WO2024256691A1 - Architecture de circuits photoniques pour un calcul par réservoir - Google Patents
Architecture de circuits photoniques pour un calcul par réservoir Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024256691A1 WO2024256691A1 PCT/EP2024/066670 EP2024066670W WO2024256691A1 WO 2024256691 A1 WO2024256691 A1 WO 2024256691A1 EP 2024066670 W EP2024066670 W EP 2024066670W WO 2024256691 A1 WO2024256691 A1 WO 2024256691A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/06—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons
- G06N3/067—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons using optical means
- G06N3/0675—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons using optical means using electro-optical, acousto-optical or opto-electronic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/04—Architecture, e.g. interconnection topology
- G06N3/044—Recurrent networks, e.g. Hopfield networks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06E—OPTICAL COMPUTING DEVICES
- G06E3/00—Devices not provided for in group G06E1/00, e.g. for processing analogue or hybrid data
- G06E3/001—Analogue devices in which mathematical operations are carried out with the aid of optical or electro-optical elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/04—Architecture, e.g. interconnection topology
- G06N3/049—Temporal neural networks, e.g. delay elements, oscillating neurons or pulsed inputs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photonic circuit architecture for reservoir analog computing.
- the present invention also relates to a method for non-linear filtering of an optical signal implemented by such an architecture.
- Analog signals coming from outside usually have a form that is not directly usable for calculations or analysis. Consequently, processing must be applied to these signals to eliminate noise, compensate for distortions and extract the relevant information.
- neural networks are usually performed in the digital domain, by linear and non-linear filters and, since the development of machine learning, by neural networks. For example, filtering and other linear operations are classically performed to decode advanced modulation formats in telecommunications (but there is also the field of radar signal analysis, free space communications, sensors in general, and other fields). The distortion is corrected using fast, but very energy-consuming digital electronics.
- neural networks are of the feed-forward type through a large number of layers. Thanks to the back propagation algorithm, they can learn a large number of complex tasks.
- These neural networks are based on traditional computing architectures (Von Neumann) and therefore consume a significant amount of energy, especially during the learning phase. In order to reduce energy consumption, an analog implementation of neural networks is considered.
- analog computing In analog computing, the laws of physics are used to implement specific mathematical operations. As a result, an analog computer has the advantage of potentially consuming less energy than a digital computer. In addition, depending on the physical law considered, an analog computer can also be faster. In addition, the time lag between the input and output of the signal, i.e. the latency, is in principle minimized.
- Analog computing can be implemented in a variety of ways, particularly along the lines of reservoir computing.
- a reservoir computer is a sufficiently complex nonlinear dynamical system, whose internal state is described by the value of certain physical quantities, for example the electric field, at fixed positions in space, called "internal nodes".
- the evolution of a reservoir computer is governed by parameters dictating the connection between the nodes.
- the output is generated by connecting the internal nodes of the reservoir to output nodes.
- the reservoir computer is robust with respect to manufacturing tolerances. Training is simplified in Echo State Networks (ESNs) because only external connection nodes are trained.
- ESNs Echo State Networks
- a is a parameter between 0 and 1.
- î n is a matrix projecting the inputs onto the state .
- the output signal of an ESN network is a linear combination of the states of the neurons, namely: yn ⁇ out- -n
- LSMs Liquid State Machines
- RC In the field of photonics, RC considers the propagation of light in a chip based on waveguides and other components, which is called an integrated photonic circuit.
- implementations of a reservoir calculation are carried out by propagation of light between the "nodes".
- a variant consists in injecting the signal into a single node which is reconnected to itself by an optical delay line.
- part of the operations described by equation 1 is carried out by electronics.
