WO2025005229A1 - 三次元細胞培養物の製造方法、三次元細胞培養物の培養方法、三次元細胞培養物、および被験物質の評価方法 - Google Patents
三次元細胞培養物の製造方法、三次元細胞培養物の培養方法、三次元細胞培養物、および被験物質の評価方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional cell culture using astrocytes, neurons, and microglia, and a method for culturing the three-dimensional cell culture.
- the present invention further relates to a three-dimensional cell culture containing astrocytes, neurons, and microglia.
- the present invention further relates to a method for evaluating a test substance using the three-dimensional cell culture.
- the central nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes), and these cells exert normal brain functions by influencing each other (Non-Patent Document 1).
- neurons transmit information to other neurons by releasing glutamate into the synaptic cleft, and astrocytes regulate the information transmission of neurons by taking up glutamate (Non-Patent Document 2).
- astrocytes glial cells
- oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes
- Non-Patent Document 5 various three-dimensional culture systems have been reported to mimic the complex structure of the human brain. Furthermore, it is known that there are species differences in nerve cells and glial cells (Non-Patent Documents 6 and 7), and it is extremely important to use human cells to reproduce the human brain.
- Patent Document 1 describes a three-dimensional co-culture containing astrocytes, neurons, and microglia derived from human iPS cells.
- Patent Document 2 describes a three-dimensional organoid containing neurons and glia derived from human iPS cells.
- Patent Document 3 describes a three-dimensional (spheroid) co-culture containing neurons and glia derived from human iPS cells.
- the present invention aims to provide a method for producing a three-dimensional cell culture containing human-derived neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that can mimic the functions of the human brain, and a method for culturing a three-dimensional cell culture containing human-derived neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that can mimic the functions of the human brain.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a three-dimensional cell culture containing human-derived neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that can mimic the functions of the human brain.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a method for evaluating a test substance using the above-mentioned three-dimensional cell culture.
- the inventors conducted extensive research to solve the above problems and discovered that a three-dimensional cell culture capable of mimicking the functions of the human brain can be produced by adding human astrocytes, human neurons, and human microglia to a culture vessel prior to co-culturing the cells so that the proportion of astrocytes among the total cells added to the culture vessel is 30% or more, and then co-culturing in the culture vessel.
- the present invention was completed based on these findings.
- a method for producing a three-dimensional cell culture comprising the steps of: adding human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia to a culture vessel prior to co-culturing cells; and co-culturing the astrocytes, the neurons, and the microglia in the culture vessel, wherein the astrocytes account for 30% or more of all cells added to the culture vessel.
- ⁇ 3> The production method according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the step of adding human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia to a culture vessel prior to co-culture of the cells comprises the steps of suspending the human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia in a culture medium, and simultaneously adding the culture medium containing the astrocytes, neurons, and microglia obtained as described above to the culture vessel.
- ⁇ 4> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the astrocytes, the nerve cells, and the microglia are differentiated from human-derived pluripotent stem cells.
- ⁇ 5> The method according to ⁇ 4>, wherein the human-derived pluripotent stem cells are human iPS cells.
- ⁇ 6> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 5>, wherein the proportion of the microglia in the total cells added to the culture vessel is 50% or less.
- ⁇ 7> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6>, wherein the proportion of the nerve cells among all the cells added to the culture vessel is 10% or more.
- ⁇ 8> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>, wherein the three-dimensional cell culture is in a spheroid shape.
- a method for culturing a three-dimensional cell culture comprising the steps of: adding human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia to a culture vessel prior to co-culturing the cells; and co-culturing the astrocytes, the neurons, and the microglia in the culture vessel, wherein the astrocytes account for 30% or more of all the cells added to the culture vessel.
- ⁇ 11> The culture method according to ⁇ 9> or ⁇ 10>, wherein the step of adding human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia to a culture vessel prior to co-culture of the cells comprises the steps of suspending the human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia in a culture medium, and simultaneously adding the culture medium containing the astrocytes, neurons, and microglia obtained as described above to the culture vessel.
- ⁇ 12> The culture method according to any one of ⁇ 9> to ⁇ 11>, wherein the astrocytes, the nerve cells, and the microglia are differentiated from human-derived pluripotent stem cells.
- ⁇ 13> The culture method according to ⁇ 12>, wherein the human-derived pluripotent stem cells are human iPS cells.
- ⁇ 14> The culture method according to any one of ⁇ 9> to ⁇ 13>, wherein the proportion of the microglia in the total cells added to the culture vessel is 50% or less.
- ⁇ 15> The culture method according to any one of ⁇ 9> to ⁇ 14>, wherein the proportion of the nerve cells in the total cells added to the culture vessel is 10% or more.
- ⁇ 16> The culture method according to any one of ⁇ 9> to ⁇ 15>, wherein the three-dimensional cell culture is in a spheroid shape.
- ⁇ 17> A three-dimensional cell culture comprising human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia, obtained by the production method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 8>.
- ⁇ 18> A method for evaluating a test substance, comprising contacting the three-dimensional cell culture according to ⁇ 17> with the test substance.
- ⁇ 19> A method for evaluating a test substance, comprising producing a three-dimensional cell culture by the production method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 8>, and contacting the three-dimensional cell culture with a test substance.
