Attn’y Docket 16170011TA SYSTEM AND METHOD OF WASTE FACTOR BASED POWER CONSUMPTION REDUCING DATA COMMUNICATION AND PROCESSING STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST [0001] This invention was made with government support under 1909206 and 2037845 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0002] This application claims benefit of United States Provisional Application 63/574,024 filed April 3, 2024, and United States Provisional Application 63/631,646 filed April 9, 2024, and the complete contents of United States Provisional Application 63/574,024 and United States Provisional Application 63/631,646 are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND Technical Field [0003] The present disclosure generally relates to power efficiency based control of data communication systems and, more particularly, to Waste Factor based power efficiency directed analysis, configuration, and control of data communication and processing systems. Description of Related Art [0004] There has long been a need for a new and improved power efficiency metric useable for power efficiency directed design, configuration, and control of communication systems. controlling circuits and systems, electrical engineering field has lacked a clear, well-defined, unified key performance indicator (KPI) for quantifying the power efficiency of any cascade of devices or systems. [0005] One metric for energy efficiency is bits per Joule (bits/J), is the ratio of traffic volume and energy consumption. The bits per Joule metric, though, has shortcomings. [0006] As illustration, consider 4G sites A and B, and 5G sites C and D. 5G is known to be approximately four times more energy efficient than 4G in static conditions. However, 5G sites may seem less energy efficient due to low traffic volumes. Therefore, during periods of low traffic volume it may appear reasonable to move traffic from 5G site C to 4G site B to improve the energy efficiency metric. Such action, though, can reduce overall energy efficiency.
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0007] For the reasons above, new and improved techniques of computer based power efficiency evaluation and analysis and power efficiency directed control of communication and processing systems are needed. SUMMARY [0008] This Summary identifies example features and aspects and is not an exclusive or exhaustive description of disclosed subject matter, and whether or not a feature is included in this Summary is not intended as any indication of the feature’s relative importance or benefit. [0009] One example method according to one or more embodiments for reducing energy or power consumption, using computer control to alter operating conditions of a communication device or system, wherein alter operating conditions comprises altering one or more among gain, voltage current draw, modulation level, data packet size, word size, data rate, bandwidth, clock speed, carrier frequency, and baseband frequency of the communication device or system, wherein said computer control is configured to adapt the operating conditions to yield varying amounts of power efficiency or energy efficiency in said communication device or system , using a computer device or system that includes a processor communicatively connected to a data memory and to an instruction memory configured to store processor executable instructions, wherein the method can comprise the communication device or system receiving an input signal, amplifying or attenuating the input signal by a first gain value and outputting, and yielding as a result, a device or system output signal; measuring, as a device or system output signal value, a power or energy of the device or system output signal; measuring, as a device or system power consumption or energy consumption value denoting a power consumption or energy consumption by the communication device or system. Steps can further comprise the computer device or system computing, based at least in part on the device or system power consumption or energy consumption value and the device or system output signal value and the gain value, a current Waste Factor or Waste Figure value; and the computer device or system controlling, based at least in part on the current Waste Factor or Waste Figure value exceeding a threshold value, the communication device or system in a manner that updates the operating conditions of said communication device or system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0010] A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the embodiments may be
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA realized by reference to the following drawings. It will be understood that the drawings show illustrative, not limitative examples. It will also be understood that the drawing graphics are scaled for readability and that graphic representations of functions and features are not necessarily drawn to a scale consistent with their physical implementations. Further, in the drawings similar components or features may have the same reference label. [0011] Fig. 1 shows a functional block schematic of one power consumption decomposition model for cascaded communication systems, referred to in detailed description herein of certain features and aspects in computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control systems according to various embodiments. [0012] Figs. 2A and 2B show respectively annotated versions of a functional block schematic of one example two-stage cascaded communication systems, which is referred to in detailed description herein of certain features and aspects in computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control systems according to various embodiments. [0013] Fig. 3 shows a functional block schematic of one example single-stage communication system, which is referenced in detailed description herein of certain features and aspects in computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control systems according to various embodiments. [0014] Fig. 4 shows a functional block schematic of one example generic N-stage cascaded communication system, referenced in detailed description herein of Waste Factor model capabilities and features provided by Waste Factor based engineering tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed system control according to various embodiments. [0015] Fig. 5 shows a circuit element diagram of one Π-pad type model of a passive attenuator, referenced in detailed description herein. [0016] Fig. 6 shows a circuit element diagram of source-sink connected Π-pad type model of a passive attenuator, referenced in detailed description herein. [0017] Fig. 7 shows a block schematic of one model for a transmitter – channel – receiver cascaded communication system that is referenced in detailed description herein of features, capabilities, and applications of computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based power efficiency directed system control according to various embodiments.
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0018] Fig. 8 shows a block schematic of one signal path – non-signal path power consumption decomposition model, referenced in detailed description herein of certain time average – state average Waste Factor capabilities and features in computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control systems according to various embodiments. [0019] Fig. 9 shows a functional block schematic of one example N stage cascaded communication system interconnected with and controlled by one configuration of a Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control system according to one or more embodiments. [0020] Fig. 10 shows a functional block schematic of one example two-input, single output configuration of a Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) communication system, referenced in detailed description herein of MISO communication system capabilities of computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control systems according to various embodiments. [0021] Fig. 11 shows a functional block schematic of one example N parallel channel MISO communication system, referenced in detailed description herein of MISO communication system capabilities of computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control systems according to various embodiments. [0022] Fig. 12 shows a functional block schematic of one example N parallel channel Single- Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) communication system, referenced in detailed description herein of SIMO communication system capabilities of computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control systems according to various embodiments. [0023] Fig. 13 shows a functional block schematic of one example two-input, two-output configuration of a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication system, referenced in detailed description herein of MIMO communication system capabilities of computer implemented Waste Factor based design tools and/or Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control systems according to various embodiments. [0024] Fig. 14 shows a functional block schematic of one Radio Access RAN communication system that includes a cellular network, which is described and referenced herein as one example application for computer implemented Waste Factor based RAN power efficiency design tools and/or Waste Factor based RAN power efficiency system control according to
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA various embodiments. [0025] Fig. 15 is a graphical presentation of results of computer simulation, using the Fig. 14 RAN system, of sensitivity of Consumption Efficiency Factor (CEF) metric of RAN communication systems to variations in the phase shifters' (PS) insertion loss. [0026] Fig. 16 is a graphical presentation of results of computer simulation, using the Fig. 14 RAN system, of sensitivity of RAN system CEF metric, uplink and downlink, at different carrier frequencies, to variations in base station density. [0027] Fig. 17 is a graphical presentation of results of computer simulation of sensitivity of RAN system CEF metric, uplink and downlink, at different carrier frequencies, to variations in user equipment density. [0028] Fig. 18 shows a functional block schematic of homodyne transmitter, which is described and referenced herein as one example application for computer implemented Waste Factor based engineering design tools and/or Waste Factor based system control according to various embodiments. [0029] Fig. 19 shows a high level graphic model of two data centers, which is described and referenced herein as an example application for computer implemented Waste Factor based data center design tools and/or Waste Factor based data center control according to various embodiments. [0030] Fig. 20 shows a functional block schematic of one example RAN communication system, which is described and referenced herein as an example application for computer implemented Waste Factor based data center design tools and/or Waste Factor based power efficiency directed according to one or more embodiments. [0031] Fig. 21 shows a functional block schematic of the Fig. 20 RAN communication system, interconnected with and controlled by one configuration of a Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control system according to one or more embodiments. [0032] Fig. 22 shows a graphical presentation of simulation results high level graphic model of two data centers, which is described and referenced herein as an example application for computer implemented Waste Factor based data center design tools and/or Waste Factor based data center control according to various embodiments. [0033] Fig. 23 shows a functional block schematic of one example computer system for implementing control logic and performing computer steps in disclosed processes, operations
