WO2024252093A1 - Procédé d'infusion d'une préforme fibreuse - Google Patents
Procédé d'infusion d'une préforme fibreuse Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024252093A1 WO2024252093A1 PCT/FR2024/050717 FR2024050717W WO2024252093A1 WO 2024252093 A1 WO2024252093 A1 WO 2024252093A1 FR 2024050717 W FR2024050717 W FR 2024050717W WO 2024252093 A1 WO2024252093 A1 WO 2024252093A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- resin
- infusion
- intermediate container
- temperature
- equal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
- B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
- B29C70/443—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding and impregnating by vacuum or injection
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
- B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C70/46—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using matched moulds, e.g. for deforming sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or prepregs
- B29C70/48—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using matched moulds, e.g. for deforming sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or prepregs and impregnating the reinforcements in the closed mould, e.g. resin transfer moulding [RTM], e.g. by vacuum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2061/00—Use of condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
- B29K2105/0872—Prepregs
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G8/00—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C08G8/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a process for impregnating fibrous architectures with a phenolic resin for the manufacture of composite material parts.
- Polycondensation resins have a very high viscosity at room temperature. Although it is known to heat such resins to reduce their viscosity, this process is not used industrially because it causes, on the one hand, the premature triggering of the polymerization of the resin and, on the other hand, the volatilization of the solvents contained in the resin. This last point is also triggered when the resin is placed under reduced pressure. In addition to the fact that an uncontrolled temperature can lead to exothermic runaway, the risk of which must be controlled, the volatilization of the solvents contained in the resin can lead to significant variations in porosity in the final part, resulting from variations in the chemorheological properties of the infused resin.
- the present invention aims precisely to respond to the problems set out above.
- the pressure applied for feed A) ensures that the composition of the resin remains identical, and in particular that the volatile species including the solvent do not escape during this step, which could be observed by applying a reduced pressure.
- Polymerization can begin at the earliest upon arrival of the resin in the intermediate container because room temperature falls within the reaction temperature range of the resin.
- step A) can be carried out at a pressure of between 1.5 bars absolute and 5.0 bars absolute or between 1.5 bars absolute and 3.0 bars absolute.
- the "absolute bar” is understood in the sense that it usually has in the field, namely that it defines a pressure relative to the vacuum whose pressure is taken as a reference and arbitrarily set as equal to 0 bar absolute.
- this method makes it possible to ensure through the control of the time/temperature pair that the resin reaches the intermediate container at a temperature compatible with its injection, that is to say a temperature at which it is sufficiently low in viscosity.
- the process makes it possible to bring a large quantity of phenolic resin to the infusion temperature without risk of premature chemical evolution, because it is supplied there and then removed at controlled flow rates to be infused into the fiber preform.
- the infusion B) of the resin into the preform maintained at a reduced pressure has two further advantages.
- This reduced pressure facilitates the removal of solvents and other volatile species with which the resin may be formulated, which promotes the polymerization of the resin.
- the reduced pressure promotes the removal of water which is a co-product of the polycondensation of the resin, which shifts the thermodynamic equilibrium of the reaction in favor of the polycondensation. This therefore ensures excellent progress of the polycondensation. Only the water bound to the cross-linked three-dimensional network will remain in the matrix. The free water is thus extracted.
- the viscosity of the resin at the storage temperature is greater than or equal to 500 mPa.s or even greater than or equal to 800 mPa.s.
- the viscosity of the resin is greater than or equal to 500 mPa.s or even greater than or equal to 800 mPa.s in the initial container.
- This viscosity value is in fact sufficient to allow the resin to be conveyed from the initial container to the overpressure heater, while maintaining the resin temperature as low as possible.
- the temperature of the resin in the initial container is less than or equal to 40°C, or even room temperature.
- the initial container may be at room temperature, which allows for an even simpler process because it does not require any particular packaging system.
- the temperature of the initial container is then sufficient to allow sufficient viscosity for the injection of the resin into the heater, but remains insufficient to initiate its polymerization.
- the amount of resin contained in the initial container may correspond to all of the resin required to fill the interstitial porosity of the fibrous architecture.
- the quantity of resin contained in the initial container may be greater than or equal to 50 kg, or even greater than or equal to 60 kg.
- the resin present in the initial container is maintained under constant stirring. This allows excellent homogeneity of the resin despite the possibly significant quantity of resin contained in the initial container.