- the three-dimensional cell culture produced by the method of the present invention is a culture system that mimics the human brain, and is useful for studying the intercellular interactions between neurons and glial cells in normal brain function, as well as pathological mechanisms.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of immunostaining of three-dimensional co-cultures.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of calcium imaging performed in three-dimensional co-cultures.
- the method for producing a three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention and the method for culturing a three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention are methods that include, prior to co-culturing the cells, a step of adding human-derived astrocytes, human-derived nerve cells, and human-derived microglia to a culture vessel, and a step of co-culturing the astrocytes, nerve cells, and microglia in the culture vessel, in which the proportion of the astrocytes among all the cells added to the culture vessel is 30% or more.
- the percentage of astrocytes among all cells added to the container is substantially the same as the percentage of astrocytes in the three-dimensional cell culture.
- the percentage of neurons among all cells added to the container is substantially the same as the percentage of neurons in the three-dimensional cell culture.
- the percentage of microglia among all cells added to the container is substantially the same as the percentage of microglia in the three-dimensional cell culture.
- astrocytes, nerve cells, and microglia can be added to a culture vessel simultaneously.
- the above three types of cells may be placed in one container, suspended and mixed in a culture medium, and then added to the culture container.
- the step of adding human-derived astrocytes, human-derived nerve cells, and human-derived microglia to the culture container includes a step of suspending human-derived astrocytes, human-derived nerve cells, and human-derived microglia in a culture medium, and a step of simultaneously adding the culture medium containing the astrocytes, nerve cells, and microglia obtained as described above to the culture container.
- each of the above three types of cells may be suspended in a separate culture medium and added to the same culture vessel at the same time.
- the three types of frozen cells that have been cryopreserved separately may be thawed and added to the same culture vessel at the same time.
- the manner in which astrocytes, nerve cells, and microglia are added to the culture vessel simultaneously is not limited to the above.
- three types of cells can be seeded simultaneously and co-cultured in any ratio. Furthermore, by culturing the three types of cells (astrocytes, neurons, and microglia) in three dimensions, it is possible to reflect and mimic the human brain more closely than conventional culture systems, which is useful for studying the brain's inherent functions and pathogenesis mechanisms. In the present invention, the use of three types of cells makes it possible to evaluate intercellular interactions in brain functions and pathogenesis.
- Three-dimensional culture of three types of cells allows evaluation of neural activity after three weeks of culture. Since two-dimensional co-culture of three types of cells requires four weeks of culture to evaluate neural activity, it is possible that three-dimensional culture promotes the construction of a neural cell network.
- the astrocytes, neurons, and microglia are preferably differentiated from human-derived pluripotent stem cells.
- pluripotent stem cells derived from humans include human iPS cells (human induced pluripotent stem cells), human ES cells (human embryonic stem cells), and human mesenchymal stem cells.
- Human iPS cells are preferred, but are not limited thereto.
- Human iPS cells are iPS cells created from human cells.
- human-derived pluripotent stem cells include pluripotent stem cells derived from a specimen that does not have a mutation in a disease-related gene that causes a nervous system disease, pluripotent stem cells derived from a specimen collected from a healthy human (healthy individual) that does not have a nervous system disease, pluripotent stem cells derived from a specimen collected from a patient with a disease, or pluripotent stem cells derived from a specimen that has a mutation in a disease-related gene.
- "No mutation in a disease-related gene” means that there is no mutation in a disease-related gene that causes a nervous system disease.
- the mutation when there is a mutation in a disease-related gene, the mutation may be an endogenous gene mutation that the patient originally has, or an exogenous gene mutation that has been artificially introduced. It is expected that the pathology of a disease derived from a specimen or a disease caused by a mutation in a disease-related gene can be mimicked by producing the three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention using pluripotent stem cells derived from a specimen collected from a patient with a disease, or pluripotent stem cells derived from a specimen that has a mutation in a disease-related gene.
- ES cells can be established, for example, by culturing early embryos prior to implantation, the inner cell mass that constitutes the above-mentioned early embryos, single blastomeres, etc. (Manipulating the Mouse Embryo A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1994; Thomson, J.A. et al: Science, 282, 1145-1147, 1998).
- an early embryo produced by nuclear transfer of the nucleus of a somatic cell may be used (Wilmut et al.: Nature, 385, 810, 1997; Cibelli et al.: Science, 280, 1256, 1998; Akira Iritani et al.: Protein Nucleic Acid Enzyme, 44, 892, 1999; Baguisi et al.: Nature Biotechnology, 17, 456, 1999; Wakayama et al.: Nature, 394, 369, 1998). ; Nature Genetics, 22, 127, 1999; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- Parthenogenetic embryos may be used as early embryos (Kim et al.: Science, 315, 482-486, 2007; Nakajima et al.: Stem Cells, 25, 983-985, 2007; Kim et al.: Cell Stem Cell, 1, 346-352, 2007; Revazova et al.: Cloning Stem Cells, 9, 432-449, 2007; Revazova et al.: Cloning Stem Cells, 10, 11-24, 2008).
- ES cells are available from collections or commercially available.
- human ES cells are available from the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University (e.g., KhES-1, KhES-2, and KhES-3), WiCell Research Institute, and ESI BIO.