- the present description relates to a photonic circuit architecture for analog reservoir computing, the architecture comprising: an input for an optical input signal, a reservoir circuit suitable for receiving a first intermediate signal dependent on the optical input signal and for converting the first intermediate signal into a converted signal, the reservoir circuit being formed of coupled optical resonators, the reservoir circuit being devoid of delay lines between the optical resonators,
- a reading circuit capable of receiving a second intermediate signal dependent on the converted signal and of generating an optical output signal as a function of the second intermediate signal
- the architecture includes one or more of the following characteristics, taken in isolation or in all technically possible combinations:
- each optical resonator is directly coupled to its near neighbors with a coupling rate and/or to a waveguide with a coupling rate;
- each optical resonator has an optical resonance frequency corresponding to the resonant mode, the optical resonators having a non-linear response so that the optical resonance frequency of each optical resonator depends on the energy stored in this same optical resonator;
- the signal propagating between the input and the output of the architecture is only an optical signal, without conversion into the electrical domain;
- the reservoir circuit and the reading circuit are each produced in the form of an integrated photonic circuit
- the output optical signal is a coherent sum of the optical fields in the optical resonators of the tank circuit
- the reading circuit comprises additional outputs for additional signals, the additional signals being obtained by the reading circuit as a function of the second intermediate signal;
- the reading circuit comprises N or N-1 phase modulators and N-1 variable separators connected to the phase modulators;
- each variable separator is implemented by means of two phase modulators in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer
- the architecture comprises: a first optical amplification and filtering circuit connected between the input and the reservoir circuit, the first optical circuit being capable of generating the first intermediate signal from the input optical signal, and a second optical amplification and filtering circuit connected between the reservoir circuit and the reading circuit, the second optical circuit being capable of generating the second intermediate signal from the converted signal.
- the present invention also relates to a method for non-linear filtering of an optical signal implemented by an architecture as described above.
- FIG. 1 a schematic representation of an example of a photonic circuit architecture for reservoir computing, the architecture comprising a reservoir circuit and a readout circuit,
- FIG. 4 a schematic representation of an exemplary implementation of the reading circuit of figure 3, the reading circuit comprising phase modulators and variable separators connected to the phase modulators,
- FIG. 6 a schematic representation of an example of a variable separator of figure 4.
- FIG. 1 A 10 photonic circuit architecture for reservoir computing is illustrated in Figure 1 .
- Reservoir computing is mentioned in the introduction. More generally, reservoir computing is a computational framework derived from recurrent neural network theory that projects one or more input signals into higher-dimensional computational spaces using the dynamics of a fixed, nonlinear system, called a reservoir. Once the input signal is fed into the reservoir, which is treated as a “black box,” a readout mechanism is trained to read the reservoir state and projects it to the desired output.
- the architecture is capable of transforming an optical signal according to a law that the architecture (reservoir part) learns from training input and output sequences.
- the reservoir of the architecture (reservoir circuit + reading circuit) operates in two modes: “training” and “inference”.
- training the architecture 10 is presented with an input signal S and an expected output Yexpect, it is compared with the output Y of the reading circuit and the parameters Wout of the reservoir are varied until the error is minimized.
- the parameters W out are fixed.
- Such an architecture 10 is, for example, suitable for use as a non-linear filter on optical signals, for example telecom signals, or radar signals on optical carrier. In a particular application, the architecture 10 is used for correcting distortions of telecom signals.
- the architecture 10 comprises an input 20 for an input optical signal S, a first optical amplification and filtering circuit 22, a reservoir circuit 24, a second optical amplification and filtering circuit 26, a reading circuit 28 and an output 30 for an output signal O.
- the first optical circuit 22 and the second optical circuit 26 are optional.
- an electronic block 32 used, on the one hand, during a preliminary training phase aimed at setting the parameters of the reading circuit 28, and on the other hand, in order to control the first optical circuit 22, the reservoir circuit 24 and the second optical circuit 26.
- the electronic block 32 is optional during the inference phase, that is to say once the training phase is finished and the parameters of the reading circuit 28 are set.
- Input 20 is suitable for receiving the input optical signal S.
- the input optical signal S has a bandwidth BW, a carrier frequency v 0 and an average optical power P m .
- the first optical amplification and filtering circuit 22 is connected between the input 20 and the reservoir circuit 24.
- the first optical circuit 22 is capable of amplifying and filtering the optical signal S to obtain a first intermediate signal S.
- the amplifying part can be produced using integrated photonic technology in indium phosphide and coupled to a silicon or silicon nitride photonic circuit performing the filtering.
- the first optical circuit 22 comprises an amplification module 34 with a gain G and a filtering module 36 (low-pass filter for example).
- the gain G makes it possible to bring the optical power back to the optimum level for the operation of the reservoir circuit 24.
- the bandwidth of the BWF filter is adjusted to eliminate the spectral components outside the band of the signal S.
- the first optical circuit 22 may consist of several amplifier-filter stages.
- the first intermediate signal S is the first optical signal S.
- the tank circuit 24 is suitable for carrying out the calculation function per tank.
- the reservoir circuit 24 is capable of receiving the first intermediate signal S and of converting the first intermediate signal S into a converted signal U.
- the reservoir circuit 24 forms the reservoir of the architecture 10.
- the reservoir circuit 24 is capable of transforming the first intermediate signal S into the converted signal U on the basis of the following equation:
- • a is a vector representing the internal state of the tank circuit.
