AU2005262652A1 - Abnormal Cannabidiols for lowering intraocular pressure - Google Patents

Description

WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -1 17715(AP)PCT ABNORMAL CANNABIDIOLS AS AGENTS FOR LOWERING INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND PROVIDING NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT TO THE EYE 5 Background of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention 10 The present invention relates to the use of Abnormal Cannabidiols to lower the intraocular pressure of mammals and thus are useful in treating glaucoma. These compounds are also useful as neuroprotective agents in the eye. 15 2. Description of the Art Ocular hypotensive agents are useful in the treatment of a number of various ocular hypertensive conditions, such as post-surgical and post laser trabeculectomy ocular hypertensive episodes, glaucoma, and as 20 presurgical adjuncts. Glaucoma is a disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure. On the basis of its etiology, glaucoma has been classified as primary or secondary. For example, primary glaucoma in adults (congenital glaucoma) may be either open-angle or acute or 25 chronic angle-closure. Secondary glaucoma results from pre-existing ocular diseases such as uveitis, intraocular tumor or an enlarged cataract. The underlying causes of primary glaucoma are not yet known. The increased intraocular tension is due to the obstruction of aqueous humor outflow. In chronic open-angle glaucoma, the anterior chamber 30 and its anatomic structures appear normal, but drainage of the aqueous humor is impeded. In acute or chronic angle-closure, the anterior chamber is shallow, the filtration angle is narrowed, and the iris may obstruct the trabecular meshwork at the entrance of the canal of Schlemm. Dilation of the pupil may push the root of the iris forward against the 35 angle, and may produce pupilary block and thus precipitate an acute WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -2 attack. Eyes with narrow anterior chamber angles are predisposed to acute angle-closure glaucoma attacks of various degrees of severity. Secondary glaucoma is caused by any interference with the flow of aqueous humor from the posterior chamber into the anterior chamber and 5 subsequently, into the canal of Schlemm. Inflammatory disease of the anterior segment may prevent aqueous escape by causing complete posterior synechia in iris bombe, and may plug the drainage channel with exudates. Other common causes are intraocular tumors, enlarged cataracts, central retinal vein occlusion, trauma to the eye, operative 10 procedures and intraocular hemorrhage. Considering all types together, glaucoma occurs in about 2% of all persons over the age of 40 and may be asymptotic for years before progressing to rapid loss of vision. In cases where surgery is not indicated, topical a-adrenoreceptor antagonists have traditionally been 15 the drugs of choice for treating glaucoma. It has long been know that one of the sequelae of glaucoma is damage to the optic nerve head. This damage, referred to as "cupping", results in depressions in areas of the nerve fiber of the optic disk. Loss of sight from this cupping is progressive and can lead to blindness if the 20 condition is not treated effectively. Unfortunately lowering intraocular pressure by administration of drugs or by surgery to facilitate outflow of the aqueous humor is not always effective in obviating damage to the nerves in glaucomatous conditions. This apparent contradiction is addressed by Cioffi and Van 25 Buskirk [Surv. of Ophthalmol., 38, Suppl. p. S107-16, discussion S116-17, May 1994] in the article, "Microvasculature of the Anterior Optic Nerve". The abstract states: The traditional definition of glaucoma as a disorder of 30 increased intraocular pressure (IOP) oversimplifies the clinical situation. Some glaucoma patients never have higher than normal IOP and others continue to develop optic nerve damage despite maximal lowering of IOP. Another possible factor in the etiology of glaucoma may be regulation of the 35 regional microvasculature of the anterior optic nerve. One WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -3 reason to believe that microvascular factors are important is that many microvascular diseases are associated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. 5 Subsequent to Cioffi, et al., Matusi published a paper on the "Ophthalmologic aspects of Systemic Vasculitis" [Nippon Rinsho 52 (8), p. 2158-63, August 1994] and added further support to the assertion that many microvascular diseases are associated with glaucomatous optic 10 neuropathy. The summary states: Ocular findings of systemic vasculitis, such as polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell angitis and aortitis syndrome were reviewed. Systemic lupus erythematosus is not categorized as systemic vasculitis, however its ocular findings are microangiopathic. 15 Therefore, review of its ocular findings was included in this paper. The most common fundus finding in these diseases is ischemic optic neuropathy or retinal vascular occlusions. Therefore several points in diagnosis or pathogenesis of optic neuropathy and retinal and choroidal vaso-occlusion were 20 discussed. Choroidal ischemia has come to be able to be diagnosed clinically, since fluorescein angiography was applied in these lesions. When choroidal arteries are occluded, overlying retinal pigment epithelium is damaged. This causes disruption of barrier function of the epithelium and allows 25 fluid from choroidal vasculatures to pass into subsensory retinal spaces. This is a pathogenesis of serous detachment of the retina. The retinal arterial occlusion formed non-perfused retina. Such hypoxic retina released angiogenesis factors which stimulate retinal and iris neovascularizations and iris 30 neovascularizations may cause neovascular glaucoma. B. Schwartz, in "Circulatory Defects of the Optic Disk and Retina in Ocular Hypertension and High Pressure Open-Angle Glaucoma" [Surv. Ophthalmol., 38, Suppl. pp. S23-24, May 1994] discusses the 35 measurement of progressive defects in the optic nerve and retina associated with the progression of glaucoma. He states: WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -4 Fluorescein defects are significantly correlated with visual field loss and retinal nerve fiber layer loss. The second circulatory defect is a decrease of flow of fluorescein in the retinal vessels, 5 especially the retinal veins, so that the greater the age, diastolic blood pressure, ocular pressure and visual field loss , the less the flow. Both the optic disk and retinal circulation defects occur in untreated ocular hypertensive eyes. These observations indicate that circulatory defects in the optic disk 10 and retina occur in ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma and increase with the progression of the disease. Certain Abnormal Cannabidiols are disclosed in Howlett et al, "International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of Cannabinoid Receptors", Pharmacological Reviews 54: 161-202, 2002. 15 Summary of the Invention We have found that Abnormal Cannabidiols are potent ocular hypotensive agents. We have further found that Abnormal Cannabidiols and homologues and derivatives thereof, are especially useful in the 20 treatment of glaucoma and surprisingly, cause no or significantly lower ocular surface hyperemia than the other compounds that are useful in lowering intraocular pressure, e.g. PGF 2 a and lower alkyl esters thereof. We have also found that Abnormal Cannabidiols are potent neuroprotective agents. We have further found that Abnormal 25 Cannabidiols and homologues and derivatives thereof are especially useful in providing a neuroprotective effect to the eye of a mammal, e.g. a human.

WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -5 The present invention relates to methods of treating ocular hypertension in and providing neuroprotection to the eye, e.g. the eye of a mammal, such as a human, which comprises administering an effective 5 amount of a compound represented by the formula I R HO OH wherein R is selected from the group consisting of (CH 2 )x wherein x is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 7. In a further aspect, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical 10 compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulae (I), in admixture with an non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable liquid vehicle. Brief Description of the Drawing Figures 15 Figure 1 shows the effect of 0.1% Abnormal Cannabidiol on Dog Intraocular Pressure versus time. Figure 2 shows the effect of 0.1% Abnormal Cannabidiol on Monkey Intraocular Pressure versus time. 20 Figure 3 shows the change from baseline IOP of Monkey dosed with 0.1% Abnormal Cannabidiol versus time. Detailed Description of the Invention 25 The present invention relates to the use of Abnormal Cannabidiols as ocular hypotensives. These therapeutic agents are represented by compounds having the formula I: WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -6 R HO OH as defined above. The preferred compounds used in accordance with the 5 present invention are encompassed by the following structural formula II O OH or III O

OH

WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -7 In all of the above formulae, as well as in those provided hereinafter, the straight lines represent bonds. Where there is no symbol for the atoms between the bonds, the appropriate carbon-containing 5 radical is to be inferred. For example in formula II, the radical extending from the phenyl ring is a polymethylene (CH 2 ) radical terminated with a methyl radical, i.e. a butylenylmethyl radical. Pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by combining a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to 10 the present invention, as an active ingredient, with conventional ophthalmically acceptable pharmaceutical excipients, and by preparation of unit dosage forms suitable for topical ocular use. The therapeutically efficient amount typically is between about 0.0001 and about 5% (w/v), preferably about 0.001 to about 1.0% (w/v) in liquid formulations. 15 For ophthalmic application, preferably solutions are prepared using a physiological saline solution as a major vehicle. The pH of such ophthalmic solutions should preferably be maintained between 4.5 and 8.0 with an appropriate buffer system, a neutral pH being preferred but not essential. The formulations may also contain conventional, 20 pharmaceutically acceptable preservatives, stabilizers and surfactants. Preferred preservatives that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuric acetate and phenylmercuric nitrate. A preferred surfactant is, for example, 25 Tween 80. Likewise, various preferred vehicles may be used in the ophthalmic preparations of the present invention. These vehicles include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, poloxamers, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and purified water. 30 .Tonicity adjustors may be added as needed or convenient. They include, but are not limited to, salts, particularly sodium chloride, potassium chloride, mannitol and glycerin, or any other suitable ophthalmically acceptable tonicity adjustor. Various buffers and means for adjusting pH may be used so long 35 as the resulting preparation is ophthalmically acceptable. Accordingly, WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -8 buffers include acetate buffers, citrate buffers, phosphate buffers and borate buffers. Acids or bases may be used to adjust the pH of these formulations as needed. In a similar vein, an ophthalmically acceptable antioxidant for use 5 in the present invention includes, but is not limited to, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, acetylcysteine, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Other excipient components which may be included in the ophthalmic preparations are chelating agents. The preferred chelating 10 agent is edentate disodium, although other chelating agents may also be used in place or in conjunction with it. The ingredients are usually used in the following amounts: Table 1 15 Ingredient Amount (% wlv) active ingredient about 0.001-5 preservative 0-0.10 vehicle 0-40 tonicity adjustor 1-10 20 buffer 0.01-10 pH adjustor q.s. pH 4.5-7.5 antioxidant as needed surfactant as needed purified water as needed to make 100% 25 The actual dose of the active compounds of the present invention depends on the specific compound, and on the condition to be treated; the selection of the appropriate dose is well within the knowledge of the skilled artisan. 30 The ophthalmic formulations of the present invention are conveniently packaged in forms suitable for metered application, such as in containers equipped with a dropper, to facilitate application to the eye. Containers suitable for dropwise application are usually made of suitable inert, non-toxic plastic material, and generally contain between about 0.5 WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -9 and about 15 ml solution. One package may contain one or more unit doses. Especially preservative-free solutions are often formulated in non resealable containers containing up to about ten, preferably up to about 5 five unit doses, where a typical unit dose is from one to about 8 drops, preferably one to about 3 drops. The volume of one drop usually is about 20-35 pl. The compounds disclosed herein for use in the method of this invention, i.e. the treatment of glaucoma or elevated intraocular 10 pressure, may also be used in combination with other drugs useful for the treatment of glaucoma or elevated intraocular pressure. For the treatment of glaucoma or elevated intraocular pressure, combination treatment with the following classes of drugs are contemplated: 15 -Blockers (or b-adrenergic antagonists) including carteolol, levobunolol, metipranolol, timolol hemihydrate, timolol maleate, pl3-selective antagonists such as betaxolol, and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; Adrenergic Agonists including 20 non-selective adrenergic agonists such as epinephrine borate, epinephrine hydrochloride, and dipivefrin, and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; and a--selective adrenergic agonists such as apraclonidine, brimonidine, and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; 25 Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors including acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; Cholinergic Agonists including WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -10 direct acting cholinergic agonists such as carbachol, pilocarpine hydrochloride, pilocarpine nitrate, pilocarpine, and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; chlolinesterase inhibitors such as demecarium, echothiophate, 5 physostigmine, and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; Glutamate Antagonists such as memantine, amantadine, rimantadine, nitroglycerin, dextrophan, detromethorphan, CGS-19755, dihydropyridines, verapamil, emopamil, benzothiazepines, bepridil, 10 diphenylbutylpiperidines, diphenylpiperazines, HOE 166 and related drugs, fluspirilene, eliprodil, ifenprodil, CP-101,606, tibalosine, 2309BT, and 840S, flunarizine, nicardipine, nifedimpine, nimodipine, barnidipine, lidoflazine, prenylamine lactate, amn-iloride, and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; 15 Prostamides such as bimatoprost, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; and Prostaglandins including travoprost, UFO-21, chloprostenol, fluprostenol, 13,14-dihydro-chloprostenol, isopropyl unoprostone, latanoprost and the like. 20 The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting Examples. Example 1 Abnormal Cannabidiol, also named as Abn-CBD (4-[(1R,6R)-3 25 Methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol, M.W. 314.47, may be purchased from Tocris Cookson Inc., Ellisville, MO, USA. The above compound is well known and may be purchased or 30 synthesized by methods known in the art.

WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -11 Example 2 Intraocular Pressure 5 Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation pneumatonometry in conscious animals. The test compound was administered topically to one eye while vehicle was given to the fellow eye in a masked fashion. Ocular normotensive Beagle dogs (males, females) were dosed once daily for five days. Laser-induced unilaterally 10 ocular hypertensive Cynomolgus monkeys (females) were dosed once daily for 4 days. Student's paired t-test was used for statistical comparisons. Differences were considered statistically significant if the P value is less than 0.05. The results are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. 15 In particular, Figure 1 shows the effect of 0.1% Abnormal Cannabidiol on Dog Intraocular Pressure versus time. Figure 2 shows the effect of 0.1% Abnormal Cannabidiol on Monkey Intraocular Pressure versus time. Figure 3 shows the change from baseline IOP of Monkey dosed 20 with 0.1% Abnormal Cannabidiol versus time. Example 3 Determination of Abnormal Cannabidiol Activity 25 Abnormal Cannabidiol receptor activity may be measured in accordance with the procedure disclosed in (Wagner JA et al., Hypertension 33 [part II], 429 (1999); Jdrai Z et al., PNAS 96, 14136 (1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Example 4 30 Method of Measuring a Neuroprotective Effect The dissection and dissociation of the rat hippocampal neuron cell cultures is carried out. Briefly, whole cerebral neocortices are removed WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -12 from fetal rats, gestation age 15-19 days and kept in calcium free and magnesium free Hanks' balanced salt solution. The hippocampi are removed under a dissecting microscope and the meninges are stripped away. When all the hippocampi are removed, the tissues are incubated in 5 0.05% trypsin solution for 30 minutes at 37 0 C. At the end of 340 minutes, the trypsin solution is replaced with plating medium (minimal essential medium supplemented with 2% Hyclone horse serum, 1% fetal calf serum, 25 mM glucose, 1% glutamine and 1% penicillin/streptomycin and N 2 supplement). Then the tissues are triturated with a Pasteur 10 pipette 10 times and then again with a pipette whose tip has been fire polished to about half the normal diameter. The dissociated neuronal cells then are plated on poly D-lysine coated, 15 mm 24 well plates (2x10 5 cells/well) in plating medium. The cell cultures are kept at 37oC in a humidified, 5% CO 2 15 containing atmosphere. After 1-2 days, the horse serum level in the plating media is increased to 8%. After 4-7 days, the non-neuronal cell division is halted by 24 hours exposure to 10 6 'M Cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C), and the cells are then placed into growing medium with 4% horse serum, 1% fetal calf serum, 25 mM 20 glucose, 1% glutamine and 1% penicillin/streptomycin and N 2 supplement. Subsequent medium replacement is carried out every other day until the neuronal cells mature (15-20 days). Only matured cell cultures are selected for study. Exposure of the excitatory amino acids is performed in minimal 25 essential medium (MEM). Extreme care is taken to wash out the growing medium from cultures before the addition of the excitatory amino acid since the neurons are very sensitive to disturbance. Matured cell cultures are exposed to either glutamate, a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), or kainic acid.

WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -13 Cytotoxicity or cell injury is scored by light microscopy examination with trypan blue. In most experiments, the overall neuronal cell injury is quantitated by the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 5 released by the damaged cells into the media 24 hours after drug exposure. LDH is measured at room temperature using Promega non radioactive cytotoxicity assay kit. The absorbance of the reaction mixture is measured at 490 nm. 10 The effect of the Abnormal Cannabidiol of Example 1 on NMDA induced neurotoxicity shows that the compound of Example 1 has a neuroprotective effect. Example 5 Method of Measuring a Neuroprotective Effect 15 The Experiment of Example 4 is repeated with other Abnormal Cannabidiols and the results are essentially as shown for the compound of Example 1. Example 6 20 Measuring Uveoscleral Outflow of Mammals Treated with Abnormal Cannabidiols Effect of abnormal cannabidiol 0.1%, topical once-daily for 5 days, vs vehicle on Outflow Facility (ul/min/mm Hg), mean ± sem is shown in 25 Table 2, below. Table 2 Baseline Treatment (no treatment) (abnormal cannabidiol vs vehicle) Treated Eye 0.54 ± 0.10 0.57 ± 0.08 Control Eye 0.51 ± 0.14 0.65 ± 0.10 Ratio, 1.19 ± 0.17 0.93 ± 0.09 WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -14 Treated:Control Student's t-test, paired analysis, showed no significant differences between means. n = 6 animals 5 Effect of abnormal cannabidiol 0.1%, topical once-daily for 5 days, vs vehicle on Uveosclearal Outflow (ul/min), mean + sem Treated Eye 0.58 ± 0.17 Control Eye 0.75 ± 0.23 Ratio, Treated:Control 0.78 ± 0.05 Student's t-test, paired analysis, showed no significant differences between means. n = 5 animals 10 These experimental findings indicate that abnormal cannabidiol 0.1%, given topically once-daily for 5 days to eyes of ocular normotensive nonhuman primates (cynomolgus monkeys), had no significant effects on total outflow facility and uveoscleral outflow 15 compared to baseline and/or contralateral vehicle-treated control eyes. This indicates that the mechanism of the IOP lowering effects of abnormal cannabidiol may likely involve no or minor increases in aqueous outflow. Consequently, the intraocular pressure lowering effects of abnormal cannabidiol is anticipated to predominantly involve 20 reduction of aqueous humor formation in humans and nonhuman primates. Thus, a combination product containing an Abnormal Cannabidiols component and an ocular hypotensive agents component that enhances aqueous humor outflow via either or both the trabecular 25 and uveoscleral outflow pathways is contemplated for effective reduction of intraocular pressure based on different modes of action and complementary pharmacology of the active ingredients. The combination treatment with the following classes of drugs is contemplated: Cholinergic agonists including direct acting cholinergic WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -15 agonists such as carbachol, pilocarpine hydrochloride, pilocarpine nitrate, pilocarpine, and the like, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; cholinesterase inhibitors such as demecarium, echothiophate, physostigmine, and the like, or pharmaceutically 5 acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; prostamides such as bimatoprost, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; prostaglandins including travoprost, UFO-21, cloprostenol, fluprostenol, 13,14-dihydro cloprostenol, isopropyl unoprostone, latanoprost, prostaglandin EP analogs such as butaprost, AH-13205 and the like. 10 The foregoing description details specific methods and compositions that can be employed to practice the present invention, and represents the best mode contemplated. However, it is apparent from one of ordinary skill in the art that different pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared and used with substantially the same 15 results. That is, other Abnormal Cannabidiols, will effectively lower intraocular pressure and provide neuroprotection in animals and are within the broad scope of the present invention.

