WO2025008535A1 - Procédé d'évaluation de la conformité d'un système de pistage à l'aide d'un nombre restreint de mesures et dispositifs associés - Google Patents
Procédé d'évaluation de la conformité d'un système de pistage à l'aide d'un nombre restreint de mesures et dispositifs associés Download PDFInfo
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- WO2025008535A1 WO2025008535A1 PCT/EP2024/069097 EP2024069097W WO2025008535A1 WO 2025008535 A1 WO2025008535 A1 WO 2025008535A1 EP 2024069097 W EP2024069097 W EP 2024069097W WO 2025008535 A1 WO2025008535 A1 WO 2025008535A1
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- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
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- G06Q10/047—Optimisation of routes or paths, e.g. travelling salesman problem
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
- G06F17/18—Complex mathematical operations for evaluating statistical data, e.g. average values, frequency distributions, probability functions, regression analysis
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N7/00—Computing arrangements based on specific mathematical models
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft
- G08G5/20—Arrangements for acquiring, generating, sharing or displaying traffic information
- G08G5/22—Arrangements for acquiring, generating, sharing or displaying traffic information located on the ground
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft
- G08G5/50—Navigation or guidance aids
- G08G5/56—Navigation or guidance aids for two or more aircraft
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft
- G08G5/70—Arrangements for monitoring traffic-related situations or conditions
- G08G5/72—Arrangements for monitoring traffic-related situations or conditions for monitoring traffic
- G08G5/727—Arrangements for monitoring traffic-related situations or conditions for monitoring traffic from a ground station
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for assessing the conformity of a tracking system to a set of requirements.
- the present invention also relates to an assessment module allowing the implementation of the method and a tracking system comprising such an assessment module.
- TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The proposed invention is in the field of air traffic control. Airspace control is ensured by tracking all aircraft. This involves supervising air traffic to prevent collisions between aircraft and controlling traffic, both in cruising flight and around airports – takeoff and landing. To implement such control, air traffic controllers use an air traffic monitoring system based on tracking aircraft which is called a tracking system.
- the tracking system is capable in real time of estimating from data coming from sensors the best possible estimate of the position, heading and speed of each aircraft in a given flight information region.
- the flight information region is often designated by the acronym FIR referring to the corresponding English name of "Flight Information Region". All of the estimated data form a track.
- the quality of the track estimation (tracking) varies according to the configuration of the tracking system, the quality of the data acquired by the sensors or even environmental data such as the topology of the terrain or the weather. As such, it is desirable for an air traffic controller to know the quality of the estimation of the tracks reconstructed by the tracking system.
- the description describes a method for assessing the conformity of a tracking system to a set of requirements, at least one requirement being a mandatory requirement and at least one requirement being a recommended requirement, each requirement requiring that a physical quantity be greater than or equal to a threshold or that a physical quantity be less than or equal to a threshold, the assessment method being implemented by computer, the assessment method comprising at least the following steps: - acquiring a set of values, the set of values comprising the values accessible to the tracking system over a predefined time interval, - for each requirement, calculating a robustness value, the robustness being calculated as the p-value of a statistical test indicating whether or not the requirement in question is met, - for each requirement, comparing each robustness value to a predefined threshold according to a respective comparison criterion, and - determining the requirements to which the
- the evaluation method has one or more of the following characteristics, taken in isolation or in all technically possible combinations: - the method further comprises, for each robustness value not meeting the comparison criterion, a step of determining the cause of the non-compliance with the comparison criterion, the cause being either that the requirement is not met or that the number of values is too low to guarantee a predefined reliability threshold for assessing compliance with the requirement in question. - when the determined cause is too low a number of values, the method comprises a step of deducing a number of additional values to be acquired in order to obtain an assessment reliability greater than the predefined reliability threshold.
- the method comprises a reiteration of the acquisition, calculation and comparison steps until the number of values is such that an evaluation reliability greater than the predefined reliability threshold can be obtained or reaches a predefined maximum number with an evaluation reliability lower than the predefined threshold.
- the method further comprises a step of issuing an alert for requirements not met or for requirements for which the number of values of the acquisition, calculation and comparison steps has reached the predefined maximum number with an evaluation reliability lower than the predefined threshold.
- the maximum number is between 40,000 and 60,000.
- a distribution function of the reduced centered normal distribution is calculated.
- the method further comprises: - a step of applying an evaluation function specific to each requirement to the values p to obtain evaluation values, and - a step of using the evaluation values to obtain an overall score evaluating the conformity of the tracking system to all the requirements.
