AU2001274276A1 - Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids - Google Patents
Therapeutic combinations of fatty acidsInfo
- Publication number
- AU2001274276A1 AU2001274276A1 AU2001274276A AU2001274276A AU2001274276A1 AU 2001274276 A1 AU2001274276 A1 AU 2001274276A1 AU 2001274276 A AU2001274276 A AU 2001274276A AU 2001274276 A AU2001274276 A AU 2001274276A AU 2001274276 A1 AU2001274276 A1 AU 2001274276A1
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- epa
- disease
- diseases
- formulations according
- pharmaceutical formulations
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Description
Therapeutic Combinations of Fatty Acids
There are two series of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in humans. They are termed "essential" because they cannot be synthesised de novo in mammals. Their metabolic pathways are shown in figure 1. These fatty acids can be interconverted within a series, but the omega-β (n-6) series cannot be converted to the omega-3 series nor can the omega-3 (n-3) series be converted to the omega-6 series in humans. The main EFAs in the diet are linoleic acid of the omega-β series and alpha-linolenic acid of the omega-3 series. However, to fulfil most of their biological effects these "parent" EFAs must be metabolised to the other fatty acids shown in figure 1. Each fatty acid probably has a specific role in the body. Particularly important in the n-6 series are dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), while particularly important in the n- 3 series are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3). This patent specification particularly concerns combinations of AA and EPA.
AA is found as an important constituent of all cell membranes and particularly of cell membranes of nerve cells. It is an important component of many signal transduction systems which are activated by many different forms of cell stimulation. AA is usually found in cells in the form of phospholipids . Cell activation generates a range of active phospholipases which can release AA as the free acid. The free acid has many direct actions of its own in regulating protein kinases and other enzymes, in modulating movements of calcium and other ions, in activating receptors such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) , and in modulating gene function. Furthermore AA can be converted to an enormous
range of even more active derivatives known by the general name of eicosanoids. These include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, various types of hydroxy acids, lipoxins, hepoxilins and many other compounds. These substances are often involved in inflammatory and thrombotic reactions and are frequently regarded as harmful in their overall effects. This harmful image is illustrated by the fact that intravenous AA is frequently lethal because of its thrombotic effects, and by the fact that the steroids which are widely used, in particular for their anti-inflammatory effects, block the release of AA by phospholipases. Moreover, the class of drugs known as cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, which include aspirin and many other well known compounds, known for their antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects, inhibit the conversion of AA to prostaglandins and thromboxanes .
This concept of the potential toxicity of AA has become well established. The expert organisation in the field, the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL) in 1999 organised a workshop in association with the US National Institutes of Health. The remit of the workshop was to make recommendations concerning the human uses of EFAs. The participants, all leading experts in the field, had no doubts about the harmful effects of AA, and emphasised this in their final statement (AP Si opoulos et al, Essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, Nutrition and Metabolism 1999; 43:127-130-). The ISSFAL newsletter reporting on this workshop stated that "after much discussion, consensus was reached on the importance of reducing the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) even as the omega-3 PUFAs are increased in the diet of adults and newborns for optimal brain and cardiovascular function. This is necessary to reduce
adverse effects of arachidonic acid and its eicosanoid products" .
In contrast to this general view of AA toxicity,' the experts of ISSFAL and NIH were keen to promote the value of the n-3 EFAs, particularly EPA and DHA for human health. The view was taken that EPA and DHA would replace AA in cell membrane phospholipids and also reduce AA synthesis from linoleic acid. The lowering of AA levels by EPA and/or DHA was expected to have widespread beneficial effects on human health.
The present invention results from recent surprising observations of the inventor which suggest that this view may be wrong. Contrary to the general expert opinion, it has now been found that AA is highly desirable rather than undesirable and it may be helpful to administer AA in association with EPA. The present invention provides this combination treatment.
The present invention provides pharmaceutical formulations containing eicosapentaenoic acid or any appropriate derivative (hereinafter collectively referred to as EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) , as set out in the claims attached hereto. AA may be replaced by one or more of its precursors, DGLA or GLA. The ratio of EPA to AA is preferably between 1:1 and 20:1.
The EPA is preferably provided in a dose of between 100 mg and 10, OOOmg/day . The formulation may be a single preparation comprising 100-10,000 mg EPA. An alternative upper limit is 5,000 mg EPA. Preferably, the formulations of the invention comprise 1 - 4 g EPA and 0.1 - 2.0 g arachidonic acid (AA) . Still preferred amounts are 1.5 - 3g EPA and 0.2 - Ig AA.
The formulation may be a single daily dose preparation to give in one dose the above intakes, or may be in convenient divided doses, for example, a daily dose formed of four soft gelatin or other capsules, each containing 500 mg of EPA in an appropriate form and 150mg of AA in an appropriate form.
The compositions of the first aspect of the present invention are prepared by combining EPA in biologically assimilable form in which the EPA is at least 50% pure, preferably at least 90% pure, and arachidonic acid (AA) in any biologically assimilable form. The starting materials must include one containing substantial amounts of the EPA. The same can apply for the AA, which may be at least 30% pure, preferably at least 90% pure.
Still preferably, the active ingredient of the formulations of the present invention consists essentially wholly of the EPA and AA or AA precursor. In that case, no significant amounts of other EFAs are present.
