WO2024256730A1 - Verfahren zum betrieb einer energieversorgungsanlage, energieversorgungsanlage mit einer vielzahl von wechselrichtern und wechselrichter - Google Patents
Verfahren zum betrieb einer energieversorgungsanlage, energieversorgungsanlage mit einer vielzahl von wechselrichtern und wechselrichter Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024256730A1 WO2024256730A1 PCT/EP2024/066854 EP2024066854W WO2024256730A1 WO 2024256730 A1 WO2024256730 A1 WO 2024256730A1 EP 2024066854 W EP2024066854 W EP 2024066854W WO 2024256730 A1 WO2024256730 A1 WO 2024256730A1
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- power
- inverter
- inverters
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- control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/38—Arrangements for feeding a single network from two or more generators or sources in parallel; Arrangements for feeding already energised networks from additional generators or sources in parallel
- H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/38—Arrangements for feeding a single network from two or more generators or sources in parallel; Arrangements for feeding already energised networks from additional generators or sources in parallel
- H02J3/46—Controlling the sharing of generated power between the generators, sources or networks
- H02J3/48—Controlling the sharing of active power
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/493—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode the static converters being arranged for operation in parallel
Definitions
- the application relates to a method for operating an energy supply system as well as an energy supply system and an inverter.
- the energy supply system has a plurality of inverters and a system controller.
- the system controller is communicatively connected to the inverters.
- the inverters of the energy supply system have a common grid connection via which they exchange electrical power with an alternating voltage grid.
- the energy exchanged as instantaneous reserve power between the power supply system and the AC network is taken from or supplied to the rotating mass of the conventional power supply systems by rotating the respective flywheel is slowed down or accelerated, whereby the exchanged power and the exchanged energy are limited by the physical properties of the energy supply system as a whole.
- the provision of the instantaneous reserve ends as soon as the voltage space vector of the flywheel has synchronized with the voltage space vector of the network and its rotation frequency has adjusted to the network frequency, ie in particular as soon as the network frequency has stopped drifting away, for example after the power imbalance has been eliminated by further frequency maintenance mechanisms or a network self-regulation effect.
- Energy supply systems that exchange electrical power with the AC network via power electronic converters, such as photovoltaic systems, wind turbines or grid-connected energy storage systems, generally have no rotating masses and therefore no mechanical inertia, practically no mechanical storage capacity and no significant overcurrent capacity.
- the power electronic converters of such energy supply systems especially inverters, can be set up to exchange a given electrical power with an existing AC network or can themselves create an island network.
- DE 10 2020 119 039 A1 discloses a system with inverters that operate with a respective droop control to impress voltage and can react "instantly" to grid events by changing the power.
- a system controller adjusts parameters of the droop controls. The adjustment includes in particular a change in the target frequency or, alternatively, the target power in response to a change in power in order to return the system's power to a target grid power after a grid event.
- This solution makes it possible to precisely set the target grid power at the grid connection.
- EP 3 783 765 A1 discloses a P(df/dt) inertia emulation that can be implemented, for example, by means of superimposed controls. This also makes it possible to implement grid-following control concepts that can be stationary and accurate at the grid connection if, for example, an integral component is used in the system controller.
- the application is based on the object of providing a method for operating an energy supply system and an energy supply system by means of which the exchange of electrical energy between the energy supply system with several inverters and an AC voltage network can be further improved. It is also an object of providing an inverter for use in such an energy supply system.
- a power supply system with a large number of inverters and a system controller that is communicatively connected to the inverters has a grid connection to which the inverters are connected and which is connected to an alternating voltage grid.
- the inverters exchange electrical exchange power with the alternating voltage grid via the grid connection, so that the power supply system exchanges a total exchange power with the alternating voltage grid that includes the respective electrical exchange power of the inverters.
- the system controller determines individual inverter target powers depending on a system target value for the total exchange power of the power supply system.
- the system controller transmits the individual inverter target powers to the inverter controls.
- the respective inverter controls set the respective exchange powers of the inverters depending on the inverter target powers.
- the method is characterized in that the inverter controls are designed to shape the grid and the inverters provide individually adjustable instantaneous reserve power.
- an energy supply system can be operated in such a way that it provides, via its grid connection, on the one hand a total exchange power and, on the other hand, an instantaneous reserve power, which are each composed of individually adjusted contributions from the grid-shaping regulated inverters.
- measured exchange powers of the respective inverters are transmitted to the system controller.
- the system controller continuously recalculates the inverter target powers depending on the measured exchange powers and transmits them to the inverters.
- the controls of the respective inverters then adjust their respective exchange powers depending on the respective newly determined inverter target powers.
- the total exchange power at the grid connection can be set more precisely while simultaneously providing instantaneous reserve.
- the contributions of the individual inverters to the total Exchange power can be set precisely by the system controller.
- all power contributions to the instantaneous reserve power can be set with high precision both at the grid connection and within the energy supply system.
- the total exchange power and the instantaneous reserve power at the grid connection can be individually distributed among the inverters within the energy supply system, whereby the distribution among the inverters can be optimized in particular with regard to the respective requirements of the energy sources, storage devices or consumers connected to the inverters.
- a stationary, precise distribution of power between individual inverters in the energy supply system can therefore be achieved while maintaining high dynamics of the instantaneous reserve power at the grid connection.
