WO2026017463A1 - Process for the preparation of halogenated 1,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and 1,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene - Google Patents

Process for the preparation of halogenated 1,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and 1,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene

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Publication number
WO2026017463A1
WO2026017463A1 PCT/EP2025/069304 EP2025069304W WO2026017463A1 WO 2026017463 A1 WO2026017463 A1 WO 2026017463A1 EP 2025069304 W EP2025069304 W EP 2025069304W WO 2026017463 A1 WO2026017463 A1 WO 2026017463A1
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formula
compound
alkyl
group
alkoxy
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French (fr)
Inventor
Joachim Gebhardt
Ksenia KUTONOVA
Michael Rack
Kailaskumar Borate
Roland Goetz
Timo Frassetto
Desislava Slavcheva BOUBEDE
Manfred Ehresmann
Stefan BENSON
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C37/62—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by introduction of halogen; by substitution of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
    • C07C201/08—Preparation of nitro compounds by substitution of hydrogen atoms by nitro groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
    • C07C201/12—Preparation of nitro compounds by reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C213/02—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reactions involving the formation of amino groups from compounds containing hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C277/00—Preparation of guanidine or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C277/08—Preparation of guanidine or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of substituted guanidines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D251/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings
    • C07D251/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D251/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D251/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom
    • C07D251/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom to only one ring carbon atom
    • C07D251/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom to only one ring carbon atom with nitrogen atoms directly attached to the two other ring carbon atoms, e.g. guanamines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for providing halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3- nitrobenzene and 1 ,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene. Further it relates to a process for converting it to substituted azine compounds with herbicidal activity.
  • WO 2022/161801 describes the above mentioned azine compounds, their herbicidal activity and their synthesis. These compounds are highly efficient herbicides. Therefore, there is an ongoing need for processes that easily make them available.
  • the present invention provides a process for the preparation of halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4- methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and 1 ,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene, which is then used for the synthesis of the substituted azine derivatives having herbicidal activity.
  • halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene is known from WO 2022/161801.
  • the disclosed method has some disadvantages which could lead to problems by up-scaling.
  • iodomethane is used as the methylation agent
  • lodomethane has following disadvantages, especially in view of the applicability in the industry: a very low boiling point of 42 °C combined with carcinogenic potential requires additional measures for scale up production.
  • the costs of iodomethane on commercial scale are much higher than for other methylation agents like dimethyl sulfate (DMS), chloromethane or dimethyl carbonate.
  • a further object of the present invention was to provide an improved process for the synthesis of substituted azine compounds which would utilize the halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and
  • the present invention thus relates to a process for the preparation of the compound of formula (IV) wherein is Cl or Br, is H or F, comprising the following step:
  • the present invention further relates to the process for the preparation of the substituted azine compounds of formula (T):
  • X is Cl or Br
  • Y is H or F
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, (Ci-Ce-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce- alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Ci-Ce-alkoxy, Cs-Ce-alkenyloxy, C2- Ce-alkynyloxy, Cs-Ce-cycloalkoxy, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkoxy, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Cs-Ce-alkenyl, C3-C6- alkynyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-Ce-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkenyl and Ci-Ce- alkoxy-Ci-Ce-alkyl, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated; comprising the following steps:
  • X is Cl or Br
  • Y is H or F
  • R 1 to R 3 are as defined above, in presence of NaOMe or KOMe.
  • C n -C m indicates the number of carbon atoms possible in each case in the substituent or substituent moiety in question. Examples of such meanings are: halogen: fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • C2-Ce-alkenyl and also the C2-Ce-alkenyl moieties of (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-C2-C6-alkenyl: a linear or branched ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and a C C-double bond in any position, such as ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methyl-ethenyl, 1- butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2- methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-
  • Ci-Ce-haloalkyl Ci-C4-haloalkyl as mentioned above, and also, for example,
  • Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons having 3 to 6 ring members, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl;
  • Ci-C4-alkoxy for example methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 1 -methylethoxy butoxy, 1- methyl propoxy, 2-methylpropoxy and 1 ,1 -dimethylethoxy;
  • Ci-C4-haloalkoxy a Ci-C4-alkoxy radical as mentioned above which is partially or fully substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine, for example, chloro-methoxy, dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chlorofluoromethoxy, dichlorofluoromethoxy, chlorodifluoromethoxy2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloroethoxy, 2- bromoethxoy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2,2- difluoroethoxy, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, 2- fluoropropoxy, 3- fluoropropoxy, 2,2-difluoropropoxy
  • Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy Ci-C4-alkoxy as mentioned above: Ci-C4-haloalkoxy as mentioned above, and also, for example, 5-fluoropentyl, 5-chloropentyl, 5-bromopentyl, 5-iodopentyl, undecafluoropentyl, 6-fluorohexyl, 6-chlorohexyl, 6-bromohexyl, 6-iodohexyl and dodecafluorohexyl;
  • C2-Ce-alkenyloxy C2-Ce-alkenyl as defined above, which is bound via an oxygen atom, such as ethenyloxy (vinyloxy), 1 -propenyloxy, 2-propenyloxy (allyloxy), 1-butenyloxy, 2- butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy 1-methyl-2-propenyloxy and the like;
  • C2-Ce-alkynyloxy C2-Ce-alkynyl as defined above, which is bound via an oxygen atom, such as ethynyloxy, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyloxy (propargyloxy), 1-butynyloxy, 2-butynyloxy, 3- butynyloxy 1-methyl-2-propynyloxy and the like;
  • Cs-Ce-cyclolalkoxy a cycloaliphatic radical having 3 to 6 carbon atoms and bound via an oxygen atom, such as cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy and cyclohexyloxy;
  • Ci-Ce-cyclolalkyO-Ci-Ce-alkyl Ci-Ce-alkyl, in particular Ci-C4-alkyl as defined above, such as methyl or ethyl, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyl as defined above, examples including cyclopropylmethyl (CH 2 -cyclopropyl), cyclobutyl methyl, cyclopentyl methyl, cycloexylmethyl, 1 -cyclopropylethyl (CH(CH3)-cyclopropyl), 1 -cyclobutylethyl, 1 -cyclopentylethyl, 1-cycloexylethyl, 2-cyclopropylethyl (CH 2 CH 2 -cyclopropyl), 2-cyclobutylethyl, 2-cyclopentylethyl or 2-cycloexylethyl;
  • Ci-Ce-cyclolalkyO-Ci-Ce-alkoxy Ci-Ce-alkoxy, in particular Ci-C4-alkoxy as defined above, such as methoxy or ethoxy, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyl as defined above, examples including cyclopropylmethoxy (OCH 2 -cyclopropyl), cyclobutylmethoxy, cyclopentylmethoxy, cycloexylmethoxy, 1 -cyclopropylethoxy (O-CH(CH3)-cyclopropyl), 1- cyclobutylethoxy, 1 -cyclopentylethoxy, 1-cycloexylethoxy, 2-cyclopropylethoxy (OCH 2 CH 2 )- cyclopropyl), 2-cyclobutylethoxy, 2-cyclopentylethoxy and 2-cycloexylethoxy;
  • Ci-C6-alkoxy-Ci-Ce-alkyl Ci-Ce-alkyl, in particular Ci-C4-alkyl as defined above, such as methyl, ethyl or isopropyl, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Ci-Ce-alkoxy as defined above, examples including methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, n-propoxymethyl, butoxymethyl, 1- methoxyethyl, 1 -ethoxyethyl, 1-(n-propoxy)ethyl, 1 -butoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-(n-propoxy)ethyl, 2-butoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 2-(n-propoxy)propyl, 2- butoxypropyl;
  • Ci-C6-alkoxy-Ci-Ce-alkoxy Ci-Ce-alkoxy, in particular Ci-C4-alkoxy as defined above, such as methoxy or ethoxy, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Ci-Ce-alkoxy as defined above, examples including methoxymethoxy, ethoxymethoxy, n-propoxymethoxy, butoxymethoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, 2-ethoxyethoxy, 2-(n-propoxy)ethoxy and 2-butoxyethoxy;
  • (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-C2-C6-alkenyl C2-Ce-alkenyl, in particular C2-C4-alkenyl as defined above, such as ethenyl, propenyl, 1-butenyl or 2-butenyl, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Ci- Ce-alkoxy as defined above;
  • (Ci-Ce-alkoxy)-C2-Ce-alkynyl C2-Ce-alkynyl, in particular C2-C4-alkynyl as defined above, such as ethynyl, propynyl or 2-butynyl, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Ci-Ce-alkoxy as defined above;
  • Ci-Ce-alkylcarbonyl Ci-Ce-alkyl as mentioned above, which is bound to the remainder.
  • the step (iii) of the inventive process is a methylation reaction of a OH group.
  • methylation of an OH group is understood a reaction which involves the addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to the hydroxyl group (-OH) of a substrate molecule.
  • -CH3 methyl group
  • -OH hydroxyl group
  • the methylation agent is selected from the group consisting of: dimethylsulfate (CH3O)2SO2), MeCI, MeBr, (CHs ⁇ COs, trimethyl orthoformate.
  • the methylation agent is dimethylsulfate (CH 3 O) 2 SO 2 ).
  • inventive process avoids precipitation of safety critical alkali phenolate which has a high impact on the safety of such process prepared in an industrial scale.
  • the methylation rection is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the base used in step (iii) can be an inorganic base or an organic base.
  • the base is an inorganic base.
  • Suitable inorganic bases are hydroxides, carbonates, hydrocarbonates, phosphates and hydrophosphates of alkali or earth alkali metals or any mixtures thereof.
  • suitable inorganic bases are NaOH, KOH, LiOH, Ca(OH) 2 , Na 2 CO 3 , K2CO3, Cs 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , KHCO3, CsHCO 3 , Na 3 PO 4 , K3PO4, Na 2 HPO 4 , K2HPO4, NaH 2 PO 4 or KH 2 PO 4 .
  • the bases are selected from hydroxides such as Ca(OH) 2 , NaOH, KOH, or LiOH.
  • the inorganic base is NaOH.
  • the inorganic base is KOH.
  • the bases are selected from carbonates, such as Na 2 CC>3, K2CO3, or U2CO3.
  • the inorganic base is Na 2 CO3.
  • the inorganic base is K2CO3.
  • the inorganic base is U2CO3.
  • the bases are selected from hydrogen carbonates such as NaHCOs, KHCO3, UHCO3.
  • the inorganic base is NaHCOs.
  • the inorganic base is KHCO3.
  • the inorganic base is LiHCCh.
  • the base can be used in a solid form, e.g. solid pellets, flakes, micropills or powder, or as a solution, e.g. as aqueous solution.
  • the base is an organic base.
  • suitable organic bases are alkoxides, acetates, tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium salts, amidines, guanidine derivatives, pyridine, substituted pyridines, bicyclic amines or any mixture thereof.
  • the organic base is selected from tertiary amines.