Claims (21)

1. A method of treating ocular hypertension in and providing neuroprotection to the eye which comprises applying to the eye an 5 amount sufficient to treat ocular hypertension of a compound of formula I: R HO OH 10 Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of (CH 2 )x wherein x is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 7.

2. The method of Claim 1 wherein said compound is a compound of formula 15 II WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -17 or III 0 OH 5

3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I R HO OH

4. An ophthalmic solution comprising a therapeutically effective 10 amount of a compound of formula I WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 R HO OH

5. The ophthalmic solution of Claim 4 comprising at least one ingredient selected from the group of an ophthalmically acceptable preservative, buffer system, antioxidant and chelating agent. 5

6. The ophthalmic solution of Claim 5 wherein said compound is of the formula II 10 OH or E WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -19 O OH

7. A pharmaceutical product, comprising a container adapted to dispense its contents in metered 5 form; and an ophthalmic solution therein, as defined in claim 4.

8. A method for treating intraocular pressure which comprises applying to the eye an amount sufficient to treat ocular hypertension of a 10 compound having Abnormal Cannabidiol activity.

9. A method for treating glaucoma which comprises applying to the eye an amount sufficient to treat glaucoma of a compound having Abnormal Cannabidiol activity. 15

10. The method of claim 9 wherein said compound is selected from compounds represented by formula WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -20 oIII OH or III 5 0 OH

11. A method for providing a neuroprotective effect to the eye of a mammal which comprises applying to the eye an amount sufficient to 10 provide ocular neuroprotection of a compound having Abnormal Cannabidiol activity.

12. A method of protecting the retinal or optic nerve cells in a mammal suffering a noxious action or at risk of experiencing a noxious 15 action on said nerve cells comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of formula I to inhibit or prevent nerve cell injury or death WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -21 I 5 R HO OH wherein R is selected from the group consisting of (CH 2 ) x wherein x is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 7. 10

13. The method of claim 12 wherein the noxious action is the elevated intraocular pressure of glaucoma.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein the noxious action is ischemnia associated with glaucoma. 15

15. The method of claim 12 wherein the noxious action is diabetic retinopathy.

16. The method of claim 12 wherein the noxious action is non 20 glaucomatous ischemia.

17. The method of claim 12 wherein the noxious action is microangiopathic in nature and is a symptom of the disease chosen from the group consisting of polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell angitis, aortitis 25 syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. WO 2006/007227 PCT/US2005/018830 -22

18. The method of claim 12 wherein oral administration is used to supply the compound to the mammal systemically.

19. The method of claim 12 wherein intrabulbar injection in the 5 eye is used to supply the compound to the mammal.

20. The method of claim 12 wherein parenteral administration is used to supply the compound to the mammal systemically. 10

21. The method of claim 12 wherein intramuscular injection is used to supply the compound to the mammal systemically.