- the viscosity of the resin at the infusion temperature is less than or equal to 200 mPa.s, or even 150 mPa.s.
- the viscosity of the resin in the intermediate container is less than or equal to 200 mPa.s, or even 150 mPa.s. [0037] This viscosity reduced by the rise in temperature then allows excellent infusion of the preform.
- Viscosity in the sense of the application is understood as dynamic viscosity and is measured in mPa.s. It characterizes the resistance to flow of a fluid and can be defined as the ratio of the shear stress by the velocity gradient perpendicular to the shear plane.
- the infusion temperature is greater than or equal to 70°C, for example between 75°C and 90°C, or even between 75°C and 85°C.
- This temperature ensures a sufficient reduction in the viscosity of the resin on the one hand, and good evacuation of the solvent on the other hand, which allows polymerization.
- the storage temperature is between 20°C and 45°C
- the injection temperature is between 65°C and 90°C
- the infusion temperature is between 75°C and 90°C.
- Feeding A) allows, as indicated, the feeding of an intermediate container with the polycondensation resin, and makes it possible to have a polycondensation resin at a compatible infusion temperature, but whose polymerization has not started.
- Infusion B) then allows the polycondensation resin to be infused into the preform.
- the feed rate of the intermediate container with the resin coming from the heater is between 90% and 110% of the resin withdrawal rate for the infusion of the fibrous preform.
- the feed rate of the intermediate container by the resin coming from the heater is equal to the sampling rate for the infusion of the fibrous preform.
- the intermediate container may contain a quantity of resin less than or equal to 5 kg, or even less than or equal to 4 kg, better still less than or equal to 3 kg.
- the feed rate of the intermediate container may comprise a first transient filling regime, before the start of the infusion B).
- the resin does not have time to polymerize in the intermediate container, and is taken from there to be infused into the preform, where it will finish its polymerization.
- the infusion of resin B) into the preform can be carried out at different points of the fibrous preform.
- Such an embodiment makes it possible to ensure excellent homogeneity of the infusion rate of the resin into the preform, unlike a process where the infusion would be carried out at a single point.
- the infusion of the preform causes a desired bulkiness of the fiber preform by the resin. If the preform is infused by the resin at a single point, the infusion rate decreases with the filling of the preform.
- the resin is infused at several points of the preform but the feeding takes place at a given moment only at a single point.
- the resin is first infused through a first feed point, then that feed is cut off when the feed to a second feed point is opened, and so on until the last feed point.
- This embodiment makes it possible to ensure, in addition to excellent homogeneity of the infusion, excellent control of the progress of the infusion of the fibrous preform.
- the resin is chosen from polyfuran or polyphenolic resins and preferably polyphenolic resins.
- such resins may be the commercial products RS101 or RA 101 from the company Solvay or Furolite from the company TFC.
- the resin is formulated with at least 20% by weight of species distinct from the resin, or even with at least 30% by weight of species distinct from the resin.
- the expression “formulated with” is intended to characterize the fact that the storage container may comprise, in addition to the resin, so-called volatile compounds, for example a solvent and/or other particular additives distinct from the resin.
- the resin is formulated with at least 20% volatile compounds, or even with at least 30% volatile compounds.
- Such volatile compounds can for example be used to reduce the viscosity of the resin and/or chemically block its polymerization during storage.
- the process is all the more advantageous as it allows these volatile compounds to be preserved up to the intermediate container, due to the high pressure prevailing in the initial container and in the heater.
- the intermediate container and the fibrous preform are placed in the same oven.
- the fibrous preform may further comprise an infusion covering and in such a case, the intermediate container, the fibrous preform and its infusion covering may be placed in the same oven.
- This embodiment ensures that the resin is maintained at the infusion temperature after it passes through the heater and arrives in the intermediate container. In addition, this ensures that the resin cannot cool between the intermediate container and injection into the preform.
- the preform comprises carbon fibers, or even is made of carbon fibers.
- the preform may be in the shape of an atmospheric reentry element for an aerospace machine.
- Such an atmospheric reentry element may have a first spherical surface and a second spherical surface opposite the first spherical surface.
- the element is conical with rounded ends and apex.
- the resin in the intermediate container, is heated to a temperature between 75°C and 90°C, or even between 75°C and 85°C. At such a temperature, the resin can begin its polymerization.