- the system controller is a unit, e.g. a computing unit, for recording, signal processing and controlling or regulating the energy supply system as a whole.
- the system controller regulates in particular the total exchange power at the grid connection.
- the electrical power controlled by the method and exchanged with the AC network can be pure active power or pure reactive power.
- the method can be used to control a power that represents positive sequence power or negative sequence power.
- the method can be used to control currents instead of powers. These can be active currents or reactive currents that are used in positive sequence components and/or in negative sequence components in the control.
- the system controller determines the individual inverter target powers by standardizing the system target value to the respective relative nominal power of the respective inverter and adding an individual offset value, with the sum of the offset values preferably being zero.
- the standardization can be done, for example, by dividing the nominal power of the respective inverter by the sum of the nominal powers of the inverters in the energy supply system.
- the individual offset can be used to take into account, in particular, individual conditions of a respective inverter, e.g. its age or its operating time, as well as individual conditions of the DC voltage sources or DC voltage sinks connected to the inverters, e.g. a current charge level of a connected energy storage device, a utilization of a connected consumer, e.g.
- the different power distribution between individual inverters in the energy supply system can be used, for example, to balance charge states and aging states of individual DC voltage sources connected to the inverters, e.g. batteries, or to Controlling electrolysers or other connected consumers of different power classes.
- By setting the sum of the offset values to zero it is possible for the inverters of the energy generation system to contribute more or less to the desired total exchange power depending on their individual circumstances.
- the power contributions can thus be set even more precisely, while at the same time setting the total exchange power precisely.
- the grid-forming controls (50. X) react autonomously to grid events with an individually adjustable power response.
- the grid-forming controls of the inverters each comprise a voltage-impressing droop control and an inertia-generating control, which are linked together as part of the grid-forming control and provide an instantaneous reserve power overall.
- the inverters use a respective droop control to set their respective exchange powers based on a droop characteristic curve depending on a droop characteristic curve reference power and a respective voltage curve deviation of a voltage curve of a grid voltage from a respective reference curve with reference to a droop setpoint.
- the droop setpoint can in particular be a setpoint frequency or a setpoint voltage amplitude. If the method is used to control the active power of the energy supply system, the droop control can specify an f(P) relationship between a respective exchange active power as a measure of the voltage curve deviation and a frequency or phase deviation related to a target frequency. If the method is used to control the reactive power of the energy supply system, the droop control specifies a U(Q) relationship between a respective exchange reactive power as a measure of the voltage curve deviation and a voltage deviation related to a target voltage amplitude. In the case of controlling a positive or negative sequence power, the droop setpoint includes corresponding setpoints of the positive and negative sequence components of the frequency or phase angle as well as the voltage amplitude.
- the respective inverters can react to voltage curve deviations in the AC network and provide or receive more or less electrical power through synchronous, rapid adjustment of the frequency and amplitude of the voltage curve of the voltage provided on the grid side of the inverter.
- the occurrence of an initial voltage curve deviation of the voltage curve of the grid voltage from a reference voltage curve causes a deviation of the exchange active power of the inverter with respect to the target frequency and a deviation of the exchange reactive power of the AC with respect to the target voltage amplitude. inverter from the respective droop characteristic reference power.
- the voltage curve deviation of the voltage curve is in particular a phase angle difference between the phase angle of the output voltage of the inverter and the grid voltage, which causes the deviation of the exchange active power via an output-side impedance, or an amplitude difference between an amplitude of the output voltage of the inverter and the grid voltage, which causes the deviation of the reactive power.
- the exchange active power and the exchange reactive power therefore serve as the respective measure for the phase angle difference and the amplitude difference, respectively.
- the exchange active power in the droop control is in turn converted into a proportional change in the frequency of the output voltage of the inverter using the droop characteristic.
- the droop control synchronizes the frequency of the output voltage to the grid frequency, but maintains the resulting phase angle difference so that the exchange active power of the inverter deviates from the droop characteristic reference power by a value that is essentially proportional to the deviation of the grid frequency from the target frequency.
- the energy supply system can react to changes or jumps in the phase angle and/or the frequency of the voltage space vector of the grid voltage with a targeted variation of the active power or to changes in the amplitude of the grid voltage with a targeted variation of the reactive power, whereby the strength of the variation can be adjusted by the slope of the droop characteristic.
- droop control is that the frequency and amplitude of the voltage curve of the output voltage of the respective inverter is synchronized with the voltage curve of the AC network in such a way that an instantaneous power response in terms of active power and/or reactive power is made possible at the grid connection point of the energy supply system, which can be adjusted using the droop characteristic curve and is proportional to the deviation of the voltage curve of the output voltage from the specified frequency and voltage amplitude.
- the grid-shaping contribution of droop control is made by a deviation of the inverter's actual power from the inverter's target power and continues until the deviation of the voltage curve of the output voltage from the specified frequency and voltage amplitude is canceled out, for example by a higher-level control and/or a return of the AC voltage of the AC network to a pre-fault state.
- This can make an important contribution to grid shaping, e.g. in the form of highly dynamic grid services, particularly for frequency and voltage maintenance.
- the inverters can use an inertia-generating control to vary an input value of the droop control, in particular the droop characteristic curve reference power, depending on an individual power deviation of the respective inverter in order to return the exchange power of the inverters to the respective inverter target power if there is a deviation of the voltage curve of the output voltage from the voltage in the AC voltage network and consequently a power reaction takes place due to the droop control.