Flavourants or emulsifiers may be included to make the preparation palatable. Other conventional additives, diluents and excipients may be present. The preparation for ingestion may be in the form of a capsule, a dry powder, a tablet, an oil, an emulsion or any other appropriate form. The capsules may be hard or soft gelatin capsules, agar capsules, or any other appropriate capsule .
The EPA is preferably composed of a triglyceride or ethyl ester which is 50% pure or purer, more preferably more than 90% pure. Other forms of the fatty acids which may be useful include the free acids, salts, esters of any type, amides, mono-, di- or triglycerides, phospholipids or any other form which can lead to the incorporation of
EPA into body tissues. If phospholipids are considered, it is specifically excluded from the present invention that a phospholipid containing two different fatty acids, that is containing both EPA and AA (or AA precursor) is used. Phospholipids containing EPA may however be used in the present formulations when combined with phospholipids containing AA or AA precursor.
The formulations of the present invention may be used for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and disorders including: any psychiatric, neurological or other central or peripheral nervous system disease - in particular schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and * degenerative disorders of the brain including Alzheimer' s disease and other dementias and Parkinson's disease; asthma and other respiratory diseases; diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory disease affecting any system; cardiovascular disease; dyslipidaemia, any form of diabetes or any form of metabolic diseases; dermatological diseases; kidney or urinary tract diseases; liver diseases; disease of the male or female reproductive organs such as the breast or the prostate gland; cancer or cancer cachexia; diseases of the head and neck, including disease of the mouth and teeth, of the eyes or of the ears; infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa or other organisms.
They may also be taken as a general nutritional supplement.
The present invention further provides a method of treatment or prevention of any of the aforesaid diseases or conditions, in particular neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and degenerative disorders of the brain including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias and Parkinson's disease. The treatment or preventative method is, for example, by the combined application of EPA and AA at the dosage regime of between lOOmg and 10,000mg/day EPA and a ratio of EPA to AA of between 1:1 and 20:1. A precursor to AA, selected from DGLA and GLA, may be used instead of AA. The preferred range of EPA to AA (or its precursor) is between 1:1 and 5:1.
The present invention still further provides a method of treatment or prevention of any disease selected from: asthma and other respiratory diseases; diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory disease affecting any system; cardiovascular disease; any form of dyslipidaemia, any form of diabetes or any form of metabolic diseases; any form of dermatological diseases; any form of kidney or urinary tract disease; any form of liver disease; any form of disease of the male or female reproductive system or related secondary sexual organs such as the breast or prostate gland; any form of cancer or for cancer cachexia; any disease of the head and neck including diseases of the mouth and teeth, of the eyes or of the ears; and any form of infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa or other organisms
by, for example, the combined application of EPA and AA at the dosage regime of between lOOmg and 10,000mg/day EPA and a ratio of EPA to AA of between 1:1 and 20:1. A precursor to AA, DGLA or GLA, may be used instead of AA. The preferred range of EPA to AA (or its precursor) is between 1 : 1 and 5:1.
Use of the formulations of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of any disease or disorder, including those mentioned above, is included in the present invention.
The specific therapeutic compositions proposed are ones which provide not less than lOOmg and not more than 10,000mg of EPA/day combined with AA, DGLA or GLA, in doses of between lOOmg and 10, OOOmg/day. An alternative upper limit is 5,000 mg/day of the fatty acids.
Particularly preferred amounts are l-4g per day EPA combined with 0.1 - 2.0 g per day arachidonic acid, or one of its precursors, GLA or DGLA. A still preferred composition comprises 1.5 - 3g EPA and 0.2 - lg AA. The present invention further provides a formulation, for example, in a one-a-day dose comprising 1.5 - 3 g EPA and 0.1 - 2.0 g arachidonic acid or one of its precursors.
The ratio of EPA to the omega-6 fatty acid is important because too much EPA is likely to lead to the loss of AA from membranes, while too much AA may lead to adverse effects because of excessive conversion of AA to eicosanoid. The ratio of EPA to AA or DGLA or GLA should therefore never be less than 1:1, should preferably be in the range between 20:1 and 1:1, and should still . preferably be in the range of between 5:1 and 1:1. These combinations will ensure that the beneficial effects of EPA are enhanced and maintained even at relatively high EPA doses, because the provision of AA and its precursors
will prevent AA depletion which may occur when too much EPA is given alone.
During absorption from the gut and within the body, EPA moieties are readily transformed intact from one chemical form to another. Simple esters such as ethyl or methyl esters are readily split by esterases and the freed fatty acids can then be bound by albumin or other binding or transport proteins or incorporated into complex lipids such as phospholipids, cholesterol ester or glycerides. The fatty acids in the present formulations can therefore be administered in any form such as glycerides, esters, free acids, salts, phospholipids, amides or any other form which leads to their incorporation into the blood and cell membranes .
The EPA, AA, DGLA or GLA may be derived from any appropriate source including plant seed oils, microbial oils from algae or fungal or marine oils from fish or other marine animals. They may be used in the form of the natural oil, if that oil meets the required purity requirements of the starting material, or may be purified to give products containing 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the fatty acid. A particularly useful form of EPA is the highly purified ethyl ester described in patent filings based on the preliminary UK filing 9901809.5. Synthetic routes to the fatty acids are also possible although at present are not economically feasible .