  • suitable tertiary amines are tri-(Ci-C6)-alkylamines such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine and N,N-diisopropylethylamine; di-(Ci-C6)-alkyl-phenylamines such as N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-diethylaniline; N-methyl imidazole, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine and the like.
  • the organic base is selected from diisoproylethylamin (DIPEA), tri-n-butylamin, N,N-dimethylcyclohexanamin, triethylamin, tri-n-propylamin, 1 ,5,7- triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene (TBD), 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1 , 1 ,3,3- tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), collidine, 2,6-lutidine (2,6- dimethylpyridine).
  • DIPEA diisoproylethylamin
  • TBD triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene
  • DBU 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
  • TMG triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene
  • the organic base is diisoproylethylamin (DI PEA).
  • the organic base is tri-n-butylamin.
  • the organic base is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamin.
  • the organic base is triethylamin.
  • organic base is tri-n-propylamin.
  • the organic base is 1 ,5,7-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5- ene (TBD).
  • the organic base is 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7- ene (DBU).
  • the organic base is 1 , 1 ,3,3- tetramethylguanidine (TMG).
  • the organic base is collidine.
  • organic base is 2,6-lutidine (2,6- dimethylpyridine).
  • the base is DIPEA or KOH.
  • the base is DI PEA.
  • a phase-transfer catalyst can be used. Phase-transfer catalysts are commonly used in methylation reactions to facilitate the transfer of the methyl group from the methylating agent to the substrate molecule. Transfer catalysts can increase the reaction rate, selectivity, and yield of the methylation reaction, as well as minimize the formation of unwanted byproducts.
  • the phase-transfer catalyst is selected from the group consisting of: tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate, tetrabutylammonium iodide, tetrahexylammonium bromide, tetraoctylammonium bromide, tetraheptylammonium chloride, hexaethylguanidinium chloride, butyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, 15-crown-5, polyglycol 250 DME, phosphazen-base P2-Et, benzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide.
  • TBAB tetrabutylammonium bromide
  • hydrogensulfate tetrabutylammonium iodide
  • tetrahexylammonium bromide tetrao
  • phase-transfer catalyst is tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB).
  • the molar ratio of the compound of formula (III) to the inorganic base is generally in the range from 1:10 to 1:1, more preferably from 1 :2 to 1:1.
  • the phase-transfer catalyst is used from 0,01 eq to 0,1 eq, preferably 0,01 to 0,05 eq.
  • the molar ratio of the compound of formula (III) to the organic base is generally in the range from 1 : 10 to 1 : 1 , more preferably from 1 :2 to 1 : 1 , most preferably 1 : 1 ,2 to 1:1.
  • the step (iii) of the inventive process according to one embodiment can be carried out without any solvent. This has the advantageous that the use of the chemical substances is minimized, and which leads to cost saving.
  • the step (iii) of the inventive process according to a further embodiment is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent.
  • a halogenated aromatic solvent has the advantage over the use of dichloromethane as disclosed in WO 2022/161801.
  • Such halogenated aromatic solvents are toxicologically less of concern. Their vapor pressure is lower and less of the solvent is lost via the offgas system of the plant.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent for step (iii) is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1 ,2- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
  • the order of adding the reagents to the reaction mixture is variable.
  • the base is added to the mixture of the methylation agent and the phenol.
  • the addition is carried out a temperature between 20 to 60°C, preferably between 35 to 50°C, at most preferably at 40-45°C.
  • a work-up of the reaction mixture can be carried out by procedures known in a general manner to the person skilled in the art. For example, after completion the reacted mixture is added to water. The organic phase is separated, washed with water and the solvent is removed from the separated organic phase. Further, it may be appropriate to wash the organic phase with acidic or basic aqueous solution instead or in addition to washing with water.
  • the so-obtained raw product can be directly used in the next process step, i.e. step (iv) of the inventive process.
  • the raw product can also be further worked up and/or purified as generally known to the skilled person. If this is deemed appropriate, the solvent is evaporated and the residue is, if appropriate, purified by recrystallization, distillation and/or chromatography.
  • the compounds of formula (IV) can be prepared in surprisingly high yields.
  • the yields of step (iii) are at least 80%, more preferably at least 85 %, even more preferred at least 90%, even more preferred at least 95%.
  • step (i) of the inventive process is carried out in the same way for both compounds of formula (II), having Y being H or F.
  • the step (i) of the inventive process according to one embodiment can be carried out without any solvent. This has the advantage that the use of the chemical substances is minimized, and which leads to cost saving.
  • the step (i) of the inventive process according to a further embodiment is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent.
  • a halogenated aromatic solvent has the advantage over the use of dichloromethane as disclosed in WO 2022/161801.
  • Such halogenated aromatic solvents are toxicologically less of concern. Their vapor pressure is lower and less of the solvent is lost via the offgas system of the plant. The lower vapor pressure than the chlorinating agent sulfuryl chloride leaves the option to distill off an excess of sulfuryl chloride after the reaction - this is not viable in case of the low boiling dichloromethane.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
  • the molar ratio of the compound of formula (II) to the halogenated aromatic solvent is generally in the range from from 1 : 10 to 1 :0.1 , more preferably from 1 : 1 to 1 :0.2.
  • the halogenation agent is selected from the group consisting of: SO2CI2, CI2, NaOCI, N-chlorosuccinimide, HCI/H2O2, 1 ,3- dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
  • the halogenation agent is SO2CI2 or Cl 2 . According to the most preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenation agent is Ch.
  • the halogenation agent is selected from the group consisting of: Br2, NaOBr, N-bromosuccinimide, HBr/H2Ch, 1 ,3- dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
  • the halogenation agent in that case is Br2.
  • the step (i) of the inventive process is carried out with or without the presence of a catalyst.
  • a catalyst is selected from the group consisting of: DMF, acetonitrile, N,N- dimethylacetamide, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 2,4,6-collidine, 2,6-dimethylpiperidine, 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine.
  • the catalyst used in the step (i) of the inventive process is acetonitrile or DMF.
  • the catalyst used in the step (i) of the inventive process is acetonitrile.
  • the catalyst used in the step (i) of the inventive process is DMF.
  • the catalyst used in the step (i) of the inventive process is selected from the group comprising: ethers such as diethylether, dibutylether, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, disulfides such as diphenylsulfide, 2,2'- dipyridyldisulphide, lewis acids such as iron chloride, aluminum chloride, zinc chloride, chlorotrimethylsilane.
  • ethers such as diethylether, dibutylether
  • alcohols such as methanol, ethanol
  • disulfides such as diphenylsulfide, 2,2'- dipyridyldisulphide
  • lewis acids such as iron chloride, aluminum chloride, zinc chloride, chlorotrimethylsilane.
  • the halogenation agent is Ch and the step (i) of the inventive process is carried out without the presence of a catalyst.
  • the order of adding the reagents to the reaction mixture is variable.
  • the halogenation agent is added to the mixture of the compound (II) and the catalyst optionally in the halogenated aromatic solvent.
  • the addition of the halogenation agent can be done in one portion or gradually over several hours or in several portions. According to one embodiment, the addition is made in one portion. According to another embodiment the addition is made gradually over several hours or in several portions.
  • the halogenation agent is added to compound (II) in the halogenated aromatic solvent without the presence of a catalyst.
  • the addition is carried out at the beginning at a temperature from 30 to 45°C and then at a temperature between 20 to 25°C.
  • CI2 is used as the halogenation agent the addition is carried out at a temperature from 0 to 30°C, preferably 10 to 15°C.
  • a work-up of the reaction mixture can be carried out by procedures known in a general manner to the person skilled in the art. For example, after reaction completion vacuum and elevated temperature are applied. Or for example, after reaction completion the reacted mixture is added to water. The organic phase is separated, washed with water and the solvent is removed from the separated organic phase. Further, it may be appropriate to wash the organic phases with acidic or basic aqueous solution instead or in addition to washing with water.
  • the so-obtained raw product can be directly used in the next process step, i.e. step (ii) of the inventive process.
  • the raw product can also be further worked up and/or purified as generally known to the skilled person. If this is deemed appropriate, the halogenated aromatic solvent is evaporated and the residue is, if appropriate, purified by chromatography.
  • the compounds of formula (I) can be prepared in surprisingly high yields.
  • the yields of step (i) are at least 80%, more preferably at least 85 %, even more preferred at least 90%, even more preferred at least 95%.
  • step (i) wherein Y is H is commercially available.
  • the compound of formula (II) wherein Y is F is commercially available.
  • variable Y of the compound of formula (II) used in step (i) is H or F. According to one specific embodiment, the variable Y is H. According to another specific embodiment, the variable Y is F.
  • variable X of the compound of formula (I) is Cl or Br. According to one specific embodiment, the variable X is Cl. According to another specific embodiment, the variable X is Br.
  • variable X of the compound of formula (I) is Cl and the variable Y is H.
  • step (ii) of the inventive process is carried out in the same way for both compounds of formula (III), having Y being H or F.
  • the step (ii) of the inventive process is a nitration reaction, in which a nitrating agent is used.
  • a nitrating agent also known as a nitrogenating agent, is according to the present invention a chemical substance that is used to introduce a nitro group (-NO2) into organic compounds through a process called nitration.
  • Nitrating agents are typically strong oxidizing agents or contain a source of nitro groups. They react with the organic compound under specific reaction conditions, resulting in the addition of the nitro group to the target molecule.
  • the nitro group is composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and imparts distinct chemical and physical properties to the modified compound.
  • the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is selected from the group consisting of: HNO3, NaNC>2/H + , alkylnitrite, alkylni- trite/H + , N2O3.
  • the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is HNO3.
  • the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is HNO3 in a concentration from 10 to 100 wt-%.
  • the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is HNO3 in a concentration from 60 to 70 wt-%.
  • the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is HNO3 in a concentration from 65 wt-%.
  • the less than 1 eq of the nitrating agent is used.
  • between 0.95 and 0.99 eq, preferred 0.98 eq of the nitrating agent is used in the step (ii) of the inventive process.
  • the step (ii) of the inventive process according to a further embodiment is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent.
  • a halogenated aromatic solvent has the advantage over the use of dichloromethane as disclosed in WO 2022/161801.
  • Such halogenated aromatic solvents are toxicologically less of concern. Their vapor pressure is lower and less of the solvent is lost via the offgas system of the plant. The lower vapor pressure than the chlorinating agent sulfuryl chloride leaves the option to distill off an excess of sulfuryl chloride after the reaction - this is not viable in case of the low boiling dichloromethane.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1 ,2- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1 ,2,4- trichlorobenzene.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
  • the molar ratio of the compound of formula (I) to the halogenated aromatic solvent is generally in the range from from 1 :10 to 1 :0.1 , more preferably from 1 :2 to 1 :0.2.
  • the order of adding the reagents to the reaction mixture is variable.
  • the compound of formula (I) and the nitrating agent, preferably HNO3 were dosed parallel into reactor.
  • the nitrating agent preferably HNO3 is partly dosed parallel with the compound of formula (I) and partly dosed to the already partly reacted mixture in the reactor.