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA and combinations thereof, in accordance with various embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0034] Systems and methods according to some embodiments can provide, for example and without limitation, computer-based Waste Factor model structured, power efficiency directed monitoring and adaptive control of communication systems, by virtually any two port device and any cascade of two-port devices. [0035] It will be understood that the phrase “improving the efficiency” of a device or system, as used herein, means changing the device or system such that the subsequent measured value of the Waste Factor will be lower than the measured value of the Waste Factor on which the change to the device or system was based. [0036] The phrase “power efficiency,” as used herein, will be understood to means “power efficiency or energy efficiency” except in instances where expressly stated otherwise or where made clear from the instance’s context to have a different meaning. [0037] Waste Factor structured computer based engineering design tools according to various embodiments enables analysis that can be general, with application to circuits, transceivers, channels, and data centers. As will be illustrated by examples described herein, here, power efficiency of virtually any cascade of devices or systems for information flow. This in turn can enable, for example, insight into design approaches that assure minimal power consumption. Furthermore, Waste Factor can provide means for standardized interpretation and analysis of power consumption in any device or cascade, making it a powerful analysis tool, as well as the basis of a learning model for artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) design and control for optimized power efficiency. [0038] As described in more detail in later sections of this disclosure, Waste Factor is a powerful metric based on the efficiency ("η" ) and gain (G) of the various elements of a cascade. In paragraphs that follow, description will present processes for Waste Factor based analysis for a cascade, and will present canonical results in deriving the Waste Factor value for a passive load. Description will also present Waste Factor based analysis of power efficiency of a transmitter-receiver link with a lossy channel as part of the cascade. Description will present examples of how Waste Factor analysis may be used in circuit design, with example uses including Waste Factor based comparative evaluation of different cascades’ respective power- efficiency, and Waste Factor based identification of a subject cascade’s critical components that
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA can dominate power consumption and efficiency. [0039] As described in more detail in later sections, Waste Factor denotes the total power consumed by a circuit or cascade, divided by the signal power out of the circuit or cascade and represents a new measure of wasted power or power efficiency. Stated differently, Waste Factor is a ratio of total power consumed by the signal path components along a cascade, including additive wasted power, to the useful output signa power. [0040] As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts upon reading this disclosure in its entirety, Waste Factor is always greater than or equal to 1. Such persons will appreciate from the reading that a Waste Factor value of 1, i.e., a Waste Figure of 0 dB, denotes an optimally power-efficient circuit or cascade where all the power consumed by the circuit or cascade is found to be in the usable signal output power. Such persons will also understand from the reading that a Waste Factor value of infinity means there is no power output delivered from the cascade while power is being consumed (e.g., a dummy load). [0041] Subsequent sections of this disclosure will present description of how application of Waste Factor based power efficiency processes according to one or more embodiments can be used to readily quantify the total wasted power and efficiency of a cascade of matched, linear devices. Described examples include, among others, Waste Factor based characterization of the power efficiency of various types of cascades, including a cascade comprising a transmitter, a propagation channel, and a receiver. [0042] Persons possessing skill in the relevant arts will appreciate from this description that systems and methods for Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed design in accordance with one or more embodiments can provide engineers with, for example and without limitation, practical means to obtain sufficiently accurate estimations of power efficiency impacts of different candidate options for anything from system architecture to component configuration. As illustration, among the specific examples, placement of power efficient components of a radio network operating in a lossy channel. For example, it can be used to demonstrate intuitive design choices while allowing engineers to conduct power efficiency studies on not just a circuit or simple cascade, but also over a complete source-to-sink wireless link, such as a multiple-user cellular network, or data center. [0043] It will be understood that as used herein “Waste Factor” and “W” are interchangeable without change in meaning, recitation forms for “Waste Factor.” It will be understood that
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA recitations herein of “Waste Factor” and of “W,” mean “Waste Factor and Waste Figure” except where expressly stated otherwise and except in instances, e.g., inclusion in a mathematical equation, where it is clear from the instance’s context to mean otherwise. WF(dB) = 10 log (W). Eqn. (1) [0044] According to one or more embodiments, power wasted by a device or cascade may be monitored by collecting measurements, and performing computer based Waste Factor computational analysis on useful signal power transferred along the cascade relative to the total power consumed by the components of the cascade. [0045] Analysis, e.g., computer simulation for design phase Waste Factor based evaluation, and identifying instances and power waste in or by devices or cascades may use a computer model of the device or cascade of devices, and the signal path or the multiple signal paths between successive device to obtain simulation results identifying, for example, progression of useful signal power transfer along the modelled cascade, and total power consumed by the modelled components of the cascade. [0046] As will be understood and appreciated from reading this disclosure, computer- implemented design and evaluation tools according to various embodiments utilize the Waste Factor metric in a wide range and assortment of useful engineering applications, providing, for example and without limitation, Waste Factor quantifying of power efficiency, and Waste Factor based control for power efficiency purposes, of any circuit or cascaded system of devices or subsystems, and in providing these and other benefits can require no more than knowledge of the device efficiency, device gain, and signal power levels at either the inputs or outputs of the devices along a cascade. [0047] Systems and methods according to various embodiments can accumulate stages’ respective wasted power (e.g., power not delivered in the signal to the successive stage) from each of the components from the input to the output. Since it is easy and customary to measure the power consumption of an entire cascade of devices (e.g., the total power consumed by a system), and also easy to measure the signal power at the output in Watts in accordance with Eqn.(2) as P_out = G * P_in , Eqn. (2) where
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA P_out = power out, G = gain (linear), and P_in = power in. [0048] Waste Factor can be computed in accordance Eqn. (3) as W = 1/^_^1 = ^_^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^ ^_^^^ = ^ Eqn. (3) ^^^ [0049] The Waste Factor of a cascade can be modeled in accordance with Eqn. (4) ^ = ^W + "#$^%&'( + "#$^+&'( + ⋯ + "#%&'( / Eqn. (4) * *
Wi = Waster Factor of the ith device, Gi = power gain of the ith device, (linear not in dB), and Nth device is closest to the information sink, e.g., output of th cascade. [0050] One proof of Eqn. (4) is described more detail later in this disclosure, for academic interest, with reference to Eqns. (18) – (25). For a given signal input power to a cascade P_in, and cascade signal output power P_out, we define Waste Factor to represent the total additive power that is wasted, e.g., is not part of the delivered signal power at the output of a cascade. In other words Waste Factor quantifies the amount of consumed power that is wasted (e.g., consumed power that is not found in the output signal power) relative to the total signal power delivered at the output of the cascade, independent of the signal power applied at the input of the cascade, as described in more detail in paragraphs below, e.g., in reference to Eqns. (8) and (9). Thus, Waste Factor defines a relationship between wasted power and delivered signal power, as set forth in Eqn. (5): 012^^^^ = W0^^^ − 405^ = "W − 1(405^ = "W − 1(0^^^ Watts Eqn. (5)
total wasted power contributed by all the components within the cascade, and that the (W-1) P_out can be conveniently referenced to the output. Waste Factor value of 1 (0 dB Waste Figure) means there is no wasted power contributed by the cascade, such that the cascade has perfect 100% efficiency, since all of the power consumed by the cascade is found in the output signal power.
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA Similarly, W= infinity means all consumed power is wasted in the cascade, with no output signal power. Such formulation provides an intuitive way to understand power waste at each stage of the cascade and allows engineers to use Waste Factor value to compare the power efficiency of different devices and systems in a new way. [0052] Derivation of Waste Factor: Superposition for Power Consumption [0053] Waste Factor and Waste Figure provide systematic quantifying of wasted power in systems that involve transmission of information from a source to sink. Waste Factor and Waste Figure are directly related to power consumption, and to power conservation in four distinct power consuming components of such systems, which are: (a) the signal path power delivered to the output by a device on the signal path within a circuit or cascade (e.g., the signal power delivered from source to sink), (b) the power consumed by a device on the signal path (e.g. a component on the cascade), but not found in the output signal path (this can be references as the “wasted” power of a component), (c) all other power consumed by components that are not on the signal path or which are not associated with a device on the cascade, and (d) the signal power delivered to the input of the device or cascade by a source that is connected to the input. [0054] Table 1 below describes the four types of power that make up any circuit or system. [0055] Table 1 - Superposition of Power Sources in Electronic Network Systems Type Symbol Description Power of si nal delivered to the device/cascade a f f t e
[0056] It can be noted that non-path powers are not considered in the above derivation of
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA Waste Figure since such components are not found in a cascade along a signal path. However, the total power consumption of both the signal path and non-path components can be found using Waste Factor values and the power components of Table 1 and analysis using Eqn. (9) described in subsequent paragraphs. While Waste Factor characterizes a device or cascade on a signal path, the basic principles of power superposition and Waste Factor can also be used to analyze non-path wasted power and power consumption using similar mathematical models and new figures of merit. [0057] In Waste Factor processes in accordance with various embodiments, the output power of a signal source constitutes the signal input power to the cascade or device. When considering the four power sources of Table 1, it can be seen that for any cascade or device along the signal path―which for purposes of this description can be referred to as a “system”― the total power consumed by just the system carrying the signal, as shown by Eqn. (6) below, is equal to the total power consumed by the system, including the input signal power (P_consumed), minus the input signal power to the system, in order to refer Waste Factor to the output of the system: [0058] 0^^^^^^^^ − 0^^^:^^,^^^ = 0^<^^^^&2^^^^ + 0^^^&^56^27 Eqn. (6) where 0^<^^^^&2^^^^ is the signal power added by the system, and the signal output power of the system is 0^56^27 = 0^^^:^^,^^^ + 0^^^&^<^^^^&2^^^^ Eqn. (7) [0059] From Eqn. (6), the total power consumption of the system along the signal path, independent of the input signal power Psource,out, can be given by superposition, as 0^^^^^^^^ = 0^<^^^^&2^^^^ + 0^^^&^56^27 + 0^^^:^^,^^^ (8)