- iPS cells are cells that have pluripotency (multi-lineage potential) and the ability to proliferate, and are produced by reprogramming somatic cells through the introduction of reprogramming factors. iPS cells exhibit properties similar to ES cells. There are no particular limitations on the somatic cells used to produce iPS cells, and they may be differentiated somatic cells or undifferentiated stem cells. iPS cells can be produced by known methods, etc. It is also naturally expected that iPS cell production methods developed in the future will be applied.
- the most basic method for generating iPS cells is to introduce the four transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc into cells using a virus (Takahashi K, Yamanaka S: Cell 126(4), 663-676, 2006; Takahashi K, et al: Cell 131(5), 861-72, 2007).
- a virus Teakahashi K, Yamanaka S: Cell 126(4), 663-676, 2006; Takahashi K, et al: Cell 131(5), 861-72, 2007.
- There are reports of human iPS cells being established by introducing the four factors Oct4, Sox2, Lin28, and Nanog Yu J, et al: Science 318(5858), 1917-1920, 2007.
- There have also been reports of the establishment of iPS cells by introducing three factors excluding c-Myc Neakagawa M, et al.: Nat. Biotechnol.
- histone methyltransferase G9a inhibitor BIX-01294, histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) or BayK8644 can improve the production efficiency and reduce the amount of factors introduced (Huangfu D, et al: Nat. Biotechnol. 26(7), 795-797, 2008; Huangfu D, et al: Nat. Biotechnol. 26(11), 1269-1275, 2008; Silva J, et al: PLoS. Biol. 6(10), e253, 2008).
- Cells that have been transformed into iPS cells, i.e., reprogrammed, can be selected using the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers (undifferentiated markers) such as Fbxo15, Nanog, Oct3/4, Fgf-4, Esg-1, and Cript as indicators.
- pluripotent stem cell markers such as Fbxo15, Nanog, Oct3/4, Fgf-4, Esg-1, and Cript as indicators.
- the selected cells can be recovered as iPS cells.
- iPS cells can also be induced from somatic cells by adding chemical compounds (Hou P, et al: Science 341 (6146), 651-654, 2013).
- iPS cells can also be obtained from, for example, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc. (FCDI), Kyoto University, or the RIKEN BioResource Center.
- human-derived astrocytes include astrocytes induced to differentiate from astrocyte precursor cells (XCell Science, XCS-AP-001-1V, etc.) and iCell (registered trademark) astrocytes (FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, C1037), with astrocytes induced to differentiate from astrocyte precursor cells being preferred. When inducing differentiation from astrocyte precursor cells into astrocytes, it is preferable to induce differentiation in the absence of serum.
- Human-derived neural cells can be obtained, for example, by inducing them from somatic cells taken from healthy individuals (healthy individuals) who do not have any disease-related gene mutations that cause nervous system diseases or nervous system diseases, or from human iPS cells made from somatic cells taken from patients with nervous system diseases, or by inducing them from established human iPS cell lines.
- the neural cells induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells are not particularly limited, but are preferably motor neurons, cerebral cortical excitatory neurons, or substantia nigra neurons.
- Methods for inducing differentiation of human-derived pluripotent stem cells into neurons are not particularly limited, but include a method in which neural stem cells are produced from pluripotent stem cells using treatment with low molecular weight compounds, etc., and then the cells are induced to differentiate into neurons, and a method in which the cells are directly induced to differentiate into neurons through gene expression, etc.
- Methods for inducing differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into neural cells include, for example, (1) A method of culturing in a serum-free medium to form embryoid bodies (cell masses containing neural precursor cells) and differentiate them (SFEB method: Watanabe K, et al., Nat. Neurosci., 8: 288-296, 2005; SFEBq method: Wataya T, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- a method of differentiating pluripotent stem cells by introducing and expressing a neural induction factor (such as a gene encoding the Neurogenin2 (NGN2) protein) into the pluripotent stem cells (WO2014/148646; and Zhang Y., et al., Neuron, 78:785-98, 2013); (6) A method of differentiating pluripotent stem cells by introducing and expressing miR-9/9*-124; and combinations of these methods.
- a neural induction factor such as a gene encoding the Neurogenin2 (NGN2) protein
- the method of introducing a gene encoding the NGN2 protein into pluripotent stem cells and expressing it is preferred because it allows for the production of mature nerve cells in a short period of time and with high efficiency.
- Human-derived nerve cells include induced nerve cells differentiated from iPS cells by forced expression of NGN2, iCell (registered trademark) glutamatergic nerve (FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, C1033), iCell (registered trademark) GABAergic nerve (FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, C1008), iCell (registered trademark) dopamine nerve (FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, C1028), iCell (registered trademark) motor nerve (FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, C1048), etc., with induced nerve cells differentiated from iPS cells by forced expression of NGN2 and iCell (registered trademark) glutamatergic nerve being preferred.
- human-derived microglia examples include iCell (registered trademark) microglia (FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, C1110) and microglia (Axol Bioscience, AX0664), with iCell (registered trademark) microglia being preferred.
- Astrocytes are cells that express at least one astrocyte-specific marker gene, which includes GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), S100 ⁇ (S100 calcium binding protein B), KCNJ10 (potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 10), AQP4 (Aquaporin-4), and SLC1A3 (solute carrier family 1 member 3).
- GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein
- S100 ⁇ S100 calcium binding protein B
- KCNJ10 potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 10
- AQP4 Amporin-4
- SLC1A3 concentrate carrier family 1 member 3
- the nerve cells are preferably cells that express at least one of the nerve cell-specific marker genes consisting of ⁇ -III tubulin, NeuN, N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), and MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2), and have ⁇ -III tubulin-positive processes (hereinafter referred to as neurites).
- nerve cell-specific marker genes consisting of ⁇ -III tubulin, NeuN, N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), and MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2), and have ⁇ -III tubulin-positive processes (hereinafter referred to as neurites).
- Microglia are cells that express at least one of the microglia-specific marker genes, including IBA1 (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1), CD33, CD45, TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2), P2RY12 (purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 12), TMEM119 (transmembrane protein 119), and CX3CR1 (CX3C-chemokine receptor 1).
- IBA1 ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1
- CD33 CD45
- TREM2 triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2
- P2RY12 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 12
- TMEM119 transmembrane protein 119
- CX3CR1 CX3C-chemokine receptor
- the expression level of a marker gene can usually be analyzed based on the amount of transcription product corresponding to the gene, or the amount of translation product produced, activity, etc.
- the expression level can be measured by measuring mRNA, which is the transcription product of the gene, or protein, which is the translation product of the gene, but it is preferable to measure mRNA or cDNA, which is its reverse transcription product.
- the expression of the translation product (protein) can be detected or measured by immunocytostaining, which uses antibodies to detect intracellular proteins.
- the proportion of the above-mentioned astrocytes among all cells added to the culture vessel is 30% or more, preferably 35% or more, more preferably 40% or more, and even more preferably 45% or more.
- the proportion of the above-mentioned astrocytes among all cells added to the culture vessel is generally 80% or less, and preferably 70% or less.
- the proportion of microglia among all cells added to the culture vessel is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 40% or less, and even more preferably 30% or less. There is no particular lower limit to the proportion of microglia among all cells added to the culture vessel, but it is generally 0.1% or more, preferably 1% or more, and even more preferably 10% or more.
- microglia activated by neuroinflammation affect other cells, making it possible to evaluate cell-to-cell interactions during neuroinflammation.
- the proportion of nerve cells among all cells added to the culture vessel is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 15% or more, even more preferably 20% or more, and particularly preferably 25% or more. There is no upper limit to the proportion of nerve cells, but it is generally 65% or less, and preferably 60% or less.
- astrocytes, neurons, and microglia are co-cultured in a culture vessel.
- a culture vessel a plate, a dish, a cell culture insert, a flask for cell culture, or the like having a well can be used, and a plate having a well is preferable.
- PrimeSurface (registered trademark) plate (Sumitomo Bakelite), Cell Repellent plate (Greiner Bio one), and the like can be mentioned, and PrimeSurface plate (Sumitomo Bakelite) is preferable.
- the shape of the culture vessel may be round-bottomed, U-bottomed, or V-bottomed, but is not limited thereto.
- the surface inside the container that comes into contact with the culture medium is preferably non-cell-adhesive. This allows the cells to be cultured in a suspended state, making it easier to form spheroids. Alternatively, only certain areas of the surface inside the container may be made cell-adhesive, with the remaining areas being non-cell-adhesive. In this case, cells will gather at the cell-adhesive areas, allowing spheroids to form.
- the lower limit of the number of cells (the number of cells is the total number of three types of cells; the same applies below) when seeded into a 96-well plate is not particularly limited, but is, for example, preferably 0.7 x 10 cells/well or more, more preferably 1.0 x 10 cells/well or more, even more preferably 1.2 x 10 cells/well or more, even more preferably 1.4 x 10 cells/well or more, particularly preferably 1.6 x 10 cells/well or more, and most preferably 1.8 x 10 cells/well or more.
- the upper limit of the cell density at the time of seeding into the culture vessel is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 8.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well or less, preferably less than 8.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well, more preferably 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well or less, even more preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well or less, even more preferably 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well or less, and particularly preferably 2.3 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well or less.
- the number of cells seeded into a 96-well plate is preferably from 1.0 x 104 cells/well to 8.0 x 104 cells/well, more preferably from 1.2 x 104 cells/well to 5.0 x 104 cells/well, even more preferably from 1.4 x 104 cells/well to 3.0 x 104 cells/well, still more preferably from 1.6 x 104 cells/well to 2.5 x 104 cells/well, and particularly preferably from 1.8 x 104 cells/well to 2.3 x 104 cells/well.
- the medium can be selected from known or commercially available media.
- the medium used for culturing can be a basal medium to which additives have been added.
- the basal medium can be, for example, DMEM, DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium)/F12, BrainPhys (registered trademark) Neuronal Medium, Neurobasal (trademark) Medium-A, Neurobasal (trademark) Medium, Neural Progenitor Basal Medium, NS-A Basal Medium, Basal Medium Eagle (BME), BGJb Medium, C
- the medium include MRL 1066 Medium, Glasgow Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Improved MEM Zinc Option, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM), Medium 199, Eagle MEM, ⁇ MEM, Ham's F12 Medium, RPMI 1640 Medium, and Fischer's Medium.