  • the addition of the nitrating agent can be done in one portion or gradually over several hours or in several portions. According to one embodiment, the addition is made in one portion. According to another embodiment the addition is made gradually over several hours or in several portions. According to one embodiment of the invention the addition is carried out at the temperature between 15 to 30°C.
  • a work-up of the reaction mixture can be carried out by procedures known in a general manner to the person skilled in the art. For example, after completion of the reacted mixture is added to water. The organic phase is separated, washed with water and the solvent is removed from the separated organic phase. Further, it may be appropriate to wash the organic phases with acidic or basic aqueous solution instead or in addition to washing with water.
  • the so-obtained raw product can be directly used in the next process step, i.e. step (ii) of the inventive process.
  • the raw product can also be further worked up and/or purified as generally known to the skilled person. If this is deemed appropriate, the solvent is evaporated and the residue is, if appropriate, purified by recrystallization and/or chromatography.
  • the compounds of formula (III) can be prepared in surprisingly high yields.
  • the yields of step (i) are at least 80%, more preferably at least 85 %, even more preferred at least 90%, even more preferred at least 95%.
  • step (iv) of the inventive process compounds of formula (IV) are reduced to a compound of formula (V) wherein
  • X is Cl or Br
  • Y is H or F.
  • the step (iv) of the inventive process according to one embodiment is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
  • the halogenated aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
  • the step (iv) of the inventive process is a reduction reaction of the NO2 group to NH2.
  • suitable reductions agents can be used all known by the skilled person.
  • the reduction of compound of formula (IV) to compound of formula (V) can be achieved with nascent hydrogen, for example.
  • the nitro compound is reacted with an acid in the presence of a base metal.
  • Base metals are naturally those that are dissolved by a Brbnsted acid with hydrogen evolution. Such metals generally have a normal potential ⁇ 0 V and in particular less than or equal to -0.1 V, e.g. in the range from -0.1 to -1.0 V (in acidic aqueous solution at 15 °C and 1 bar).
  • suitable metals are Zn, Fe and Sn, especially Fe.
  • Suitable acids for this purpose are both inorganic mineral acids, for example hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid, or mixtures of inorganic acid and one of the aforementioned solvents, for example gaseous HCI in an ether or an alcohol or in a mixture thereof, or organic carboxylic acids, suitably acetic acid, propionic acid or butyric acid.
  • reaction conditions essentially correspond to the reaction conditions used for the reduction of aliphatic or aromatic nitro groups to aliphatic or aromatic amino groups with nascent hydrogen which are known from the state of the art.
  • the reaction temperature is usually in the range from - 20 to +120 °C, whereby temperatures in the range from 50 to 100 °C are preferably used when alkanoic acids such as acetic acid are used.
  • the reaction time can range from a few minutes to several hours, e.g. about 20 minutes to 10 hours.
  • the compound of formula (IV) to be reduced is placed in the reaction vessel and then the respective metal, preferably in finely divided form, in particular as a powder, is added to the reaction mixture while mixing.
  • the addition takes place over a period of 10 minutes to 2 hours.
  • the metal and the acid can also be introduced and the compound of formula (IV) added, if necessary together with an inert solvent.
  • the reaction mixture is often left to react at the reaction temperature for a certain period of time, e.g. 10 minutes to 10 hours.
  • metal hydrides and semi-metal hydrides such as aluminium hydride and hydrides derived therefrom such as lithium aluminium hydride, diisobutyl aluminium hydride and boron hydrides such as diborane and boranates derived therefrom such as sodium borohydride or lithium boranate can also be considered as reducing agents for the step (iv) of the inventive process.
  • the nitro compound of formula (IV) is brought into contact with the complete metal hydride in an inert solvent at 10 to 65 °C, preferably 20 to 50 °C.
  • the reaction time is 2 to 10 hours, preferably 3 to 6 hours.
  • metal hydride preferably 0.75 to 2.5 moles of metal hydride, metal hemihydride, borohydride or boranate per mole of nitro compound of formula (IV) are used.
  • a further suitable reducing agent for the conversion of compound of formula (IV) into compound of formula (V) is hydrogen in the presence of catalytic amounts of transition metals or transition metal compounds.
  • Preferred transition metals are, for example, nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium or rhodium.
  • the transition metal can be combined with another metal like vanadium, tantalum, molybdenum, copper or cobalt in order to achieve the desired selectivity.
  • the transition metals can be used as such or in supported form. Examples of carriers are activated carbon, aluminium oxide, Zr0 2 , Ti0 2 , Si0 2 , carbonates and the like.
  • the transition metals can also be used in the form of activated metals such as Raney nickel.
  • the transition metals can also be used in the form of compounds. Suitable transition metal compounds are, for example, palladium oxide and platinum oxide.
  • the catalysts are generally used in an amount of 0.001 to 10.0 mol% (calculated as metal), based on the compound of formula (IV) to be reduced. After separation of the catalyst, the reaction solution can be worked up to the product as usual.
  • the hydrogenation can be carried out at normal hydrogen pressure or at elevated hydrogen pressure, for example at a hydrogen pressure of 0.01 to 50 bar, preferably 0.1 to 40 bar.
  • the catalyst for step (iv) is selected from the group consisting of: platinum (with and without V), palladium, nickel.
  • the catalyst for step (iv) is Pt/V catalyst.
  • the so-obtained raw product can be directly used in the next process step, i.e. step (v) of the inventive process.
  • the raw product can also be further worked up and/or purified as generally known to the skilled person. If this is deemed appropriate, the reaction mixture is extracted with a suitable organic solvent (for example aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes) or with water and the residue is, if appropriate, purified by recrystallization and/or chromatography.
  • a suitable organic solvent for example aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes
  • Another option for purification is the distillation I rectification of solvent and I or product.
  • the compounds of formula (V) can be prepared in surprisingly high yields.
  • the yields of step (iv) are at least 80%, more preferably at least 85 %, even more preferred at least 90%, even more preferred at least 95%.
  • step (v) of the inventive process compounds of formula (V) react with a compound of formula (VI) to give the compound of formula (VII) wherein
  • X is Cl or Br
  • Y is H or F in the presence of an acid.
  • the reaction of guanidines of formula (VI) with halogenated amines of formula (IV) is usually carried out from 50 °C to 150 °C, preferably from 80 °C to 130 °C.
  • Microwave-Technology can be used where applicable (e.g. C.O. Kappe, A. Stadler, Microwaves in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Weinheim 2012).
  • the reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or under elevated pressure, if appropriate under an inert gas, in flow reactors or batchwise.
  • the guanidines of formula (VI) and the halogenated amines of formula (IV) are used in equimolar amounts.
  • the guanidines of formula (VI). are used in excess with regard to the halogenated amines of formula (IV)
  • reaction of the guanidines of formula (VI) with the amines of formula (IV) is carried out in an organic solvent or without organic solvent in a melt.
  • solvent as used herein also includes mixtures of two or more solvents.
  • Suitable in principle are all solvents which are capable of dissolving the guanidines of formula (VI) and the amines of formula (IV) at least partly and preferably fully under reaction conditions.
  • suitable solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, nitromethane and mixtures of C5-C8-alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, cresols, o-, m- and p-xylene, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and chlorobenzene, ethers such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tert.-butyl methylether (TBME), dioxane, anisole and tetrahydrofuran (THF), esters such as ethy
  • Preferred solvents are ethers, nitriles and dipolar aprotic solvents as defined above.
  • More preferred solvents are nitriles as defined above.
  • reaction of the guanidines of formula (VI) with the amines of formula (IV) is carried out in the presence of an acid.
  • Example of suitable acids are inorganic acids like hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid; Lewis acids like boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride, ferric-lll-chloride, tin-IV-chloride, titanium-IV-chloride and zinc-l l-chloride, as well as organic acids like formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, methylbenzenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, citric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, can be used.
  • the acids are generally employed in excess or, if appropriate, can be used as solvent.
  • guanidines of formula (VI) required for the preparation of biguanides of formula (VII) are commercially available or can be prepared in accordance with literature procedures (e.g. J.L. LaMattina et al., J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 543 - 552; A. Perez-Medrano et al., J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 3366 - 3376).
  • R 1 to R 3 are as defined above, in the presence of NaOMe or KOMe to provide the azine compounds of formula (T) wherein
  • X is Cl, F or Br
  • Y is H or F
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce- alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Ci-Ce-alkoxy, C2-Ce-alkenyloxy, C2- Ce-alkynyloxy, Cs-Ce-cycloalkoxy, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkoxy, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C2-Ce-alkenyl, C3-C6- alkynyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-Ce-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkenyl and Ci-Ce- alkoxy-Ci-Ce-alkyl, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated.
  • the azine compound of formula (T) is synthesised wherein
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci- Ce-haloalkoxy;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of Ci-Ce-alkyl, Cs-Ce-alkenyl, Cs-Ce-alkynyl.
  • the azine compound of formula (T) is synthesised wherein
  • R 1 is Ci-Ce-alkyl
  • R 2 is Ci-Ce-haloalkyl
  • R 3 is Ci-C 6 -alkyl.
  • the compound of formula (T) is the compound of formula (T-1) wherein
  • X is Cl or Br
  • Y is H or F.
  • the compound of formula (T) is the compound of formula T-1 A:
  • the compound of formula (T), is the compound of formula T-1 B:
  • the compound of formula (T), is the compound of formula T-1C:
  • the reaction of biguanidines of formula (VII) with carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) is usually carried out at temperatures from 50 °C to the boiling point of the reaction mixture, preferably from 50 °C to 200 °C (e.g. R. Sathunuru et al., J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2008, 45, 1673-1678).
  • the reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or under elevated pressure, if appropriate under an inert gas, continuously or batchwise.
  • the biguanidines of formula (VII) and the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) are used in equimolar amounts.
  • the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) are used in excess with regard to the biguanidines of formula (VII).
  • the molar ratio of the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) to the biguanidines of formula (VII) is in the range from 2.5 : 1 to 1 : 1 , preferably 1.2 : 1 to 1 :1 , especially preferred 1.2 : 1 , also especially preferred 1 : 1.
  • reaction of the biguanidines of formula (VII) with the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) is carried out in an organic solvent.
  • Suitable solvents are in principle all solvents capable of dissolving the biguanidines of formula (VII) and the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) at least partly and preferably fully under reaction conditions.
  • Suitable solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, nitromethane and mixtures of Cs-Cs-alkanes; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, cresols, o-, m- and p-xylene; halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and chlorobenzene, ethers such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tert.-butyl methylether (TBME), dioxane, anisole and (methyl)tetrahydrofuran (THF), nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile, as well as dipolar aprotic solvents such as sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylform
  • Preferred solvents are ethers and dipolar aprotic solvents as defined above. More preferred solvents are ethers as defined above.
  • solvent as used herein also includes mixtures of two or more of the above compounds.
  • suitable bases include metal-containing bases and nitrogen-containing bases.