the total and wasted power consumed by a device or cascade. Using Eqn. (8), and then including the non-path powers 0^^^&82^9 contributed by all components that are off of the signal cascade (such as displays, heat sinks, power supplies), the total power consumption of
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA any system may be found as in the following Eqn. (9) using superposition of all power types in Table 1 above. 0^^^^^^^^,^^^27 = 0^56^27 + 0^^^&^56^27 + 0^^^&82^9 Eqn. (9)
[0061] For every device on the signal path along the chain of a cascaded network, all that needs to be known is gain and efficiency. Gain can be defined as set forth in Eqn. (10) below, which is a conventional gain definition, for components in the cascade that carry information to later stages of the cascade (e.g., signal path components). Waste Factor efficiency can be defined, as shown in Eqn. (11) hereinbelow, as the reciprocal of the Waste Factor in Eqn. (3). 4=>? "4( = @^^8^^ ^^1^: "^^^^( A^8^^ ^^1^: "^ Eqn. (10) ^^(
(11)
reciprocal of W. For passive devices, 1/W = ^1 is identical to the traditional definition of efficiency when relating output power to input power, i.e., ratio of power output to power input. In the case of ^ active components powered by a DC source, Waste Factor is equal to QR^^^^^STU,^^^ ^^^^^^^ which is equal to the reciprocal of PAE#1 as shown in Eqn. (12) below, which is from Eqn. (8) described hereinabove:
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA ^ ^T^^^^WUX ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 2^^5V^ = ^^^^^^^ = ^^^^^^^
[0063] RF, microwave and circuit engineers, applying standard engineering methodologies known to such persons, can characterize amplifiers using PAE. While Eqn. (12) shows total PAE [12] ( 0_B#') is the inverse of the Waste Factor for the case of an amplifier that uses a DC power supply, another definition for Power Added Efficiency], 0_B#` = ^ab,^^^&^ab,^^ ^QR is shown in Eqn. (13) below as related to Waste Factor ^ = ' ^ #+ cd1 + eab,^^ f d1 − ' fg Eqn. (13) which approaches
[0064] To consider the power wasted along a cascade of active devices, we can use Eqn. (4) by using W = 1/PAE#1 from Eqn. (12) for analysis of the total power efficiency and power consumption using the Waste Factor. [0065] As will be understood by persons of skill in the relevant art(s) from reading this entire disclosure, Waste Factor efficiency accounts for the proportion of signal power output when compared to the total power consumed, where the total power consumed includes both output signal power and all non-signal (e.g., wasted) power, independent of the input to the device or cascade. From Eqn. (3), Eqn. (8), and Eqn. (10), it can be seen from superposition that P_(non- signal), i.e., wasted power in a device or cascade, and the total power consumed by the device or cascade are related to Waste Factor by the following Eqns. (14) - (15): 0 = ' − 1f = − 1
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA 0 = 0 + ' ^^^^^^^^ ^56^27 0^^^&^56^27 = 0^56^27 c1 + d^h − 1fg Eqn. (15)
[0066] Eqns. (3) and (10) described above show, as set forth in Eqn. (16) below, that Waste Factor can be defined as the inverse of efficiency. Defining Waste Factor in this manner can provide a FoM that can be used for any cascade and relates the Waste Factor to additive wasted power. ^ = ' ^T^^^^WUX ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^XU^^iUSUX^^h^^^UX ^ = ^^^ = ^^^^^^ = Eqn. (16) h ^^^^ ^ ^XU^^iUSUX
of any device or cascade relative to the entire power consumed along the device or cascade, it can be preferable to compute W in reference to the system output. Applying Waste Factor based power efficiency analysis can provide a value, in terms of clearly defined metric, which quantifies power dissipation within a device (e.g., wasted power, since some power is not contained in the signal that is carried forward) which from Eqn. (16) and Table 1 can be expressed as shown in Eqn. (17) below. 012^^^^ = 0^^^&^56^27 = "^ − 1(0^56^27 = "^ − 1(40^^^:^^,^^^ Eqn. (17)
is not necessary to know the input power to the cascade, e.g.0jklmno,klp, to compute the system’s Waste Factor, because Waste Factor, provided these assumptions are met, is a characteristic of the cascade or circuit, not related to input or output signal powers. Also, when a device along the cascade is turned off (e.g., P_signal = 0 or P_(source,out) = 0), Waste Factor can still be defined for a device or cascade. [0069] The formulation of Waste Factor for a cascaded system (see Eqn. (4)) can be proved using a simple cascade of two devices. The proof presented here will use the Fig. 2 system 200, which, as visible in the figure, is a block schematic of one example two-stage cascade communication system 200. The system 200 includes a source 202 that is communicatively connected, e.g., via a wireless channel or transmission line, to an input port of a first two port network 204-1. The output port of the first two port network 204-1 is in turn communicatively connected to an input port of a second two-port network 204-2. The second two-port transit
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA notebook transmits a source signal having source signal power Pin,1 for reception by a first two port network 204-1, second two-port network 204-2, sink 206. [0070] First, we can define the total power consumed at the output terminal of the second two port network 204-2 by Eqn. (18) hereinbelow, using Eqn. (3) or Eqns. (10) and (11): 0^^^^^^^^,` = 0^^75V^:^^ + 012^^^^ = q',`0^^^ Eqn. (18) [0071] Then,
port network 204-1, as follows: 0^^^^^^^^,' = q'0^^^,' = q'05^,` Eqn. (19)
at the output terminal of the first two-port network 204-1, which includes both the signal power applied to the input as well as the additional power consumed in the signal that is transmitted to the subsequent device, and also includes the power wasted (e.g., not contained in the signal) by the first two-port network 204-1, itself. [0072] When P_(source,out), i.e., the input signal power, is subtracted from the total consumed power using Eqns. (6), (8), (18), and (19), shows the standalone power consumption of the second two-port network 204-2 to be 0^^^^^^^^,r^^1^:s&' = W'05^,` − 05^,' Eqn. (20) [0073] Applying
standalone power consumption of the second two-port network 204-2 is 0^^^^^^^^,r^^1^:s&` = W`0^^^ − 05^,` = ^`0^56^27 − 05^,` Eqn. (21)
[0074] is the sum of power consumed by each device alone and the power input that is input to the system, as set forth in Eqn. (22) below: 0^^^27 = 05^,' + 0^^^^^^^^,r^^1^:s&' + 0^^^^^^^^,r^^1^:s&` Eqn. (22)
power [0076] 0^56^27 = 0^^^ = 4`05^,` Eqn. (23)
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0077] It follows from Eqns. (20) and (21) that the total power consumption of the Fig. 2 cascade is 0^^^27 = 05^,' + 0^^^^^^^^,r^^1^:s&' + 0^^^^^^^^,r^^1^:s&`
Factor for the cascaded system of Fig. 2 can be given via the following Eqn. (25) W',` = dW` + "q%&'( ) Eqn. (25) + f [0079] The above
two-stage cascade can carry to describe a Waste Factor computation process for a generic N-stage cascaded communicated system. Fig. 4 shows a functional block schematic of one example generic N-stage cascaded communication system 400. The system 400 is arranged, for purposes of description, as adaption of the system 200 shown in Figs. 2A and 2B. [0080] From Eqn. (25), W for a cascaded system with N devices may be generalized to arrive at the above-described Eqn. (4), which is W = W "#*^%&'( "#*^+&'( "#%&'( r + + + ⋯ + ^ . Eqn. (4)
[0081] can be determined based on either the output power as set forth above in Eqns. (5), (8), (14), and (17), or determined based on the input source power and the gain of each stage, as in the following Eqn. (26), but it is not necessary that there be signal flow to the output in order to define W. 0^^^&^56^27 = 012^^^^ = "W − 1( ∏r 5v' 450^^^:^^,^^^ Eqn. (26)
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0082] In Eqn. (26), W is the Waste Factor for the entire cascade, and Gi is the gain of ith stage, wherein i = 1 denotes the stage closest to the source and N is the number of cascaded components. [0083] Waste Factor Processing for Passive Attenuator [0084] Fig. 5 shows a circuit element diagram of one Π-pad type model 500 of a passive attenuator, which can represent, for example, a resistive device or a resistive network. Waste Factor analysis of the passive attenuator can define the gain of the attenuator in accordance with the following Eqn. (27) 4 ^ w+ ^^^ ^ & 2^^^^ = ^^^ = + = x ' 2^^^^ Eqn. (27) where Vi-1 is the
attenuator, and L > 1 is the loss of this attenuator. [0085] Assuming that the impedance at the input is equal to the impedance at the output enables a more direct relating of the power ratio to the square of the voltage ratio. This attenuator can be treated as the ith stage of a cascade, in which case the output power can be represented by Eqn. (28) as 0^56% = 42^^^^0^56^^% Eqn. (28) [0086] The
at the signal output can be computed in accordance with Eqn. (29), as 0^^^&^56^ = 0^56^^% − 0^56^ = "1 − 42^^^^(0^56^^% Eqn. (29)
(i + 1)th stage, and 0^^^&^56^ is the signal power used by the ith stage component but not delivered as signal power. [0087] Based on the definition of Waste Factor in Eqns. (4), (11), and (16), Waste Factor for a passive attenuator can be computed as ^ ^T^^^^WUX )^^^U^^^^^ ^ "'&)^^^U^(^^^^
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA = 4&' 2^^^^ = x2^^^^ Eqn. (30) [0088] Fig. 6 shows a circuit element coupled
between a source 604 and a sink 606. It source a power P1 to the attenuator 602 input, and attenuator output delivers a power P2 to the sink 606. [0089] Waste Factor for a Communication System with a Lossy Channel [0090] Fig. 7 shows a block schematic of one model for a transmitter – lossy channel – receiver cascaded communication system 700 that is referenced in detailed description herein of capabilities and applications of Waste Factor based power efficiency directed system control according to various embodiments. [0091] Waste Factor of the Lossy Channel [0092] In a communication system, the concept of Waste Factor W provides valuable insights into comprehensively understanding the power efficiency of the data transmission process through a lossy channel. Specifically, any type of channel, whether wireless wired, optical, et cetera may play an important role in the overall power efficiency of an end-to-end communication link. Here we consider a scenario where the overall power transmitted from the source is denoted as PTX, and the power received at the receiver is PRX. Consider a lossy channel with a loss, e.g., 1/attenuation, given by x^92^ = ^yz ^ Eq. (31) [0093] The channel gain
as the reciprocal of loss, as set forth in Eq. (32) 4 ^az & ^92^ = = x ' ^92^ Eqn. (32) [0094] Assuming the
the channel. the signal power out of the channel , Psignal, i ca be derived as follows: 0^56^27,5 = 4^92^0^56^27,5&' Eqn. (33) where 0^56^27,5&' is the output power, PTX, of the transmitter and Psignal, i is the signal power out of the channel that is applied as the input power PRX at the receiver. [0095] Correspondingly, the non-signal power, Pnon-signal, i within the ith channel represents the amount of transmitter power not successfully received from the channel, e.g., channel loss or path loss, which can be formulated as:
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA 0^^^&^56^27, 5 = "1 − 4^92^(0^56^27, 5&' Eqn. (34) where "1 − 4^92^( the of the lost due to various factors such as attenuation,
[0096] Thus, multiplying "1 − 4^92^( by 0^56^27,5 yields the amount of power dissipated during transmission and is power lost or wasted in the channel. The Waste Factor for the channel can be computed using Equation (35), as ^ ^^^^^^^,^^^^^^^^^^^^,^ ^92^ = ^^^^^^^,^ = )T{^^^^^^^^^,^^"'&)T{^^(^^^^^^^,^^% ' ^^^^^^^ = ) = x^92^ Eqn. (35) ,^ T{^^ [0097] The lossy
channel 704, and the RX 706 will be referenced as Wsys. In accordance with the above- described Eqn. (4), Wsys can be computed according to Eqn. (36) ^^<^ = dW|} + "#I~^K&'( + "#^^&'( f Eqn. (36) ^
[0098] is equal to x^92^ and that when the receiver gain GRX is substantially less than the loss Lchan of the channel, i.e., GRX << Lchan, computation of Wsys as in Eqn. (36) can simplify in accordance with Eqn. (37) below ^^<^ ≈ ^T{^^×Gyz Eqn. (37) [0099] Features of
design and analysis tools in accordance with various embodiments can be rewritten in dB as shown in Eqn. (38) ^^^<^ "^^( = x^92^ "^^( + ^^^"^^( − 4^^ "^^( Eqn. (38) [0100]
[0101] During operations of various cascaded systems, conditions can arise that can cause certain of the system components to perform with time varying power efficiency.