- a single medium or a combination of two or more types of medium may be used.
- Additives that can be added to the culture medium include serum, retinoic acid, Wnt, BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) (such as BMP-4), CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor), bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), EGF (epidermal growth factor), HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), SHH (sonic hedgehog), and NF-kappaB1 (NF-kappaB2).
- BMP bone morphogenetic protein
- BMP-4 CNTF
- BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- GDNF glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
- bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- HGF hepatocyte growth factor
- SHH sonic hedgehog
- NF-kappaB1 NF-kappaB2
- IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1
- Activin A Heregulin ⁇ -1, interleukins, 8-Br-cAMP, heparin, heparan sulfate, laminin, collagen, fibronectin, progesterone, selenite, B-27 (registered trademark) supplement, N2 Supplement with Transferrin (Apo), N2 Supplement with Transferrin, GlutaMAX (trademark), L(+)-ascorbic acid, ITS-supplement, MEM Non-Essential Amino Acid, GlutaMAX (trademark) supplement, and the like.
- antibiotics e.g., penicillin, streptomycin, etc.
- penicillin, streptomycin, etc. may be added.
- the culture conditions may be selected from those generally used for cell culture, such as conditions at 37° C. and 5% CO 2.
- the medium may be replaced at appropriate intervals (preferably once every 1 to 7 days, more preferably once every 2 to 3 days), but it is not necessary to replace the medium during the culture period.
- the three-dimensional cell culture produced in the present invention is preferably in the form of a spheroid.
- Spheroids can be formed by co-culturing astrocytes, neurons, and microglia in a culture vessel.
- three-dimensional cell cultures can be produced by co-culturing astrocytes, neurons, and microglia in a gelling culture medium in a culture vessel, and then gelling the culture medium after co-cultivation.
- the present invention provides a three-dimensional cell culture containing human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia, which is obtained by the above-mentioned method for producing a three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention.
- human-derived astrocytes, human-derived neurons, and human-derived microglia are added to a culture vessel prior to co-culture of cells, and therefore, in the three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention, it is assumed that astrocytes, neurons, and microglia are distributed throughout the core and surface of the three-dimensional cell culture.
- the three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention is a three-dimensional culture of three types of cells (astrocytes, neurons, and microglia), and can therefore reflect and mimic the human brain, and can be used, for example, to screen for new drugs useful for neurodegenerative diseases.
- Neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease (AD), spinocerebellar degeneration, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Lewy body disease, Huntington's disease, and Niemann-Pick disease.
- the present invention provides a method for evaluating a test substance, which comprises contacting the above-described three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention with the test substance.
- the present invention further provides a method for evaluating a test substance, which comprises producing a three-dimensional cell culture by the production method of the present invention, and contacting the above-described three-dimensional cell culture with the test substance.
- the present invention further comprises: (1) contacting the three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention with a test substance; (2) culturing the three-dimensional cell culture contacted with the test substance in the above step (1) and a control three-dimensional cell culture of the present invention that was not contacted with the test substance; (3) measuring the function of the three-dimensional cell culture (e.g., glutamine uptake, calcium oscillation, etc.); and (4) selecting a test substance that changes the function as a candidate drug, compared to a control that has not been contacted with the test substance.
- a method for screening a drug comprising:
- Test substances include, for example, proteins, peptides, antibodies, nucleic acids (gene expression vectors, siRNA, miRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, mRNA, etc.), viral vectors (AAV, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.), non-peptide compounds, synthetic compounds, synthetic low molecular weight compounds, natural compounds, cell extracts, extracellular vesicles, plant extracts, animal tissue extracts, plasma, extracts derived from marine organisms, cell culture supernatants, and microbial fermentation products.
- nucleic acids gene expression vectors, siRNA, miRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, mRNA, etc.
- viral vectors AAV, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.
- non-peptide compounds synthetic compounds, synthetic low molecular weight compounds, natural compounds, cell extracts, extracellular vesicles, plant extracts, animal tissue extracts, plasma, extracts derived from marine organisms, cell culture supernatants
- Test substances can also be obtained using any of the many approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including (1) biological library methods, (2) synthetic library methods using deconvolution, (3) one-bead one-compound library methods, and (4) synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection. While the biological library method using affinity chromatography selection is limited to peptide libraries, other approaches can be applied to peptide, non-peptide oligomer, or small molecule compound libraries of compounds (Lam (1997) Anticancer Drug Des. 12:145-67). Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art (DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6909-13; Erb et al. (1994) Proc.
- Compound libraries can be stored in solution (see Houghten (1992) Bio/Techniques 13:412-21) or on beads (Lam (1991) Nature 354:82-4), chips (Fodor (1993) Nature 364:555-6), bacteria (U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), spores (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,698, 5,403,484, and 5,223,409), plasmids (Cull et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 14:131-132), or in the form of plasmon receptors (Pierre et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 14:131-132). l. Acad. Sci.
- the three-dimensional cell culture may be contacted with the test substance by adding the test substance to the culture medium of the three-dimensional cell culture.
- the contact time is not particularly limited as long as it is long enough to confirm a change in the indicator, but may be, for example, 1 day or more, 2 days or more, 3 days or more, 4 days or more, 5 days or more, 6 days or more, or 7 days or more.