Once the oils containing the individual fatty acids have been obtained, and purified as necessary, the starting materials may be blended to give the desirable ratios of EPA to AA, DGLA or GLA described above.
The blended fatty acid compositions may then be incorporated into any' appropriate dosage form for oral, enteral, parenteral, rectal, vaginal, dermal or other route of administration. Soft or hard gelatin capsules, flavoured oil blends, emulsifiers or other liquid forms, and microencapsulate powders or other dry form vehicles are all appropriate ways of administering the products.
Example Formulations
(a) Soft or hard gelatin capsules each containing 500mg or lOOOmg of a mix of 10 parts 95% pure ethyl-EPA to 2 parts of 95% pure AA;
(b) As in (a) but where the AA and EPA ethyl esters are replaced with the fatty acids in any other appropriate bioassimilable form such as the free acid, tri-, di- or monoglyceride, other esters, salts such as the sodium, potassium or lithium salts, amides, phospholipids or any other appropriate derivatives;
(c) As in (a) or (b) but where the EPA or EPA derivative is 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% pure and where the AA or AA derivative is 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% pure;
(d) As in (a) -(c) but where the ratio of EPA to AA is anywhere in the range from 1:1 to 20:1;
(e) As in (a) -(d) but where the material is in the form of a microencapsulated powder which can be used as a powder or compressed into tablets. Such powders may be prepared by a variety of technologies known to those skilled in the art;
(f) As in (a) -(d) but where the formulation is a liquid or emulsion, appropriately flavoured for palatable oral administration;
(g) As in (a) -(d) but where the material is formulated in to material appropriate for topical application such as a cream or ointment;
(h) As in (a) -(g) but where the AA is replaced by one of its precursors, GLA or DGLA.
Brief description of the figures
Fig 1. the metabolic pathways of the two series of essential fatty acids.
Experimental Data
A trial was conducted of the administration of a placebo and three different doses of EPA, lg, 2g and 4g/day in the treatment of schizophrenia in patients who were also taking the antischizophrenic drug clozapine. Previous pilot studies had suggested that EPA would have desirable effects and the expectation was that the higher the dose of EPA, the better would be the effect. 31 patents were entered into the study and followed for 12 weeks. They were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) . The percentage improvements from baseline are shown in table 1. Placebo produced a small effect, lg/day produced a larger effect, 2g/day produced a large effect of 26.0% compared to the usual 15-20% improvements on this scale generated by existing drugs for schizophrenia. It was expected that 4g/day would produce the best effect but this did not happen. The effect of 4g/day while there, was substantially less than the effect of 2g/day, and comparable to that of lg/day.
Table 1. Percentage improvements from baseline to 12 weeks on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) in patients given placebo, lg/day, 2g/day or 4g/day ethyl eicosapentaenoate
Placebo IS 2S ia n 7 9 9 6 Improvement 6.0% 18.3% 26.0% 16.3
In these patients, and also in a further series of patients, the levels of DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA were measured in human red cells before starting treatment and after 12 weeks. The results were partly expected and partly surprising and are shown in table 2. As expected there was a dose-related rise in EPA which was greater the greater the dose. It was also expected that there would be a progressive decline in AA, the larger the EPA dose, the greater the fall in AA. However, this did not happen, lg/day of EPA produced a small rise in AA while 2g/day produced a large rise. 4g/day EPA produced the expected fall in AA.
Table 2. Changes from baseline to 12 weeks in red cell concentrations (in g/g) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in red blood cells in four groups of schizophrenic patients given placebo or lg/d, 2g/d or 4g/d ethyl-EPA. + means a rise and - means a fall
Placebo is 2S S
EPA -0. 6 +2 . 4 +33 . 7 +49. 0
AA -12 .6 +2.7 +29. 4 -26. 5
It appeared that the improvement in schizophrenic symptoms was more related to the changes in AA than to the changes in EPA. This was tested in a larger series of patients where the improvement in PANSS was correlated with the
changes in all the major EFAs. The values for r, the correlation coefficient, are shown in table 3 as is the statistical significance of the relationship. An r value of 1.0 means that the two parameters are perfectly related while one of 0.0 means that there is no relationship whatsoever.
Table 3. Correlations between the change from baseline to 12 weeks on the total PANSS score and the change from baseline to 12 weeks in the red cell concentration of various essential fatty acids. r, the correlation coefficient from a linear regression analysis, is shown, p is the statistical significance of the relationship. Fatty acid Correlation Siαnificance p= coefficient r
Dihomogammalinolenic -0.51 ' 0.09 (DGLA)
Arachidonic (AA) -0.81 o-.ooi E i c o s a p e n t a e n o i c -0.07 0.84
( EPA) D o c o s a p e n t a e n o i c -0.12 0.76 ( DPA)
Docosahexaenoic (DHA) -0.35 0.13
From the table it is clear that by far the strongest relationship is with AA, and the second strongest relationship is with DGLA. Rises in these two fatty acids are strongly associated with improvement in schizophrenic symptoms, as indicated by a fall in the PANSS score, hence the negative correlations. In contrast there is almost no relationship with EPA because high doses of EPA are associated with falls in red cell AA levels and the loss of clinical effect.