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0102] For example, energy efficiency of certain amplifiers can correspond to the magnitude of the amplifier’s input signal. Such amplifiers can therefore exhibit, in response to time varying magnitude of their input signal, a time varying energy efficiency. Another example is that in various cascaded systems, different devices or systems or chains may be turned on and off at different times or for different reasons, e.g., to conserve power. Fig. 5 shows a block schematic of one signal path – non-signal path power consumption decomposition model 500, comprising a source block 502 that outputs a source signal SG, that is received by a cascade block 504, formed of a cascaded arrangement of N signal path components, individually labeled PC-1, PC- 2, … PC-N, which outputs a signal having a power represented as P_signal, for reception by a sink 506. The decomposition model 500 also includes a non-path components block 508, which is shown as containing M non-path components, labeled individually as NC-1, NC-2, … NC-M. For purposes of description the signal path components, PC-1, PC-2, … PC-N, are also referenced collectively as “signal path components PC,” and the non-path components, NC-1, NC-2, … NC-M, are also referenced collectively as “non-path components PC”, individually labeled PC-1, PC-2. [0103] In Waste Factor based processes in methods according to various embodiments, the population N of signal path components of components 508, and the number M of non-path components 510 can vary. [0104] In one example operation, it will be assumed there can be a first power state in which all N of the signal path devices 504 are in the ON state. All are in the signal path components 508. There are no non-path components 508 A scenario will be assumed in which, responsive to an event, a first n number of the signal path devices 504 are switched to an OFF state. The Fig. 5 decomposition model 500 can model this as a second power state, wherein the non-path component block 510 has the first n as its population and the signal path devices block 504 has N minus the first n as its population. The scenario can be assumed to include a second event in which a portion of the first n number of the signal path devices 504 that switched OFF due to the first event switch back to the ON state. The Fig. 5 decomposition model 500 can model this as a third power state, wherein the non-path component block 510 has a second n population that is smaller than the first n, and the signal path devices block 504 has N minus the second n as its population.
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0105] It will be understood by persons having ordinary level of skill in the relevant arts, from reading this disclosure, that in the above scenario the computed Waste Factor values for the first power state, second power state, and third power state, may differ from one another. Accordingly, in processes of Waste Factor based power efficiency measurement in accordance with various embodiments, on systems that exhibit changing powers states, that the computed Waste Factor values will fluctuate over time. [0106] There can be negative results, with respect to Waste Factor monitoring and corresponding Waste Factor based adjustment of system operating parameters, from such fluctuations. [0107] One modification, according to one or more embodiments, for such time varying Waste Factor situations can comprise the system controller computing the average Waste Factor of each device over a designated time interval, then using the computed average for the operating state updating, if any. Another modification, according to various embodiments, is an averaging of the Waste Factor value over all of the finite power states. This can be modelled and computed as a time-averaged Waste Factor, which can be denoted as W, as set forth in Eqn. (39) and, alternatively, in Eqn. (40) W = ' ^ ^ ^^ ^^^^ Eqn. (39) W = ' ∑r r 5 W5 Eqn. (40)
where in Eqn. (39), ^ represents the selected time frame over which the average is taken, and W^ denotes the instantaneous waste factor at time t and, in Eqn. (40) W5 represents each of the finite number of power states, when there are ^ states. Also, in processes implementing Eqn. (37), the time durations of each state can be considered in the average. [0108] The Eqn. (39), Eqn. (40) formulation can provide a time-averaged measure of the Waste Factor to capture an average value of the dynamic nature of the power consumption and efficiency. [0109] Examples [0110] Example One – Waste Factor Model Based, Power Efficiency Optimization Directed Engineering Design Tool and Computer Based Control of N Stage Cascaded
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA Communication System. [0111] Fig. 9 shows a functional block schematic of one example N stage cascaded communication system interconnected with and controlled by one configuration of a Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control system according to one or more embodiments. [0112] To assist in focusing description on Waste Factor based control of N stage cascaded communication systems in accordance with various embodiments, system 900 uses the above described Fig. 4 N-state cascaded system 400, in combination with a Waste Factor related source operating condition sensor array 902, labeled “SSA” configured to sense one or more source operating conditions related to computation of the source 402 Waste Factor, and one or more controllable Waste Factor related source operating parameters 904, labeled “SCP” in the figure. The SSA 902 can be communicatively connected, via a sensor controller-interface block 906 to a Waste Factor based measurement processor logic 908, which can be communicatively connected to a Waste Factor based system power efficiency directed (PED) state optimization controller logic 910. It will be understood that the Waste Factor based measurement processor logic 908 and the Waste Factor based system PED state optimization controller logic 910 are logic functionality blocks, which do not necessarily correspond to specific, physically separated hardware. [0113] System 900 can further include, for each ith two-port network 404, a respective network operating condition sensor array 912-i, labeled “NWS” configured to sense one or more network operating conditions related to computation of the network 404-i Waste Factor, and one or more controllable Waste Factor related network operating parameters 914-i, labeled “NCP” in the figure. Each NWS 912-i can be communicatively connected, via a respective network controller-interface block 916-i to the Waste Factor based measurement processor logic 908, and for each network 404-i its one or more NCP-i controllable operating parameters 914-i can receive, via the respective network controller-interface block 916-i, power efficiency directed operating state commands from the Waste Factor based system PED state optimization controller logic 910. For brevity, description will alternatively recite the Waste Factor based measurement processor logic 908 as “W measurement processor” 908, and the Waste Factor based system PED state optimization controller logic 910 as “W based PED optimization controller” 910. [0114] Referring to Fig. 9, one example operation in accordance with one or more
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA embodiments can provide an energy reducing or power consumption reducing, using the W measurement processor 908 and the W based PED optimization controller 910 to alter operating conditions comprises altering via the SCP 904 and the NCPs 914 any one among or any combination of two or more among, for example and without limitation, gain, voltage current draw, modulation level, data packet, size, word size, data rate, bandwidth, clock speed, carrier frequency, and/or baseband frequency, tuning input/output impedance, switching off RF chains/antennas, modulation scheme, and retransmission of lost packets, at the source 402, or at or in any one of or any two or more among the two-port networks 404. Each of the two-port networks 404 can comprise individual devices, or systems. [0115] In the example operation the computer control, e.g., by the W measurement processor 908, and the W based PED optimization controller 910 can include performing Waste Factor measurement processing in accordance with this disclosure, and based on the processing result Waste Factor value, performing alterations, e.g., updating or modifying, one more of the operating conditions, via control of the SCP 904, or the respective NCPs 914 of one or more of the two-port networks 404, or both, to yield varying amounts of power efficiency or energy efficiency in said communication system or device. The W measurement processor 908 and the W based PED optimization controller 910 can comprise, as described above and in subsequent portions of this disclosure, can include a processor communicatively connected to a data memory and to an instruction memory configured to store processor executable instructions. [0116] In the example operation, using the Fig. 4 N-state cascaded system 400 as the example system, steps or actions can include, for example, the communication device or system receiving an input signal, amplifying or attenuating the input signal by a first gain value and outputting, and yielding as a result, a device or system output signal. measuring, as a device output signal value, a power or energy of the device or system output signal. [0117] Steps, actions, or processes in the example operation can also include, for example, measuring, as a device or system power consumption or energy consumption value denoting a power consumption or energy consumption by the communication device or system. Such measuring can include, for example and without limitation, sensing actions by the source sensor array SSA 902, or sensing actions by one or more of the sensors in the respective NWS 912 resources in or at the two-port networks 404, or both. The sensed value can include, but are not limited to, electric current magnitude, e.g., component or sub-system power supply currents, or