- the number of requirements is greater than or equal to 20.
- the tracking system provides measurement estimates from previous data from several sensors, the set of values comprising the measurement estimates.
- the description also describes a module for assessing the conformity of a tracking system to a set of requirements, at least one requirement being a mandatory requirement and at least one requirement being a recommended requirement, each requirement requiring that a physical quantity be greater than or equal to a threshold or that a physical quantity be less than or equal to a threshold, the assessment module being capable of: - acquiring a set of values, the set of values comprising the values accessible to the tracking system over a predefined time interval, - for each requirement, calculating a robustness value, the robustness being calculated as the p-value of a statistical test indicating whether or not the requirement considered is met, - for each requirement, comparing each robustness value to a predefined threshold according to a respective comparison criterion, and - determining requirements to which the tracking system complies, the requirements determined to be compliant being the requirements for which, at the comparison step, it has been determined that the comparison criterion is met.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an example of a tracking system interacting with a set of sensors
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an example of implementing a method for evaluating the conformity of the tracking system of FIG. 1 to a set of requirements
- FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the variation of the p-value as a function of the observed value for a requirement given as an example.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a tracking system 10 interacting with a set 12 of sensors.
- the tracking system 10 is capable of observing an airspace to determine the trajectories of aircraft passing through an observed space. This makes it possible to perform air traffic control in the space considered.
- the tracking system 10 is capable of collecting data from all of the sensors and analyzing the collected data.
- the tracking system 10 outputs calculated data.
- the calculated data are, for example, aircraft trajectories in the observed space, i.e. position, speed or heading data for aircraft passing through the observed space.
- the tracking system 10 forms, with the set 12 of sensors, an air traffic monitoring system.
- the sensor array 12 is adapted to obtain data in the observed space.
- the sensor array 12 comprises an ADS unit 14, a WAM unit 16 and a radar 18.
- the ADS unit 14 is a cooperative surveillance system for air traffic control and other related applications.
- An aircraft equipped with an ADS unit 14 determines its position by a global positioning system (GPS) and periodically sends this position and other information to ground stations.
- GPS global positioning system
- the abbreviation ADS refers to the corresponding English name of "Automatic Dependent Surveillance" literally meaning "automatic dependence surveillance”.
- Such an ADS unit 14 is sometimes also called a B-unit, the abbreviation ADS-B referring to the corresponding English name of "Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast” literally meaning “automatic dependence surveillance-multicast”.
- a WAM unit 16 uses data from multiple sensors to obtain the location of an aircraft.
- the abbreviation WAM refers to the corresponding English term for "Wide Area Multilateration” and designates an aircraft surveillance technology based on the principle of time difference of arrival that is used at an airport.
- the WAM unit 16 collects data from multiple ground antennas to apply mathematical calculations to obtain the position of the aircraft.
- a radar 18 makes it possible to detect the presence of aircraft in the sky and to determine their position.
- the radar 18 emits electromagnetic pulses into the sky, and the detection and location of an aircraft are obtained by analyzing the wave reflected by the aircraft and retransmitted in the direction of the radar 18.
- the tracking system 10 comprises an analysis module 20, an evaluation module 22.
- the analysis module 20 is capable of analyzing the data from the sensors to estimate new data.
- the analysis module 20 thus regularly receives data relating to the aircraft in the observed environment, in particular their altitude, their horizontal position or their speed.
- the analysis module 20 is capable of estimating the trajectory of an aircraft.
- Such an analysis module 20 is often referred to as a “tracker” literally meaning “follower”.
- the analysis module 20 is also capable of estimating measurements from previous data from the set 12 of sensors.
- the evaluation module 22 is capable of implementing the steps of a method for evaluating the conformity of the tracking system 10 to a set of requirements.
- the evaluation module 22 comprises a calculation sub-unit 24 and an alert sub-unit 26 whose roles will appear in the remainder of the description.
- An example of implementation of the evaluation method is now described with reference to FIG. 2.
- the evaluation method aims to evaluate the conformity of the tracking system 10 to a set of requirements.
- this set of requirements at least one requirement is a mandatory requirement and at least one requirement is a recommended requirement.
- a mandatory requirement is a requirement whose non-compliance results in the disqualification of the tracking system 10.
- the term necessary requirement is sometimes used to designate this type of requirement.
- a recommended requirement is a requirement whose non-compliance does not result in the disqualification of the tracking system 10 but whose compliance is desirable.