- the concentration of the test substance added can be adjusted appropriately depending on the properties of the compound (solubility, toxicity, etc.).
- the culture medium for the three-dimensional cell culture used when contacting the three-dimensional cell culture with the test substance is not particularly limited, as long as it is a medium capable of culturing the three-dimensional cell culture.
- the culture temperature when contacting the test substance with the three-dimensional cell culture is not particularly limited, but is about 30 to 40°C, preferably about 37°C, and the culture is performed in an atmosphere of CO2- containing air, and the CO2 concentration is preferably about 2 to 5%.
- Human iPS cell-derived astrocyte precursor cells (XCell Science, XCS-AP-001-1V) were seeded onto a flask coated with Matrigel basement membrane matrix (Corning, 354234) and cultured for 5 days (37°C, 5% CO2 ) using differentiation induction medium to induce differentiation into astrocytes.
- the differentiated astrocytes were detached using TrypLE (trademark) Select (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 12563-029) and centrifuged at 600 x g for 5 minutes at room temperature. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in 1 mL of co-culture medium, and the number of cells was counted.
- TrypLE trademark
- Select Thermo Fisher Scientific, 12563-029
- Neural cells generated by forced expression of the Ngn2 gene from iPS cells were thawed in a 37°C water bath. After thawing, the cells were added to co-culture medium and centrifuged at 600 ⁇ g for 5 minutes at room temperature. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in 1 mL of co-culture medium, and the number of cells was counted.
- iPS cell-derived microglia iCell® Microglia, FCDI, C1110
- iCell® Microglia FCDI, C1110
- Astrocytes, neurons, and microglia were mixed at a cell number ratio of 10:6:3 (53%:32%:16%) and seeded in a 96-well plate (PrimeSurface (registered trademark) Plate 96U, Sumitomo Bakelite, MS-9096U) at 1.9 x 10 4 cells/well.
- the cells were cultured at 37°C under 5% CO 2 conditions, and half of the medium was replaced three times a week.
- anti-MAP2 antibody Novus, NB300-213
- anti-IBA1 antibody Flujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, 019-19741
- anti-GFAP antibody Merck, MAB3402
- the secondary antibody reaction was performed using 1000-fold diluted Goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A11008) and 1000-fold diluted Goat anti-Chicken Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 594 (Thermo Fisher).
- the cells were treated with 1000-fold diluted Goat anti-Mouse Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 647 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A32728), and 1000-fold diluted Hoechst (registered trademark) 33342 solution (Dojindo, H342), and left to stand at room temperature for 60 minutes.
- FIG. 1 shows nuclei (Hoechst), (B) microglia (IBA1), (C) neurons (MAP2), and (D) astrocytes (GFAP) stained, and signals were detectable in all cells. It was also confirmed that astrocytes, neurons, and microglia were distributed throughout the core and surface of the three-dimensional co-culture.
- a working solution and a recording solution were prepared as follows.
- Three-dimensional co-cultures were prepared with a ratio of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia of 5:85:10, 80:10:10, or 60:30:10.
- the culture medium and an equal volume of Working solution were added, and the cells were incubated at 37°C for one hour. After that, the cells were washed with PBS(-), and an equal volume of Recording solution was added to the culture medium.
- green fluorescent images of Calbryte(TM) 520 AM were acquired using a confocal quantitative image cytometer CQ1 (3 images/sec, 2 min). Then, the fluorescence intensity was quantified over time using ImageJ (NIH, version.1.50i). The results are shown in Figure 2.
- the cells were blocked by treating with a 4% BSA solution (Sigma Aldrich, A416) in PBS(-) for 30 minutes. Then, the cells were treated with a 1000-fold diluted anti-IBA1 antibody (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, 011-27991) and an 800-fold diluted anti-NF- ⁇ B p65 antibody (Cell Signaling, 8242) as the primary antibody reaction, and left to stand overnight at 4°C.
- a 4% BSA solution Sigma Aldrich, A416
- PBS(-) PBS(-)
- the sections are treated with 1000-fold diluted Donkey anti-goat Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A11055), 1000-fold diluted Donkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 594 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A32754), and 1000-fold diluted Hoechst (registered trademark) 33342 solution (Dojindo, H342) as secondary antibody reaction, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 60 minutes.
- images are taken using a confocal quantitative image cytometer CQ1 (Yokogawa Electric Corporation, CellVoyager (registered trademark) CQ1) to obtain images.