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA component or device voltage levels, e.g., power rail voltages, or both. [0118] Steps, actions, or processes can also include, for example, the computer system or device, e.g., the W measurement processor 908, computing the current Waste Factor value, based at least in part on the device or system power consumption or energy consumption value and the device or system output signal value and the gain value, a current Waste Factor or Waste Figure value. [0119] Steps, actions, or processes in the example operation can also include the computer system or device, e.g., the W based PED optimization controller 910 controlling, based at least in part on the current Waste factor or Waste Figure value exceeding a threshold value, the communication system or device, e.g., the Fig. 4 system 400 within the Fig. 9 system 900, in a manner that updates the operating conditions of said communication device or system. [0120] Example Two – Waste Factor Model Based, Power Efficiency Optimization Directed Design Tool for, and Computer Based Control of Cascaded Communication System with Lossy Channel. [0121] Referring to Fig. 7 the strategic configuration of highly power efficient TX output components and high gain receivers is shown in Eqns. (37) and (38) as enabling minimization of energy waste over any such channel, thus enabling an optimizing of system energy efficiency. [0122] The investigation of various communication system comprising a simplified transmitter (Tx), a lossy channel, and receiver (Rx) shows how Waste Figure, e.g., a metric for wasted power, varies across different configurations. The assessment considers the system architecture of Fig. 7 while varying system gain and efficiency at each stage as shown on the following Table 2. [0123] Table 2 Comparative Evaluation of W Across Configurations of Fig. 7 system Example Component Gain ^"^G &'( ^^<^"dB(
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA Example Component Gain ^"^G &'( ^^<^"dB( Receiver 706 60 dB 125
[0124] Examples Three, Four, and Five [0125] These examples each relate to “X” input – “Y output” system architectures, the first being Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO), the second being Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO), and the third being Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). These architectures are widely adopted to improve system performance, capacity, and reliability. However, power efficiency analysis of these paralleled systems using Waste Factor has not been thoroughly explored in previous research. This section extends the application of W to paralleled systems, providing a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the power efficiency of MISO, SIMO, and MIMO configurations. By considering the Waste Factor values and gains of individual components in paralleled chains, we derive generalized equations for calculating the overall waste factor of these systems. The description of these examples can further assist in understanding of applications of Waste Factor power efficiency in complex, multi-antenna architectures and can provide further insights for Waste Factor design tool application in the design and optimization of energy-efficient wireless networks. [0126] Example Three – Waste Factor Model Based, Power Efficiency Optimization Directed Engineering Design Tool and Computer Based Control of Multiple-Input Single- Output (MISO) Communication Systems. [0127] Fig. 10 shows a functional block schematic of one example two-input, single output
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA configuration of a Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) communication system 1000. [0128] To avoid obfuscation of concepts with description of implementation-specific details, the Fig. 10 example MISO system 1000 is presented as a two input – single output (2I20) system, comprising a first transmitter 1002-1, a second transmitter 1002-2, and a receiver 1004. For purposes of description, the first transmitter 1002-1, second transmitter 1002-2, and receiver 1004 will be alternatively recited as “TX1” 1002-1, “TX2” 1002-2, and “RX1 “1004. To further assist in understanding, from this example, concepts of applying Waste Factor processing to MISO systems, the description will assume the signal propagation path, referenced herein as “Channel 1,” from the first transmitter 1002-1 to the receiver 1004 and the “Channel 2,” from the second transmitter 1002-1 to the receiver 1004 are independent channels. Assuming the channels being independent enables computing the respective Waste Factors of Cannel 1 and Channel 2 as two independent, parallel systems, and then aggregating the results into a system Waste Factor. The system Waste Factor is labeled herein as ^`&∥, as shown in Eqn. (29) below. It is also assumed that Channel 1 and Channel 2 are uncorrelated channels with zero- mean additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). [0129] Referring to Fig. 10 the TX11002-1 has a Waste Factor ^^' with Channel 1 having ^^' = x^' and received power 0' into RX11004 with ^^' and
gain 4^'. Similarly, TX2 provides, via Channel 2 that has ^^` = x^`, a received signal power 0̀ to RX11004. Using passive attenuator Waste Factor evaluation described above, e.g., in reference to Fig. 5, and Eqns. (4), (11), (16), and (30), for the lossy Channels 1 and 2, and assuming non-coherent combining, allows the received powers to be combined to yield a single FoM ^2∥. For two received signals ^'"^( and ^̀ "^( with received powers 0' and 0̀ , respectively, non-coherent combining has no phase information. The combined RX power 0signal,noncoh in non-coherent combining at the RX antenna is typically the sum of individual powers:0signal,noncoh = 0' + 0̀ . The non-coherent combining assumes the phases of the incoming signals from each TX are uniformly and identically distributed, allowing for the straightforward addition of the powers. Computing the Waste Factor for each of the two parallel systems and aggregating them as ^`&∥ yields, as set forth in Eqn. (41) the Waste Factor for the MISO system 1000:
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA ^ = ^consumed `&∥ ^signal,out [0130] If some P with
coefficients 1 and 2 for the first and second transmitter, respectively, such that |P1, P2| = P| ¤', ¤`| Eqn. 41 can be reduced to Eqn. 41A, as follows: ^ ^consumed `&∥ = [0131]
enhancement from a particular scenario with two transmitters to a generalized framework accommodating M transmitters, each linked to a receiver via independent channels. Eqn. (41) calculates the waste factor for two parallel transmitter-receiver pairs by aggregating their individual contributions. [0132] Fig. 11 shows a functional block schematic of one example N parallel channel MISO communication system 1100 comprises a MISO transmitter 1102 feeding M parallel cascades 1104-1, 1104-2, … 1104-M, each outputting a respective output signal that is transmitted by a respective antenna, for reception by MISO receiver 1106. The M parallel cascades 1104-1, 1104-2, … 1104-M are collectively referenced herein as “M MISO cascades 1104”. [0133] It is assumed, for purposes of further understanding of Waste Factor based power efficiency processing Fig. 11, that each of the M MISO cascades 1104 has the same number N of signal path devices. The assumption of common N is not a limitation on practices in accordance with disclosed embodiments. These embodiments can be readily adapted, using this disclosure, to provide Waste Factor based computer-implemented tools for Waste Factor power efficiency analysis on MISO systems having different numbers of signal path devices in different ones of the cascades, and to provide computer-based systems of Waste Factor based power efficiency control of such MISO systems. [0134] Eqn. (42) generalizes this concept to an M-chain parallel system, facilitating a scalable
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA approach to evaluating the waste factor across communication systems of diverse scales ∑M ^ ^G ¢^^ ^ % ^ = ^.% S^ T^ ^ £T^ / Eqn. (42) [0135] For of each cascade can be represented by
¨0r,', 0r,`, … , 0r,¦ª = 0«¤', ¤`, … , ¤¦¬, where 0 is a constant base power and ¤5 are scaling to the total received power from each cascade output.
This representation can be substituted for PN,m in Eqn. (42) to yield the following alternative form Eqn. (42A),
^noncoh ∑M ^.% ¥^Gcascade,i M∥ = ∑M ¥ Eqn. (42A) ^ [0136] Eqn. scenarios featuring incoherent
receiving, as it essentially aggregates the received power from each transmitter to determine the total power output. [0137] However, Eqn. (42) may be not preferable for scenarios that involve coherent receiving, because coherent receiving generally necessitates accounting for both the amplitude and the phase of the signal, which may preclude simple summation of the received power. [0138] Referring to Fig. 10 and considering the signal with two coherent signal inputs, the power delivered to a load impedance Z can be computed based on the following Eqn. (43): 0^^^ = V+ ® `¯ °E±²% + E±²+° (43) [0139] By
of Ө2 minus Ө1 is zero for incoherent signals, in which case the total power is in accordance with Equation (44) below. V+ 0^^^ = ® `¯ Eqn. (44) [0140] However, for coherent signals, there is a fixed, time-invariant difference in the relative phase. Thus, the cosine of the result of Ө1 subtracted from Ө2 does not average to zero, except in instances where Ө1 , Ө2 is an odd multiple of one-half pi. [0141] Considering two transmitter examples, and assuming the power output of transmitter i as Pti and assuming the impedance is perfectly matched with the load impedance Z (ideally 50 Ω), the voltage input for the wireless channel can be derived as shown in Eqn. (45):
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA 0^5 = V+ ^^ ¯ Eqn. (45) where ³5^ voltage, which can be
approximated such as ³´µ,´ = √·0^5 = ¸¹º»¼,´ √½ = ¸¹º»¼^¾¿^¹º»¼,´ ½√½ Eqn. (46) where ³8^2s,5
voltage of the ith transmit signal, respectively. [0142] Accordingly, and extending to an M channel MISO system, the coherent received power from channel i can be computed in accordance with Eqn. (47) as follows: ` = ' Ã multipath effects, with e th
ach j of the K paths having a Өj phase and characterized by a distinct path loss in chain i as represented in Eqn. (48): ^± ^' = x± ^' Eqn. (48) [0143] Utilizing Eqn.