- the inventors found that, in an embodiment where the volume occupied by the resin in the intermediate container comprises two dimensions much greater than the third, limiting the space occupied by the resin in said third dimension was sufficient to prevent exothermic runaway polymerization. More specifically, the inventors found that it is the smallest dimension of the volume occupied by the resin which controls to the first order the capacity of a given volume of resin to exchange heat with the container.
- a dimension will be said to be “much greater” than another if it is 3 times, or even 5 times greater. [0083] This embodiment ensures that it is possible for the resin present in the intermediate container to exchange a controlled quantity of heat with the exterior of the intermediate container.
- the heat generated by the polymerization is either dissipated via heat exchanges with the outside or it contributes to raising the temperature of the resin.
- the resin polymerizes which again releases energy thus contributing to the exothermic runaway.
- reaction kinetics, the thermal heat capacity, as well as the polymerization enthalpy are determined by differential scanning calorimetry tests.
- the kinetic behavior of the resin is then modeled by an autocatalytic kinetic model, then the behavior of the resin in polymerization is simulated and then experimentally validated by comparing Fournier's law established in 1D/2D and an experimental heating/polymerization test instrumented by themocouple in a thermal enclosure.
- the thermo-chemo-rheological properties of the resin are translated by a non-dimensional material model.
- This embodiment makes it possible to limit the risk of exothermic runaway of the resin once it has been infused into the fiber preform, and ensures that the polymerization of the resin can take place without risk of runaway.
- the thickness of the fibrous preform is greater than or equal to 10 mm, or even greater than or equal to 65 mm, or even greater than or equal to 80 mm.
- the thickness of the preform is understood in the usual sense of this term as the smallest dimension of the preform and the thickness proposed above ensures that the polymerization reaction does not run away.
- the infusion temperature is greater than or equal to 70°C, for example between 75°C and 85°C. [0102] This temperature makes it possible, together with the limitation of the quantity of resin brought to the infusion temperature, to limit the risk of exothermic runaway while having a rheostable resin over the infusion period.
- the fibrous preform comprises carbon fibers and has a thickness greater than or equal to 10 mm.
- the infusion B) may comprise a variable infusion rate between infusion phases and rest phases during which no infusion takes place.
- the supply A) of the intermediate container may comprise an infusion flow rate of between 90% and 110% of that of the infusion B).
- the feed A) may comprise a constant flow rate, but lower than the flow rate of the infusion phases so that the intermediate container fills during the rest phases and empties during the infusion phases. Furthermore, the flow rates are adjusted to ensure that the smallest dimension of the space occupied by the resin in the intermediate container is constantly less than 10 cm in the intermediate container.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a device for carrying out a method according to one embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 1 schematically illustrates a device which allows the implementation of a method as described above.
- Figure 1 includes an initial container 11 comprising a large volume of resin 20.
- the resin 20 is then injected into a heater 12 via the channel 21.
- the resin is then injected into the intermediate container 13, via the channel 22.
- the heater 12 shown here is a water bath heater, in which the resin passes through coils soaking in a thermostatically controlled bath, at the injection temperature.
- the heater 12 may be a counter-current heater.
- the resin enters through a conduit 21 at the storage temperature, i.e. the temperature of the initial container 11.
- the resin is, in the heater, brought into contact with a heat transfer fluid at a higher temperature than the resin, for example arranged around the conduit in which the resin is conveyed.
- the resin heats up and the heat transfer fluid cools down.
- the temperature of the heat transfer fluid and the exchange surface is chosen so that the resin leaving the heater is at the injection temperature.
- the resin 23 in the intermediate container 13 is at atmospheric pressure and then begins to polymerize.
- the resin 23 in the intermediate container 13 does not remain there long enough to polymerize completely.
- the resin 23 contained in the intermediate container is infused into the preform 14 via the supply channels 24.
- injection may occur at different locations on the preform.
- the porosity of the preform is maintained at reduced pressure by means of a vacuum device 15.
- Such a vacuum device 15 may for example be a pump.
- the resin is infused into the preform at the infusion temperature, greater than or equal to the injection temperature of the resin into the intermediate container 13.
- the fibrous preform 14 can be placed in an oven 16.
- the intermediate container 13 is present in the same oven 16 as the preform 14. However, it is not beyond the scope of the invention if this is not the case, provided that the intermediate container 13 is maintained at the injection temperature.
- the pressure applied to the resin 20 in the initial container also helps to prevent polymerization, since it prevents the elimination of volatile species formulated with the resin.