  • suitable metal-containing bases are inorganic compounds such as alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxide, and other metal oxides, such as lithium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide; alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydrides such as lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride and calcium hydride, alkali metal amides such as lithium amide, sodium amide and potassium amide, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carbonates such as lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and calcium carbonate, as well as alkali metal hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates) such as lithium hydrogen carbonate, sodi- um hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate; alkali metal and alkaline earth metal phosphates such as sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate and calcium phosphate; and furthermore organic bases, such as tertiary amines such as tri-Ci-C6- alkylamines, for example triethy
  • bases are alkali metal alkoxides as defined above.
  • the term base as used herein also includes mixtures of two or more, preferably two of the above compounds. Particular preference is given to the use of one base.
  • the bases are generally employed in excess; however, they can also be employed in equimolar amounts, or, if appropriate, can be used as solvent.
  • Preferably from 1 to 5 base equivalents, particularly preferred 3 equivalents of base are used, based on the biguanidines of formula (VII). The end of the reaction can easily be determined by the skilled worker by means of routine methods.
  • reaction mixtures are worked up in a customary manner, for example by mixing with water, separation of the phases and, if appropriate, chromatographic purification of the crude product.
  • Some of the intermediates and end products are obtained in the form of viscous oils, which can be purified or freed from volatile components under reduced pressure and at moderately elevated temperature.
  • purification can also be carried out by recrystallisation or digestion.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for providing halogenated 1,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3- nitrobenzene and 1,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene. Further it relates to a process for converting it to substituted azine compounds with herbicidal activity.

Description

Process for the preparation of halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and 1 ,2,3- trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene
The present invention relates to a process for providing halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3- nitrobenzene and 1 ,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene. Further it relates to a process for converting it to substituted azine compounds with herbicidal activity.
WO 2022/161801 describes the above mentioned azine compounds, their herbicidal activity and their synthesis. These compounds are highly efficient herbicides. Therefore, there is an ongoing need for processes that easily make them available.
The present invention provides a process for the preparation of halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4- methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and 1 ,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene, which is then used for the synthesis of the substituted azine derivatives having herbicidal activity.
The preparation of halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene is known from WO 2022/161801. However, the disclosed method has some disadvantages which could lead to problems by up-scaling. First of all, in the reaction iodomethane is used as the methylation agent, lodomethane has following disadvantages, especially in view of the applicability in the industry: a very low boiling point of 42 °C combined with carcinogenic potential requires additional measures for scale up production. The costs of iodomethane on commercial scale are much higher than for other methylation agents like dimethyl sulfate (DMS), chloromethane or dimethyl carbonate.
Therefore, it was an object of the present invention to provide an industrially simple, cost- effective process for the preparation of halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and
1.2.3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene in good yields. In addition, the process should be environmentally friendly in order to reduce unfavorable environmental effects. A further object of the present invention was to provide an improved process for the synthesis of substituted azine compounds which would utilize the halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and
1.2.3- trifluoro- 5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene.
It has now surprisingly been found a highly efficient process for the synthesis of halogenated 1 ,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and 1 ,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene of formula (IV), and thus, an efficient synthesis of substituted azine compounds of formula (T) having herbicidal activity.
The present invention thus relates to a process for the preparation of the compound of formula (IV) wherein is Cl or Br, is H or F, comprising the following step:
(iii) reacting a compound of formula (III) with a methylation agent in the presence of a base, wherein the methylation agent is selected from the group consisting of: DMS, MeCI, MeBr, (CHs^CCh, trimethyl orthoformate.
The present invention further relates to the process for the preparation of the substituted azine compounds of formula (T):
X is Cl or Br,
Y is H or F,
R1 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, (Ci-Ce-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce- alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Ci-Ce-alkoxy, Cs-Ce-alkenyloxy, C2- Ce-alkynyloxy, Cs-Ce-cycloalkoxy, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkoxy, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Cs-Ce-alkenyl, C3-C6- alkynyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-Ce-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkenyl and Ci-Ce- alkoxy-Ci-Ce-alkyl, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated; comprising the following steps:
(i) preparing the compound (I) via a halogenation reaction of a compound of formula (II)
(ii) preparing the compound of formula (III) from compound of formula (I) using a nitrating agent,
(iii) converting the compound of formula (III) to a compound of formula (IV) according to any one of claims 1 to 12;
(iv) reducing the compound of formula (IV) to a compound of formula (V) reacting the compound of formula (V) with the compound of formula (VI) to give the compound of formula (VII) wherein
X is Cl or Br,
Y is H or F,
(vi) reacting the compound of formula (VII) with an ester of formula (VIII) wherein
R1 to R3 are as defined above, in presence of NaOMe or KOMe.
Further embodiments of the invention are evident from the claims, the description and the examples. It is to be understood that the single features of the subject matter of the invention described herein can be applied not only in the combination given in each particular case but also in other combinations, without leaving the scope of the invention.
In the definitions of the variables given herein, collective terms are used which are generally representative for the substituents in question. The term “Cn-Cm” indicates the number of carbon atoms possible in each case in the substituent or substituent moiety in question. Examples of such meanings are: halogen: fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. The term “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
Ci-C4-alkyl and also the Ci-C4-alkyl moieties of Ci-C4-alkoxy, Ci-C4-alkylthio, C1-C4- alkylsulfonyl, (Ci-C4-alkyl)carbonyl, (Ci-C4-alkyl)carbonyl, (Ci-C4-alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C4- alkyl)carbonyloxy, Ci-C4-alkyoxy-Ci-C4-alkyl, C3-C6-cycloalkyl-Ci-C4-alkyl, (C1-C4- alkylamino)carbonyl, di(Ci-C4-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, (Ci-C4-alkylamino)sulfonyl, di(Ci-C4- alkyl)aminosulfonyl or phenyl-Ci-C4-alkyl: for example CH3, C2H5, n-propyl, CH(CH3)2, n-butyl, CH(CH3)-C2H5, CH2-CH(CH3)2 and C(CH3)3;
Ci-Ce-alkyl and also the Ci-Ce-alkyl moieties of Ci-Ce-alkoxy, Ci -Ce-alkylthio, Ci-Ce- alkylsulfonyl, (Ci-Ce-alkyl)carbonyl, (Ci-Ce-alkyl)carbonyl, (Ci-Ce-alkoxy)carbonyl, (Ci-Ce- alkyl)carbonyloxy, Ci-Ce-alkyoxy-Ci-Ce-alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl-Ci-Ce-alkyl, phenyl(Ci-Ce- alkyl)aminocarbonyl, (Ci-C6-alkylamino)carbonyl, di(Ci-C6-alkyl)aminocarbonyl, (Ci-Ce- alkylamino)sulfonyl, di(Ci-C6-alkyl)aminosulfonyl or phenyl-Ci-Ce-alkyl: Ci-C4-alkyl as mentioned above, and also, for example, n-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2,2- dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 1 , 1-dimethylpropyl, 1 ,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2- methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1 ,1 -dimethylbutyl, 1 ,2-dimethylbutyl, 1 ,3- dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1 -ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1 , 1 ,2-trimethylpropyl, 1 ,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1 -ethyl- 1 -methylpropyl or 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1 -methylethyl, n-butyl, 1 ,1— dimethylethyl, n-pentyl or n- hexyl;
C2-Ce-alkenyl and also the C2-Ce-alkenyl moieties of (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-C2-C6-alkenyl: a linear or branched ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and a C=C-double bond in any position, such as ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methyl-ethenyl, 1- butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2- methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-
1-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1- methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1 ,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1 ,2-dimethyl- 1-propenyl, 1 ,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1 -propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2- hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-1 -pentenyl, 2-methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-
1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2- pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 1-methyl-3-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-pentenyl,
4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-
4-pentenyl, 1 ,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1 ,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1 ,2-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1 ,2-dimethyl-
2-butenyl, 1 ,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1 ,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1 ,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1 ,3-dimethyl-
3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl- 3-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-1-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1- ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1 , 1 ,2-trimethyl-2- propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2- propenyl;
C2-Ce-alkynyl and also the C2-Ce-alkynyl moieties of (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-C2-Ce-alkynyl: linear or branched unsaturated hydrocarbon group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and containing at least one C-C-triple bond, such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl (propargyl), 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3- butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl and the like;
Ci-Ce-haloalkyl: Ci-C4-haloalkyl as mentioned above, and also, for example,
5-fluoropentyl, 5-chloropentyl, 5-bromopentyl, 5-iodopentyl, undecafluoropentyl, 6-fluorohexyl,
6-chlorohexyl, 6-bromohexyl, 6-iodohexyl and dodecafluorohexyl;
Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl: monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons having 3 to 6 ring members, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl;
Ci-C4-alkoxy: for example methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 1 -methylethoxy butoxy, 1- methyl propoxy, 2-methylpropoxy and 1 ,1 -dimethylethoxy;
Ci-Ce-alkoxy and also the Ci-Ce-alkoxy moieties of (Ci-Ce-alkoxy)carbonyl, (Ci-Ce- alkoxy)sulfonyl, (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce-alkyl, (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce-alkoxy, (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-C2-Ce- alkenyl, (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-C2-Ce-alkynyl: Ci-C4-alkoxy as mentioned above, and also, for example, pentoxy, 1 -methylbutoxy, 2-methylbutoxy, 3-methoxylbutoxy, 1 ,1 -dimethylpropoxy, 1 ,2- dimethylpropoxy, 2,2-dimethylpropoxy, 1 -ethylpropoxy, hexoxy, 1 -methylpentoxy, 2- methylpentoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, 4-methylpentoxy, 1 ,1 -dimethylbutoxy, 1 ,2-dimethylbutoxy, 1 ,3- dimethylbutoxy, 2,2-dimethylbutoxy, 2,3-dimethylbutoxy, 3,3-dimethylbutoxy, 1 -ethyl butoxy, 2- ethylbutoxy, 1 ,1 ,2-trimethylpropoxy, 1 ,2,2-trimethylpropoxy, 1-ethyl-1 -methylpropoxy and 1- ethyl-2-methylpropoxy;