- the reservoir circuit 24 is formed of coupled optical resonators 42.
- the optical resonators 42 are, for example, distributed in an arrangement of MIXM 2 resonators ( Figure 2).
- the optical resonators are also called optical cavities, or simply cavities, in the following.
- the reservoir circuit 24 is devoid of delay lines between the optical resonators 42.
- a waveguide of length of "1 mm is not a delay line, in the operational context considered.
- the different optical resonators 42 are not connected to each other by delay lines.
- the 24 tank circuit is made entirely from optical components.
- the tank circuit 24 is produced using photonic technology on silicon, silicon nitride, lithium niobate, or even indium phosphide.
- Resonators are for example silicon rings placed on a low index substrate, for example silica.
- the rings are formed by looping waveguides.
- the waveguides are for example silicon ribbons whose width is of the order of 500 nm (between 300 nm and 100 nm) and the height between 100 and 600 nm (depending on the materials).
- the geometry (height/width) is chosen according to the materials in order to minimize losses (attenuation by diffusion) and control the number of transverse modes, subject to the constraints of the standards imposed by the foundries.
- the radius of the ring, or an alternative shape is chosen in order to minimize insertion losses and fix the free spectral range (ISL), in English "Free Spectral Range” (FSR).
- the distance between rings is comparable to the wavelength ( ⁇ 1.5pm), typically between 200 nm and 2 pm, depending on the technologies, which induces an optical coupling between two (or more) resonators.
- An example of a chain of coupled resonators is described here [F. Xia, et al., "Ultra-compact high order ring resonator filters using submicron silicon photonic wires for on-chip optical interconnects," Opt. Express 15, 1 1934-1 1941 (2007)]
- resonators can be realized by approximating optical cavities of the “photonic crystal” type, as described in this publication [E. Yüce, et al. “Adaptive control of necklace states in a photonic crystal waveguide.” ACS photonics 5.10 (2016): 3984-3988.].
- a reservoir architecture based on ring resonators (or racetrack or microdisk type) organized according to a matrix is shown.
- Each optical resonator 42 (or optical cavity) is coupled to the near neighboring optical resonators directly according to a mutual coupling rate p and some optical resonators 42 are coupled to a waveguide 44 with a coupling rate K.
- the coupling rate K expresses the decay rate of the energy stored in the optical resonator 42 due to the flow of a portion thereof in the waveguide.
- the coupling rates K and p decrease when the distance between the rings and the rings and the waveguide increases. This distance is therefore chosen in order to obtain the desired value of the coupling.
- a waveguide is used to connect to the first intermediate signal S and all the others are associated with N outputs.
- the waveguides are only used to route the signal either to an optical resonator 42 or to an output, and not between the optical resonators 42.
- Each optical resonator 42 (denoted by the index m) has an optical resonance frequency v m corresponding to the resonant mode whose amplitude is proportional to the variable a m .
- the other modes of the optical resonator 42 are more spaced than the bandwidth BW of the signal considered.
- the frequency spacing of the modes in the same resonator (ISL) is larger than the bandwidth BW of the signal considered.
- the optical resonators 42 are directly coupled to each other depending on their spatial proximity with a mutual coupling rate p ( Figure 2, subfigure a).
- the spacing between the optical resonators 42 is less than the wavelength of the optical signal considered.
- the modes are twice degenerate, because at the same frequency correspond two modes according to the direction of propagation.
- the arrows show the direction of the modes that are coupled. Note that the architecture takes into account the direction of propagation of the light in each resonator, in particular with regard to the arrangement of the waveguides.
- Subfigures 2a and 2b show the coupling between the optical resonators 42, carried out in an evanescent manner, i.e. the optical field extends over several optical resonators 42, thus forming "supermodes".
- This delay is also related to the time scale at which the optical field changes within each resonator, i.e. to the optical bandwidth.
- This can be expressed by a delay-bandwidth product (a dimensionless figure related to the "memory" of the system). For example, in a single resonator, this product is equal to 1 . In a system of resonators, it can be greater than 1 .
- This type of resonators is represented by squares (figure 2b, c) and the modes are not degenerate. It is useful, in some cases, to couple these resonators by a very short waveguide (figure 2c).
- the optical resonators 42 have a nonlinear response such that the resonant optical frequency v of each optical resonator 42 depends on the energy E stored in the optical resonator 42.
- the frequency shift is represented by a complex number, which means that p is also a complex constant. Physically, the effect described is either a frequency shift or a change in linewidth (increase in losses by absorption), or both.