- the individual power deviation of the respective inverter can correspond to a deviation of the measured individual exchange power from the inverter target power specified by the system controller.
- the dynamics of returning the exchange power of the inverters to the respective inverter target power can be set in the inertia-generating control in particular by means of an inertia constant, which is multiplied by the (integrated) power deviation of the respective inverter when the droop characteristic curve reference power is varied.
- inertia-based control is that the inertia of the resulting voltage space vector of the energy supply system can be adjusted during network events in such a way that the resulting power and energy exchange with the power grid is proportional to the rate of change of the frequency or the amplitude of the voltage curve of the grid voltage.
- Instantaneous reserve requirements can be met and the energy supply systems operated using this method have a network-shaping effect to the best of their ability.
- the individual power and energy reserves of the sources and/or sinks connected to the inverters which are available for the purpose of forming the grid with this mode of operation, can be optimally utilized using the adjustable inertia constants of the inertia-generating control.
- the inertia-generating control requires fewer energy reserves for forming the grid compared to pure droop control.
- the inertia-generating control enables the individual exchange power of the inverters and thus also the total exchange power of the energy supply system to be set with high stationary accuracy in relation to the system setpoint, especially in the case of a stationary deviation of the voltage curve of the output voltage from a voltage curve with nominal frequency and nominal voltage.
- the grid-forming controls of the inverters include a sign-dependent weighting of the deviation of the individual exchange power from the respective target power.
- the grid-forming controls can include an asymmetry statics that calculates the deviation of the individual exchange power from the respective target power depending on the sign of the Voltage curve deviation is weighted differently.
- Such asymmetry statics can in particular include an asymmetric characteristic curve that is used in the droop control and/or in the inertia-generating control of the inverter.
- An asymmetry static can, for example, be used in the respective droop control to adjust the frequency of the output voltage of the inverter either slowly or quickly in the event of a voltage curve deviation due to a grid frequency gradient, depending on the sign of the grid frequency gradient, i.e. in which direction the grid frequency changes.
- the asymmetry statics in the droop control can be implemented as an asymmetric droop characteristic or droop asymmetry statics, which, for example, translates a positive deviation of the exchange active power due to a falling grid frequency into a comparatively small tracking change in the frequency of the output voltage of the inverter, so that a comparatively large phase angle difference arises and a correspondingly large amount of instantaneous reserve power is called up; conversely, a negative deviation of the exchange active power due to an increasing grid frequency can be translated into a comparatively large tracking change in the frequency of the output voltage of the inverter, so that the phase angle difference remains comparatively small and a correspondingly small amount of instantaneous reserve power is called up.
- the droop asymmetry statics can be configured in exactly the opposite way, for example to provide little instantaneous reserve power when the grid frequency falls and a lot of instantaneous reserve power when the grid frequency rises.
- an asymmetry static can be used in the inertia-generating control to vary the droop characteristic curve reference power quickly or slowly in the event of an individual power deviation of the respective inverter, depending on the sign of the power deviation.
- An individual power deviation can occur in particular if the respective inverter target power is changed by the system controller and/or if there is a voltage curve deviation with a possible reaction of the droop control to this.
- the asymmetry statics in the inertia-generating control can be implemented as an asymmetric inertia constant or inertia asymmetry statics.
- a positive deviation of the exchange active power due to a falling grid frequency can be multiplied by a comparatively large inertia constant, so that the droop characteristic reference power varies comparatively strongly in a counteracting manner and accordingly little instantaneous reserve power is called up; conversely, a negative deviation of the exchange active power due to an increasing grid frequency can be multiplied by a is multiplied by a comparatively small inertia constant, so that the droop characteristic reference power varies comparatively little in a counteracting manner and a correspondingly large amount of instantaneous reserve power is called up.
- the inertia asymmetry statics can be configured in exactly the opposite way, in order to provide a lot of instantaneous reserve power when the grid frequency drops and little instantaneous reserve power when the grid
- This sign dependency of the asymmetry statics means that the instantaneous reserve power that an inverter provides for a given voltage curve deviation can be individually set. This takes into account, at least indirectly, the direction in which the exchange power of the respective inverter changes due to the underlying grid event, and this grid-forming change in the exchange power is either permitted and, if necessary, increased, or limited and, if necessary, suppressed.
- the sign-dependent weighting of the deviation of the exchange power from a respective target power in the grid-forming control can differ by at least a factor of 2 for the two signs of the voltage curve deviation, for example depending on the sign of a grid frequency gradient, for example in order to counteract a falling grid frequency, which indicates a critical power deficit in the AC voltage grid, with a larger instantaneous reserve power than an increasing grid frequency, which indicates a possibly less critical power surplus in the AC voltage grid.
- the weighting is preferably different by at least a factor of 5 depending on the sign, particularly preferably by at least a factor of 10, in particular in order to adjust the provision of an asymmetric instantaneous reserve power, which is largely only generated with one sign of the voltage curve deviation and is as completely absent as possible with an opposite voltage curve deviation.
- the asymmetry statics can also be dependent on the grid frequency.
- the grid frequency can be measured in the AC grid, for example, or approximated by the output frequency of the inverter.