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Abstract
Description
<1> 細胞の共培養に先立って、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程、および上記アストロサイトと、上記神経細胞と、上記ミクログリアとを培養容器中で共培養する工程を含む、三次元細胞培養物の製造方法であって、培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める上記アストロサイトの割合が30%以上である、三次元細胞培養物の製造方法。
<2> 上記アストロサイトと、上記神経細胞と、上記ミクログリアとを同時に培養容器に添加する、<1>に記載の製造方法。
<3> 細胞の共培養に先立って、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程が、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養培地に懸濁する工程、および上記により得られた上記アストロサイト、上記神経細胞および上記ミクログリアを含む培養培地を同時に培養容器に添加する工程を含む、<1>又は<2>に記載の製造方法。
<4> 上記アストロサイト、上記神経細胞、および上記ミクログリアが、ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞から分化誘導したものである、<1>から<3>の何れか一に記載の製造方法。
<5> 上記ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞が、ヒトiPS細胞である、<4>に記載の製造方法。
<6> 培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める上記ミクログリアの割合が50%以下である、<1>から<5>の何れか一に記載の製造方法。
<7> 培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める上記神経細胞の割合が10%以上である、<1>から<6>の何れか一に記載の製造方法。
<8> 上記三次元細胞培養物が、スフェロイド形状である、<1>から<7>の何れか一に記載の製造方法。
<9> 細胞の共培養に先立って、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程、および上記アストロサイトと、上記神経細胞と、上記ミクログリアとを培養容器中で共培養する工程を含む、三次元細胞培養物の培養方法であって、培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める上記アストロサイトの割合が30%以上である、三次元細胞培養物の培養方法。
<10> 上記アストロサイトと、上記神経細胞と、上記ミクログリアとを同時に培養容器に添加する、<9>に記載の培養方法。
<11> 細胞の共培養に先立って、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程が、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養培地に懸濁する工程、および上記により得られた上記アストロサイト、上記神経細胞および上記ミクログリアを含む培養培地を同時に培養容器に添加する工程を含む、<9>または<10>に記載の培養方法。
<12> 上記アストロサイト、上記神経細胞、および上記ミクログリアが、ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞から分化誘導したものである、<9>から<11>の何れか一に記載の培養方法。
<13> 上記ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞が、ヒトiPS細胞である、<12>に記載の培養方法。
<14> 培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める上記ミクログリアの割合が50%以下である、<9>から<13>の何れか一に記載の培養方法。
<15> 培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める上記神経細胞の割合が10%以上である、<9>から<14>の何れか一に記載の培養方法。
<16> 上記三次元細胞培養物が、スフェロイド形状である、<9>から<15>の何れか一に記載の培養方法。
<17> <1>から<8>の何れか一に記載の製造方法により得られる、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを含む三次元細胞培養物。
<18> <17>に記載の三次元細胞培養物と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、被験物質の評価方法。
<19> <1>から<8>の何れか一に記載の製造方法により三次元細胞培養物を製造すること、および上記三次元細胞培養物と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、被験物質の評価方法。
容器に添加された全細胞中に占めるアストロサイトの割合と、三次元細胞培養物におけるアストロサイトの割合は、実質的に同じである。容器に添加された全細胞中に占める神経細胞の割合と、三次元細胞培養物における神経細胞の割合は、実質的に同じである。容器に添加された全細胞中に占めるミクログリアの割合と、三次元細胞培養物におけるミクログリアの割合は、実質的に同じである。
具体的には、例えば、上記の3種の細胞を1つの容器に入れて培養培地に懸濁および混合したものを培養容器に添加してもよい。この場合には、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程は、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養培地に懸濁する工程、および上記により得られた上記アストロサイト、上記神経細胞および上記ミクログリアを含む培養培地を同時に培養容器に添加する工程を含む。
ただし、アストロサイトと、神経細胞と、ミクログリアとを同時に培養容器に添加する態様は、上記に限定されるものではない。
(1)無血清培地中で培養して胚様体(神経前駆細胞を含む細胞塊)を形成させて分化させる方法(SFEB法:Watanabe K,et al,Nat.Neurosci.,8:288-296,2005;SFEBq法:Wataya T,et al Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA.,105:11796-11801,2008);
(2)ストローマ細胞上で培養して分化させる方法(SDIA法:Kawasaki H,et al,Neuron,28:31-40,2000);
(3)薬剤を添加したマトリゲル上で培養して分化させる方法(Chambers S.M,et al,Nat.Biotechnol.,27:275-280,2009);
(4)サイトカインの代替物として低分子化合物を含む培地中で培養して分化する方法(米国特許第5,843,780号);
(5)多能性幹細胞に神経誘導因子(Neurogenin2(NGN2)タンパク質をコードする遺伝子など)を導入し発現させることで分化させる方法(WO2014/148646;およびZhang Y.,et al,Neuron,78:785-98,2013);
(6)多能性幹細胞にmiR-9/9*-124を導入し発現させることで分化させる方法;
およびこれらの方法の組み合わせなどが挙げられる。
培養容器としては、ウェルを有するプレート、ディッシュ、セルカルチャーインサート、または細胞培養用フラスコなどを使用することができ、ウェルを有するプレートが好ましい。具体的には、PrimeSurface(登録商標)プレート(住友ベークライト)、セルリペレント・プレート(Greiner Bio one)などが挙げられ、PrimeSurfaceプレート(住友ベークライト)が好ましい。
(1)本発明の三次元細胞培養物と被験物質とを接触させる工程、
(2)上記工程(1)で上記被験物質と接触させた三次元細胞培養物、および上記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の本発明の三次元細胞培養物を培養する工程、
(3)上記三次元細胞培養物の機能(例えば、グルタミン取り込み、カルシムオシレーションなど)を測定する工程、および
(4)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、上記の機能を変化させる被験物質を、候補薬剤として選択する工程、