These results were completely unexpected. Far from EPA itself being the most desirable fatty acid in cell membranes it seems that AA and DGLA are more helpful. The likeliest interpretation of this is that AA is desirable
when it is retained in membrane phospholipids and not converted to potentially dangerous eicosanoids. The effect of EPA may be to inhibit phospholipases and so keep AA in the phospholipid form. Very high does of EPA, however, displace AA and the therapeutic effect is lost.
This interpretation was supported by a pilot study in which AA itself was given to five patients with schizophrenia. The expectation was that they would improve, but in fact their condition deteriorated. The administration of AA, without EPA to inhibit phospholipases, may lead to increased formation of eicosanoids rather than to incorporation of AA into phospholipids .
The conclusion to be drawn from these studies is that EPA is desirable, not in itself but because it raises the AA level in membrane phospholipids . High doses of EPA, far from being valuable in themselves, may be undesirable because they lead to excessive loss of AA from membranes. The way to get around this issue, and to boost the clearly desirable effects of EPA, is to keep to relatively low doses of EPA, but also to boost the level of AA by administering the EPA with either AA or one of its precursors, DGLA or gamma-linolenic acid GLA. When AA in a dose of lg/day was given to two patients who had already been taking 2g/day EPA for 3 months, they experienced a substantial further improvement without any of the worsening seen when AA was given alone.
US Patent 4,977,187 provided for combinations of n-3 fatty acids and n-6 fatty acids and vitamin E in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, that patent did not direct attention to AA specifically or to EPA specifically, or to the specific combination of EPA with AA or its immediate precursors or to the specific doses and ratios of EPA and
AA described in this specification. Any n-6 fatty acid could be combined with any n-3 fatty acid in any ratio in US 4,977,198 and corresponding patents.
A review of the literature suggests that the phenomenon described here is not only true of schizophrenia but of several disorders where EPA is therapeutically useful. There are many studies describing the value of low doses of EPA containing products in cardiovascular diseases, in inflammatory disease and in other disorders. However, when investigators have gone to higher doses, these desirable therapeutic effects have been lost. To take two examples, high doses of EPA completely failed to exert beneficial effects in patients undergoing angioplasty for coronary vascular disease, or in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, even though earlier studies with smaller EPA doses had given strong evidence of benefit. The authors had no real explanation for the trial failure and did not consider the possibility that excess depletion of AA may have been the cause.
The use of the formulations of the present invention could be very wide-ranging.
Claims (1)
- Claims1. Pharmaceutical formulations, prepared by combining: eicosapentaenoic acid or any appropriate derivative (EPA) , in any biologically assimilable form in which the EPA is at least 50% pure; and arachidonic acid (AA) in any biologically assimilable form.2. Pharmaceutical formulations according to claim 1, in which the EPA is at least 90% pure.3. Pharmaceutical formulations according to claim 1 or 2, in which the AA is at least 30% pure.4. Pharmaceutical formulations according to claim 3, in which the AA is at least 90% pure.5. Pharmaceutical formulations according to any preceding claim in which the ratio of EPA to AA is between 1:1 and 20:1.6. Pharmaceutical formulations according to any preceding claim in which the EPA is provided in a dose of between 100 mg and 10, OOOmg/day.7. Pharmaceutical formulations according to any preceding claim containing 1 - 4 g EPA and 0.1 - 2.0 g arachidonic acid (AA) .8. Pharmaceutical formulations containing1.5 - 3 g eicosapentaenoic acid or any appropriate derivative (EPA) , in any biologically assimilable form; and0.1 - 2.0 g arachidonic acid (AA) in any biologically assimilable form.9. Pharmaceutical formulations according to any preceding claim in which the active ingredient consists essentially wholly of the EPA and-AA.10. Formulations according to any preceding claim in which the AA is replaced by its precursor DGLA,11. Formulations according to any preceding claim in which the AA is replaced by its precursor GLA.12. Pharmaceutical formulations comprising EPA and an AA precursor, selected from DGLA and GLA, in which the EPA is provided in a dose of between lOOmg and10,000mg/day and in which the ratio of EPA to AA precursor is between 1:1 and 20:1.13. Formulations according to any preceding claim further comprising a flavourant or emulsifier.14. Formulations according to any preceding claim in which the EPA is composed of a triglyceride or ethyl ester which is 50% pure or purer, preferably more than 90% pure.15. Formulations according to any preceding claim for the treatment of any psychiatric, neurological or other central or peripheral nervous system disease, in particular schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and degenerative disorders of the brain including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias and Parkinson's disease.16. Formulations according any of claims 1-14 for use in the treatment of any disease selected from: asthma and other respiratory diseases; diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome;inflammatory disease affecting any system; cardiovascular disease; any form of dyslipidaemia, any form of diabetes or any form of metabolic diseases; any form of dermatological diseases; any form of kidney or urinary tract disease; any form of liver disease; any form of disease of the male or female reproductive system or related secondary sexual organs such as the breast or prostate gland; any form of cancer or for cancer cachexia; any disease of the head and neck including diseases