WO2024256636A1 - Laser impulsionnel et composant associé - Google Patents
Laser impulsionnel et composant associé Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024256636A1 WO2024256636A1 PCT/EP2024/066561 EP2024066561W WO2024256636A1 WO 2024256636 A1 WO2024256636 A1 WO 2024256636A1 EP 2024066561 W EP2024066561 W EP 2024066561W WO 2024256636 A1 WO2024256636 A1 WO 2024256636A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
- H01S5/0601—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium comprising an absorbing region
- H01S5/0602—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium comprising an absorbing region which is an umpumped part of the active layer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12004—Combinations of two or more optical elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/06—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons
- G06N3/067—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons using optical means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
- H01S5/0615—Q-switching, i.e. in which the quality factor of the optical resonator is rapidly changed
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/1028—Coupling to elements in the cavity, e.g. coupling to waveguides adjacent the active region, e.g. forward coupled [DFC] structures
- H01S5/1032—Coupling to elements comprising an optical axis that is not aligned with the optical axis of the active region
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/1053—Comprising an active region having a varying composition or cross-section in a specific direction
- H01S5/1057—Comprising an active region having a varying composition or cross-section in a specific direction varying composition along the optical axis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/1053—Comprising an active region having a varying composition or cross-section in a specific direction
- H01S5/1064—Comprising an active region having a varying composition or cross-section in a specific direction varying width along the optical axis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/11—Comprising a photonic bandgap structure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12035—Materials
- G02B2006/12061—Silicon
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/12097—Ridge, rib or the like
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/121—Channel; buried or the like
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/12121—Laser
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/1213—Constructional arrangements comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S2301/00—Functional characteristics
- H01S2301/16—Semiconductor lasers with special structural design to influence the modes, e.g. specific multimode
- H01S2301/163—Single longitudinal mode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S2301/00—Functional characteristics
- H01S2301/17—Semiconductor lasers comprising special layers
- H01S2301/176—Specific passivation layers on surfaces other than the emission facet
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
- H01S5/062—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium by varying the potential of the electrodes
- H01S5/06226—Modulation at ultra-high frequencies
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
- H01S5/4025—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar
- H01S5/4031—Edge-emitting structures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
- H01S5/4025—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar
- H01S5/4087—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar emitting more than one wavelength
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pulsed laser, as well as to an optical component comprising such a laser.
- a CPU is a processor, the acronym CPU coming from the English term “Central Processing Unit” literally meaning central processing unit while a GPU is a graphics processor, the acronym GPU coming from the English term “Graphie Processing Unit” literally meaning graphic processing unit.
- a neural network is generally composed of a succession of layers of neurons, each of which takes its inputs from the outputs of the previous layer. More precisely, each layer includes neurons taking their inputs from the outputs of the neurons in the previous layer. Each layer is connected by a plurality of synapses. A synaptic weight is associated with each synapse. It is a real number, which takes positive and negative values. For each layer, the input of a neuron is the weighted sum of the outputs of the neurons in the previous layer, the weighting being done by the synaptic weights.
- a deep neural network is a network with more than three layers of neurons and a large number of neurons per layer.
- a Von Neumann funnel problem arises because the implementation of a deep neural network involves to use both the memory(ies) and the processor while these latter elements are spatially separated. This results in congestion of the communication bus between the memory(ies) and the processor.
- CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
- CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
- CMOS designates both a manufacturing process and a component obtained by such a manufacturing process.
- neurons and synapses are CMOS components.
- CMOS neural networks and memristive synapses are synapses using memristors.
- memristor or memristance
- the name is a portmanteau of the two English words memory and resistor.
- a memristor efficiently stores information because the value of its electrical resistance changes, permanently, when a current is applied.
- laser diodes capable of emitting pulses depending on an excitation level.
- the term "neuron laser” is often used to designate such laser diodes.