- the asymmetry statics can be set up using a case distinction so that an instantaneous reserve power is only provided due to a grid frequency gradient if the grid frequency deviates from a nominal frequency in the same direction as the grid frequency gradient, i.e. if, for example, there is an overfrequency and the grid frequency continues to rise.
- an instantaneous reserve power provided based on the asymmetry statics can be suppressed if the grid frequency gradient points in the direction of the nominal frequency, i.e.
- the asymmetry statics can additionally or alternatively depend on the respective exchange power. This provides a further degree of freedom for individually setting the instantaneous reserve power provided by the respective inverter, for example by limiting the instantaneous reserve power to a maximum exchange power or only starting at a minimum exchange power.
- the power control speed of the droop control is typically faster than the power control speed of the inertia-generating control, so that the adjustment of the exchange power by the droop control when a voltage curve deviation occurs is faster than the variation of the droop characteristic reference power by the inertia-generating control (53. X) when a deviation of the exchange power from the inverter target power occurs.
- the energy supply system with the method according to the application responds quickly to changes in the power setpoint using the droop control and reacts to network events using the inertia-generating control with a predeterminable instantaneous reserve power.
- a power deviation at the network connection is caused by a reaction of the droop control to a voltage curve deviation
- the control behavior and the disturbance behavior of the energy supply system can be decoupled from one another.
- the synchronizing behavior of the droop control enables faster synchronization with other voltage sources in the energy supply network, which leads to fewer compensating oscillations and better damping.
- the inertia-generating component ensures that the exchange power during network events is comparable to the inertia of a rotating mass, i.e. proportional to the gradient of the frequency or the voltage amplitude during the network event, so that the exchange power can be adjusted to the system setpoint according to an adjustable inertia dynamic. This behavior enables the energy supply system to make an optimal contribution to grid stability and energy supply.
- the total exchange power of the energy supply system is determined and, for example, in the system controller, a total power deviation of the total exchange power from the sum of the measured exchange powers of the inverters is determined.
- the total power deviation can be standardized to the respective relative nominal powers of the respective inverters and the standardized partial power deviations thus determined can be taken into account when determining the inverter target powers, e.g. in the system controller.
- the respective inertia-generating controls vary the droop characteristic curve reference power of the droop control using a feedforward control with the product of an individual feedforward control value and a first correction factor.
- the respective droop controls determine the phase angle of the output voltage of the inverter using a feedforward control with the product of the individual feedforward control value and a second correction factor.
- the individual feedforward control value can be formed in particular by the individual share of the inverter in the system setpoint or by a weighted sum of the individual share of the inverter in the system setpoint and the individual inverter setpoint power, wherein the weighted sum is formed in particular by means of two correction factors whose sum is equal to one.
- the input value of the droop control in particular the droop characteristic curve reference power
- the input value of the droop control is varied within the framework of the inertia-generating control depending on the product of a first weighting factor and the individual deviation of the measured individual exchange power of the respective inverter from the inverter target power of the respective inverter.
- the input value of the droop control in particular the droop characteristic curve reference power
- an input value of the inertia-generating control can be formed from a sum of the individual power deviation and the individual share in the system deviation weighted by the weighting factors. It can be provided that the sum of the first weighting factor and the second weighting factor results in the value one.
- a power supply system with a large number of inverters and a system controller that is communicatively connected to the inverters is designed to be operated using one of the methods described above.
- the Controls of the inverters of the energy supply system each have an asymmetry statics and are designed to provide an individually adjustable symmetrical or asymmetrical instantaneous reserve power, wherein the energy supply system is designed to provide an adjustable symmetrical or asymmetrical instantaneous reserve power at the grid connection.
- At least one inverter is also provided which is designed for use in such an energy supply system.
- the inverter has a network-forming control which in particular comprises a droop control and a superimposed inertia-generating control for changing an input value of the droop control, in particular a droop characteristic curve reference power.
- the inverter is preferably regulated in a voltage-impressing manner and can in particular comprise an asymmetry static and provide an adjustable symmetrical or asymmetrical instantaneous reserve power.
- the controls can be set to currents instead of powers. These can be active currents or reactive currents that are used in positive sequence components and/or negative sequence components in the control. This allows a high level of current accuracy to be set at the grid connection.
- connection point of the energy supply system to the AC network can alternatively be any other point in the AC network, e.g. a so-called point of stability, POS.
- the point of stability can be controlled, for example, by the energy supply system described or by a plurality of energy supply systems.
- the described method can be used to cover the need for additional instantaneous reserve, particularly in regions with a high proportion of non-conventional, e.g. renewable energy supply systems and/or with spatially extensive network structures made up of energy storage systems, photovoltaic systems and/or wind power plants.
- the method and the energy supply system can provide instantaneous reserve power and primary control power as part of network system services, which can be offered, for example, on a corresponding control power or control energy market.
- So-called network boosters or statcoms are examples of commercially available network-forming network resources. The provision of network services is made possible at the network connection of the energy supply system and thus extends beyond the control of individual inverters.
- the provision of power in particular the inertia behavior in combination with other network-forming properties at the network connection, can be provided with great precision and dynamism by the method and the energy supply system as per the application.
- the utilization of available power reserves of the energy supply system can be improved so that the energy supply system can effectively contribute to security of supply.
- Fig. 1 shows schematically a known method for operating a power supply system
- Fig. 4-11 show schematically various concrete embodiments of the method according to the application for operating an energy supply system
- Fig. 12-24 show time courses of various electrical quantities resulting from an excitation by an exemplary network event when applying the method according to the application with different parameters.