of the mouth and teeth, of the eyes or of the ears; and any form of infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa or other organisms.17. A method of treatment or prevention of any psychiatric, neurological or other central or peripheral nervous system disease, in particular schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and degenerative disorders of the brain including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias andParkinson's disease, by the application of a formulation according to any of claims 1-14.18. A method of treatment or prevention of any disease selected from: asthma and other respiratory diseases; diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory disease affecting any system; cardiovascular disease; any form of dyslipidaemia, any form of diabetes or any form of metabolic diseases; any form of dermatological diseases; any form of kidney or urinary tract disease; any form of liver disease; any form of disease of the male or female reproductive system or related secondary sexual organs such as the breast or prostate gland; any form of cancer or for cancer cachexia; any disease of the head and neck including diseases of the mouth and teeth, of the eyes or of the ears; and any form of infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa or other organisms by the application of a formulation according to any of claims 1-14.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0016045.7A GB0016045D0 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2000-06-29 | Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids |
GB0016045.7 | 2000-06-29 | ||
PCT/GB2001/002717 WO2002002105A1 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2001-06-20 | Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
AU2001274276A1 true AU2001274276A1 (en) | 2002-04-11 |
AU2001274276B2 AU2001274276B2 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
Family
ID=9894724
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AU7427601A Pending AU7427601A (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2001-06-20 | Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids |
AU2001274276A Ceased AU2001274276B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2001-06-20 | Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AU7427601A Pending AU7427601A (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2001-06-20 | Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids |
Country Status (33)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6479544B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1296670B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004501969A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20030016306A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100469363C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE315388T1 (en) |
AU (2) | AU7427601A (en) |
BR (1) | BR0112073A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2411368C (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ20024173A3 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60116625T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1296670T3 (en) |
EE (1) | EE05148B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2256250T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB0016045D0 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1050486A1 (en) |
HR (1) | HRP20030035A2 (en) |
HU (1) | HUP0301107A2 (en) |
IL (1) | IL153458A0 (en) |
IS (1) | IS2226B (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA02012689A (en) |
MY (1) | MY117830A (en) |
NO (1) | NO329868B1 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ522916A (en) |
PL (1) | PL359185A1 (en) |
PT (1) | PT1296670E (en) |
RU (1) | RU2276975C2 (en) |
SK (1) | SK287209B6 (en) |
TW (1) | TWI285549B (en) |
UA (1) | UA76108C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002002105A1 (en) |
YU (1) | YU99602A (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200300198B (en) |
Families Citing this family (75)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9901809D0 (en) | 1999-01-27 | 1999-03-17 | Scarista Limited | Highly purified ethgyl epa and other epa derivatives for psychiatric and neurological disorderes |
DE10006836B4 (en) * | 2000-04-18 | 2005-03-24 | Bitec Gmbh | Use of omega-3 fatty acids and / or compounds of omega-3 fatty acids |
ITMI20010129A1 (en) | 2001-01-25 | 2002-07-25 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Spa | ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN THE THERAPY OF HEART INSUFFICIENCY AND HEART FAILURE |
JP2003048831A (en) | 2001-08-02 | 2003-02-21 | Suntory Ltd | Composition having preventing and ameliorating action on symptom or disease caused by decrease in brain function |
CA2499501A1 (en) | 2002-09-27 | 2004-04-08 | Martek Biosciences Corporation | Prophylactic docosahexaenoic acid therapy for patients with subclinical inflammation |
DE10254584A1 (en) * | 2002-11-22 | 2004-06-09 | HORST HEIRLER PROJEKTE für Ernährung, Medizin, Ökologie | Use of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) for nutritional optimization of the fatty acid spectrum in a dietetic food for diabetics |
GB0311081D0 (en) | 2003-05-14 | 2003-06-18 | Btg Internat Limted | Treatment of neurodegenerative conditions |
FR2856304B1 (en) * | 2003-06-20 | 2006-03-03 | Natural Product Consulting | COMPOSITION FOR THE PREVENTION OF INFECTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM |
EP1660071A1 (en) | 2003-08-18 | 2006-05-31 | Btg International Limited | Treatment of neurodegenerative conditions |
US7875291B1 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2011-01-25 | Glu-Pro, Inc. | Composition for managing diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia and associated methods |
JP4522075B2 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2010-08-11 | サントリーホールディングス株式会社 | Composition having an effect of preventing or ameliorating symptoms or diseases caused by aging of blood vessels |
US20050249823A1 (en) * | 2003-11-04 | 2005-11-10 | Murphy Tanya K | Methods for the prevention or amelioration of neuropsychiatric and related diseases |