, system can be reformulated in a manner as shown in Eqn. (49) ∑M Ä^S^,T^{^GT^^ ¢^^^% ^ / ¦&∥, ^^9 = ^.% £T^ Å Eqn. (49)
[0144] Waste Factor based computer implemented tools configured in accordance with the following Eqn. (50) can compute W for an entire paralleled system wherein the signal power is merged in the ^ + 1^9 device, such as the example illustrated in Fig. 11. The process can comprise computing the Waste Factor for each chain m, using Eqn. (3) that is described above, as set forth in Eqn. (50): ^ ^ "G*^%&'( ⋯ YG%,W&'[ [0145]
computed,
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA such as set forth in Eqn. (51) below: ^ ∑M ^.% Y^*,^ × Gchain - i[ ¦&∥ = ∑M ^ Eqn. (51) [0146] Referring to of W for the system
MISO system 1000 signals. The described process can be adapted to coherent combining. An example will be described in reference to Fig. 11, which shows a functional block schematic of one example N parallel channel MISO communication system 1100. [0147] As known by persons of skill in the relevant arts, in coherent combining, the receiver is phase-synchronized with signals ^'"^( and ^̀ "^(. Since the ^'"^( and ^̀ "^( signals are phase- aligned and have powers 0' and 0̀ , the combined signal power at the RX antenna 0signal,coh is given by the square of the magnitude of the vector sum of the two signals, as shown in Eqn. (52): ` 0signal,coh = °Ç0' + Ç0̀ ° , Eqn. (52)
r1(t) and r2(t) respectively. [0148] Considering coherent combining in a M TX single RX MISO system, we assume the power output of >^9 TX as 0^5, and the power received from transmitter > at the RX before combining as 05, and the power into the RX after coherent combining at the RX antenna as 0signal,coh. Here, as described above in reference to Eqn. (41A) with assumption that «0', 0̀ , … , 0¦= 0«¤', ¤`, … , ¤¦¬, such that the received powers re related to the ratio of some 0, W for this coherent combining MISO can be reformulated as: ∑M ¢ .% £ y^^% ^ Ä¥^^GR^^ /Å [0149]
output, W for the entire parallel system using coherent combining is: ^coh = ∑M ^.% Y^*,^×Gcascade,i[ = ∑M ^.% Y¥^Gcascade,i[ ) [0150]
Optimization Directed Engineering Design Tool and Computer Based Control of Single-Input Multiple-
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA Output (SIMO) Communication System. [0151] Fig. 12 shows a functional block schematic of one example N parallel channel Single- Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) communication system 1200. The SIMO system comprises a SIMO transmitter 1202 feeding all M parallel communication cascades 1204-1, 1204-2, … 1204-M, collectively referenced herein as “M SIMO cascades 1204”. [0152] Referring to Fig. 12, it can be seen that the M SIMO cascades 1204 are arranged in a manner analogous to the arrangement of the M MISO cascades described above in reference to Fig. 11. [0153] Referring to region 1201 of the Fig. 12 SIMO system 1200 and regions 1102 of the MISO system of Fig. 11 it is seen that the Waste Factor computation for the M cascades within the portion of the SIMO system within the region 1201 is analogous to the MISO structure within the Fig. 11 region 1101. [0154] Description will now address coherent combining and non-coherent combining for the output of the M parallel cascades in the Fig. 12 region 1201. Waste Factor for a SIMO system is derived using a cascade comprising two main components. The first component, denoted as È^,', is characterized by a Waste Factor ^^ and a gain 4^. The second component includes the devices within the dashed box of Fig. 11, and here we need the gain and Waste Factor of the dashed box. [0155] W for Non-Coherent Combining SIMO [0156] Consider non-coherent combining at the output of the M parallel cascades 1204-1, 1204-2, … 1204-M, in a scenario wherein the input power of each cascade is independent. Assume ¨0r,', 0r,`, … , 0r,¦ª = 0«¤', ¤`, … , ¤¦¬. Under these assumptions computing the Waste Factor
1201 using non-coherent combining at its output can be according to Eqn. (55): M ^noncoh ∑^.% Y^*,^×Gcascade,i[ ∑M ^.% Y¥^×Gcascade,i[ and
using non-coherent combining to the sum of the input powers. [0157] W for Coherent Combining SIMO If we consider coherent combining at each output of the M paralleled cascades, and assume
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA each cascade has an independent input power from device È^,', and ¨0r,', 0r,`, … , 0r,¦ª = 0«¤', ¤`, … , ¤¦¬, as described above in reference to Eqn. (41A) cascades in the region 1201 of Fig. 12 can be in accordance with Eq. (56),
∑M ∑M ^coh = ^.% Y^*,^×Gcascade,i[ = ^.% Y¥^Gcascade,i[ M∥ + + ° ^ , Eqn. (56) ^ ° ° ^ ° and
4coh = Y∑É + ^.% Ç^*,^ [ ^ Eqn. (57) is the ratio of the total output devices in the region 1201
to the sum of the input powers. [0158] Based on Eqn. (55) and Eqn. (56) the overall Waste Factor for the general SIMO system can be expressed as: ^SIMO = ^M∥ + "G®&'( ) Eqn. (58) where 4M∥ is
coherent combing at the output of the M parallel cascades. [0159] Example Five – Waste Factor Model Based, Power Efficiency Optimization Directed Engineering Design Tool for, and Computer Based Control of, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Communication Systems. [0160] Fig. 13 shows a functional block schematic of one example two-input, two-output (2I2O) MIMO communication system 1300 comprising a transmission section 1301 that includes a MIMO transmission side first transmitter (TX) 1302-1 and a MIMO transmission side second TX 1302-2, and receiver section 1303 comprising a MIMO receiver side first receiver (RX) 1304-1 and a MIMO receiver side second RX 1304-2. For purposes of description the first TX 1302-1 and the second TX 1302-2 will be collectively referenced as “TXs 1302,” and the first RX 1304-1 and the second RX 1304-2 will be collectively referenced as “RXs 1304. [0161] W for Non-Coherent Combining MIMO [0162] For the 2I2O MIMO system 1300 in Fig. 13, the received power of each of the RXs
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA 1304 using non-coherent combining is: «0noncoh ^^ & '' ' ^' 0noncoh ^` = «0^' 0^`Ê ^&' ^'` ^&' &' ^`' ^^`` Ë , Eqn. "59( where 0^ n 5oncoh is the non-coherently combined
respective antenna of the particular RX. total signal-path power consumption of the system before the receiver using non- coherent combining is: 0noncoh noncoh nonc consumed,path = ∑5̀v' Y0^5 ^ oh `∥ [ , Eqn. (60) where ^` n ∥oncoh represents Waste Factor for the two-transmitter paralleled system together with the channel.. [0164] Before the power goes into the receivers, we can define the first stage Waste Factor of the 2I2O MIMO system using non-coherent combining in the transmission section 1301 of Fig. 13: + noncoh no ^',noncoh = ∑^.% Y^a^ G ncoh +∥ [ . (61)
[0165] ^' , = «¤', ¤`¬, can be written as Eqn. (61A):
^',noncoh 2I2O = ^.% ^ +∥ ∑+ " . Eqn. (61A) ^.% ¥^( [0166] To encapsulate the entire power efficiency of the system, including the receivers, the complete Waste Factor for a 2I2O system using non-coherent combining (^2 n Io 2n Ocoh) can be computed by cascading the transmission section ^2 ' I2 ,^ O^^^^9 and the
1303, as set forth in Eqn. (62)^2 n ∥oncoh: % ^noncoh dG2I , 2n Ooncoh&'f 2I2O [0167]
[0168] The received power of each RX using coherent combining can be computed as:
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA ` Ç^^ & '' Ç^&' «0coh ^' 0coh ^` = Ô¨Ç0^' Ç0^`ª Ê ' ^'` , Eqn. (63) `' `` where in the resulting matrix.
[0169] before the coherently combined received power going into the receiver section 1303 RX can be modeled and computer as set forth in Eqn. (64): 0coh consumed,path = ∑ coh coh 5̀v' Y0^5 ^`∥ [ , Eqn. (64) where 0^ co 5h is the coherently combined power at the antenna of RX >, and ^` c ∥oh represents Waste Factor for a 2-TX paralleled system together with the channel, which is the same as [p4] with M = 2. [0170] Before the power goes into the receivers, we define the first-stage Waste Factor of the 2I2O system using coherent combining as: ∑+ Y^cohGcoh ^',coh = ^.% a^ +∥ [ . (65) [0171] Letting ¨0coh
^' , 0^` = ¤', ¤`¬, can as Eqn. (65A): ^',coh = ∑+ ^.% Y¥^Gcoh +∥ [ . [0172] To encapsulate the
the receivers, the complete Waste Factor for the Fig. 132I2O MIMO system using coherent combining (^2 c Io 2h O ) can be computed by cascading the transmission side 1301 ^2 ' I2 ,c Ooh and ^2 c ∥oh from receiver side based on Eqn. (5) :
% ^coh = ^coh YG ,coh 2I2O &'[ Eqn. (66)
[0173] Waste Factor for General MIMO System [0174] If we assume proportional combined powers of each RX, as described above, i.e., assuming the power after coherent or non-coherent combining is such that all are related to the
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA ratio of some P, [0175] then Eqns. (61), (65), and (65A) can be extended to: ^' MIMO = ∑M ^.% Y¥^GM∥[ ∑M ^.% "¥^( . Eqn. (67) [0176] Further, W for a
computed in accordance with Eqn. (68): ^ YG% &'[ MIMO = ^M∥ + MIMO ) . Eqn. (68) where 4 is the gain based on the ratio of
total output power of RXs to the input power of RXs: 4 = ∑M ^.% ^a^ )a^ . Eqn. (69) [0177] Example Six –
Evaluation and Comparison of RAN Communication System Configurations. [0178] Fig. 14 shows a functional block schematic of one Radio Access RAN communication system 1400 that includes a plurality of base stations 1401, details of one of the base stations 1401 being visible in the figure, arranged to form a cellular network 1402, each base station comprising a 1:N SIMO arrangement that communicates with a plurality of user equipment (UE) devices 1403 within the cell. Each of the UE devices 1403, as shown by the detailed of the representative block 1403, comprises a MISO M:1 system. [0179] Computer simulation includes varying the insertion loss of the base station 1401 phase shifters 1406 and the UE devices 1403 phase shifters 1408, computing power consumption by the base station local oscillator (LO) 1410 and the UE device 1403 LOs 1412, computing power efficiency of the UE device 1403 low noise amplifiers (LNAs) 1414, and other parameters listed in the following Table 3. [0180] Table 3
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA Bandwidth 400 MHz 4 GHz
[0181] Fig. 15 is a graphical presentation of results of computer simulation, using the Fig. 14 RAN system, of sensitivity of Consumption Efficiency Factor (CEF) metric of a RAN communication systems to variations in the phase shifters' (PS) insertion loss. Referring to Fig. 15, the simulation shows CEF is sensitive to variations in phase shifter insertion loss, changes in CEF due to PS insertion loss are more pronounced in uplink transmissions at both 28 GHz and 142 GHz, and that downlink transmissions exhibit relative stability in CEF changes across subsequent regions. Th simulations also show that CEF for uplink transmissions at 142 GHz appears particularly sensitive to change in PS insertion loss. [0182] Fig. 16 is a graphical presentation of results of computer simulation, using the Fig. 14 RAN system, of sensitivity of RAN system CEF metric, uplink and downlink, at different carrier frequencies, to variations in base station density.