Ci-C4-haloalkoxy: a Ci-C4-alkoxy radical as mentioned above which is partially or fully substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine, for example, chloro-methoxy, dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chlorofluoromethoxy, dichlorofluoromethoxy, chlorodifluoromethoxy2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloroethoxy, 2- bromoethxoy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2,2- difluoroethoxy, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, 2- fluoropropoxy, 3- fluoropropoxy, 2,2-difluoropropoxy, 2,3-difluoropropoxy, 2-chloropropoxy, 3- chloropropoxy, 2,3-dichloropropoxy, 3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy, 3,3,3-trichloropropoxy, 2, 2, 3,3,3- pentafluoropropoxy, heptafluoropropoxy, 1-(fluoromethyl)-2-fluoroethoxy, 4- fluorobutoxy, nonafluorobutoxy, 1 ,1 , 2, 2, -tetrafluoroethoxy and 1-trifluoromethyl-1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy;
Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy: Ci-C4-alkoxy as mentioned above: Ci-C4-haloalkoxy as mentioned above, and also, for example, 5-fluoropentyl, 5-chloropentyl, 5-bromopentyl, 5-iodopentyl, undecafluoropentyl, 6-fluorohexyl, 6-chlorohexyl, 6-bromohexyl, 6-iodohexyl and dodecafluorohexyl;
C2-Ce-alkenyloxy: C2-Ce-alkenyl as defined above, which is bound via an oxygen atom, such as ethenyloxy (vinyloxy), 1 -propenyloxy, 2-propenyloxy (allyloxy), 1-butenyloxy, 2- butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy 1-methyl-2-propenyloxy and the like;
C2-Ce-alkynyloxy: C2-Ce-alkynyl as defined above, which is bound via an oxygen atom, such as ethynyloxy, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyloxy (propargyloxy), 1-butynyloxy, 2-butynyloxy, 3- butynyloxy 1-methyl-2-propynyloxy and the like;
Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyl and also the Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyl moieties of (Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyQ-carbonyl, (Ca-Ce-cyclolalkyO-Ci-Ce-alkyl, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)carbonyl and (Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyQ-Ci-Ce-alkoxy: a cycloaliphatic radical having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl;
Cs-Ce-cyclolalkoxy: a cycloaliphatic radical having 3 to 6 carbon atoms and bound via an oxygen atom, such as cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy and cyclohexyloxy;
(Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyO-Ci-Ce-alkyl: Ci-Ce-alkyl, in particular Ci-C4-alkyl as defined above, such as methyl or ethyl, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyl as defined above, examples including cyclopropylmethyl (CH2-cyclopropyl), cyclobutyl methyl, cyclopentyl methyl, cycloexylmethyl, 1 -cyclopropylethyl (CH(CH3)-cyclopropyl), 1 -cyclobutylethyl, 1 -cyclopentylethyl, 1-cycloexylethyl, 2-cyclopropylethyl (CH2CH2-cyclopropyl), 2-cyclobutylethyl, 2-cyclopentylethyl or 2-cycloexylethyl;
(Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyO-Ci-Ce-alkoxy: Ci-Ce-alkoxy, in particular Ci-C4-alkoxy as defined above, such as methoxy or ethoxy, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Cs-Ce-cyclolalkyl as defined above, examples including cyclopropylmethoxy (OCH2-cyclopropyl), cyclobutylmethoxy, cyclopentylmethoxy, cycloexylmethoxy, 1 -cyclopropylethoxy (O-CH(CH3)-cyclopropyl), 1- cyclobutylethoxy, 1 -cyclopentylethoxy, 1-cycloexylethoxy, 2-cyclopropylethoxy (OCH2CH2)- cyclopropyl), 2-cyclobutylethoxy, 2-cyclopentylethoxy and 2-cycloexylethoxy;
(Ci-C6-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce-alkyl: Ci-Ce-alkyl, in particular Ci-C4-alkyl as defined above, such as methyl, ethyl or isopropyl, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Ci-Ce-alkoxy as defined above, examples including methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, n-propoxymethyl, butoxymethyl, 1- methoxyethyl, 1 -ethoxyethyl, 1-(n-propoxy)ethyl, 1 -butoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-(n-propoxy)ethyl, 2-butoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 2-(n-propoxy)propyl, 2- butoxypropyl;
(Ci-C6-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce-alkoxy: Ci-Ce-alkoxy, in particular Ci-C4-alkoxy as defined above, such as methoxy or ethoxy, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Ci-Ce-alkoxy as defined above, examples including methoxymethoxy, ethoxymethoxy, n-propoxymethoxy, butoxymethoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, 2-ethoxyethoxy, 2-(n-propoxy)ethoxy and 2-butoxyethoxy;
(Ci-C6-alkoxy)-C2-C6-alkenyl: C2-Ce-alkenyl, in particular C2-C4-alkenyl as defined above, such as ethenyl, propenyl, 1-butenyl or 2-butenyl, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Ci- Ce-alkoxy as defined above;
(Ci-Ce-alkoxy)-C2-Ce-alkynyl: C2-Ce-alkynyl, in particular C2-C4-alkynyl as defined above, such as ethynyl, propynyl or 2-butynyl, wherein 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by Ci-Ce-alkoxy as defined above;
(Ci-Ce-alkyl)carbonyl: Ci-Ce-alkyl as mentioned above, which is bound to the remainder.
The step (iii) of the inventive process is a methylation reaction of a OH group. Under the term methylation of an OH group is understood a reaction which involves the addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to the hydroxyl group (-OH) of a substrate molecule. There are different methods and reagents that can be used for the methylation of an OH group, depending on the specific reaction conditions and the nature of the substrate.
According to the present invention the methylation agent is selected from the group consisting of: dimethylsulfate (CH3O)2SO2), MeCI, MeBr, (CHs^COs, trimethyl orthoformate.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the methylation agent is dimethylsulfate (CH3O)2SO2).
The use of the above mentioned methylation agents has a cost advantage compared to the process disclosed in WO 2022/161801.
Further the inventive process avoids precipitation of safety critical alkali phenolate which has a high impact on the safety of such process prepared in an industrial scale.
The methylation rection is carried out in the presence of a base. The base used in step (iii) can be an inorganic base or an organic base.
According to one embodiment the base is an inorganic base. Suitable inorganic bases are hydroxides, carbonates, hydrocarbonates, phosphates and hydrophosphates of alkali or earth alkali metals or any mixtures thereof. Examples of the suitable inorganic bases are NaOH, KOH, LiOH, Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, NaHCO3, KHCO3, CsHCO3, Na3PO4, K3PO4, Na2HPO4, K2HPO4, NaH2PO4 or KH2PO4.
According to one embodiment, the bases are selected from hydroxides such as Ca(OH)2, NaOH, KOH, or LiOH. According to one specific embodiment, the inorganic base is NaOH. According to another specific embodiment, the inorganic base is KOH.
According to another embodiment, the bases are selected from carbonates, such as Na2CC>3, K2CO3, or U2CO3. According to one specific embodiment, the inorganic base is Na2CO3. Ac- cording to another specific embodiment, the inorganic base is K2CO3. According to another specific embodiment, the inorganic base is U2CO3.
According to another embodiment, the bases are selected from hydrogen carbonates such as NaHCOs, KHCO3, UHCO3. According to another specific embodiment, the inorganic base is NaHCOs. According to another specific embodiment, the inorganic base is KHCO3. According to another specific embodiment, the inorganic base is LiHCCh.
The base can be used in a solid form, e.g. solid pellets, flakes, micropills or powder, or as a solution, e.g. as aqueous solution.
According to another embodiment the base is an organic base. Examples of suitable organic bases are alkoxides, acetates, tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium salts, amidines, guanidine derivatives, pyridine, substituted pyridines, bicyclic amines or any mixture thereof.
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is selected from tertiary amines. Examples of suitable tertiary amines are tri-(Ci-C6)-alkylamines such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine and N,N-diisopropylethylamine; di-(Ci-C6)-alkyl-phenylamines such as N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-diethylaniline; N-methyl imidazole, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine and the like.
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is selected from diisoproylethylamin (DIPEA), tri-n-butylamin, N,N-dimethylcyclohexanamin, triethylamin, tri-n-propylamin, 1 ,5,7- triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene (TBD), 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1 , 1 ,3,3- tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), collidine, 2,6-lutidine (2,6- dimethylpyridine).
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is diisoproylethylamin (DI PEA).
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is tri-n-butylamin.
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamin.
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is triethylamin.
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is tri-n-propylamin.
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is 1 ,5,7-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5- ene (TBD).
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7- ene (DBU).
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is 1 , 1 ,3,3- tetramethylguanidine (TMG).
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is collidine.
According to another specific embodiment the organic base is 2,6-lutidine (2,6- dimethylpyridine).
According to another preferred specific embodiment the base is DIPEA or KOH.
According to another preferred specific embodiment the base is DI PEA. In the case the inorganic base is used as disclosed above a phase-transfer catalyst can be used. Phase-transfer catalysts are commonly used in methylation reactions to facilitate the transfer of the methyl group from the methylating agent to the substrate molecule. Transfer catalysts can increase the reaction rate, selectivity, and yield of the methylation reaction, as well as minimize the formation of unwanted byproducts.
According one embodiment of the invention the phase-transfer catalyst is selected from the group consisting of: tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate, tetrabutylammonium iodide, tetrahexylammonium bromide, tetraoctylammonium bromide, tetraheptylammonium chloride, hexaethylguanidinium chloride, butyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, 15-crown-5, polyglycol 250 DME, phosphazen-base P2-Et, benzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the phase-transfer catalyst is tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB).
If a combination of an inorganic base and a phase-transfer catalyst is used the molar ratio of the compound of formula (III) to the inorganic base is generally in the range from 1:10 to 1:1, more preferably from 1 :2 to 1:1. The phase-transfer catalyst is used from 0,01 eq to 0,1 eq, preferably 0,01 to 0,05 eq.
If an organic base is used the molar ratio of the compound of formula (III) to the organic base is generally in the range from 1 : 10 to 1 : 1 , more preferably from 1 :2 to 1 : 1 , most preferably 1 : 1 ,2 to 1:1.
The step (iii) of the inventive process according to one embodiment can be carried out without any solvent. This has the advantageous that the use of the chemical substances is minimized, and which leads to cost saving.
The step (iii) of the inventive process according to a further embodiment is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent. The use of the above-mentioned solvents has the advantage over the use of dichloromethane as disclosed in WO 2022/161801. Such halogenated aromatic solvents are toxicologically less of concern. Their vapor pressure is lower and less of the solvent is lost via the offgas system of the plant.
According to one further embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent for step (iii) is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1 ,2- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene.
According to one further embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
The order of adding the reagents to the reaction mixture is variable. According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the base is added to the mixture of the methylation agent and the phenol. According to one embodiment of the invention the addition is carried out a temperature between 20 to 60°C, preferably between 35 to 50°C, at most preferably at 40-45°C.
After step (iii), a work-up of the reaction mixture can be carried out by procedures known in a general manner to the person skilled in the art. For example, after completion the reacted mixture is added to water. The organic phase is separated, washed with water and the solvent is removed from the separated organic phase. Further, it may be appropriate to wash the organic phase with acidic or basic aqueous solution instead or in addition to washing with water.
The so-obtained raw product can be directly used in the next process step, i.e. step (iv) of the inventive process. However, the raw product can also be further worked up and/or purified as generally known to the skilled person. If this is deemed appropriate, the solvent is evaporated and the residue is, if appropriate, purified by recrystallization, distillation and/or chromatography.
By means of the inventive process, the compounds of formula (IV) can be prepared in surprisingly high yields. Preferably, the yields of step (iii) are at least 80%, more preferably at least 85 %, even more preferred at least 90%, even more preferred at least 95%.
The step (i) of the inventive process is carried out in the same way for both compounds of formula (II), having Y being H or F.