- the droop control 51.X receives as input value the droop characteristic reference power PspT,x from the inertia-generating control 53.X of the inverter 10.X. From the droop characteristic reference power PSPT,X and a measured individual exchange power PiNv,x of the inverter 10.X, an individual droop inverter deviation APxi of the inverter 10.X is determined. Using a droop characteristic, specifically here using the frequency constant Kf, a frequency shift Af is determined from this. The frequency shift Af is added to the target frequency fspT of the AC voltage network 24. The resulting frequency f is converted into a phase angle 3 and output as a voltage curve 3 to the converter 30.X.
- an instantaneous reserve power provided on the basis of the asymmetry statics can be suppressed if the grid frequency gradient points in the direction of the nominal frequency, i.e. if, for example, there is an overfrequency and an already falling grid frequency is not to be unnecessarily counteracted.
- the optional dependence of the asymmetry statics 55.X and/or 57.X on the exchange power PINV,X of the inverter 10.X can be used as a further degree of freedom, for example to define a power limitation and/or a dead band for the instantaneous reserve power, so that the instantaneous reserve power can be limited to a maximum exchange power or only starts at a minimum exchange power.
- Figures 16 and 17 show exemplary time courses of the target and actual values for a power supply system 11 and its inverters 10.1, 10.2 when using a method of one of Figures 5 to 7 with differently parameterized asymmetry statics 55. X, 57. X.
- the system controller 28 transmits the standardized, i.e. converted to the inverter 10.X, individual deviation component AP P oi,x of the system deviation AP POi of the power P P oi at the grid connection 26 compared to the system setpoint PSPT.POI to the respective inverter 10.X and is weighted relative to the individual power control deviation APINV.X in the inertia-generating control 53.X to calculate the droop characteristic reference power PSPT,X using the second weighting factor K2. This serves the inertia accuracy at the grid connection 26.
- the transmission of this information can be useful in the presence of communication delays in the transmission of the individual exchange powers PINV,X of the inverters 10.X in the system 11 to the system controller 18. This can improve the dynamics of dispatching.
- the individual deviation component APPOI, x of the system deviation APPOI of the power PPOI at the grid connection point 26 can also be formed in the inverter 10.X if the necessary signals, in particular the system deviation APPOI, are transmitted to the inverter 10.X.
- Figure 8 also shows the optional delay element 34. This delays the system setpoint PSPT.POI by D sampling steps compared to the feedback signal of the total exchange power PPOI when the system deviation APPOI is formed. This improves the dynamics of the control behavior in connection with the total exchange power PPOI at the grid connection 26.
- the number of sampling steps D and thus the delay time can be set depending on the communication delays in data transmission and signal processing between the system controller 28 and the inverter 10.X as well as the dead times in the measurement value acquisition of the total exchange power PPOI.
- a rate limiter of a feedforward control can also influence the selection of sampling steps D. The slower the feedforward control, the greater the number of sampling steps D should be selected.
- Figure 19 shows exemplary time profiles of the target and actual values for a power supply system 11 and its inverters 10.1, 10.2 when using the method according to Fig. 8.
- the embodiment of the power supply system 11 according to Fig. 8 has a reduced tendency to oscillation, whereby dead times in the data transmission are taken into account and the synchronicity of different data channels is improved.
- Figure 9 shows a schematic embodiment of the energy supply system 11 with improved synchronism.
- a delay element 36 with the delay constant D2 in the system controller 28, the feedback of the overall Exchange power PPOI of the system can be delayed and thus better synchronized with the feedback of the measured exchange power PINV,X of the inverters 10.X. In this way, oscillations can be counteracted.
- This delay element 36 can also be combined with other embodiments of this application.
- the feedback of the total exchange power PPOI can be synchronized with the sum of the measured individual exchange powers PINV.X of the inverters 10.X, which are transmitted to the system controller 28 with a delay, in particular due to communication latencies. This can be used to calculate meaningful individual correction values P C OR,X. This can improve the synchronicity between the inverter-side and system-side measurements. This can reduce the tendency to oscillate during transient events and improve the determination of the power loss PLOSS for the precise setting of the total exchange power PPOI.
- Figure 18 shows example time profiles of the target and actual values for an energy supply system 11 and its inverters 10.1, 10.2 when using the method according to Fig. 9.
- Figure 10 schematically shows an embodiment of the energy supply system with feedforward control to improve the control behavior of the energy supply system 10.
- the embodiment shown with a double feedforward control which can intervene with adjustable weighting by the system controller 28 in both the respective inertia-generating control 53.X and the respective droop control 51.X, enables a fast control behavior for the total exchange power P POi at the grid connection 26 and at the same time an inertia with respect to the disturbance behavior in the event of voltage curve deviations in the grid 24 to be realized.
- a feedforward control of the system setpoint PSPT.POI in a form PSPT.POI, x standardized to the inverter 10.X can act on the set voltage angle 3 and on the set droop characteristic reference power PSPT,X or alternatively on the set frequency f S PT of the grid voltage in the respective inverter 10.X.
- the system setpoint PSPT.POI standardized to the inverter 10.X is also referred to as the individual share PSPT.POI, x of the system setpoint PSPT.POI and is used here as a feedforward control value.