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0183] Fig. 17 is a graphical presentation of results of computer simulation of sensitivity of RAN system CEF metric, uplink and downlink, at different carrier frequencies, to variations in user equipment density. [0184] Example Seven – Waste Factor Based Power Efficiency Directed Design /Configuration / Control of a Homodyne Transmitter. [0185] Fig. 18 shows a functional block schematic of one example homodyne transmitter system 1800. The homodyne transmitter system 1800, hereinafter alternatively referenced as “HT” system 1800, comprises a source 1802 configured to feed a baseband signal to a mixer 1806 that receives a radio frequency carrier signal from an oscillator 1808. The mixer 1806 feeds the modulated carrier signal to an RF amplifier 1810, which output the amplified modulated RF signal to a matched load 1812. [0186] Here, we show an example for the application of Waste Factor to compare the power efficiency of two different configurations or designs for the HT system 1800 Homodyne transmitters, each with matched load termination at the antenna. [0187] Tables 3 and 4 illustrate some examples of the application of the Waste Factor to analyze a homodyne transmitter cascade as shown in Fig. 8, and is illustrative to showing how to use W to characterize energy efficiency based on the selection of different components. Table 3 shows Case 1 and Case 2, and Table 4 shows Case 3 and Case 4. Using Case 1 as an example, the Waste Factor of the homodyne transmitter based on component parameters in Table 3 is calculated by Eqn. (4)using W = 1/η_w, as shown in the following Eqn. (70) ^^2^^ ' = ' ^.Ú` + "'/^.`Ú&'( '^^ + "'/^.'Û&'( '^^×^.`Ú = 2.20 = 3.42 dB Eqn. (70) [0188] Example 1 compares Case 1 and Case 2 to see how components with different efficiencies impact W of the cascade using Eqn. (4. It can be seen that Case 1, with a more efficient RF amplifier, results in a lower W of 2.20 (3.42 dB), signifying better power efficiency and less wasted power than Case 2, which uses a less efficient RF amplifier and yields a larger W of 4.12 (6.15 dB) for the cascade. Example 1 shows that almost twice as much power is wasted in Case 2 (e.g., 6.15 dB – 3.42 dB = 2.73 dB). The above example shows that RF amplifier efficiency closest to the information sink dominates the overall Waste Figure of the cascade.
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0189] In Example 2, we consider Cases 3 and 4, where again the overall W (see Eqn. (4)) is impacted by specific components. But for Example 2 it is clear that components farthest from the information sink have much less impact on overall power efficiency. Case 3 shows how much more power-efficient base band amplifier achieves only a slightly lower W of 3.39 (5.30 dB) compared to Case 4, which uses an identical RF amplifier as Case 3 but a much less efficient baseband amplifier. Case 4 has only a 0.09 dB worse power efficiency (W of 3.46 (5.39 dB)) despite having a baseband amplifier that is half as efficient as Case 3. From these examples, the importance of optimizing power efficiency in the components closest to the information sink is shown to reduce waste and enhance system efficiency becomes evident and quantifiable. These examples show how Waster Factor may assist researchers and engineers in creating energy-efficient component technologies and system designs. [0190] Table 3 Component Gain Efficiency (ßà) W(WF)
[0191] Table 4 Component Gain Efficiency (ßà) W(WF)
[0192] Example Eight – Data Center Computer Implemented Waste Factor Based Data Center Engineering Design Tools and/or Waste Factor Based Data Center System Control.
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0193] Data centers are one of the largest consumers of power today, and the Information Technology (IT) field has established a figure of merit called the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE). Employing the PUE to determine the power usage by non-IT components in relation to servers in a data center offers a straightforward approach to associating non-IT power consumption with the power consumed by server operations. [0194] To be more specific, the IT industry defines PUE as the ratio between the summation of the amount of energy consumed by IT equipment and the energy consumed by auxiliary equipment for data operations, compared to just the IT equipment energy usage. As shown in Eqn. (71), the IT equipment includes networking equipment that is on the signal path (e.g., switches, routers, firewalls, et cetera) as well as components that do not transfer data but which are vital to data processing and thus may be considered as being on the cascade but as not contributing, e.g., wasting power in the transport of information (e.g., servers, storage systems, et cetera) The energy consumption of auxiliary equipment includes cooling, lighting, and non- network devices which do not carry data center information, 0áB = âkpãä åãpã noæpom oæomçè ^êy^^^^ë âkpãä éâ oæomçè = ^ Eqn. (71) êy [0195] Since a data center provides information (e.g., data) from a source to a sink in its operation, we here attempt to apply the Waste Factor to see if insights can be gained in optimizing the power efficiency of the data center. It turns out W can be applied to a data center if certain assumptions are made about how and where the signal power is transferred. If we assume that Eqn. (71)) defines P_IT as the power consumed by the IT equipment (e.g. signal path power and wasted power on the signal path), and P_aux is the auxiliary equipment power consumption, then, we may begin to recast Eqn. (71) in terms of Waste Factor, considering only the powers consumed and delivered from a source to a sink within a data center, and treating P_aux as off-path power which is not involved in the computation of W. [0196] It is generally known hat in the process of data transmission or processing within a data center, major power consumption is attributed to servers, network switches, and computing equipment, while other power consumption is associated with cooling systems, power distribution units (PDUs), and other auxiliary equipment. According to a publication, server and networking equipment can account for about 60-70% of the overall power consumption in a
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA data center. Cooling systems contribute about 30-40% of the total power consumption, while the remainder is consumed by PDUs and other auxiliary equipment. [0197] Fig. 19 shows a high level graphic model of two data centers, one being Data Center A that will be assumed as the larger facility with more equipment and a higher total power consumption, the other being Data Center B, which will be assumed as smaller and as having a lower total power consumption. [0198] In order to break down the information path power consumption of the data centers, the total data center information path power consumption of each of the data centers can be modeled as: 0A^ = 05^ì^ + 0^^^&5^ì^ Eqn. (72) where 05^ì^ is the sum of all powers of each component that is used for carrying information or data in the system. Here, we consider the information path power as being the network within the data center (e.g. 0 :^^^^:, 0 ^15^^9, 0 ì5:^1277, and other network equipment that carry information – note this is similar to defining the signal powers stemming from components on the cascade, as given in (73): 05^ì^ = 0:^^^^: + 0^15^^9 + 0ì5:^1277 Eqn. (73) [0199] 0^^^&5^ì^ is defined as the power used by the other IT-critical components that are used in processing the data, but which are not directly involved in data transmission (e.g. 08:^^^^^^:, 0^^^^:<, 0^^^:26^, 0rA^—note this is similar to defining the non-signal or wasted power of cascaded signal path components. [0200] Power consumed by the non-info components can be defined as 0^^^&5^ì^ = 08:^^^^^^: + 0^^^^:< + 0^^^:26^ + 0rA^ Eqn. (74) where NIC
[0201] Using this dichotomy to represent a data center in terms of a fine-grain consideration of components, we may use Eqn. (72) to recast PUE (as defined in Eqn. (71)) as PUE = ^ ^^í^ ^^ ^^^^^^í^ ^^ ^^ë ^^^í^^^^^^^^^í^ Eqn. (75)
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0202] From Eqn. (71) and Eqn. (75), we can rewrite the data center total IT power consumption (e.g., analogous to total power consumed by the cascade) in terms of PUE and the useful and wasted powers on the signal path as 0A^ = ^^^ë PUE &' = 05^ì^ + 0^^^&5^ì^ Eqn. (76) [0203] Now,
the waste factor of the data center (ignoring auxiliary power similar to ignoring off-path power) as: ^ = ^&' 1 = ^^^í^^^^^^^^^í^ ^ í^ = ^^^ë ^ Eqn. (77 ^^í^"^ ) ^^ î]&'( [0204] The
in Eqn. (9), can then be calculated by considering the data center as a single system that has signal-path components (some which carry information and some that do not) as well as auxiliary non-path components. Using Eqn. (77) and Eqn. (9) and the definition of PUE, we find the total consumed power to be: 0 = 0 W ^^^ë ^^^^^^^^,^^^27 5^ì^ + 02^× = "^î]&'( + 02^× = 05^ì^ + 0^^^&5^ì^ + 02^× Eqn. (78) [0205] Interpretation for Waste
it is for circuits or communication systems, since W here is related to PUE, an existing FoM in data centers, yet we are able to gain granularity to better understand the power efficiency of the data transport. The following example shows how this application of Waste Figure can provide a more detailed understanding of power efficiency compared to the commonly utilized PUE metric in data center evaluations. Consider two data centers with equal PUE values but with different architectures. [0206] As described above, Data Center A is assumed as the larger facility with more equipment, therefore higher total energy consumption and Data Center B as smaller with a lower total energy consumption. For purposes of description, it will be assumed first, as set forth in Table 5 below, that the two Data Centers have mutually identical PUEs. If an analysis were to simply compare the two Data Centers’ total energy use, it might seem that Data Center B is more efficient, but PUE, like Waste Factor, is designed to determine relative or proportionate energy efficiency without respect to actual consumption levels. With the
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA assistance of Waste Factor, with its focus on power wasted on the path that transfers data, we find a better measure of the power efficiency of these two data centers, since their ultimate mission is to transfer data in a network. [0207] Table 5. Power Consumption and PUE Comparison for Data Centers Data Center Pinfo Pinfo Paux PUE A 140 kWh 40 kWh 150 kWh 1833 [02
08] or a a Cen er , e power a oca on s as o ows: 5 ì ,\ = 0 or information transmission, 0^^^&5^ì^,\ = 40 kWh for non-data transmission components, and 02^×,\ = 150 kWh for auxiliary equipment. In comparison, consider Data Center B which allocates 05^ì^,ï = 60 kWh of power for information transmission components, 0^^^&5^ì^,ï = 30 kWh for non-data transmission components, and 02^×,ï = 75 kWh for auxiliary equipment. This example has been specifically chosen to ensure the PUE values for each data center are identical (e.g., PUE would indicate they are equally energy efficient). 0áB ^ ^^ \ = ^^í^_ð ^^^^^^í^_ð^^^^ë_ð = 'Û^^Û^^'Ú^ ≈ 1.833 where 0áB and
Now, using Eqn. (76), we calculate the Waste Factor values for the two data centers and find: W ^^^ë 'Ú^ \ = _ð ^ = ≈ 1.286 [0209] By
