds the safety I, threshold.
22. A method of generating high frequency electrosurgical energy in an electrosurgical Sgenerator, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Dated 12 July, 1999 Valleylab, Inc. Patent Attorneys for the Applicant/Nominated Person SPRUSON FERGUSON do KBM T O [1 \Daylb\LIBH]00157 doc KBM 'VT
AU57009/96A 1995-06-06 1996-06-03 Digital waveform generation for electrosurgical generators Ceased AU710400B2 (en)

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US47134495A 1995-06-06 1995-06-06
US08/471344 1995-06-06
PCT/IB1996/000551 WO1996039088A1 (en) 1995-06-06 1996-06-03 Digital waveform generation for electrosurgical generators

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CA2220909C (en) 2001-02-27
WO1996039088A1 (en) 1996-12-12
EP0836433A1 (en) 1998-04-22
CA2220909A1 (en) 1996-12-12
JPH10506564A (en) 1998-06-30

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