- neuron laser An example of the realization of a neuron laser is notably described in the article by S. Barbay et al. entitled “Excitability in a semiconductor laser with saturable absorber” in Optics letters, vol. 36, page 4476-4478 dated 2011. The concept is taken up in the context of “neuromorphic computing” in the article by M.A. Nahmias et al. entitled “A leaky integrate-and-fire laser neuron for ultrafast cognitive computing” taken from the journal IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, volume 19, number 5 of 2013.
- a pulsed laser comprising:
- the rib having a plurality of through-orifices aligned with the direction of extent, the rib comprising a set of layers stacked in a stacking direction orthogonal to the direction of extent (X), the set of layers being partially coated with a coating layer, called a passivation layer, the coating layer being capable of inhibiting non-radiative recombination on the surface of the portions of layers that the coating layer covers, the coating layer covering the layers only on a portion, the rib thus comprising an uncoated zone and a coated zone, the rib forming a resonant cavity for at least one electromagnetic wave, the cavity being capable of resonating a single mode,
- an excitation element for the coated area of the rib the excitation element being capable of exciting only the coated area of the rib.
- control method has one or more of the following characteristics, taken in isolation or in all technically possible combinations:
- a length is defined for each zone, the length being the dimension along the direction of extent and the variation in density of orifices in the rib are chosen so that the rib has a resonance mode having a quality factor strictly greater than 10 times the quality factor of all the other modes, for example the length being the dimension along the direction of extent and the variation in density of orifices in the rib are chosen so that the rib has a resonance mode having a quality factor strictly greater than 10 4 and that the quality factors of all the other embodiments are less than or equal to 10 3 .
- the density of holes in the rib varies according to the direction of extension according to a variation law, the variation law being continuous and comprising three pieces, a first piece in which the density is equal to a first density value, a second piece in which the density is equal to a second density value, the third piece connecting the first piece and the second piece according to a polynomial function, the minimum value of the density being in the third piece.
- the polynomial function has a parabolic form.
- the polynomial function is of order at least four, and is described by a formula of the type: Or :
- - n is an integer greater than or equal to 2
- each orifice is separated from each neighboring orifice by a spacing, the spacings each having a dimension, measured according to the direction of extent, which varies according to the direction of extent according to the law of variation.
- the rib has a width, the width being a dimension measured in a direction perpendicular to the direction of extent, which varies according to the direction of extent according to the law of variation.
- the coated area is separated from the uncoated area by a gap extending mainly in a direction perpendicular to the direction of extent, the gap preferably being located in the direction of extent at an orifice.
- the dimension of the gap according to the direction of extension is between 20 nanometers and 40 nanometers.
- the laser further comprises a waveguide defined in the substrate, extending in a guiding direction, the waveguide being separated from the rib by a non-zero distance in the direction.
- the laser comprises a plurality of successive ribs and a waveguide defined in the substrate, extending in a guiding direction, the waveguide being arranged to guide the output wave of a rib to excite the following rib.
- a component in particular neuromorphic, comprising a laser as previously described.
- the expression “suitable for” means indifferently “adapted for”, “suitable for” or “configured for”.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an example of a laser according to the invention
- FIG. 1 is a side sectional view of a portion of the laser of Figure 1
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of part of another example of a laser
- FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of part of yet another example of a laser
- FIG. 5 and 6 are schematic representations of part of a laser variant
- FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a portion of yet another embodiment of a laser.
- a laser 10 is shown in Figure 1.
- laser refers to a photonic system that produces spatially and temporally coherent light radiation based on the laser effect (acronym from the English light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).
- a laser source combines an optical amplifier with an optical cavity in which the light radiation is partially confined, also called a resonator. Each time the light radiation passes through the cavity, part of the light leaves the cavity and the other part is reinjected into the cavity and the amplifier to be amplified.
- the laser 10 is a pulsed laser, that is to say capable of emitting electromagnetic waves corresponding to an emission of pulses when the laser receives an excitation exceeding a threshold.
- the laser 10 comprises a substrate 12, a cavity-forming rib 14 and an excitation element 16.
- the substrate 12 is a layer forming a plate on which the rib 14 rests. According to the example described, the substrate 12 is transparent to the emitted radiation and is made of a material having a refractive index of less than 2.1.