- the term desirable requirement is sometimes used to designate this type of requirement.
- the number of requirements is greater than or equal to 20.
- each requirement sets a threshold to be respected. This means that each requirement can be formulated in the form of a physical quantity greater than or equal to the threshold or a physical quantity less than or equal to the threshold.
- the evaluation method comprises an acquisition step E100, a calculation step E102, a comparison step E104, a first determination step E106, a second determination step E108, a deduction step E110, an iteration step E112, a transmission step E114, an application step E116 and a use step E118.
- the transmission step E114 is implemented by the alert sub-module 26, the other steps being implemented by the calculation sub-module 24.
- the evaluation module 22 acquires a set of values.
- the set of values includes the values accessible to the tracking system 10 over a predefined time interval.
- the accessible values are the values coming from the set 12 of sensors.
- the values also include the data estimated by the tracking system 10 and in particular the measurement estimates obtained from previous data by the analysis module.
- the predefined time interval is chosen according to the requirements related to the conformity assessment. For example, if a regular assessment is desired, the predefined time interval will correspond to the time interval chosen between two assessments. In particular, a predefined time interval of between 10 minutes and 1 hour may be chosen. The predefined time interval chosen will depend in practice on the requirement considered. As detailed later, the number of values will usually be chosen to allow an assessment in quasi-real time and is generally lower, or even much lower, than the number of measurement points usually required by the standards for assessing compliance with requirements.
- the evaluation module 22 calculates a robustness value for each requirement.
- robustness is calculated as the p-value of a statistical test indicating whether or not the requirement considered is met.
- a statistical test is a mathematical tool for verifying whether or not data allows a hypothesis to be rejected. This hypothesis that one seeks to reject is called the “null hypothesis”.
- the implementation of the statistical test gives in particular a value called the “p-value”, located between 0 and 1, which will be used to reject or not the hypothesis.
- the “p-value” is also called the “p-value” in reference to the corresponding English term “p-value”. In the following, the term “p-value” is used.
- the p-value is defined as the probability, assuming that the null hypothesis is true, of observing the data, or even more “extreme” data.
- each p-value is associated with a requirement-dependent metric.
- This metric typically includes moments of the assumed probability distributions on the acquired data. In such a case, it may be favorable to calculate each moment first and then the p-values to avoid possible redundant calculations.
- the evaluation module 22 compares each robustness value to a predefined threshold according to a respective comparison criterion. In other words, the evaluation module 22 compares the p-value to a predefined threshold.
- the term “p-value” is compared to a threshold chosen at 5%. This value of 5% is given as an example, the threshold depending on the needs of the user of the tracking system 10.
- the evaluation module 22 determines the requirements to which the tracking system 10 complies. For this, the evaluation module 22 considers that the requirements determined as compliant are those for which, in the comparison step E104, the evaluation module 22 determined that the comparison criterion is respected. If the p-value is less than the threshold, it is considered that it is very unlikely to have observed such data, knowing that the null hypothesis is true. This leads to rejecting the hypothesis with good certainty. To better explain this idea, the simple case of a coin toss is developed. Consider a coin, with one side heads, and one side tails. The following hypothesis is made: "the coin is fair, and can therefore land on heads or tails with a probability 1 ⁇ 2".
- the coin is tossed 10 times and we obtain 7 tails and 3 heads. This is the acquired data.
- the question is then whether the null hypothesis can be rejected or not.
- the probability of this result is then calculated, as well as more extreme results (namely, the probability that we had a number of tails between 7 and 10 inclusive).
- We obtain a probability of 0.17 that is to say a p-value of 0.17.
- the coin is tossed 10 times and 9 tails and 1 tail are obtained. This is the acquired data.
- a third example can also illustrate the fact that the p-value also changes according to the number of tosses. We assume that 1000 tosses are made and that 700 tails are obtained.
- the p-value is less than 10 -5 , which corresponds to the fact that the probability of obtaining 7 or more tails out of 10 tosses (first example) is much higher than that of obtaining 700 or more tails out of 1000 tosses, given a fair coin.
- a calculation shows that obtaining 527 tails out of 1000 tosses is enough to conclude with a threshold of 5% that the null hypothesis is to be rejected, that is to say that the coin is biased. More elaborate examples but based on what has just been described are given in the section "Application to the specific case of the ESASSP standard". In this section, specific cases relating to evaluation criteria of the tracking system 10 are developed.