- all the optical resonators 42 are identical. They therefore have in this case the same resonance frequency (within the limits of the manufacturing tolerances). Alternatively, at least one optical resonator 42 is different from the other optical resonators 42.
- the reservoir circuit 24 is produced in the form of an integrated photonic circuit.
- the integrated photonic circuit comprises, for example, at least one of the following materials: silicon, silicon nitride, silicon-rich oxide, III-V semiconductor-on-insulator alloy and lithium niobate.
- each resonator 42 it is possible to dynamically control the frequency v 0 of each resonator 42 by thermo-optical, electro-optical or piezo-optical effect.
- the implementation depends on the chosen photonic foundry and in any case is a function proposed by it.
- some or all of the resonators 42 will have associated electrical terminals, such that the change in frequency Av dy réelle ⁇ x I or V is proportional to a current or a voltage.
- the ground terminal is common, which reduces the number of terminals to N terminals ⁇ M + 1.
- the second optical amplification and filtering circuit 26 is connected between the reservoir circuit 24 and the reading circuit 28.
- the second optical circuit 26 is capable of amplifying and filtering the converted signal U to obtain a second intermediate signal Ü.
- the second optical circuit 26 comprises an amplification module 44 with a gain G and a filtering module 46 (low-pass filter for example).
- the second intermediate signal Ü is the converted signal U.
- the reading circuit 28 is suitable for carrying out the reading function of the calculation by reservoir.
- the reading circuit 28 has, thus, been previously trained to read the state of the reservoir circuit 24 according to the principle of calculation by reservoir.
- the reading circuit 28 is produced in the form of an integrated photonic circuit.
- the integrated photonic circuit comprises for example at least one of the following materials: silicon, silicon nitride, silicon-rich oxide, III-V semiconductor-on-insulator alloy and lithium niobate.
- the reading circuit 28 is capable of receiving the second intermediate signal Ü and of generating the output optical signal O as a function of the second intermediate signal Ü.
- the output optical signal O is obtained by a coherent sum of the optical fields in the optical resonators 42 of the reservoir circuit 24.
- the output optical signal O is obtained directly on the basis of the optical fields, without going through the intensities of these fields (which would have required the presence of a detector).
- the reading circuit 28 is capable of performing a weighted sum of the components of the intermediate signal Ü (matrix) to generate the output optical signal O.
- the read circuit 28 comprises additional outputs for additional signals U x i, ... , U X N-2.
- the additional signals U x i, ... , U X N-2 are obtained by the read circuit 28 at the same time as the outputs O.
- FIG. 4 shows a photonic circuit diagram performing the transformation described by equation 4. The additional outputs are obtained from the unused outputs of the components a.
- the additional signals U x i, ... , U X N-2 make it possible to extract more information concerning the state U of the tank 24.
- the additional signals U x i, ... , U X N-2 are, for example, used to implement control actions of the architecture 10, for example actions aimed at adjusting parameters of the first optical circuit 22 and/or of the tank circuit 24 and/or of the second optical circuit 26.
- the reading circuit 28 comprises N (or N-1 ) phase modulators 50 and N-1 variable separators 52 connected to the N (or N-1 ) phase modulators 50.
- the phase modulators 50 and the variable separators are for example produced in photonic technology on silicon, thin-film lithium niobate on oxide [D. Zhu, et al., "Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate," Adv. Opt. Photon. 13, 242-352 (2021 ); Qi, Yifan and Li, Yang. "Integrated lithium The different components are made in the same photonic chip and connected by waveguides, represented by lines in Figure 4.
- Figure 5 illustrates the definition of a phase modulator through the operation performed on the electric field E.
- Phase modulators in integrated optics exploit the electro-optical, piezoelectric, thermo-optical effect.
- semiconductors silicon, indium phosphide
- Reference [Zhu2021, cited] describes the production of phase modulators in lithium niobate. The production of phase modulators in other platforms is described previously.
- FIG 6 illustrates an example of a variable separator 52.
- each variable separator 52 is implemented by means of two phase modulators 60 in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI).
- MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometer
- the implementation of the reading circuit 28, as presented in FIGS. 5 and 6, makes it possible to minimize the number of optical components used, i.e. 2N-1 , where N represents the number of outputs used. Moreover, one of the phase modulators 50 can be omitted, the total number of components becomes 2(N-1) .
- Other configurations are possible, for example by a chain of MZI in “push-pull” mode [Po Dong et al., “Highspeed low-voltage single-drive push-pull silicon Mach-Zehnder modulators,” Opt. Express 20, 6163-6169 (2012)]. It is important to note that the modulation function is used in quasi-static conditions, i.e. at very low speed.