を含む、薬剤のスクリーニング方法が提供される。
マトリゲル基底膜マトリックス(Corning,354234)にてコーティングしたフラスコに、ヒトiPS細胞由来アストロサイト前駆細胞(XCell Science,XCS-AP-001-1V)を播種し、分化誘導培地を用いて5日間培養(37℃、5%CO2)することでアストロサイトへと分化誘導した。
3週間培養した三次元共培養物は、4%パラホルムアルデヒド・りん酸緩衝液(富士フイルム和光純薬,161-20141)で30分間処理することにより固定した。PBS(-)にて洗浄後、PBS(-)で0.4%に希釈したTriton(登録商標) X-100溶液(BioVision,2104-100)を15分処理することで透過処理を行った。透過処理後、PBS(-)で4%の濃度に調整したBSA溶液(Sigma Aldrich,A416)を30分処理し、ブロッキングを行った。その後、一次抗体反応として600倍希釈した抗MAP2抗体(Novus,NB300-213)、600倍希釈した抗IBA1抗体(富士フイルム和光純薬,019-19741)、および3000倍希釈した抗GFAP抗体(Merck,MAB3402)を処理し、4℃で一晩静置した。
下記に従い、Working溶液、およびRecording溶液を調製した。
3週間培養した三次元共培養物は、終濃度が100ng/mLとなるようにLipopolysaccharide(LPS),from E.coli O127(富士フイルム和光純薬,124-05151)で処理し、0、0.5、1、3、6、および24時間後に4%パラホルムアルデヒド・りん酸緩衝液(富士フイルム和光純薬,161-20141)で30分処理することにより固定する。PBS(-)にて洗浄後、PBS(-)で0.4%に希釈したTriton(登録商標)X-100溶液(BioVision,2104-100)で15分間処理することで透過処理を行う。透過処理後、PBS(-)で4%の濃度に調整したBSA溶液(Sigma Aldrich,A416)で30分処理し、ブロッキングを行う。その後、一次抗体反応として1000倍希釈した抗IBA1抗体(富士フイルム和光純薬,011-27991)、および800倍希釈した抗NF-κB p65抗体(Cell Signaling,8242)で処理し、4℃で一晩静置する。
翌日、PBS(-)で洗浄後、二次抗体反応として1000倍希釈したDonkey anti-goat Alexa Fluor(登録商標) 488(Thermo fisher scientific,A11055)、1000倍希釈したDonkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor(登録商標) 594(Thermo fisher scientific,A32754)、および1000倍希釈したHoechst(登録商標) 33342 solution(Dojindo,H342)で処理し、室温で60分間静置する。PBS(-)にて洗浄後、共焦点定量イメージサイトメーターCQ1(横河電機株式会社、CellVoyager(登録商標) CQ1)にて撮影し、画像を取得する。
Claims (19)
- 細胞の共培養に先立って、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程、および前記アストロサイトと、前記神経細胞と、前記ミクログリアとを培養容器中で共培養する工程を含む、三次元細胞培養物の製造方法であって、培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める前記アストロサイトの割合が30%以上である、三次元細胞培養物の製造方法。
- 前記アストロサイトと、前記神経細胞と、前記ミクログリアとを同時に培養容器に添加する、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 細胞の共培養に先立って、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程が、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養培地に懸濁する工程、および上記により得られた前記アストロサイト、前記神経細胞および前記ミクログリアを含む培養培地を同時に培養容器に添加する工程を含む、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 前記アストロサイト、前記神経細胞、および前記ミクログリアが、ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞から分化誘導したものである、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 前記ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞が、ヒトiPS細胞である、請求項4に記載の製造方法。
- 培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める前記ミクログリアの割合が50%以下である、請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める前記神経細胞の割合が10%以上である、請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記三次元細胞培養物が、スフェロイド形状である、請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 細胞の共培養に先立って、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程、および前記アストロサイトと、前記神経細胞と、前記ミクログリアとを培養容器中で共培養する工程を含む、三次元細胞培養物の培養方法であって、培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める前記アストロサイトの割合が30%以上である、三次元細胞培養物の培養方法。
- 前記アストロサイトと、前記神経細胞と、前記ミクログリアとを同時に培養容器に添加する、請求項9に記載の培養方法。
- 細胞の共培養に先立って、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養容器に添加する工程が、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを培養培地に懸濁する工程、および上記により得られた前記アストロサイト、前記神経細胞および前記ミクログリアを含む培養培地を同時に培養容器に添加する工程を含む、請求項9に記載の培養方法。
- 前記アストロサイト、前記神経細胞、および前記ミクログリアが、ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞から分化誘導したものである、請求項9に記載の培養方法。
- 前記ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞が、ヒトiPS細胞である、請求項12に記載の培養方法。
- 培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める前記ミクログリアの割合が50%以下である、請求項9から13の何れか一項に記載の培養方法。
- 培養容器に添加された全細胞中に占める前記神経細胞の割合が10%以上である、請求項9から13の何れか一項に記載の培養方法。
- 前記三次元細胞培養物が、スフェロイド形状である、請求項9から13の何れか一項に記載の培養方法。
- 請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の製造方法により得られる、ヒト由来のアストロサイトと、ヒト由来の神経細胞と、ヒト由来のミクログリアとを含む三次元細胞培養物。
- 請求項17に記載の三次元細胞培養物と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、被験物質の評価方法。
- 請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の製造方法により三次元細胞培養物を製造すること、および前記三次元細胞培養物と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、被験物質の評価方法。
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