- a given requirement generally corresponds to the calculation of a metric and to the compliance by this metric with a threshold value.
- an appropriate expression for this p-value is done before the implementation of the process by a so-called a priori analysis.
- Such a number of values corresponds to a predefined reliability threshold that will be used in the second determination step E108.
- the evaluation module 22 determines the cause of the non-compliance with the comparison criterion for each robustness value not complying with the comparison criterion.
- the first possible cause corresponds to the fact that the requirement is not complied with. Indeed, it may be enough to have a few points for it to be known that the requirement will not be met even if the number of measurement points were higher.
- the second cause corresponds to the fact that the number of values acquired is too low to guarantee a predefined reliability threshold for assessing compliance with the requirement considered.
- the evaluation module 22 calculates the number of additional values to be acquired to obtain an assessment reliability greater than the predefined reliability threshold. For this, the evaluation module 22 uses the number of points ensuring compliance with the reliability threshold, this number of points having been calculated before the implementation of the method. The evaluation module 22 therefore reads the value in a memory of the tracking system 10 and deduces therefrom, for example, by subtraction the number of additional values to be acquired.
- Such a calculation can be carried out in a more elaborate manner by calculating the number of points required to pass the requirements, while dynamically taking into account the values observed until then. This corresponds to a recalculation in real time.
- This is now illustrated for examples developed in the section "application to the particular case of the ESASSP standard".
- update probability type requirements it is assumed that for the currently observed ⁇ ⁇ values among ⁇ ⁇ acquired values, it is possible to calculate a p-value ⁇ ⁇ on the test which aims to verify whether the minimum value ⁇ ⁇ required is exceeded in a statistically significant manner. It is then possible to calculate the minimum number of additional values to be acquired for the requirement to be passed with a given threshold.
- the evaluation module 22 modifies the spatio-temporal discretization of the areas on which the calculation of the p-value is performed. This spatio-temporal discretization is generally provided with the calculation of the p-value associated with the requirement considered, but can be slightly modified without altering the quality of the evaluation of the requirement. During the iteration step E112, at least the acquisition, calculation and comparison steps are reiterated until a condition is verified.
- the condition is to respect either a first condition or a second condition.
- the first condition is to obtain an evaluation reliability greater than the predefined reliability threshold. This is achieved by exceeding the minimum number of additional values to be acquired if it has been determined only once or when the minimum number of additional values to be acquired is determined as zero at an iteration of the deduction step E110.
- the second condition is to reach a predefined maximum number with an evaluation reliability lower than the predefined threshold.
- the predefined maximum number is often between 40000 and 60000.
- the evaluation module 22 emits an alert for the requirements not met or for the requirements whose number of values of the acquisition, calculation, comparison steps has reached the predefined maximum number with an evaluation reliability lower than the predefined threshold. These cases correspond to the fact that neither the first condition nor the second condition of the iteration step E112 are met.
- the alert is, for example, an audible alert or a visual alert sent to an air traffic controller.
- the system applies an evaluation function specific to each requirement to the p-values to obtain evaluation values.
- Each evaluation function specific to each requirement is a utility function.
- the p-value noted ⁇ is interpreted as meaning that the requirement is satisfied if the hypothesis H0 is rejected and therefore if the p-value ⁇ is less than a threshold ⁇ . It is possible to convert the p-value into a utility function giving a value between 0 and 1 depending on the value of the p-value.
- the utility function is a piecewise linear function equal to 1 as soon as ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (case corresponding to compliance with the requirement) then decreasing linearly to 0 for values of the p-value ⁇ greater than the threshold ⁇ .
- the linear function is, for example, the following: 1 ⁇ ⁇
- a decreasing normalization function with thresholds is used.
- the evaluation module 22 may impose that if the p-value is greater than a value to be defined by an expert, then the utility is zero.
- the value defined by the expert is determined before the implementation of the method, so that it is accessible to the evaluation module 22 by reading its value in a memory of the tracking system 10.
- the evaluation module 22 uses the evaluation values to obtain an overall score during the use step E118.
- the overall score evaluates the compliance of the tracking system 10 with all the requirements.
- Such a score is often called QoS in reference to the English term for “Quality of Service” literally meaning “quality of service”.
- the evaluation module 22 can implement different techniques.
- the evaluation module 22 may use an aggregation function.
- the aggregation function is a strictly increasing compensatory function.