- Thermal runaway is characterized by a rapid rise in the temperature of the resin, due to its polymerization which is favored by temperature and exothermic.
- p is the density of the resin/composite (kg.m -3 )
- Cp is the specific heat capacity of the resin/composite (J. kg -1 . K -1 )
- ⁇ is the conductivity of the resin/composite (Wm ⁇ .K' 1 )
- AH tot is the total enthalpy of polymerization (J. kg -1 )
- V m is the mass fraction of the material
- da/dt is the reaction kinetics of the resin (s' 1 ).
- reaction rate of the resin da/dt can be written according to the formula [Math 2].
- Table 1 groups together classic orders of magnitude for the applications envisaged.
- the external surface of the container, in intermediate contact 13, is located in the oven 16. This external surface is therefore maintained at the temperature of the oven 16, i.e. the infusion temperature.
- the temperature of the resin 23 remains stable because the resin having started to polymerize is continuously sucked towards the preform.
- This container is therefore maintained at the temperature of the oven 16, which will prevent thermal runaway of the resin 23, provided that the smallest dimension of the volume occupied by the resin, in practice the height of the resin in the intermediate container 13, is less than 10 cm, in which case the resin is able to dissipate the excess energy.
- the height of resin in the intermediate container 13 is the smallest dimension of the volume occupied by the resin in the intermediate container 13. In other words, the width and length of the intermediate container, or where appropriate the diameter of the latter, is much greater than the height of resin present in the intermediate container 13.
- the resin introduced into the internal porosity of the preform must polymerize to form the desired part in composite material.
- the quantity of resin introduced into the preform 14 may be equal to the initial quantity of resin 20 stored in the initial container 11, the resin introduced into the preform does not cause thermal runaway.
- Figure 1 also shows a graph showing the temperature T, curve 101 to be read on the axis 100, and the pressure P, curve 201 to be read on the axis 200, which prevail in the different elements of the path of the resin in one embodiment.
- the temperature T and the pressure P are presented schematically, respectively relative to the ambient temperature Tamb and the atmospheric pressure Patm.
- the initial container 11 is at room temperature Tamb, at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure.
- the resin sees its temperature increase, up to the injection temperature.
- the resin then reaches the intermediate container where it remains at atmospheric pressure before being infused under a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure Patm, in the fibrous preform 14.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020267000569A KR20260012300A (ko) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-05 | 섬유 프리폼 함침 방법 |
| EP24735667.8A EP4724262A1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-05 | Procédé d'infusion d'une préforme fibreuse |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FRFR2305719 | 2023-06-07 | ||
| FR2305719A FR3149537A1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 | 2023-06-07 | Procédé d’infusion d’une préforme fibreuse |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024252093A1 true WO2024252093A1 (fr) | 2024-12-12 |
Family
ID=88207682
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2024/050717 Ceased WO2024252093A1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-05 | Procédé d'infusion d'une préforme fibreuse |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4724262A1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20260012300A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3149537A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024252093A1 (fr) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5863452A (en) * | 1997-04-17 | 1999-01-26 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Isostatic pressure resin transfer molding |
| FR2879498A1 (fr) * | 2004-12-16 | 2006-06-23 | Snecma Propulsion Solide Sa | Densification de structures fibreuses par rtm pour la realisation de pieces en materiau composite |
| US20160194467A1 (en) * | 2013-08-01 | 2016-07-07 | Compnext S.R.L. | Process for the making of composite material products having reinforcing layers and resin |
-
2023
- 2023-06-07 FR FR2305719A patent/FR3149537A1/fr active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-06-05 KR KR1020267000569A patent/KR20260012300A/ko active Pending
- 2024-06-05 WO PCT/FR2024/050717 patent/WO2024252093A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-06-05 EP EP24735667.8A patent/EP4724262A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5863452A (en) * | 1997-04-17 | 1999-01-26 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Isostatic pressure resin transfer molding |
| FR2879498A1 (fr) * | 2004-12-16 | 2006-06-23 | Snecma Propulsion Solide Sa | Densification de structures fibreuses par rtm pour la realisation de pieces en materiau composite |
| US20160194467A1 (en) * | 2013-08-01 | 2016-07-07 | Compnext S.R.L. | Process for the making of composite material products having reinforcing layers and resin |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3149537A1 (fr) | 2024-12-13 |
| KR20260012300A (ko) | 2026-01-26 |
| EP4724262A1 (fr) | 2026-04-15 |
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