- the rib 14 is arranged to form an optical guide in which at least one electromagnetic wave propagates having frequencies from a range of frequencies of interest.
- the rib 14 is made of a material having a refractive index greater than 2.5.
- Rib 14 constitutes a resonant cavity for the electromagnetic wave, that is to say a confined propagation medium for the electromagnetic wave.
- the rib 14 extends mainly in a direction of extent X.
- the rib 14 comprises a central portion 20 extending between two end portions 22 as well as a plurality of orifices 24.
- the central part 20 is a rectilinear part extending in the direction of extent X.
- the rib 14 has a set of layers stacked according to a stacking direction Z orthogonal to the direction of extent X.
- the orifices 24 are cylindrical perforations passing through the central part 20 of the rib 14.
- each orifice 24 passes through all the layers of the rib 14, in the stacking direction Z, up to the upper face of the substrate 12.
- the holes 24 are aligned along the rib 14.
- each orifice 24 has a circular section and a constant diameter from one orifice 24 to the next.
- Each orifice 24 extends along a central axis parallel to the stacking direction Z.
- the central axis extends in a median plane of the central part 20, perpendicular to the transverse direction Y.
- the choice of the diameter of the orifices 24 relative to the width of the rib 14, as well as the distribution of the orifices along the central part 20 allow the rib 14 to form a photonic crystal.
- photonic crystal is meant a periodic structure of dielectric or semiconductor materials that modifies the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the same way that a periodic potential in a semiconductor crystal affects the movement of electrons by creating allowed and forbidden energy bands.
- the set of layers is partially coated with a coating layer 30.
- the coating layer 30 only covers the layers of the layer set over a portion, the rib 14 thus comprising an uncoated area 32 and a coated area 34.
- the coating layer 30 covers both the upper layer of the layer assembly and the periphery 36 of the orifices 24.
- the coating layer 30 is in contact with all of the other layers of the set of layers.
- areas 32 and 34 appear rectangular in shape, with the layers forming part of areas 32 and 34 not being visible.
- the coating layer 30 has at all points a thickness less than or equal to 5 nm, preferably 1 nm.
- the coating layer 30 is capable of inhibiting non-radiative recombination on the surface of the layer portions that the coating layer 30 covers.
- Such a coating layer can be obtained by chemical or plasma deposition or by physical vapor deposition or by chemical vapor deposition or by atomic thin film deposition (ALD).
- ALD atomic thin film deposition
- the chemical route consists, for example, of carrying out sulfurization of the surfaces of the different parts of the layers to be passivated.
- the coating layer 30 can thus be described as a passivation layer 30.
- the uncoated area 32 will be referred to as the unpassivated area 32 and the coated area 34 will be referred to as the passivated area 34.
- the excitation element 16 is capable of injecting free carriers into the passivated zone 34, which makes it possible to generate a population inversion in the active medium. Therefore, the excited carrier population is much lower in the unpassivated region 32.
- the passivated zone 34 plays the role of a gain zone while the non-passivated zone 32 will play the role of a saturable absorber.
- the excitation element 16 can be produced optically or electrically, in particular by a laser or electrical contacts positioned at predefined locations.
- the substrate 12 may be made of silicon oxide and the rib 14 is formed from a multi-layer assembly of III-V type semiconductor materials.
- a very thin layer (thickness strictly less than 50 nm) of semiconductor material is arranged between the substrate 12 and the rib 14 to electrically connect the rib 14 to the excitation element 16.
- a "III-V" type semiconductor is a compound semiconductor made from one or more elements from column III of the periodic table of elements (boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, etc.) and one or more elements from column V or pnictogens (nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, etc.).
- One or more of these geometric parameters may then be optimized to obtain the desired operation for the laser 10, i.e. an emission of pulses when the laser 10 receives an excitation exceeding a threshold (neuron laser operation).
- a threshold neuroneuron laser operation
- geometric parameters are the dimensions of the central portion 20, including its length and width.