- the use step E118 comprises the supervised learning of a requirement compliance assessment function in the form of a piecewise linear function, the linear function comprising at least three pieces, preferably less than six pieces, to obtain learned assessment functions, applying the learned assessment functions to the tracking system to obtain assessment values, and using the assessment values to obtain an overall score assessing the compliance of the tracking system 10 with all the requirements.
- the evaluation module 22 then calculates the overall score for each type of requirement by aggregating the evaluation functions of all the requirements of the type considered, the overall score evaluating the conformity of the tracking system to all the requirements being obtained by aggregating the overall scores by type of requirement.
- the use step E118 comprises the supervised learning of aggregation functions of the evaluation values, the aggregation function evaluating the conformity of the tracking system to a part of the requirements of the set of requirements corresponding to a particular quantity, and - a use step comprising the use of the evaluation values and the learned aggregation functions to obtain a value for each part of the requirements of the set of requirements corresponding to a particular quantity and the use of the values obtained during the use as well as the aggregation functions to obtain the overall score.
- These techniques are also applicable to the case of recommended requirements.
- the evaluation module 22 aggregates the values ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (value for mandatory requirements) and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (value for recommended requirements) differently to obtain the overall QoS.
- the normalized scores are here interpreted as the confidence level with which the requirements are passed. Given the mandatory nature of the requirements underlying ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , it is necessary that the slightest failure of a mandatory requirement is reflected in the overall score and cannot be compensated by the recommended requirements.
- t-norms another type of aggregation function
- the function T satisfies certain properties.
- This function provides a pessimistic evaluation with respect to a compensatory function because ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) ⁇ min( ⁇ , ⁇ ), that is, it is never possible to have a grade better than the worst grade. Several bad grades worsen the overall grade.
- a t-norm ⁇ is Archimedean if the following two conditions are satisfied: ⁇ ⁇ is continuous, and ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) ⁇ ⁇ for all ⁇ ⁇ ( 0,1 ) .
- This binary operator ⁇ is easily transformed into an n-ary operator:
- ⁇ are the normalized scores of the p-values of the mandatory requirements, ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ 1 , ... , ⁇ ⁇ ) is the ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ score, and ⁇ the function f is to be constructed by supervised learning.
- the method provides access to an estimate of a margin with which the criterion is met, i.e. an estimate of the confidence that can be had in the estimate. Furthermore, in the presence of too few values to have a reliable estimate, the criterion will always be considered as not met, which is desirable in a critical context such as air traffic, where it is better to be wrongly alarmist than overconfident. Furthermore, the method provides the certainty that the result cannot vary instantaneously from "not met” to "met", the p-value evolving smoothly with the new data.
- the method uses a lower number of points than those recommended in the standard. This reduces the amount of memory occupied as well as the stress on the hardware components of the computer system 10.
- the method also has the advantage that the evaluation is adaptive. In particular, the method greatly reduces the data acquisition time for a reliable calculation of the score, and therefore of the conformity or not of the criteria. Thus, the data used are less old, and the estimation of the quality of service is therefore more reactive. This is beneficial when a problem appears since in the event of rapid degradation, the metric degrades more quickly, and therefore the operator is informed more quickly.
- each module or sub-module is each produced in the form of software, or a software brick.
- the computer-readable medium is for example a medium capable of storing electronic instructions and of being coupled to a bus of a computer system.
- the readable medium is an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, a ROM memory, a RAM memory, any type of non-volatile memory (for example FLASH or NVRAM) or a magnetic card.
- On the readable medium is then stored a computer program comprising software instructions, stored in a memory executable by a processor.
- each module or sub-module is produced in the form of a programmable logic component, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Logic Controller). Gate Array), or an integrated circuit, such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit).
- a programmable logic component such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Logic Controller). Gate Array), or an integrated circuit, such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit).
- FPGA Field Programmable Logic Controller
- Gate Array Gate Array
- ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
- the objective of this standard is to ensure the quality required to avoid collisions. This quality aims at better separation between aircraft in (civil) air traffic. In order to be able to increase air capacity, it is essential to have tracking tools that can ensure increasingly fine separation between aircraft.
- Two standards have been defined to ensure two distance separations: 5 NM and 3 NM.
- the ESASSP standard defines 22 constraints named R1 to R22, i.e. 22 specific metrics. The 22 constraints are briefly explained below.
- the first constraint R1 concerns the measurement interval for the probability of update.
- the first constraint R1 is broken down into two requirements: a mandatory requirement and a recommended requirement.
- the second constraint R2 concerns the probability of update of horizontal position.