- thermooptical effects can be suitable in the embodiment described here [K. Suzuki, et al., "Ultra-high-extinction-ratio 2 x 2 silicon optical switch with variable splitter,” Opt. Express 23, 9086-9092 (2015)].
- the preferred embodiment favors an embodiment aimed at minimizing the power consumption and the size of the device, for example as in the device described herein [Z. Han, et al. "High-performance and power-efficient 2x 2 optical switch on silicon-on-insulator.” Optics Express 23.19 (2015): 24163-24170.].
- the output 30 of the architecture 10 is the output of the reading circuit 28.
- the output signal O is intended to be sent to the user, while during the learning phase, the output signal O and its complement ⁇ are sent to a detector (electronic block 32).
- the electronic block 32 is used to drive the reading circuit 28, that is to say to determine the parameters of the reading circuit 28 making it possible to read the output of the tank circuit 24.
- the electronic block 32 comprises a detector-receiver 50, a comparator 52 and a calculator 54 (for example a digital electronic circuit).
- the detector-receiver transforms the optical intensity into fast electrical signals (bandwidth >1 GHz) and digitizes it.
- the detector-receiver 50 is a coherent optical receiver, which detects both the amplitude and the phase of an optical signal and digitizes them.
- the output signal O (in a time interval T) is sent to the detector-receiver 50.
- the comparison between the expected signal Yexpect and the obtained signal is done in the digital domain (by the calculator 54) and the result is the error £.
- the block 52 is included in the calculator 54.
- the detector 50 converts the output signal O (optical signal) into the electrical domain and sends it, together with the expected signal Yexpect, to an electronic comparator-integrator circuit generating an error signal E.
- the error signal E is then sent to the computer 54 to optimize the parameters of the first optical circuit 22 (gain G), the reservoir circuit 24, the second optical circuit 26 (gain G) and the reading circuit 28 (matrix M).
- the procedure performs an iterative error minimization algorithm and consists of the following:
- the error c(i) is measured for the response O(i) to the signal S(i), i indicating a realization of the signal in the interval Ti.
- the calculator 54 modifies the parameters W out in the reading circuit 28 according to the error signal £(i), and with the aim of minimizing the error signal E.
- the new parameters are calculated according to the fastest descent algorithm.
- Steps 1 and 2 are repeated with new realizations of the S signals.
- Steps 1, 2, 3 are repeated but this time with the aim of optimizing the parameters of the tank circuit 24 and the value of the gain G.
- Input 20 receives an optical signal from input S.
- the input optical signal S is amplified and filtered by the first optical circuit 22 to obtain the first intermediate signal S.
- the first intermediate signal S is received by the reservoir circuit 24 and is converted into a converted signal U.
- the converted signal U is amplified and filtered by the second optical circuit 26 to obtain the second intermediate signal Ü.
- the second intermediate signal Ü is received by the reading circuit 28 which generates the optical output signal O.
- the architecture 10 is entirely implemented so that during the inference phase, no digital/electronic circuit is used to convert the optical signals.
- the signal propagating between the input 20 and the output 30 of the architecture 10 is only an optical signal, without conversion into the electrical or digital domain.
- the energy consumption is essentially linked to 1) the amplification of the signals in the circuits 22 and 26, 2) the maintenance of the configuration in the reservoir circuit 24 and in the reading circuit 28; the calculator 54.
- This consumption is relatively independent of the bandwidth of the optical signal, when in the digital algorithms this is a strongly increasing function of the bandwidth (of the flow rate).
- phase modulators 50 and the power dividers 52 exploit the piezoelectric or electro-optical effect, their consumption can be extremely low.
- Another advantage of all-optical operation in "inference" mode is that the circuit can be easily reconfigured to perform different tasks: correction of distortion of telecom signals coded according to different modulation formats and bit rates.
- the same architecture 10 can also be used to predict the future evolution of an optical signal generated by a complex system, for example chaotic.
- architecture 10 has a very small footprint (by several orders of magnitude if the reading circuit is also made with resonators) and reduced losses compared to state-of-the-art systems using delay lines.
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| WO2017144895A1 (fr) | 2016-02-25 | 2017-08-31 | Oxford University Innovation Limited | Interféromètre et procédé de conception d'un interféromètre |
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| WO2017144895A1 (fr) | 2016-02-25 | 2017-08-31 | Oxford University Innovation Limited | Interféromètre et procédé de conception d'un interféromètre |
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