- the length of the central part 20 is a first example of such a parameter, it is the dimension of the central part 20 along the direction of extent X.
- the length L c of central part 20 is less than or equal to 100 micrometers, in particular less than or equal to 50 micrometers.
- Rib 14 also has a width W, measured in the transverse direction Y.
- the width W is constant over the entire extent of the central part 20.
- the width W is, for example, between 0.4 micrometers and 1.01 micrometers.
- the width may vary along the central portion 20.
- the circular shape involves a single parameter which is the value of the radius while the oval shape involves several parameters.
- Each orifice 24 of index n is separated from the next orifice of index n+1 by a spacing.
- the spacing separating two orifices 24 extends between the two points closest to the peripheries of the two orifices 24.
- a dimension of the spacing separating the orifice 24 of index n from the orifice 24 of index n+1, measured in the direction of extent X, is noted a n .
- the dimension a n varies from one spacing to another according to a variation law to be determined.
- the variation law is a function whose variable is the position x n of the orifices.
- a length L32 or L34 can be defined as the dimension of zone 32 or 34 according to the direction of extent X.
- a parameter could therefore be the value of the ratio between the two lengths.
- the position of the boundary between the two zones 32 and 34 can be defined as a geometric parameter to be optimized, which is assumed in the following.
- the optimization procedure therefore seeks to determine values for the aforementioned parameters guaranteeing the desired operation for the laser 10.
- the optimization procedure aims to obtain the law of variation of the dimension from one spacing to another and the position of the border between the two zones 32 and 34.
- the optimization procedure is based on the calculation of the different resonance modes of the cavity formed by rib 14.
- Such a calculation is, for example, achieved by at least an approximate resolution of Maxwell's equations.
- Such a resolution is carried out in particular by simulation tools.
- the various parameters are then chosen so that the quality factor of a mode is strictly greater than 10 4 while the quality factors of all other embodiments are less than or equal to 10 3 .
- the different parameters are chosen so that the quality factor of a mode is strictly higher by a factor of 10 compared to the quality factors of the other modes.
- the optimization procedure therefore corresponds to a classic optimization under constraint which can be carried out by any type of optimization technique, in particular by a least squares technique.
- the variation law comprises three pieces, namely a first piece M1 in which the dimension a n is equal to a first dimension value, a second piece M2 in which the dimension a n is equal to a second dimension value, the third piece M3 connecting the first piece and the second piece according to a polynomial function, the minimum value of the dimension a n being in the third piece M3.
- the first dimension value and the second dimension value are the same.
- the first and second pieces are therefore pieces in which the relation an — amax is verified.
- the polynomial function of the third piece M3 is a symmetric polynomial function, of order at least equal to 2.
- - n is an integer greater than or equal to 2
- the polynomial function is a symmetric polynomial function of order 4.
- the values of the constants A and B are chosen to obtain the emission by the laser 10 of a desired electromagnetic wave.
- the value of A is chosen so as to fix a value of a free spectral interval of the rib 14.
- the value of B is chosen to maximize the quality factor of the chosen electromagnetic mode of rib 14 (in other words, this is taken into account in the objective function of the optimization procedure).
- ao, A and B are, for example, obtained by a numerical simulation of the operation of the laser 10.
- the value of ao is between 300 nanometers and 600 nanometers, more specifically between 330 nanometers and 350 nanometers.
- the value of ao is chosen to be equal to 340 nanometers.
- the value of A is chosen between 2 meters -1 and 3 meters -1 , more particularly between 2.2 meters -1 and 2.4 meters -1 .
- the value of A is chosen to be equal to 2.3 meters -1 .
- the value of B is chosen between 0.5 x 10 7 meters -3 and 4 x 10 7 meters -3 .
- the value of B is chosen equal to 0.5 x 10 7 meters -3 .
- the ratio R between the length L34 of the passivated zone 34 and the length of the central part 20 of the rib 14 is between 30% and 70%, preferably between 40% and 60%.
- laser 10 is a pulsed laser whose repetition frequency, or even the emission of pulses itself, depends on the excitation.