JPWO2005046668A1 (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2007-05-24 | 持田製薬株式会社 | Language disorder prevention and treatment |
DK1543735T3 (en) * | 2003-12-20 | 2015-11-02 | Nestec Sa | FOOD COMPOSITION FOR HEALTH CARE |
AU2005208832A1 (en) * | 2004-01-19 | 2005-08-11 | Martek Biosciences Corporation | Reelin deficiency or dysfunction and methods related thereto |
EP1629850B2 (en) | 2004-08-24 | 2013-05-22 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional composition comprising indigestible transgalactooligosaccharides and digestible galactose saccharides |
JP4993852B2 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2012-08-08 | サントリーホールディングス株式会社 | Composition having a preventive or ameliorating effect on symptoms or diseases accompanied by behavioral abnormalities caused by stress |
JP2006083136A (en) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-03-30 | Suntory Ltd | Composition having action for preventing or ameliorating lowering of cerebral function caused by stress and symptom or disease involving the same lowering |
US8431165B2 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2013-04-30 | Swing Aerobics Licensing, Inc. | Medicament for treatment of cancer and other diseases |
US8092839B2 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2012-01-10 | Swing Aerobics Licensing, Inc. | Medicament for treatment of cancer and other diseases |
US20060135610A1 (en) * | 2004-12-22 | 2006-06-22 | Bortz Jonathan D | Cardiovascular compositions |
GB2421909A (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2006-07-12 | Laxdale Ltd | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising EPA and methods of use |
CA2594781A1 (en) * | 2005-01-24 | 2006-07-27 | Pronova Biocare As | Use of a fatty acid composition containing dha for the production of a medical product or a food stuff for the treatment of amyloidos-related diseases |
WO2006085687A1 (en) | 2005-02-14 | 2006-08-17 | Suntory Limited | Composition containing dihomo-ϝ-linolenic acid (dgla) as the active ingredient |
GB0504362D0 (en) | 2005-03-02 | 2005-04-06 | Btg Int Ltd | Cytokine modulators |
JP5967855B2 (en) * | 2005-06-30 | 2016-08-10 | サントリーホールディングス株式会社 | Composition having an activity of reducing daytime activity and / or depressive symptoms |
PE20070999A1 (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2007-09-28 | Drugtech Corp | INTRAVENOUS ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID EMULSION |
GB0607949D0 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2006-05-31 | Minster Res The Ltd | Mono and combination therapy |
GB0607946D0 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2006-05-31 | Minster Res The Ltd | Mono and combination therapy |
JPWO2008081989A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2010-04-30 | サントリーホールディングス株式会社 | Nerve regeneration agent |
CA2692394A1 (en) * | 2007-07-06 | 2009-01-15 | Seth J. Baum | Fatty acid compositions and methods of use |
US8343753B2 (en) * | 2007-11-01 | 2013-01-01 | Wake Forest University School Of Medicine | Compositions, methods, and kits for polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae |
US20110236476A1 (en) | 2008-09-02 | 2011-09-29 | Amarin Corporation Plc. | Pharmaceutical composition comprising eicosapentaenoic acid and nicotinic acid and methods of using same |
KR20140007973A (en) | 2009-02-10 | 2014-01-20 | 아마린 파마, 인크. | Methods of treating hypertriglyceridemia |
NZ627238A (en) | 2009-04-29 | 2016-02-26 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ie Ltd | Stable pharmaceutical composition comprising ethyl eicosapentaenoate |
NZ624963A (en) | 2009-04-29 | 2016-07-29 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ie Ltd | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising epa and a cardiovascular agent and methods of using the same |
GB0907413D0 (en) | 2009-04-29 | 2009-06-10 | Equateq Ltd | Novel methods |
MY172372A (en) | 2009-06-15 | 2019-11-21 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ie Ltd | Compositions and methods for lowering triglycerides |
WO2011038122A1 (en) | 2009-09-23 | 2011-03-31 | Amarin Corporation Plc | Pharmaceutical composition comprising omega-3 fatty acid and hydroxy-derivative of a statin and methods of using same |
US11712429B2 (en) | 2010-11-29 | 2023-08-01 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Low eructation composition and methods for treating and/or preventing cardiovascular disease in a subject with fish allergy/hypersensitivity |
NZ744990A (en) | 2010-11-29 | 2019-10-25 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ie Ltd | Low eructation composition and methods for treating and/or preventing cardiovascular disease in a subject with fish allergy/hypersensitivity |
US10383839B2 (en) | 2011-06-30 | 2019-08-20 | Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. | Esters for treatment of ocular inflammatory conditions |
US8293790B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2012-10-23 | Dignity Sciences Limited | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising DGLA and benzoyl peroxide and methods of use thereof |
US20130131170A1 (en) | 2011-11-07 | 2013-05-23 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Methods of treating hypertriglyceridemia |
US11291643B2 (en) | 2011-11-07 | 2022-04-05 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Methods of treating hypertriglyceridemia |
EP2800563B1 (en) | 2012-01-06 | 2018-07-11 | Omthera Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Dpa-enriched compositions of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in free acid form |
EP2800469B1 (en) | 2012-01-06 | 2021-08-25 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions and methods for lowering levels of high-sensitivity (hs-crp) in a subject |
AR095182A1 (en) | 2012-05-07 | 2015-09-30 | Omthera Pharmaceuticals Inc | COMPOSITIONS OF STATINS AND FATTY ACIDS OMEGA-3 |
WO2013192109A1 (en) | 2012-06-17 | 2013-12-27 | Matinas Biopharma, Inc. | Omega-3 pentaenoic acid compositions and methods of use |
EP2866801A4 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2016-02-10 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ie Ltd | Methods of reducing the risk of a cardiovascular event in a subject on statin therapy |