The step (i) of the inventive process according to one embodiment can be carried out without any solvent. This has the advantage that the use of the chemical substances is minimized, and which leads to cost saving.
The step (i) of the inventive process according to a further embodiment is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent. The use of the above-mentioned solvents has the advantage over the use of dichloromethane as disclosed in WO 2022/161801. Such halogenated aromatic solvents are toxicologically less of concern. Their vapor pressure is lower and less of the solvent is lost via the offgas system of the plant. The lower vapor pressure than the chlorinating agent sulfuryl chloride leaves the option to distill off an excess of sulfuryl chloride after the reaction - this is not viable in case of the low boiling dichloromethane.
According to one further embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
According to one further embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
The molar ratio of the compound of formula (II) to the halogenated aromatic solvent is generally in the range from from 1 : 10 to 1 :0.1 , more preferably from 1 : 1 to 1 :0.2.
In order to synthesize the compound of formula (I) bearing Cl as X, the halogenation agent is selected from the group consisting of: SO2CI2, CI2, NaOCI, N-chlorosuccinimide, HCI/H2O2, 1 ,3- dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenation agent is SO2CI2 or Cl2. According to the most preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenation agent is Ch.
In order to synthesize the compound of formula (I) bearing Br as X, the halogenation agent is selected from the group consisting of: Br2, NaOBr, N-bromosuccinimide, HBr/H2Ch, 1 ,3- dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenation agent in that case is Br2.
The step (i) of the inventive process is carried out with or without the presence of a catalyst. If a catalyst is used, it is selected from the group consisting of: DMF, acetonitrile, N,N- dimethylacetamide, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, 2,4,6-collidine, 2,6-dimethylpiperidine, 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the catalyst used in the step (i) of the inventive process is acetonitrile or DMF.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the catalyst used in the step (i) of the inventive process is acetonitrile.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the catalyst used in the step (i) of the inventive process is DMF.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the catalyst used in the step (i) of the inventive process is selected from the group comprising: ethers such as diethylether, dibutylether, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, disulfides such as diphenylsulfide, 2,2'- dipyridyldisulphide, lewis acids such as iron chloride, aluminum chloride, zinc chloride, chlorotrimethylsilane.
According to most preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenation agent is Ch and the step (i) of the inventive process is carried out without the presence of a catalyst.
The order of adding the reagents to the reaction mixture is variable.
According to one embodiment, the halogenation agent is added to the mixture of the compound (II) and the catalyst optionally in the halogenated aromatic solvent. The addition of the halogenation agent can be done in one portion or gradually over several hours or in several portions. According to one embodiment, the addition is made in one portion. According to another embodiment the addition is made gradually over several hours or in several portions.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention herein the halogenation agent is added to compound (II) in the halogenated aromatic solvent without the presence of a catalyst.
According to one embodiment of the invention the addition is carried out at the beginning at a temperature from 30 to 45°C and then at a temperature between 20 to 25°C.
In the case CI2 is used as the halogenation agent the addition is carried out at a temperature from 0 to 30°C, preferably 10 to 15°C.
After step (i), a work-up of the reaction mixture can be carried out by procedures known in a general manner to the person skilled in the art. For example, after reaction completion vacuum and elevated temperature are applied. Or for example, after reaction completion the reacted mixture is added to water. The organic phase is separated, washed with water and the solvent is removed from the separated organic phase. Further, it may be appropriate to wash the organic phases with acidic or basic aqueous solution instead or in addition to washing with water.
The so-obtained raw product can be directly used in the next process step, i.e. step (ii) of the inventive process. However, the raw product can also be further worked up and/or purified as generally known to the skilled person. If this is deemed appropriate, the halogenated aromatic solvent is evaporated and the residue is, if appropriate, purified by chromatography.
By means of the inventive process, the compounds of formula (I) can be prepared in surprisingly high yields. Preferably, the yields of step (i) are at least 80%, more preferably at least 85 %, even more preferred at least 90%, even more preferred at least 95%.
The compound of formula (II) used in step (i) wherein Y is H is commercially available. The compound of formula (II) wherein Y is F is commercially available.
According to the present invention, the variable Y of the compound of formula (II) used in step (i) is H or F. According to one specific embodiment, the variable Y is H. According to another specific embodiment, the variable Y is F.
According to the present invention, the variable X of the compound of formula (I) is Cl or Br. According to one specific embodiment, the variable X is Cl. According to another specific embodiment, the variable X is Br.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the variable X of the compound of formula (I) is Cl and the variable Y is H.
The step (ii) of the inventive process is carried out in the same way for both compounds of formula (III), having Y being H or F.
The step (ii) of the inventive process is a nitration reaction, in which a nitrating agent is used.
A nitrating agent, also known as a nitrogenating agent, is according to the present invention a chemical substance that is used to introduce a nitro group (-NO2) into organic compounds through a process called nitration.
Nitrating agents are typically strong oxidizing agents or contain a source of nitro groups. They react with the organic compound under specific reaction conditions, resulting in the addition of the nitro group to the target molecule. The nitro group is composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and imparts distinct chemical and physical properties to the modified compound.
According to one embodiment of the invention the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is selected from the group consisting of: HNO3, NaNC>2/H+, alkylnitrite, alkylni- trite/H+, N2O3.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is HNO3. According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is HNO3 in a concentration from 10 to 100 wt-%. According to one further preferred embodiment of the invention the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is HNO3 in a concentration from 60 to 70 wt-%. According to the most preferred embodiment of the invention the nitrating agent used in step (ii) of the inventive process is HNO3 in a concentration from 65 wt-%. According to one preferred embodiment of the less than 1 eq of the nitrating agent is used. According to one further preferred embodiment of the invention between 0.95 and 0.99 eq, preferred 0.98 eq of the nitrating agent is used in the step (ii) of the inventive process.
It was found that the use of an overstoichiometric amount of the nitrating agent leads to a low onset temperature of the reaction mixture of approx. 45°C. It is known that above of this temperature the product decomposes with notable temperature and pressure rise, which could lead to serious safety issues by up-scaling. It has now surprisingly been found that the use of an un- derstoichiometric amount of the nitrating agent in the step (ii) of the inventive process does not lead to a low onset temperature of the reaction mixture and the decomposition of the desired product at temperatures as low as approx. 45°C is avoided.
The step (ii) of the inventive process according to a further embodiment is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent. The use of the above-mentioned solvents has the advantage over the use of dichloromethane as disclosed in WO 2022/161801. Such halogenated aromatic solvents are toxicologically less of concern. Their vapor pressure is lower and less of the solvent is lost via the offgas system of the plant. The lower vapor pressure than the chlorinating agent sulfuryl chloride leaves the option to distill off an excess of sulfuryl chloride after the reaction - this is not viable in case of the low boiling dichloromethane.
According to one further embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1 ,2- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1 ,2,4- trichlorobenzene.
According to one further embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
The molar ratio of the compound of formula (I) to the halogenated aromatic solvent is generally in the range from from 1 :10 to 1 :0.1 , more preferably from 1 :2 to 1 :0.2.
The order of adding the reagents to the reaction mixture is variable.
According to one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) and the nitrating agent, preferably HNO3 were dosed parallel into reactor.
It was found that the parallel dosage of the compound of formula (I) and the nitrating agent, preferably HNO3 avoids the formation of a byproduct.
According to one further embodiment, the nitrating agent, preferably HNO3 is partly dosed parallel with the compound of formula (I) and partly dosed to the already partly reacted mixture in the reactor.
The addition of the nitrating agent can be done in one portion or gradually over several hours or in several portions. According to one embodiment, the addition is made in one portion. According to another embodiment the addition is made gradually over several hours or in several portions. According to one embodiment of the invention the addition is carried out at the temperature between 15 to 30°C.
After step (ii), a work-up of the reaction mixture can be carried out by procedures known in a general manner to the person skilled in the art. For example, after completion of the reacted mixture is added to water. The organic phase is separated, washed with water and the solvent is removed from the separated organic phase. Further, it may be appropriate to wash the organic phases with acidic or basic aqueous solution instead or in addition to washing with water.
The so-obtained raw product can be directly used in the next process step, i.e. step (ii) of the inventive process. However, the raw product can also be further worked up and/or purified as generally known to the skilled person. If this is deemed appropriate, the solvent is evaporated and the residue is, if appropriate, purified by recrystallization and/or chromatography.
By means of the inventive process, the compounds of formula (III) can be prepared in surprisingly high yields. Preferably, the yields of step (i) are at least 80%, more preferably at least 85 %, even more preferred at least 90%, even more preferred at least 95%.
According to step (iv) of the inventive process, compounds of formula (IV) are reduced to a compound of formula (V) wherein
X is Cl or Br,
Y is H or F.
The step (iv) of the inventive process according to one embodiment is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent.
According to one embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene.
According to one further embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4- dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention the halogenated aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
The step (iv) of the inventive process is a reduction reaction of the NO2 group to NH2. As suitable reductions agents can be used all known by the skilled person.
The reduction of compound of formula (IV) to compound of formula (V) can be achieved with nascent hydrogen, for example. In this case the nitro compound is reacted with an acid in the presence of a base metal. Base metals are naturally those that are dissolved by a Brbnsted acid with hydrogen evolution. Such metals generally have a normal potential < 0 V and in particular less than or equal to -0.1 V, e.g. in the range from -0.1 to -1.0 V (in acidic aqueous solution at 15 °C and 1 bar). Examples of suitable metals are Zn, Fe and Sn, especially Fe. Suitable acids for this purpose are both inorganic mineral acids, for example hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid, or mixtures of inorganic acid and one of the aforementioned solvents, for example gaseous HCI in an ether or an alcohol or in a mixture thereof, or organic carboxylic acids, suitably acetic acid, propionic acid or butyric acid.
The reaction conditions essentially correspond to the reaction conditions used for the reduction of aliphatic or aromatic nitro groups to aliphatic or aromatic amino groups with nascent hydrogen which are known from the state of the art.
Depending on the type of metal and acid, the reaction temperature is usually in the range from - 20 to +120 °C, whereby temperatures in the range from 50 to 100 °C are preferably used when alkanoic acids such as acetic acid are used. The reaction time can range from a few minutes to several hours, e.g. about 20 minutes to 10 hours.
Preferably, the compound of formula (IV) to be reduced is placed in the reaction vessel and then the respective metal, preferably in finely divided form, in particular as a powder, is added to the reaction mixture while mixing. Preferably, the addition takes place over a period of 10 minutes to 2 hours. Of course, the metal and the acid can also be introduced and the compound of formula (IV) added, if necessary together with an inert solvent. The reaction mixture is often left to react at the reaction temperature for a certain period of time, e.g. 10 minutes to 10 hours.
According to the further embodiment of the invention metal hydrides and semi-metal hydrides such as aluminium hydride and hydrides derived therefrom such as lithium aluminium hydride, diisobutyl aluminium hydride and boron hydrides such as diborane and boranates derived therefrom such as sodium borohydride or lithium boranate can also be considered as reducing agents for the step (iv) of the inventive process.