- the second constraint R2 is broken down into two requirements: a mandatory requirement and a recommended requirement.
- the third constraint R3 concerns the ratio of time the aircraft was not tracked (called in English "ratio of missed 3D position involved in long gaps”).
- the third constraint R3 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the fourth constraint R4 concerns the horizontal position RMS error. The squared error is often considered as a principal error representing the precision of the measurements.
- the fourth constraint R4 is decomposed into two requirements: a mandatory requirement and a recommended requirement.
- the fifth constraint R5 concerns a ratio of consecutive correlated errors (called in English “Consecutive correlated error ratio”).
- the fifth constraint R5 corresponds to a recommended requirement.
- the sixth constraint R6 concerns the maximum time interval with a close proximity (called in English “Max delta time in close proximity").
- the sixth constraint R6 corresponds to a recommended requirement.
- the seventh constraint R7 concerns the probability of update of pressure altitude (called in English "Probability of update of pressure altitude").
- the seventh constraint R7 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the eighth constraint R8 relates to the average data age of forwarded pressure altitude.
- the eighth constraint R8 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the ninth constraint R9 relates to the maximum data age of forwarded pressure altitude.
- the ninth constraint R9 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the tenth constraint R10 relates to the ratio of incorrect forwarded pressure altitude data. It is noted that the tenth constraint R10 is an estimate of the error corresponding to a spurious error.
- the tenth constraint R10 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the eleventh constraint R11 relates to the unsigned errors of the pressure altitude. It is noted that the eleventh constraint R11 is an estimate of the error of the main error type.
- the eleventh constraint R11 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the twelfth constraint R12 concerns the delay of appearance of the emergency indicators (called in English "Delay of apparition of the emergency indicator / SPI report").
- the twelfth constraint R12 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the thirteenth constraint R13 relates to the delay of change in Aircraft Id.
- the thirteenth constraint R13 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the fourteenth constraint R14 concerns the probability of update with a correct identification (called in English "Probability of update of aircraft identity with correct value").
- the fourteenth constraint R14 is divided into two requirements: a mandatory requirement and a recommended requirement.
- the fifteenth constraint R15 relates to the ratio of incorrect aircraft identity. It should be noted that the fifteenth constraint R15 is an estimate of the error of the spurious error type.
- the fifteenth constraint R15 corresponds to a mandatory requirement.
- the sixteenth constraint R16 concerns the squared error of the rate of climb/descent (RMS error). In this context, the estimated error is of the leading error type. The sixteenth constraint R16 corresponds to a recommended requirement.
- the seventeenth constraint R17 concerns the squared error of the tracking velocity (RMS error). In this context, the estimated error is of the leading error type. The seventeenth constraint R17 corresponds to a recommended requirement.
- the eighteenth constraint R18 concerns the squared error of the tracking velocity angle (called in English "Track velocity angle RMS error"). In this context, the estimated error is of the type principal error. The eighteenth constraint R18 corresponds to a recommended requirement.
- the nineteenth constraint R19 concerns the density of uncorrelated false target reports (called in English "Density of uncorrelated false target reports"). In this context, the estimated error is of the type spurious error.
- the nineteenth constraint R19 corresponds to a recommended requirement.
- the twentieth constraint R20 concerns the hourly rate of false tracks close to true tracks (called in English “Hourly rate of false tracks close to true tracks”). In this context, the estimated error is of the type correlated error.
- the twentieth constraint R20 corresponds to a recommended requirement.
- the twenty-first constraint R21 concerns continuity (called in English "Continuity"). The twenty-first constraint R21 corresponds to a recommended requirement.
- the twenty-second constraint R22 concerns manual investigations (manual analyses of the results) which must be carried out when the constraints R2, R4, R12 or R13 are not met.
- the twenty-second constraint R22 is divided into two requirements: a mandatory requirement and a recommended requirement.
- the criteria defined in the ESASSP can be grouped into several families. These families are five in number and are presented in the following.
- the first family groups the criteria linked to update probabilities, these criteria being criteria R2, R7 and R14. These criteria R2, R7 and R14 have in common that they relate to a proportion between the number of reports received containing a certain element (horizontal position, pressure altitude, and aircraft identity respectively) among all the reports received (which may or may not contain the element in question). These criteria require that the value of the proportion be greater than a threshold value.
- the second family includes criteria related to the root mean square error, these criteria being criteria R4, R6, R16, R17 and R18.