- the droop control 51.X converts the droop characteristic reference power PspT,x into a corresponding phase angle 3.
- the droop characteristic reference power PSPT,X of the droop control 51.X is quickly adapted to a changed system setpoint PSPT.POI, ie to a new load situation, via the feedforward control value and a first correction factor KXP, so that the slow Inertia integrator of the inertia control 53. X the droop characteristic reference power PSPT,X does not have to be adjusted slowly.
- the phase angle A calculated by the droop control is adjusted directly to a changed system setpoint PSPT.POI using the feedforward value and a second correction factor K X a. This increases the dynamics and reduces the tendency to oscillate.
- the individual shares PSPT.POI, x of the system setpoint PSPT.POI are transmitted from the system controller 28 to the inverters 10.X to the respective inverters 10.X.
- rapid control behavior for the individual exchange power PINV,X and thus the total exchange power PPOI is enabled.
- the feedforward control paths can be weighted against each other using the first correction factor KXP and the second correction factor K X a.
- the amplitude and rate of change of the feedforward control can be limited by additional limiting elements. This can reduce or prevent sudden changes, overshoots and damping of the excitation of resonances.
- Figures 20 to 22 show exemplary time profiles of the target and actual values for an energy supply system 11 and its inverters 10.1, 10.2 when using the method according to Fig. 10, wherein in Fig. 20 no communication delay is assumed and in Fig. 21 a significant communication delay in the transmission of the exchange power PINV,X of the inverters 10.1, 10.2 to the system controller 28 is assumed, and wherein the communication delay in Fig. 22 is taken into account by means of a delay element 36 (see Fig. 9).
- Figure 11 shows an example of an embodiment of the energy supply system 11 in which various embodiments have been combined.
- the double pre-control of the inertia-generating control 53.X and the droop control 51.X shown in Fig. 10 is also modified such that the pre-control value is formed by a weighted sum of the individual share of the inverter in the system setpoint PSPT.POI,x and the individual inverter setpoint power PSPT,INV,X.
- the weighted sum is formed using two correction factors (3,K4), the sum of which is preferably equal to one.
- Other combinations of the illustrated embodiments are also possible, in particular with the use of an asymmetry statics 55.X, 57.X in the inertia-generating control 53.X and/or in the droop control 51.X.
- Figures 23 and 24 show exemplary time courses of the target and actual values for an energy supply system 11 and its inverters 10.1, 10.2 when using the method according to Fig. 11 in different variants.
- the following figures 12 to 24 show time profiles of setpoints and actual values of power P POi at a grid connection point 26 and power PINV,X at individual inverters 10.X of an energy supply system 11.
- an example energy supply system 11 which comprises exactly two inverters 10.1, 10.2.
- the power of the inverters 10.1, 10.2 is controlled by their respective controls 50.1, 50.2, which in turn are influenced by the system controller 28, so that the total exchange power of the energy supply system 11 with the grid 24 is controlled by the system controller 28 and an instantaneous reserve power is provided at the grid connection 26.
- the energy supply system 11 can comprise further sinks or sources whose influence is summarized in a power loss PLOSS, for example components such as transformers, cables, auxiliary units or smaller generation units that are not controlled by the system control.
- the grid frequency f_GRID continues to correspond to the nominal frequency f
- the grid frequency f_GRID corresponds to the nominal frequency f
- Fig. 12 shows the behavior of a power generation plant 11 with a conventional control system according to Fig. 1, in which the control 20.X is designed to impress voltage and the total exchange power P_POI is processed in the plant controller 28 by means of the controller 15.
- the controller 15 is designed as an integral controller or as a proportional-integral controller and regulates the deviation between the total exchange power P_POI and the plant setpoint P_POI_REF to zero by modifying the plant setpoint P_POI_REF accordingly in the event of such deviations, passing it on to the allocator 16 and dividing it there into the inverter setpoint powers P_1_REF, P_2_REF taking into account the offset values POFS.X.
- Fig. 12 shows that by amplifying the integral component in controller 15 of system controller 28, a fast control response to changes in the system setpoint P_POI_REF and a fast correction of the control error of the total exchange power P_POI is achieved, see in particular the course of the total exchange power P_POI at the times h and te. On the other hand, the course of the total exchange power P_POI at the times ti and te shows a clear overshoot.
- Another disadvantage of the behavior according to Fig. 12 of the energy generation system 11 with a control system according to Fig. 1 is that the reactions of the voltage-impressing controls 20. X in the case of a frequency change between t 3 and t4 or between t?
- the total exchange power P_POI therefore corresponds to the system target value P_POI_REF again shortly after the times t 3 and t 7 .
- Fig. 13 shows the behavior of an energy generation plant 11 with the control according to Fig. 3 or Fig. 4, in which, in particular in comparison to the control according to Fig. 1, no controller 15 with integral components is used in the plant controller 28. Instead, a control deviation between the total exchange power P_POI and the plant setpoint P_POI_REF is corrected in the plant controller 28, taking into account the measured and transmitted to the plant controller 28 individual exchange powers P_1, P_2 of the inverters 10.1, 10.2 as well as the measured or determined total exchange power P_POI, by adjusting the individual inverter setpoint powers P_1_REF, P_2_REF in the allocator 32, additionally taking into account the respective offset values POFS,X.