- the pulse emission depends on the integral of the received excitation signal.
- the emission will be all the faster as the signal level is high.
- Laser 10 is thus a laser emitting pulses at an adjustable frequency.
- the laser 10 that has just been described has a very small size, of the order of a few pm 2 . In this sense, the laser 10 is a “nano-laser” since this laser is miniaturized.
- the 10 laser consumes about 100 pW in operation, which corresponds to low energy consumption.
- the 10 laser exhibits a fast response, in the order of GHz.
- the laser 10 can also be integrated into a silicon photonic circuit.
- the laser 10 is here a nano-hybrid structure whose laser cavity and active zone, in III-V material, are transferred to a silicon photonic circuit.
- the 10 laser can be advantageously used in applications concerning communications, ultra-fast signal processing or analog calculation.
- the spacing a n is kept fixed but the width W varies according to the direction of extent X.
- the variation of the width W presents a variation law similar to those described previously for the spacing a n .
- the width W is such that:
- the density of orifices in the rib varies according to the direction of extent according to a variation law, the variation law being such that the variation law is continuous and comprising three pieces, a first piece in which the density is equal to a first density value, a second piece in which the density is equal to a second density value, the third piece connecting the first piece and the second piece according to a polynomial function, the minimum value of the density being in the third piece.
- This variation in density is obtained by varying one or more of the characteristic dimensions of the orifices 24 and the rib 14.
- the passivated zone 34 is separated from the non-passivated zone 32 by a gap 40 extending mainly in a direction perpendicular to the direction of extent X.
- the function of this gap 40 is to ensure the electrical separation of the two zones 32 and 34.
- the gap 40 has a thickness (dimension along the direction of extent X) less than or equal to 40 nm.
- the gap 40 has a thickness greater than or equal to 20 nm.
- the gap 40 constitutes a nano-groove.
- the gap 40 is located at an orifice.
- the gap 40 is thus formed by two through parts which open on the one hand onto the exterior and on the other hand onto the orifice 24.
- H+ ions could be implanted, so that the passivated 34 and non-passivated 32 zones will be in contact by a barrier zone preventing the passage of carriers.
- Figures 5 and 6 show yet another embodiment.
- the laser 10 further comprises a waveguide 44 defined in the substrate, extending in a guiding direction.
- the waveguide 44 extends into the substrate 12, away from the upper face.
- the waveguide 44 is thus a waveguide buried in the substrate 12.
- the waveguide 44 is a silicon channel extending through the substrate 12, in a guiding direction X’.
- the waveguide 44 is made of silicon nitride.
- the waveguide 44 is made of a transparent material whose index is higher than that of the substrate 12.
- the waveguide 44 is capable of collecting part of the electromagnetic wave propagating in the rib 14, in the form of evanescent waves passing through the substrate 12.
- the waveguide 44 extends at a non-zero distance from the upper face 18 of the substrate 12 and from the rib 14.
- the distance separating the waveguide 44 from the rib 14, measured in the transverse direction Y, can be constant or vary according to the direction of extension X.
- the distance separating the waveguide 44 from the rib 14 is sufficiently small so that a portion of the electromagnetic wave propagating in the rib is captured by the waveguide 44 in the form of an evanescent wave, through the insulating substrate 12.
- This distance is typically between 100 nm and 200 nm if the waveguide 44 is made of silicon, but can be greater, 2 or even 3 micrometers if the material constituting the waveguide 44 has a lower refractive index.
- the waveguide 44 is also capable of guiding the collected electromagnetic wave in the guiding direction X’, away from the rib 14.
- the waveguide 44 has a prismatic shape with a rectangular section in a plane orthogonal to the guiding direction X’.
- the guiding direction X’ forms a coupling angle a with the direction of extent X, in an XY plane parallel to the guiding direction X and to the transverse direction Y.
- the coupling angle ⁇ is chosen so as to improve coupling between the rib 14 and the waveguide 44, that is to say so as to optimize the transmission of evanescent waves through the substrate 12, from the rib 14 to the waveguide 44.