- the criteria of the second family relate to a calculation of the average Euclidean distance between a value and a reference measurement, often calculated a posteriori by the SSTA. These criteria require that the value of the proportion be less than a threshold value.
- the third family includes criteria related to ratios, these criteria being criteria R3, R5, R10, R11 and R15 and require that a ratio between two quantities has a value less than a predefined value.
- the fourth family includes criteria related to averages, these criteria being criteria R8, R12 and R13.
- the fifth family includes criteria not falling under the four families already presented. These are criteria R19, R20 and R9. It can be noted that these families do not include all the criteria.
- criterion R1 is a parameter of the tracking system 10 which is therefore fixed a priori
- criterion R9 is not a criterion, but a filter on the validity of the data
- the criterion implies not not have an incident over periods of several years (which cannot be assessed over a short period)
- the R22 criterion is not a quantitative criterion.
- ⁇ is a realization of a random variable ⁇ ⁇ which follows a binomial distribution of probability ⁇ , with ⁇ trials. This assumes the independence of successive observations. The rule requires that this probability be above a certain threshold (denoted ⁇ ⁇ ).
- the dotted horizontal line corresponds to the 0.05 threshold commonly used on p-values. In other words, if the p-value is below this bar, then we have very high confidence that the R2 requirement has been met.
- ⁇ ⁇ be the p-value associated with a given trajectory ⁇ and ⁇ be the set of trajectories.
- the underlying update probability ⁇ ⁇ verifies ⁇ ⁇ > 0.97. It is thus calculated for a trajectory ⁇ the p-value noted ⁇ ⁇ of the test defined in the previous paragraph, for which only the information of the reports concerning the trajectory ⁇ is used.
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ / ⁇
- ⁇ ⁇ is the number of reference realizations (e.g., for criterion R7, the number of time intervals where an altitude update is received)
- ⁇ ⁇ is the number of realizations having a certain property (for example, for criterion R7, the number of time intervals where a non-erroneous update of the altitude)
- the numbers ⁇ and ⁇ are considered to come from binomial distributions. This assumes the independence of successive observations, and the fact that these observations are identically distributed.
- the number ⁇ always corresponds to the number of reports containing a pressure altitude.
- the number ⁇ it is, among these ⁇ reports, those whose pressure altitude value is correct (in the case of criterion R7) or an aircraft identifier (criterion R14).
- the number ⁇ follows the binomial distribution ⁇ ⁇ of the previous paragraph, with an unknown probability ⁇ ⁇
- the number ⁇ follows a binomial distribution with parameters ⁇ and ⁇ .
- the value ⁇ is unknown and it is a question of verifying that its value is greater than a given threshold ⁇ ⁇ .
- the p-value is then calculated as follows:
- the integral can be calculated by numerical methods such as a Monte Carlo draw or a rectangle approximation method.
- Second family For the second family, it is a question of calculating the p-value for the root mean square errors.
- a criterion of the second family is therefore a metric which is a mean square error between an observed value and a reference value. The criterion is fulfilled when this metric is less than a given value.
- EQMR be the root mean square error. This square error is written as: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the squared error on a given quantity for the ⁇ -th measurement.
- the quantity is the error of the horizontal position of the aircraft.
- the criterion requires that the mean ⁇ 2 be less than a certain value ⁇ ⁇ 2 ⁇ , which is the threshold of the requirement.
- ⁇ 2 be the observed mean of the squared errors ⁇ ⁇ .
- the metrics are calculated as the minimum over different trajectories of the mean square error calculated on each trajectory. This is for example the R4 criterion.
- the approach is then the same as before.
- Third family For the third family, as for the first family, there are two types of criteria in this family, a first type called simple ratio gathering criteria based on a metric involving a variable divided by a constant and a second type called double ratio gathering criteria based on a metric involving a variable divided by another variable. For both types, the metric must be lower than a predefined threshold.
- the metric is written in the following form: Where: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the number of reference realizations (e.g., the number of track updates containing a barometric altitude, for criterion R10), and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the number of realizations having a certain property (e.g., the number of track updates containing an incorrect barometric altitude, for criterion R10).
- the aim is to verify that the ratio of two binomial variables is less than a threshold.
- the p-value is calculated as the symmetric of those calculated for double update probabilities: Where: ⁇ ⁇ plays the role of the observed probability of the intermediate value (i.e.
- the criteria involve metrics of the form: Where: ⁇ ⁇ is a variable of interest (e.g., the age of the barometric pressure information when it is sent, for criterion R8), given by the ratio ⁇ , and ⁇ ⁇ is the number of ratios considered. The criterion is met when these means are less than a threshold, noted ⁇ ⁇ .