- the transient response after a change in the system setpoint P_POI_REF itself or in the inverter setpoint powers P_1_REF, P_2_REF when changing the offset values POFS.X depends on the parameterization of the grid-forming control 50.X in the inverters 10.1, 10.2, in the embodiment according to Fig. 4 in particular on the inertia factor 1/H S so that the higher the inertia constant H S, the slower the transient response to the changed setpoint.
- Fig. 14 shows the behavior of a power generation plant 11 with the control according to Fig. 4, in which an optional gain factor K c is used in the allocator 32 of the plant controller 28 to calibrate the measured values P_POI and/or P_1, P_2.
- K c is used in the allocator 32 of the plant controller 28 to calibrate the measured values P_POI and/or P_1, P_2.
- This allows the shares of the inverters 10.1, 10.2 in the plant target power P_POI_REF determined in the allocator 32, standardized and possibly offset-shifted, to be corrected by an adjustable, standardized control deviation between the total exchange power P_POI and the plant target value P_POI_REF, in particular to compensate for any measurement inaccuracies at the inverters 10.1, 10.2 and/or at the grid connection 26 with adjustable weighting if necessary.
- the amplification factor K c initially has the value 0 at time ti, ie a given deviation of the sum of the exchange powers P_1 , P_2 of the inverters 10.1 , 10.2 from the total exchange power P_POI is not compensated. Halfway between t1 and t2, the gain factor K c is changed from 0 to 0.5. This reduces the deviation of the total exchange power P_POI and the system setpoint P_POI_REF for a given power loss PLOSS, which, however, remains undercompensated.
- the gain factor K c is changed from 0.5 to 1 so that the power loss PLOSS is exactly compensated and the total exchange power P_POI in the steady state corresponds to the system setpoint P_POI_REF.
- the gain factor Kc is changed from 1 to 1.5 so that the deviation of the sum of the exchange powers P_1, P_2 of the inverters 10.1, 10.2 from the total exchange power P_POI is overcompensated.
- This example is idealized in that no measurement inaccuracies occur and therefore the power loss PLOSS is exactly compensated with a gain factor K c with the value 1.
- control from Fig. 4 is particularly suitable for energy supply systems 11 with low communication delays in the transfer of information between the system controller 28 and the inverters 10.X. However, if the feedback of the actual power values P_1, P_2 to the system controller 28 is delayed, oscillations can occur and the control and disturbance behavior can be slowed down overall.
- Fig. 15 shows the behavior of an energy generation plant 11 in which the inverters 10.1, 10.2 each have a grid-shaping control 50.X, which is designed, for example, according to Fig. 4, wherein the inverters 10.1 and 10.2 use different inertia factors 1/H S.
- the inverter 10.1 reacts to the frequency changes between t 3 and t4 or between t? and ts with a clear symmetrical change in its exchange power P_1, while the inverter 10.2 shows practically no reaction to the frequency changes between t 3 and t4 or between t? and ts.
- the energy generation plant 11 as a whole therefore generates a symmetrical instantaneous reserve power at the grid connection 26, which essentially consists of the symmetrical contribution of the inverter 10.1 and in particular counteracts a grid frequency gradient.
- Figures 16 and 17 show the behavior of a power generation plant 11 with a control according to one of Figures 5 to 7, whereby by different setting of the asymmetry statics 55.X and/or 57.X in the controls 50.1, 50.2 of the inverter
- Fig. 16 shows the behavior of a power generation plant 11 in which the inverters
- 10.1 , 10.2 have identical asymmetry statics, which are set up so that the Inverters 10.1, 10.2 and thus the energy generation plant as a whole provide asymmetrical instantaneous reserve power.
- the asymmetry statics are set in such a way that inverters 10.1, 10.2 react to the positive grid frequency gradient between t 7 and t 8 with a significantly larger change in the exchange power P_1 and P_2 than to the negative grid frequency gradient between t 3 and t4. This behavior can be particularly advantageous in order to provide an overall asymmetrical instantaneous reserve power by means of the energy generation plant.
- Fig. 17 shows the behavior of a power generation plant 11 in which the inverters 10.1, 10.2 have different asymmetry statics, which are set up such that the inverters 10.1, 10.2 each provide asymmetric instantaneous reserve power in a mirror image, so that the power generation plant as a whole again provides symmetric instantaneous reserve power.
- the asymmetry statics of the control 50.1 of the inverter 10.1 can be set such that the inverter 10.1 reacts to the negative grid frequency gradient between t 3 and t4 with a significantly greater change in the exchange power P_1 than to the positive grid frequency gradient between t 7 and t 3 , while the inverter 10.2 reacts in the opposite direction to the positive grid frequency gradient between t 7 and t 3 with a significantly greater change in the exchange power P_2 than to the negative grid frequency gradient between t 3 and t4.
- the total exchange power P_POI behaves with the same amount of changes, particularly with regard to the grid frequency changes, regardless of the sign of the grid frequency gradient, so that the energy generation plant 11 provides a symmetrical instantaneous reserve power overall.
- the behavior according to Fig. 17 can be used advantageously in particular in a power generation plant 11 whose inverters 10.1, 10.2 can at least partially only provide asymmetrical instantaneous reserve power, e.g. due to restrictions of the energy producers or consumers connected to the inverters 10.1, 10.2, which can essentially only freely change their electrical power in one direction, for example.