For this purpose, the nitro compound of formula (IV) is brought into contact with the complete metal hydride in an inert solvent at 10 to 65 °C, preferably 20 to 50 °C. Preferably, the reaction time is 2 to 10 hours, preferably 3 to 6 hours.
As a rule, 0.5 to 3, preferably 0.75 to 2.5 moles of metal hydride, metal hemihydride, borohydride or boranate per mole of nitro compound of formula (IV) are used.
A further suitable reducing agent for the conversion of compound of formula (IV) into compound of formula (V) is hydrogen in the presence of catalytic amounts of transition metals or transition metal compounds. Preferred transition metals are, for example, nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium or rhodium. The transition metal can be combined with another metal like vanadium, tantalum, molybdenum, copper or cobalt in order to achieve the desired selectivity. The transition metals can be used as such or in supported form. Examples of carriers are activated carbon, aluminium oxide, Zr02, Ti02, Si02, carbonates and the like. The transition metals can also be used in the form of activated metals such as Raney nickel. The transition metals can also be used in the form of compounds. Suitable transition metal compounds are, for example, palladium oxide and platinum oxide. The catalysts are generally used in an amount of 0.001 to 10.0 mol% (calculated as metal), based on the compound of formula (IV) to be reduced. After separation of the catalyst, the reaction solution can be worked up to the product as usual. The hydrogenation can be carried out at normal hydrogen pressure or at elevated hydrogen pressure, for example at a hydrogen pressure of 0.01 to 50 bar, preferably 0.1 to 40 bar.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention the catalyst for step (iv) is selected from the group consisting of: platinum (with and without V), palladium, nickel.
In the especially preferred embodiment of the invention the catalyst for step (iv) is Pt/V catalyst.
The so-obtained raw product can be directly used in the next process step, i.e. step (v) of the inventive process. However, the raw product can also be further worked up and/or purified as generally known to the skilled person. If this is deemed appropriate, the reaction mixture is extracted with a suitable organic solvent (for example aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes) or with water and the residue is, if appropriate, purified by recrystallization and/or chromatography. Another option for purification is the distillation I rectification of solvent and I or product.
By means of the inventive process, the compounds of formula (V) can be prepared in surprisingly high yields. Preferably, the yields of step (iv) are at least 80%, more preferably at least 85 %, even more preferred at least 90%, even more preferred at least 95%.
According to step (v) of the inventive process, compounds of formula (V) react with a compound of formula (VI) to give the compound of formula (VII) wherein
X is Cl or Br,
Y is H or F in the presence of an acid.
The reaction of guanidines of formula (VI) with halogenated amines of formula (IV) is usually carried out from 50 °C to 150 °C, preferably from 80 °C to 130 °C. Microwave-Technology can be used where applicable (e.g. C.O. Kappe, A. Stadler, Microwaves in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Weinheim 2012). The reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or under elevated pressure, if appropriate under an inert gas, in flow reactors or batchwise.
In one embodiment of the process according to the invention, the guanidines of formula (VI) and the halogenated amines of formula (IV) are used in equimolar amounts.
In another embodiment of the process according to the invention, the guanidines of formula (VI). are used in excess with regard to the halogenated amines of formula (IV)
The reaction of the guanidines of formula (VI) with the amines of formula (IV) is carried out in an organic solvent or without organic solvent in a melt. The term solvent as used herein also includes mixtures of two or more solvents.
Suitable in principle are all solvents which are capable of dissolving the guanidines of formula (VI) and the amines of formula (IV) at least partly and preferably fully under reaction conditions. Examples of suitable solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, nitromethane and mixtures of C5-C8-alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, cresols, o-, m- and p-xylene, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and chlorobenzene, ethers such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tert.-butyl methylether (TBME), dioxane, anisole and tetrahydrofuran (THF), esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile, as well as dipolar aprotic solvents such as sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide, N.Ndimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC), 1 ,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N,N'-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPLI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 1-methyl-2 pyrrol- idinone (NMP).
Preferred solvents are ethers, nitriles and dipolar aprotic solvents as defined above.
More preferred solvents are nitriles as defined above.
The reaction of the guanidines of formula (VI) with the amines of formula (IV) is carried out in the presence of an acid.
Example of suitable acids are inorganic acids like hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid; Lewis acids like boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride, ferric-lll-chloride, tin-IV-chloride, titanium-IV-chloride and zinc-l l-chloride, as well as organic acids like formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, methylbenzenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, citric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, can be used. The acids are generally employed in excess or, if appropriate, can be used as solvent.
The guanidines of formula (VI) required for the preparation of biguanides of formula (VII) are commercially available or can be prepared in accordance with literature procedures (e.g. J.L. LaMattina et al., J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 543 - 552; A. Perez-Medrano et al., J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 3366 - 3376).
According to step (vi) of the inventive process, compounds of formula (VII) react with an ester of formula (VIII) wherein
R1 to R3 are as defined above, in the presence of NaOMe or KOMe to provide the azine compounds of formula (T) wherein
X is Cl, F or Br,
Y is H or F,
R1 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce- alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Ci-Ce-alkoxy, C2-Ce-alkenyloxy, C2- Ce-alkynyloxy, Cs-Ce-cycloalkoxy, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkoxy, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C2-Ce-alkenyl, C3-C6- alkynyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-Ce-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkenyl and Ci-Ce- alkoxy-Ci-Ce-alkyl, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the azine compound of formula (T) is synthesised wherein
R1 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci- Ce-haloalkoxy;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of Ci-Ce-alkyl, Cs-Ce-alkenyl, Cs-Ce-alkynyl.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the azine compound of formula (T) is synthesised wherein
R1 is Ci-Ce-alkyl,
R2 is Ci-Ce-haloalkyl; R3 is Ci-C6-alkyl.
In a particularly preferred embodiment the compound of formula (T), is the compound of formula (T-1) wherein
X is Cl or Br;
Y is H or F.
In a further particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compound of formula (T), is the compound of formula T-1 A:
In a further particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compound of formula (T), is the compound of formula T-1 B: In a further particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compound of formula (T), is the compound of formula T-1C: The reaction of biguanidines of formula (VII) with carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) is usually carried out at temperatures from 50 °C to the boiling point of the reaction mixture, preferably from 50 °C to 200 °C (e.g. R. Sathunuru et al., J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2008, 45, 1673-1678).
The reaction can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or under elevated pressure, if appropriate under an inert gas, continuously or batchwise.
In one embodiment of the process according to the invention, the biguanidines of formula (VII) and the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) are used in equimolar amounts.
In another embodiment of the process according to the invention, the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) are used in excess with regard to the biguanidines of formula (VII).
Preferably the molar ratio of the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) to the biguanidines of formula (VII) is in the range from 2.5 : 1 to 1 : 1 , preferably 1.2 : 1 to 1 :1 , especially preferred 1.2 : 1 , also especially preferred 1 : 1.
The reaction of the biguanidines of formula (VII) with the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) is carried out in an organic solvent.
Suitable solvents are in principle all solvents capable of dissolving the biguanidines of formula (VII) and the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) at least partly and preferably fully under reaction conditions.
Examples of suitable solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, nitromethane and mixtures of Cs-Cs-alkanes; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, cresols, o-, m- and p-xylene; halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and chlorobenzene, ethers such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tert.-butyl methylether (TBME), dioxane, anisole and (methyl)tetrahydrofuran (THF), nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile, as well as dipolar aprotic solvents such as sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N- dimethylacetamide (DMAC), 1 ,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N,N'-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPLI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 1-methyl-2 pyrrolidinone (NMP).
Preferred solvents are ethers and dipolar aprotic solvents as defined above. More preferred solvents are ethers as defined above.
The term solvent as used herein also includes mixtures of two or more of the above compounds.
The reaction of the biguanidines of formula (VII) with the carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) is carried out in the presence of a base.
Examples of suitable bases include metal-containing bases and nitrogen-containing bases.
Examples of suitable metal-containing bases are inorganic compounds such as alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxide, and other metal oxides, such as lithium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide; alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydrides such as lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride and calcium hydride, alkali metal amides such as lithium amide, sodium amide and potassium amide, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carbonates such as lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and calcium carbonate, as well as alkali metal hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates) such as lithium hydrogen carbonate, sodi- um hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate; alkali metal and alkaline earth metal phosphates such as sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate and calcium phosphate; and furthermore organic bases, such as tertiary amines such as tri-Ci-C6- alkylamines, for example triethylamine, trimethylamine, N-ethyldiisopropylamine, and N-methyl- piperidine, pyridine, substituted pyridines such as collidine, lutidine, N-methylmorpholine and 4- dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and also bicyclic amines such as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec- 7-ene (DBU) or 1,5- diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN). Also alkali alkoxides like NaOMe Oder KOMe are examples for viable bases.
Preferred bases are alkali metal alkoxides as defined above. The term base as used herein also includes mixtures of two or more, preferably two of the above compounds. Particular preference is given to the use of one base. The bases are generally employed in excess; however, they can also be employed in equimolar amounts, or, if appropriate, can be used as solvent. Preferably from 1 to 5 base equivalents, particularly preferred 3 equivalents of base are used, based on the biguanidines of formula (VII). The end of the reaction can easily be determined by the skilled worker by means of routine methods.
The reaction mixtures are worked up in a customary manner, for example by mixing with water, separation of the phases and, if appropriate, chromatographic purification of the crude product.
Some of the intermediates and end products are obtained in the form of viscous oils, which can be purified or freed from volatile components under reduced pressure and at moderately elevated temperature.
If the intermediates and the end products are obtained as solid, purification can also be carried out by recrystallisation or digestion.
The carbonyl compounds of formula (VIII) required for the preparation of azines of formula (T) are known in the literature and/or are commercially available.
Examples
The following examples further illustrate the present invention and do not restrict the invention in any manner.
1. Synthesis of 2-chloro-4,5-difluorophenol
Example 1.1
To the solution of 3,4-difluorophenol 426 g (3.24 mol) in 147 ml chlorobenzene, N,N- dimethylformamide 7.54 g (0.103 mol) was added and the mixture was heated to 40°C. To this mixture, sulfuryl chloride 474 g (3.4 mol) was added continuously over 5 hours, first at 40°C, then after gas evolution is observed, the mixture is cooled and held at 20°C while dosing of sul- furyl chloride is continued. After completed sulfuryl chloride dosing and post stirring time of 1 hour the reaction mass was cooled down to 10°C and then added to 66.8 g 10°C cold water with the rate to not exceed 25°C. Organic and aqueous phases are separated. Yield of 2-chloro- 4,5-difluorophenol determined by quantitative HPLC of organic phase is 97 %.