- the coupling angle a is, for example, between -15° and 15°.
- the laser 10 comprises a plurality of ribs 14 as well as a waveguide 44 similar to that of FIGS. 5 and 6.
- the waveguide 44 of Figure 7 is arranged to guide the output wave of one rib 14 to excite the next rib 14.
- the waveguide 44 snakes from the first rib 14 to the third rib 14 via the second rib 14.
- the first rib 14 In operation, the first rib 14 generates a signal at a first optical frequency v 0 .
- This signal is transported by the waveguide 44 to the second rib 14.
- the second rib 14 receives the signal at the first optical frequency v 0 which excites it and emits a signal at a second frequency v 1 .
- This signal is transported by the waveguide 44 to the third rib 14.
- the third rib 14 receives the signal at the second optical frequency v ⁇ which excites it and emits a signal at a third frequency v 3 .
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24732318.1A EP4728601A1 (fr) | 2023-06-16 | 2024-06-14 | Laser impulsionnel et composant associé |
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| FRFR2306178 | 2023-06-16 | ||
| FR2306178A FR3150050B1 (fr) | 2023-06-16 | 2023-06-16 | Laser impulsionnel et composant associé |
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| PCT/EP2024/066561 Ceased WO2024256636A1 (fr) | 2023-06-16 | 2024-06-14 | Laser impulsionnel et composant associé |
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| EP (1) | EP4728601A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3150050B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024256636A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2021089635A1 (fr) * | 2019-11-07 | 2021-05-14 | Thales | Laser à verrouillage de mode à orifices et composant optique associé |
-
2023
- 2023-06-16 FR FR2306178A patent/FR3150050B1/fr active Active
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2024
- 2024-06-14 EP EP24732318.1A patent/EP4728601A1/fr active Pending
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2021089635A1 (fr) * | 2019-11-07 | 2021-05-14 | Thales | Laser à verrouillage de mode à orifices et composant optique associé |
Non-Patent Citations (7)
| Title |
|---|
| BHAVIN J SHASTRI ET AL: "Principles of Neuromorphic Photonics", ARXIV.ORG, CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, 201 OLIN LIBRARY CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA, NY 14853, 29 December 2017 (2017-12-29), XP081203055, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27737-5_702-1 * |
| CROSNIER G. ET AL: "Hybrid III-V on SOI nanolaser diodes", ASIA COMMUNICATIONS AND PHOTONICS CONFERENCE, 2017, Washington, D.C., pages Su1K.2, XP093126287, ISBN: 978-1-943580-34-7, DOI: 10.1364/ACPC.2017.Su1K.2 * |
| CROSNIER GUILLAUME ET AL: "Subduing surface recombination for continuous-wave operation of photonic crystal nanolasers integrated on Silicon waveguides", OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 23, no. 21, 15 October 2015 (2015-10-15), US, pages 27953, XP093126315, ISSN: 1094-4087, DOI: 10.1364/OE.23.027953 * |
| M.A. NAHMIAS ET AL.: "A leaky integrate-and-fire laser neuron for ultrafast cognitive computing", JOURNAL IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, vol. 19, no. 5, 2013, XP011511043, DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2257700 |
| NAHMIAS MITCHELL A ET AL: "An evanescent hybrid silicon laser neuron", 2013 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE, IEEE, 8 September 2013 (2013-09-08), pages 93 - 94, XP032523790, DOI: 10.1109/IPCON.2013.6656385 * |
| RAINERI FABRICE: "III-V semiconductors on Silicon hybrid Nanophotonics", 2020, XP093126349, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://hal.science/tel-03148803/document> [retrieved on 20240201] * |
| S. BARBAY ET AL.: "Excitability in a semiconductor laser with saturable absorber", OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 36, 2011, pages 4476 - 4478, XP001571294, DOI: 10.1364/OL.36.004476 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3150050A1 (fr) | 2024-12-20 |
| FR3150050B1 (fr) | 2025-05-09 |
| EP4728601A1 (fr) | 2026-04-22 |
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