- a power generation plant 11 can nevertheless provide overall symmetrical instantaneous reserve power using the method according to the application, in that an asymmetrical behavior of individual inverters 10.1 is compensated by a mirror-image asymmetrical behavior of other inverters 10.2 of the power generation plant 11.
- Fig. 18 shows the behavior of a power generation plant 11 with a control system according to Fig. 9, in which possible communication delays can be taken into account by means of a delay element 36 with the delay constant D2 in the plant controller 28 in order to equalize the communication delays in the transmission of the actual power values P_1, P_2 and the total exchange power P_POI. This significantly reduces oscillations in particular when the plant setpoint P_POI_REF changes.
- Fig. 19 shows the behavior of a power generation plant 11 with a control system according to Fig. 8, in which - alternatively or in addition to the delay element 36 according to Fig. 9 - the individual power control deviation APINV.X in the inertia-generating controller 53.X of the inverters 10.X is corrected to an adjustable extent by the individual deviation component APPOI,X of the respective inverter 1O.Xan of the plant deviation APPOI. This allows the tendency to oscillate to be further reduced even in the event of significant communication delays, in particular when the plant setpoint P_POI_REF changes, and the control behavior can be improved.
- Fig. 20 shows the behavior of an energy generation plant 11 with a control system according to Fig. 10, in which both the dynamics and the control behavior of the control system are further improved by means of a feedforward control that intervenes with adjustable weighting from the system controller 28 in both the respective inertia-generating control 53.X and the respective droop control 51.X.
- the system setpoint P_POI_REF is distributed to the inverters 10.1, 10.2 with high stationary power accuracy, with a high stationary power accuracy at the grid connection 26 being achieved by the feedback of both the total exchange power P_POI and the individual exchange powers P_1, P_2 of the inverters 10.1, 10.2 to the system controller 28.
- the feedforward control achieves a high level of dynamics when the system setpoint P_POI_REF changes and further improves the control behavior of the energy supply system 11.
- the dynamics when the power distribution between the inverters 10.1, 10.2 changes and when the grid frequency changes are based on the set inertia of the inertia-generating controllers 53.X in the inverters 10.X.
- Fig. 21 shows the behavior of the energy generation system 11 with the control according to Fig. 10, whereby, in contrast to Fig. 20, there is a significant communication delay in the transmission of the exchange powers P_1, P_2 of the inverters 10.1, 10.2 to the system controller 28.
- Fig. 22 shows the behavior of the energy generation plant 11 with the control according to Fig. 10 in the presence of a significant communication delay, wherein the communication delays are additionally taken into account in the plant controller 28 by applying a delay element 36 to the measured or determined total exchange power P_POI according to Fig. 6.
- Fig. 23 shows the behavior of the power generation plant 11 with the control according to Fig. 11 in the presence of a significant communication delay and with correction of the individual power control deviation APINV.X in the inertia-generating controller 53.
- Fig. 24 shows the behavior of the energy generation plant 11 with the control according to Fig. 11 in the presence of a significant communication delay, whereby, in contrast to Fig. 21, the communication delays in the plant controller 28 are additionally taken into account by applying a delay element 36 to the measured or determined total exchange power P_POI according to Fig. 6.
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Abstract
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| EP24735567.0A EP4728611A1 (de) | 2023-06-15 | 2024-06-17 | Verfahren zum betrieb einer energieversorgungsanlage, energieversorgungsanlage mit einer vielzahl von wechselrichtern und wechselrichter |
| AU2024303880A AU2024303880A1 (en) | 2023-06-15 | 2024-06-17 | Method for operating an energy supply plant, energy supply plant having a plurality of inverters and inverter |
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| DE102023115598.9A DE102023115598A1 (de) | 2023-06-15 | 2023-06-15 | Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Energieversorgungsanlage, Energieversorgungsanlage und Wechselrichter |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9362815B2 (en) * | 2010-10-25 | 2016-06-07 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Input-parallel/output-parallel inverter assembly control device and method |
| EP3783765A1 (de) | 2018-11-14 | 2021-02-24 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Fotovoltaisches energieerzeugungssystem und steuerverfahren dafür |
| DE102020119039A1 (de) | 2020-07-17 | 2022-01-20 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Verfahren zum betrieb einer energieversorgungsanlage und energieversorgungsanlage |
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| DE102016007098A1 (de) * | 2016-06-10 | 2017-12-14 | Senvion Gmbh | Windpark mit schneller Reaktion auf Netzparameteränderungen und Verfahren hierfür |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9362815B2 (en) * | 2010-10-25 | 2016-06-07 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Input-parallel/output-parallel inverter assembly control device and method |
| EP3783765A1 (de) | 2018-11-14 | 2021-02-24 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Fotovoltaisches energieerzeugungssystem und steuerverfahren dafür |
| DE102020119039A1 (de) | 2020-07-17 | 2022-01-20 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Verfahren zum betrieb einer energieversorgungsanlage und energieversorgungsanlage |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| KHADEM S K ET AL: "Parallel operation of inverters and active power filters in distributed generation systemA review", RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS, ELSEVIERS SCIENCE, NEW YORK, NY, US, vol. 15, no. 9, 24 June 2011 (2011-06-24), pages 5155 - 5168, XP028120715, ISSN: 1364-0321, [retrieved on 20110818], DOI: 10.1016/J.RSER.2011.06.011 * |
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| AU2024303880A1 (en) | 2026-01-08 |
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