Center A is 20% more efficient in its energy use in transporting data, even though both have identical PUEs. This efficiency is measured by comparing the amount of power used directly for carrying and processing information in the system to the overall power consumption. The PUE metric, although standard in the industry, may insufficiently capture, in various types of applications
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA and scenarios, detailed energy usage of specific equipment and their relative power waste along the signal path. The Waste Factor offers a more detailed perspective by considering the function and efficiency of individual components. This analysis demonstrates the potential benefits of applying Waste Factor based design and evaluation tools in accordance with one or more embodiments in analyzing and evaluating, and hence in designing, configuring, and selecting toward energy efficiency in complex infrastructures such as data centers. [0210] Example Nine – Waste Factor Model Based, Power Efficiency Optimization Directed Engineering Design Tool for, and Computer Based Control of, RAN Communication Systems. [0211] Fig. 20 shows a functional block schematic of one example RAN communication system 2000, and Fig.21 shows a functional block schematic of the Fig. 20 RAN communication system, interconnected with and controlled by one configuration of a Waste Factor based, power efficiency directed control system according to one or more embodiments. [0212] Referring to Fig. 20, the system arrangement comprises a single TX at the base station (BS), specifically the radio unit (RU) 2002. This RU is composed of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 2003 a mixer 2004, a local oscillator 2006, M phase shifters (PSs) 2008, M power amplifiers (PAs) 2010, and M antennas, with the power output from the DAC denoted as 0source,out. The combining at the UE receiver 2012 comprises non-coherent combining. This implies that the incoming signals are combined based on their power levels without considering their phase information. Where ^ for the system is calculated based on the performance of individual components within each parallel cascade, ∑É ¢PA^% ¢PS^% ^RU = ^.% ^y,^×^GAnt^ £Ant ^ £PA£Ant/ where 0^,5 represents
[0213] Next, we can determine W for the entire RU, which includes all parallel cascades and the mixer, denoted as ^RU, incorporating the overall gain of the paralleled structure in the RU: ^ = ^RU "GMix&'( RU + RU , Eqn. (80) [0214] For a
cascade, the transmit power from each antenna element is the same, and W in Eqn. (80) can be simplified to: ^ = ^ + GPA&' + GPS&' GMix&' RU Ant + Eqn. (81)
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA [0215] Extending the analysis to the receiver side alone, the user equipment (UE) can be treated as a MISO system, and W_"UE" is calculated assuming the same components across all parallel cascades in a single UE using non-coherent combining, based on Eq. (42A) for non- coherent combing MISO: ^ = GPS&' GLNA&' GAnt&' UE ^Mix + )Mix + )Mix)PS + )Mix)PS)LNA Eqn. (82) [0216] a wireless channel,
and a UE is : eff [0217]
[0218] Simulations were conducted within a 28 GHz Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) communication system to assess the effectiveness of using WF for a MIMO system. The network featured 512 UEs, with the number of BSs varying from 1 to 20, the simulation cell has a radius of 1 km, and each BS encompasses a radius of 200 m. It is assumed that only users within these ranges are served. Refer to Section 5, BSs and UEs using non-coherent combining were positioned at heights of 15 and 1.5 meters, respectively, with a separation of 300 m between the nearest BSs. Antenna gains for BSs and UEs were set to 26 dB and 6 dB, respectively, and the bandwidth is 400 MHz . This configuration represents a typical urban microcell (UMi) environment, aiming for an SNR of 10 dB at the UEs. The transmit power was dynamically adjusted to meet the SNR requirement at each UE, with a cap of 100 Watts for each BS. The path loss of the wireless channel, incorporating a line-of-sight (LOS) path loss exponent of 2.27 and a shadow fading standard deviation of 8.15 dB, was derived from urban propagation research conducted by NYU WIRELESS . Additionally, UEs situated within the coverage areas of multiple BSs received combined power from all such BSs, demonstrating the collaborative transmission feature of the CoMP system . [0219] Simulation results, shown in Fig. 22, demonstrated that as the number of BSs increased, the WF decreased. This indicates that network densification improves the overall system power efficiency. Additionally, when the number of BSs is small, the slope of Fig. 22 plotline 2202 is steeper, indicating that WF drops (improves) significantly in a CoMP scenario with increasing BS density, WF drops significantly as the number of BSs increases. However, as
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA the number of BSs continues to increase, the WF reaches a lower limit. The results suggest that a combination of network densification and strategic component optimization can lead to better system design. [0220] Example Configuration for Control Logic [0221] Systems according to one or more embodiments may be configured with various computer-based control and monitoring resources. Examples can include a non-transitory computer-readable medium, communicatively connected to a processor logic and storing processor-executable instruction that cause the processor logic to perform steps in methods and processes described herein. [0222] Fig. 23 shows a functional block schematic of one example computing resource 2300 that can include one or more programmable processor(s) 2302, connected, e.g., via a bus 2304, to an instruction memory 2306 and a general storage 2308. Instruction memory 2306 can store, e.g., on a non-transitory storage medium, processor executable instructions that when executed, cause the processor(s) 2302 to perform steps and/or operations implementing processes and performing functions described herein. [0223] The computer system 2300 can include, in accordance with one or more embodiments, a sensor interface 2310 that can be configured to interface to sensors, including for example power supply current sensors, temperature sensors, and may include one or more other kinds of sensors, generically illustrated as blocks. The computer system 2300 can include a control interface 2312 that can interface, for example, to local controllers in the cascade systems and components. According to one or embodiments, the instruction memory 2304 can store “sensor” instructions causing the processors 2302 to communicate with and receive sense data from distributed sensors. [0224] The system 2300 may include a user interface 2314, for example and without limitation a keyboard, keypad, touchscreen component (e.g., touchscreen display) and associated driver software, may provide for geographically remote user interface. According to one or more embodiments, the computer system 2300 may include a cloud interface 2316 for connecting to a cloud resource 2318. [0225] It will be understood that the schematic blocks of Fig. 23 are functional blocks for which implementation is not limited to block-specific hardware. For example, implementations of the computer system 2300 can comprise, without limitation, one or more off-the-shelf
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA general purpose programable computers combined with computer executable instructions that cause the general purpose computer to configure as a special purpose computer for performing steps and operations in accordance with described embodiments. [0226] It is to be understood that practices that are within the scope of the appended claims are not limited to particular embodiments described, as embodiments described herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. Embodiments disclosed by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail herein. The example embodiments described, though, are not limited to the particular explicit implementations, configurations, arrangements, and forms disclosed. Rather, the instant disclosure supports all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives that fall within the scope of the appended claims. [0227] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, as the scope of exclusivity will be limited only by the appended claims. [0228] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly indicates or dictates otherwise, between the upper limit and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the range. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in and encompassed in the smaller ranges, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included. [0229] Ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., as used in this specification and the appended claims to modify, e.g., step(s), functional block(s), signal(s), instruction(s), element(s) are to be understood as a labelling to individually reference separate step(s), functional block(s), signal(s), instruction(s), and/or element(s), and are not to be understood, except where expressly stated or clearly indicated as otherwise, to be any indication of any ordering of the step(s), functional block(s), signal(s), instruction(s), and/or element(s), in terms of time, spatial arrangement, priority, or to be any indication of the presence or inclusion of any of ordinal term referenced step(s), functional block(s), signal(s), instruction(s), and/or element(s) being conditional on the presence or inclusion of any different ordinal term referenced step(s), functional block(s), signal(s), instruction(s), and/or element(s) indication of
Attn’y Docket 16170011TA relative priority. [0230] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art(s) to which this disclosure relates. [0231] Representative and illustrative methods and materials are described herein. Methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in practices in accordance with disclosed embodiments. [0232] It is to be understood that as used herein and in the appended claims the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as support for the recitation in the claims of such exclusive terminology as "solely," "only" and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a "negative" limitations, such as "wherein [a particular feature or element] is absent", or "except for [a particular feature or element]", or "wherein [a particular feature or element] is not present (included, etc.)...". [0233] As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure in its entirety, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features that may be readily separated from the embodiment or combined with features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. [0234] It is to be understood that various methods and operations are described as a plurality of separate actions, steps, or operations but it will also be understood that such description can be for further assisting the reader in gaining an understanding of, for example, concepts and/or logic relationships and should not be understood as limiting the order in which the actions, steps, or operations can be performed and that these can be carried out in the temporal order or spatial arrangement recited or in any other order or arrangement that is logically possible. [0235] While the disclosure describes features and aspects in terms of its several exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the appended claims are not limited to the embodiments as described above but further include all modifications and equivalents within the spirit and scope of the description provided herein.