- ⁇ ⁇ is equivalent to ⁇ , but the values are multiplied by ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ . It comes like this: Where: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ denotes a realization of ⁇ ⁇ over an interval ⁇ , and ⁇ K* is a random variable of the variable of interest (number of false leads) knowing that the distribution of the number of false leads per interval is distributed according to the D* law.
- the expectation of ⁇ ⁇ is ⁇ ⁇ , namely the required threshold.
- ⁇ ⁇ denotes the p-value
- ⁇ P denotes the probability
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ the number of false trails observed in the area during the interval ⁇
- ⁇ ⁇ means “follows the law”, and thus here ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ follows the law D*. Since the number of intervals is several hundred intervals ⁇ , it is possible to apply the central limit theorem, giving: Where: ⁇ ⁇ is the cumulative function of the reduced centered normal distribution. Thus, for each of the ⁇ zones of 900NM2, it is possible to calculate the p-value on this zone ⁇ ⁇ .
- the global p-value (on all the zones ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ where ⁇ is the set of zones) is calculated as follows: For the R20 criterion, a metric is considered corresponding to the number of false leads close to real leads for each one-hour interval. The same reasoning as for the R19 criterion leads to the following expression for the p-value: Where ⁇ ⁇ is the renormalized empirical distribution of the number of false tracks close to true tracks on each of the intervals. For the R9 criterion, a similar strategy can be applied.
- ⁇ ⁇ be the observed distribution of the ages of reports containing a pressure altitude
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ be the ⁇ distribution rescaled to have a mean of 16 seconds (the required threshold)
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ be the cumulative function of ⁇ ⁇ .
- the p-value of the hypothesis test can then be calculated whose null hypothesis is that the variable of the age of reports containing a pressure altitude follows the ⁇ ⁇ distribution.
- ⁇ ⁇ denotes a set of ratios, each ratio having a pressure altitude
- ⁇ ⁇ denotes a ratio
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ denotes the age of the report ⁇ and is assumed to be independent of other ages.
- the identification of the minimum number of points can be implemented by implementing a series of operations.
- the desired maximum monitoring duration is obtained in order to ensure sufficient responsiveness. This maximum duration is provided by the user of the tracking system 10. From this duration, a maximum number of points ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ that can be obtained over this duration is deduced.
- a sample ⁇ of normal values is obtained, i.e. a sample meeting all of the requirements. These normal values are called normal data in the following.
- normal data i.e. a sample meeting all of the requirements.
- the values of the parameters influencing the minimum number of points for each requirement are calculated. The minimum number points that would be needed to pass requirement i on this data d.
- three cases will arise. In a first case, if ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ for a requirement i and any data d, then this is the ideal case where all the data available pass the requirements with very high confidence, using ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ data.
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ data are used, or a number of data for KPI i depending on m ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ a ⁇ x ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
- a significant number of ⁇ data do not pass the requirements.
- An example of a significant number in this context is for example half of the total data. Indeed, if one measurement out of two is bad, it can be considered that there is a problem with the operation of the tracking system 10 or at least that its operation should be checked. In such a case, this means that these requirements are not compatible with a real-time evaluation. This is for example the case of the detection of rare events.
- ⁇ ⁇ denotes the proportion of reports containing a pressure altitude (resp. aircraft identifier)
- ⁇ ⁇ is the number of reports containing an invalid pressure altitude
- ND means that this number is greater than 50000.
- Tables 3 to 6 shows that, in most cases, the optimal number of points is less than 50000. The only cases where the optimal number exceeds 50000 are cases where the number of errors is very large. Since a large number of errors is a relatively rare event, these tables show that the method allows, in normal operations, to obtain evaluations of the conformity of the criteria with a reduced number of measurements.
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Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| EUROCONTROL SPECIFICATION FOR ATM SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE, vol. 1, March 2012 (2012-03-01) |
| X: "20/02/2024, 16:09 Statistical hypothesis test -Wikipedia", 5 June 2023 (2023-06-05), XP093133302, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:-> [retrieved on 20240220] * |
| X: "EUROCONTROL Specification for ATM Surveillance System Performance (Volume 1) Edition number: 1.2", 20 April 2021 (2021-04-20), XP093133168, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/2022-09/eurocontrol-eassp-specification-vol1-v1.2_1.pdf> [retrieved on 20240220] * |
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