WO2014074552A2 (en) | 2012-11-06 | 2014-05-15 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions and methods for lowering triglycerides without raising ldl-c levels in a subject on concomitant statin therapy |
MX2015007085A (en) | 2012-12-06 | 2016-01-12 | Matinas Biopharma Inc | Omega-3 pentaenoic acid compositions and methods of use. |
US9629820B2 (en) | 2012-12-24 | 2017-04-25 | Qualitas Health, Ltd. | Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) formulations |
US10123986B2 (en) | 2012-12-24 | 2018-11-13 | Qualitas Health, Ltd. | Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) formulations |
US9814733B2 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2017-11-14 | A,arin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions comprising EPA and obeticholic acid and methods of use thereof |
US20140187633A1 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2014-07-03 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Methods of treating or preventing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and/or primary biliary cirrhosis |
US20140221676A1 (en) * | 2013-02-06 | 2014-08-07 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions and methods for treating and/or preventing cardiovascular disease |
US9452151B2 (en) | 2013-02-06 | 2016-09-27 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Methods of reducing apolipoprotein C-III |
US9624492B2 (en) | 2013-02-13 | 2017-04-18 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions comprising eicosapentaenoic acid and mipomersen and methods of use thereof |
US9662307B2 (en) | 2013-02-19 | 2017-05-30 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Compositions comprising eicosapentaenoic acid and a hydroxyl compound and methods of use thereof |
US9283201B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-03-15 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions and methods for treating or preventing obesity in a subject in need thereof |
US20140271841A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Pharmaceutical composition comprising eicosapentaenoic acid and derivatives thereof and a statin |
US10966968B2 (en) | 2013-06-06 | 2021-04-06 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Co-administration of rosiglitazone and eicosapentaenoic acid or a derivative thereof |
US20150065572A1 (en) | 2013-09-04 | 2015-03-05 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Methods of treating or preventing prostate cancer |
US9585859B2 (en) | 2013-10-10 | 2017-03-07 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions and methods for lowering triglycerides without raising LDL-C levels in a subject on concomitant statin therapy |
WO2015069215A1 (en) | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-14 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Methods and compositions for improving kidney function |
HUE055277T2 (en) * | 2013-12-04 | 2021-11-29 | Nippon Suisan Kaisha Ltd | Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid-containing microbial oil and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid-containing microbial biomass |
KR102391827B1 (en) | 2014-06-04 | 2022-04-27 | 디에스 바이오파마 리미티드 | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising dgla and use of same |
US10561631B2 (en) | 2014-06-11 | 2020-02-18 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Methods of reducing RLP-C |
WO2015195662A1 (en) | 2014-06-16 | 2015-12-23 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Methods of reducing or preventing oxidation of small dense ldl or membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids |
US10406130B2 (en) | 2016-03-15 | 2019-09-10 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Methods of reducing or preventing oxidation of small dense LDL or membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids |
WO2018213663A1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-11-22 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions and methods for lowering triglycerides in a subject having reduced kidney function |
US11058661B2 (en) | 2018-03-02 | 2021-07-13 | Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited | Compositions and methods for lowering triglycerides in a subject on concomitant statin therapy and having hsCRP levels of at least about 2 mg/L |
KR102296068B1 (en) | 2018-09-24 | 2021-09-02 | 애머린 파마슈티칼스 아일랜드 리미티드 | Methods of Reducing the Risk of a Cardiovascular Event in a Subject |
KR20220010415A (en) * | 2020-07-17 | 2022-01-25 | 대봉엘에스 주식회사 | Oil composition containing unsaturated fatty acid in a certain content and use thereof |
Family Cites Families (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US551680A (en) * | 1895-12-17 | Water-tube steam-generator | ||
US4526902A (en) * | 1983-10-24 | 1985-07-02 | Century Laboratories, Inc. | Combined fatty acid composition for treatment or prophylaxis of thrombo-embolic conditions |
JPS60132916A (en) * | 1983-12-21 | 1985-07-16 | Nisshin Oil Mills Ltd:The | Food or drug for preventing thrombosis |
US5252333A (en) * | 1987-04-27 | 1993-10-12 | Scotia Holdings Plc | Lithium salt-containing pharmaceutical compositions |
GB8714772D0 (en) * | 1987-06-24 | 1987-07-29 | Efamol Ltd | Essential fatty acid compositions |
US5198468A (en) * | 1987-06-24 | 1993-03-30 | Efamol Holdings Plc | Essential fatty acid composition |
GB8813766D0 (en) * | 1988-06-10 | 1988-07-13 | Efamol Holdings | Essential fatty acid compositions |
US5260067A (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1993-11-09 | Xu Zheng | Cytotropic heterogeneous molecular lipids (CHML) and process for preparing the same |
JPH04169524A (en) * | 1990-11-01 | 1992-06-17 | Nissei Marine Kogyo Kk | Composition having serum lipid-improving activity |
US5658767A (en) * | 1991-01-24 | 1997-08-19 | Martek Corporation | Arachidonic acid and methods for the production and use thereof |
GB9125602D0 (en) * | 1991-12-02 | 1992-01-29 | Efamol Holdings | Method of preventing reocclusion of arteries |