Example 1.2
To the solution of 3,4-difluorophenol 104.5 g (0.8 mol) in 17.5 ml chlorobenzene, acetonitrile 1.05 g (0.025 mol) was added at 20°C. To this mixture, sulfuryl chloride 116.2 g (0.84 mol) was added continuously over 5 hours so that the temperature does not exceed 25°C. After completed sulfuryl chloride dosing and post stirring time overnight the reaction mass was cooled down to 10°C and then water 55 g is added with the rate to not exceed 20°C. Organic and aqueous phases are separated. Organic phase is extracted with 30 g water and phases are separated. Yield of 2-chloro-4,5-difluorophenol determined by quantitative HPLC of organic phase is 88 %.
Example 1.3
To the mixture of 3,4-difluorophenol 90 g (0.67 mol) and acetonitrile 9.4 g at 10°C, sulfuryl chloride 105 g (0.75 mol) was added continuously over 5 hours so that the temperature does not exceed 15°C. After completed sulfuryl chloride dosing and post stirring time 15 minutes, water 100 g is added with the rate to not exceed 20°C. Organic and aqueous phases are separated. Yield of 2-chloro-4,5-difluorophenol determined by quantitative HPLC of organic phase is 97 %.
Example 1.4
A solution of 3,4-difluorophenol (3.025 kg, 23.2 mol) in chlorobenzene (6.68 kg) was cooled to 10°C. To this solution CI2 gas (1 eq, 23.2 mol, 1.646 kg) was added via dip pipe with the rate that inner temperature doesn't exceed 15°C. After dosage was complete, the reaction mass was post-stirred overnight. Vacuum 200 mbar was applied and temperature increased to 30°C to remove HCI. Yield of 2-chloro-4,5-difluorophenol determined by quantitative GC is 95.1 %.
2. Synthesis of 6-chloro-3,4-difluoro-2-nitrophenol
Example 2.1
Chlorobenzene 30 mL was charged in the reactor. The 2-chloro-4,5-difluorophenol (0.58 mol, as 49.4 wt% solution in chlorobenzene) and nitric acid 65 wt% aqueous (0.57 mol) were added parallel at the temperature 20-25 °C over 25 minutes. After complete dosing of nitric acid and poststirring time of 1 hour the organic and aqueous phases are separated. Aqueous phase was diluted with 66g of water followed by 20 mL of chlorobenzene and organic and aqueous phases are separated. Both organic phases are combined and washed with 33g of water, then organic and aqueous phases are separated. Yield of compound 6-chloro-3,4-difluoro-2-nitrophenol determined by quantitative HPLC of organic phase is 96 %.
Example 2.2
Chlorobenzene 10 mL was charged in the reactor. The 2-chloro-4,5-difluorophenol (0.162 mol, as 73 wt% solution in chlorobenzene) and nitric acid 65wt% aqueous (0.158 mol) were added parallel at the temperature 20-25 °C over 60 minutes. After complete dosing of nitric acid and poststirring time of 1 hour the organic and aqueous phases are separated. Organic phase is washed with 10g of water, then organic and aqueous phases are separated. Yield of 6-chloro- 3,4-difluoro-2-nitrophenol determined by quantitative HPLC of organic phase is 89 %.
Example 2.3
To the 2-chloro-4,5-difluorophenol (0.227 mol, as 62.4 wt% solution in chlorobenzene) chlorobenzene 39 mL was added. Then nitric acid 65wt% aqueous (0.225 mol) was added at the temperature 20-25 °C over 15 minutes. After complete dosing of nitric acid and poststirring time of 80 minutes the organic and aqueous phases are separated. To the aqueous phase 10 mL of chlorobenzene were added and organic and aqueous phases are separated. Both organic phases are combined. Yield of 6-chloro-3,4-difluoro-2-nitrophenol determined by quantitative HPLC of organic phase is 92 %.
Example 2.4
To the 2-chloro-4,5-difluorophenol (0.152 mol, as 62.4 wt% solution in chlorobenzene) chlorobenzene 32 mL was added. Then sulfuric acid aqueous solution (70.8 g of 50 wt% aqueous solution) was added and mixture was cooled to 10°C. NaNCh aqueous solution (109.8 g of 45.36 wt% aqueous solution) was then dosed over 30 minutes at the temperature 10-15°C. After complete dosing of NaNC>2 solution and poststirring time of 120 minutes the organic and aqueous phases are separated. To the aqueous phase 40 mL of chlorobenzene were added and organic and aqueous phases are separated. Both organic phases are combined. Yield of 6- chloro-3,4-difluoro-2-nitrophenol determined by quantitative HPLC of organic phase is 94 %.
3. Synthesis of 1-chloro-4,5-difluoro-2-methoxy-3-nitro-benzene
Example 3.1 - Experiment with DIPEA base
A solution of 47.54 g (227 mmol) 6-chloro-3,4-difluoro-2-nitro-phenol in 88.5 g of chlorobenzene was precharged to a 250 ml reactor at room temperature. Dimethyl sulfate (34.34 g, 1.2 equiv.) was then added and the mixture heated to 40 °C. N,N-diisopropylethylamine (39.77 g, 1.2 equiv.) was dosed under stirring over 3h at 40 °C. After a poststirring period of 5 h, the conversion of the starting material was confirmed by qualitative HPLC analysis. 120 g of water have been added for work up at room temperature under agitation. The phases were separated and the water phase postextracted with 20 g of chlorobenzene. The organic phases were combined and analyzed by quantitative HPLC: 51.5 % of the product 1-chloro-4,5-difluoro-2-methoxy-3- nitro-benzene was determined, according to a yield of 99.6 %.
Example 3.2 - Experiment with butyl(triphenyl)phosphonium chloride and KOH base
60 g of a 55.5 % solution of 6-chloro-3,4-difluoro-2-nitro-phenol in chlorobenzene (159 mmol) was precharged to a 250 ml reactor at room temperature. Dimethyl sulfate (40.09 g, 2 equiv.) and 0.575 g butyl(triphenyl)phosphonium chloride (0.01 equiv.) was then added and the mixture heated to 35 °C. 89.17 g of a 20 % solution of KOH in water were added over 5 h at 35 °C. After a poststirring period of 5 h, the conversion of the starting material was confirmed by qualitative HPLC analysis. The phases were separated and the water phase postextracted with 30 g MTBE. The organic phases were separately analyzed by quantitative HPLC: 35.6 % of the product 1-chloro-4,5-difluoro-2-methoxy-3-nitro-benzene was determined in the chlorobenzene phase, 18.8 % in the MTBE phase. Both product contents are adding up to a total yield of 97.9 % 1-chloro-4,5-difluoro-2-methoxy-3-nitro-benzene.
Example 3.3 - Experiment with tetrabutylammonium chloride and KOH base
1144.2 g of a 39.1 % solution of 6-chloro-3,4-difluoro-2-nitro-phenol in chlorobenzene (2.133 mol) was precharged to a 4 I flask at room temperature. Dimethyl sulfate (538.1 g, 2 equiv.) and 6,875 g tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.01 equiv.) was then added and the mixture heated to 35 °C. 1196.8 g of a 20 % solution of KOH in water were added over 7 h at 35 °C. After a poststirring period of 15 h over night at 35 °C, the conversion of the starting material was confirmed by qualitative HPLC analysis. The phases were separated, the organic phase filtered through Celite 503 for removal of undissolved tar and the water phase postextracted with 100 g chlorobenzene. The organic phases were combined, washed with 1000 g water and analyzed by quantitative HPLC: 23.0 % of the product 1-chloro-4,5-difluoro-2-methoxy-3-nitro-benzene was determined, according to a product yield of 97.4 % 1-chloro-4,5-difluoro-2-methoxy-3-nitro- benzene.

Claims

Claims
1. A process for the preparation of the compound of formula (IV) wherein
X is Cl or Br,
Y is H or F, comprising the following step:
(i) reacting a compound of formula (III) with a methylation agent in the presence of a base, wherein the methylation agent is selected from the group consisting of: dimethylsulfate (CH3O)2SO2), MeCI, MeBr, (CH3)2CO3, trimethyl orthoformate.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein X is Cl and Y is H.
3. The process of any of claims 1 to 2, wherein the methylation agent is dimethylsulfate (CH3O)2SO2).
4. The process of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of: diisoproylethylamin (DIPEA), tri-n-butylamin, N,N-dimethylcyclohexanamin, triethyl- amin, tri-n-propylamin, 1 ,5,7-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene (TBD), 1 ,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), collidine, 2,6- lutidine (2,6-dimethylpyridine).
5. The process of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of: KOH, K2CO3, NaOH, Na2CO3, LiOH, Li2CO3, Ca(OH)2.
6. The process of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the base is DI PEA or KOH.
7. The process of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the base is DI PEA.
8. The process of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein a phase-transfer catalyst is used, which is selected from the group consisting of: tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate, tetrabutylammonium iodide, tetrahexylammonium bromide, tetraoctylammonium bromide, tetraheptylammonium chloride, hexaethylguanidinium chlo- ride, butyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, 15-crown-5, polyglycol 250 DME, phosphazen- base P2-Et, benzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the phase-transfer catalyst is tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB).
10. The process of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the reaction is carried out in a halogenated aromatic solvent.
11. The process of claim 10, wherein the halogenated aromatic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2-difluorobenzene, 1 ,4-difluorobenzene, 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the aromatic solvent is chlorobenzene.
13. A process for the preparation of azine compounds of formula (T)
X is Cl or Br,
Y is H or F,
R1 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, (Ci-C6-alkoxy)-Ci-Ce- alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Ci-Ce-alkoxy, C2-Ce-alkenyloxy, C2- Ce-alkynyloxy, Cs-Ce-cycloalkoxy, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkoxy, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C1- Ce-alkoxy and Ci-Ce-haloalkoxy;
R3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C2-Ce-alkenyl, C3-C6- alkynyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, (C3-C6-cycloalkyl)-Ci-C4-alkyl, Cs-Ce-cycloalkenyl and Ci-Ce- alkoxy-Ci-Ce-alkyl, where the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic parts of the radicals are unsubstituted, partly or completely halogenated; comprising the following steps:
(i) preparing the compound (I) via a halogenation reaction of a compound of formula (II)
(ii) preparing the compound of formula (III) from compound of formula (I) using a nitrating agent, converting the compound of formula (III) to a compound of formula (IV) according to any one of claims 1 to 12;
(iii) reducing the compound of formula (IV) to a compound of formula (V)
(iv) reacting the compound of formula (V) with a derivative of formula (VI) to give the compound of formula (VII) wherein
X is Cl or Br,
Y is H or F,
(v) reacting the compound of formula (VII) with an ester of formula (VIII) wherein
R1 to R3 are as defined above, in presence of NaOMe or KOMe.
14. The process of claim 13, wherein the azine compound has a formula (T-1):
15. The process of any of claims 13 or 14, wherein the azine compound has a formula (T-1): wherein
X is Cl,
Y is H.
PCT/EP2025/069304 2024-07-15 2025-07-07 Process for the preparation of halogenated 1,2-difluoro-4-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene and 1,2,3-trifluoro-5-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene Pending WO2026017463A1 (en)

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