JPH05163142A (en) * | 1991-12-17 | 1993-06-29 | Tokiwa Yakuhin Kogyo Kk | Arachidonic acid-containing composition for preventing and treating liver disease |
US5223285A (en) * | 1992-03-31 | 1993-06-29 | Abbott Laboratories | Nutritional product for pulmonary patients |
US5516801A (en) * | 1992-08-21 | 1996-05-14 | Scotia Holdings Plc | Fatty acid treatment for ectopic calcium deposition |
GB9224809D0 (en) * | 1992-11-26 | 1993-01-13 | Scotia Holdings Plc | Schizophrenia |
GB9301446D0 (en) * | 1993-01-26 | 1993-03-17 | Scotia Holdings Plc | Internal radiation damage |
GB9301629D0 (en) * | 1993-01-27 | 1993-03-17 | Scotia Holdings Plc | Formulations containing unsaturated fatty acids |
CA2119000A1 (en) * | 1993-03-19 | 1994-09-20 | David Frederick Horrobin | Formulation for use in smokers |
JPH06271464A (en) * | 1993-03-19 | 1994-09-27 | Tokiwa Yakuhin Kogyo Kk | Arachidonic acid-containing composition for prevention or improvement of alimentary disorder |
AUPM906594A0 (en) * | 1994-10-26 | 1994-11-17 | Peptide Technology Limited | Synthetic polyunsaturated fatty acid analogues |
EP0711503A3 (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1997-11-26 | Scotia Holdings Plc | Milk fortified with GLA and/or DGLA |
GB9423625D0 (en) * | 1994-11-23 | 1995-01-11 | Scotia Holdings Plc | Fortified fruit juice |
GB9617847D0 (en) * | 1996-08-27 | 1996-10-09 | Scotia Holdings Plc | Fatty acid treatment |
US5993221A (en) * | 1997-05-01 | 1999-11-30 | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Inc. | Dietary formulation comprising arachidonic acid and methods of use |
CN1212867A (en) * | 1997-09-29 | 1999-04-07 | 宋凤亭 | Composition for prevention and treatment of cardio-cerebralvascular disease |
DE19757414A1 (en) * | 1997-12-23 | 1999-07-01 | Nutricia Nv | Fat blend |
EP2292223A1 (en) | 1998-10-15 | 2011-03-09 | DSM IP Assets B.V. | Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements |
SE9900941D0 (en) * | 1998-12-23 | 1999-03-16 | Nomet Management Serv Bv | Novel retinoic acid derivatives and their use |
GB9901809D0 (en) | 1999-01-27 | 1999-03-17 | Scarista Limited | Highly purified ethgyl epa and other epa derivatives for psychiatric and neurological disorderes |
-
2000
- 2000-06-29 GB GBGB0016045.7A patent/GB0016045D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2001
- 2001-06-20 DK DK01940775T patent/DK1296670T3/en active
- 2001-06-20 RU RU2002133098/15A patent/RU2276975C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-06-20 ES ES01940775T patent/ES2256250T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-20 AU AU7427601A patent/AU7427601A/en active Pending
- 2001-06-20 SK SK1816-2002A patent/SK287209B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-06-20 IL IL15345801A patent/IL153458A0/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-06-20 MX MXPA02012689A patent/MXPA02012689A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-06-20 DE DE60116625T patent/DE60116625T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-20 CZ CZ20024173A patent/CZ20024173A3/en unknown
- 2001-06-20 JP JP2002506727A patent/JP2004501969A/en active Pending
- 2001-06-20 UA UA20021210705A patent/UA76108C2/en unknown
- 2001-06-20 AU AU2001274276A patent/AU2001274276B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-06-20 YU YU99602A patent/YU99602A/en unknown
- 2001-06-20 HU HU0301107A patent/HUP0301107A2/en unknown
- 2001-06-20 PT PT01940775T patent/PT1296670E/en unknown
- 2001-06-20 PL PL01359185A patent/PL359185A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-06-20 CN CNB01811931XA patent/CN100469363C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-06-20 BR BR0112073-5A patent/BR0112073A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-06-20 CA CA002411368A patent/CA2411368C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-06-20 EE EEP200200718A patent/EE05148B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-06-20 AT AT01940775T patent/ATE315388T1/en active
- 2001-06-20 EP EP01940775A patent/EP1296670B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-20 WO PCT/GB2001/002717 patent/WO2002002105A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-06-20 NZ NZ522916A patent/NZ522916A/en unknown
- 2001-06-20 KR KR1020027017649A patent/KR20030016306A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-06-21 MY MYPI20012947A patent/MY117830A/en unknown
- 2001-06-29 US US09/893,473 patent/US6479544B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-29 TW TW090116201A patent/TWI285549B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-11-29 IS IS6644A patent/IS2226B/en unknown
- 2002-12-18 NO NO20026093A patent/NO329868B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2003
- 2003-01-08 ZA ZA200300198A patent/ZA200300198B/en unknown
- 2003-01-21 HR HR20030035A patent/HRP20030035A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-04-14 HK HK03102680A patent/HK1050486A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA2411368C (en) | Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids | |
AU2001274276A1 (en) | Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids | |
JP2796838B2 (en) | Method of manufacturing a medicament for the treatment of schizophrenia and / or associated tardive movement disorder | |
US7195914B2 (en) | Composition and method for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia | |
SK14502003A3 (en) | Coenzyme Q and eicosapentaenoic acid | |
JP2010254712A (en) | Epa and dha enriched omega-3 supplement for treatment of dry eye, meibomianitis and xerostomia | |
AU2001286576A1 (en) | Composition and method for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia | |
WO1998048788A1 (en) | Treatment of depression and anxiety using docosahexaenoic acid or natural antioxidants | |
AU608571B2 (en) | Composition and method for treatment of peptic ulcers | |
JPS6216415A (en) | Medicinal composition for treating syndrome before menses and therapy therefor | |
GB2504061A (en) | Omega-6 Enriched PUFA Phospholipids | |
JP2002234838A (en) | Method for reducing body weight and treating obesity | |
NZ239126A (en) | The use of essential fatty acids to treat schizophrenia and associated tardive dyskinesia |