WO2024251741A1 - Procédé de calcul d'un angle de dérive d'un véhicule automobile - Google Patents
Procédé de calcul d'un angle de dérive d'un véhicule automobile Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024251741A1 WO2024251741A1 PCT/EP2024/065349 EP2024065349W WO2024251741A1 WO 2024251741 A1 WO2024251741 A1 WO 2024251741A1 EP 2024065349 W EP2024065349 W EP 2024065349W WO 2024251741 A1 WO2024251741 A1 WO 2024251741A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W40/00—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models
- B60W40/10—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models related to vehicle motion
- B60W40/103—Side slip angle of vehicle body
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W50/00—Details of control systems for road vehicle drive control not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. process diagnostic or vehicle driver interfaces
- B60W2050/0001—Details of the control system
- B60W2050/0019—Control system elements or transfer functions
- B60W2050/0028—Mathematical models, e.g. for simulation
- B60W2050/0031—Mathematical model of the vehicle
- B60W2050/0033—Single-track, 2D vehicle model, i.e. two-wheel bicycle model
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2510/00—Input parameters relating to a particular sub-units
- B60W2510/06—Combustion engines, Gas turbines
- B60W2510/0657—Engine torque
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/10—Longitudinal speed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/10—Longitudinal speed
- B60W2520/105—Longitudinal acceleration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/12—Lateral speed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/12—Lateral speed
- B60W2520/125—Lateral acceleration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/14—Yaw
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
- B60W2520/28—Wheel speed
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2540/00—Input parameters relating to occupants
- B60W2540/18—Steering angle
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2552/00—Input parameters relating to infrastructure
- B60W2552/15—Road slope, i.e. the inclination of a road segment in the longitudinal direction
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to the field of estimating driving parameters of a motor vehicle.
- the invention finds a particularly advantageous application in driving assistance functions or functions for controlling the trajectory of the motor vehicle.
- drift angle is particularly useful for implementing driving assistance or trajectory control systems for the motor vehicle such as: torque vector control, direct yaw control or even the electronic trajectory corrector (better known by the English acronym ESP for “electronic stability control”).
- driving assistance or trajectory control systems for the motor vehicle such as: torque vector control, direct yaw control or even the electronic trajectory corrector (better known by the English acronym ESP for “electronic stability control”).
- ESP electronic stability control
- the drift angle For example, it is known to estimate the drift angle by means of a filter adapted to estimate the state of the vehicle based on the previous states of the vehicle and observable quantities. The drift angle is then deduced from this state of the vehicle.
- the filter is based for this on a model of the vehicle describing its movement.
- the model links, for example, the accelerations and speeds of the vehicle by means of equations of the discretized differential equation type.
- the filter and the model can give more or less precise estimates of the drift angle.
- the present invention proposes a method for calculating a drift angle of a motor vehicle, the method being implemented by a computer of the motor vehicle, the method comprising the following steps:
- a model/filter pair is selected from among several so as to give a precise estimate of the drift angle, whatever the driving situation. Indeed, this selection is precisely carried out according to the driving situation through the kinematic parameters of the vehicle.
- This solution makes it possible in particular to guarantee that the estimated angle is always precise, with an error lower than a given threshold, for example 2 degrees or even 1.5 degrees.
- the noise on the measurements provided by the sensors of the motor vehicle is substantially Gaussian.
- a Kalman filter based on a kinematic model of the vehicle is particularly accurate for estimating the drift angle.
- the kinematic model does not allow a good estimation of the drift angle and, for these driving situations, it is preferable to use a dynamic model with an extended Kalman filter or a particle filter.
- the filters and models are selected from predetermined lists. These lists can in particular be updated with new filters and models, for example less expensive in computing power or more adapted to certain particular driving situations.
- the method according to the invention can therefore benefit from future technological developments.
- the filters and models chosen and recorded on the computer of the motor vehicle are economical in computing power.
- the method according to the invention does not require determining the state of the roadway (for example whether it is dry or wet). Indeed, the selection is based solely on parameters relating to the motor vehicle itself. The method therefore makes it possible to do without a detection system dedicated to determining the state of the roadway, such as cameras.
- the selection step is based on a machine learning algorithm.
- the algorithm learns which model/filter pair is the most accurate according to the values of kinematic parameters provided to it (in other words, according to the driving situation).
- the computer can therefore precisely determine the driving situation (since it has learned to distinguish them) so as to select the appropriate model/filter pair.
- the computer can then take into account a large number of kinematic parameters of the motor vehicle, which makes it possible to further refine its selection.
- the training of the machine learning algorithm is pre-performed offline before the machine learning algorithm is implemented by the computer of the motor vehicle, so that only simple calculations are performed by the computer to select the filter and the model.
- the invention is thus simple to implement.
- the kinematic parameter relates to the movement of the motor vehicle relative to a roadway on which the motor vehicle is traveling or to a movement of a mobile element of the vehicle intended for rolling;
- each filter in the predetermined list is a recursive, Bayesian or particle digital filter, which is based on a hidden Markov chain;
- each model of said predetermined list is chosen from the group comprising: a linear kinematic model, a non-linear dynamic model, a dynamic model with random walk, a bicycle type model;
- the model comprises at least one equation of motion relating to a temporal evolution of a state of the motor vehicle and at least one measurement equation making it possible to calculate said observable data on the basis of a measurement of at least one kinematic parameter; - said observable data relates to the movement of the motor vehicle;
- the invention also provides a motor vehicle comprising a computer, said computer comprising:
- FIG.l is a schematic top view of a motor vehicle and its representation in the bicycle model
- FIG.2 is a block diagram of a sequence of steps for implementing a method according to the invention for calculating a drift angle of the motor vehicle of [Fig.l];
- FIG.3 is a schematic representation of an iteration of a Kalman filter implemented in the method of [Fig.2];
- FIG.4 is a schematic representation of an iteration of a Kalman filter extended implemented in the method of [Fig.2];
- FIG.5 is a schematic representation of an iteration of a particle filter implemented in the method of [Fig.2].
- a motor vehicle 10 is shown conventionally comprising a chassis which delimits in particular a passenger compartment and an engine compartment, two front steered wheels 11, and two rear non-steered wheels 12. Alternatively, these two rear wheels could also be steered.
- This motor vehicle 10 comprises a conventional steering system making it possible to act on the orientation of the steered wheels so as to be able to turn the motor vehicle 10.
- the motor vehicle 10 comprises a powertrain, comprising in particular a propulsion actuator making it possible to control this group in order to accelerate the motor vehicle 10.
- the drift angle P of the motor vehicle 10 is defined as the angle between the vector representing the speed of the motor vehicle 10 denoted v (represented at the level of the center of gravity C of the vehicle in [Fig.l]) and the longitudinal axis Al of the motor vehicle 10.
- v represented at the level of the center of gravity C of the vehicle in [Fig.l]
- v represented at the level of the center of gravity C of the vehicle in [Fig.l]
- the chassis of the vehicle is modeled by a body which connects the two wheel models.
- the longitudinal axis Al is then parallel to the straight line passing through the centers of the two wheel models.
- the motor vehicle 10 also comprises a computer 13. Thanks to its input interfaces, the computer 13 is adapted to receive input signals coming from different sensors on board the motor vehicle 10.
- an observation device such as a front camera or a RADAR or LIDAR remote sensor
- a device such as a gyrometer, making it possible to determine the yaw rotation speed (around a vertical axis) of the motor vehicle 10, and
- various sensors such as an inertial unit allowing for example the longitudinal speed to be estimated.
- the input interfaces of the computer 13 allow it to have access to the CAN data bus of the motor vehicle 10.
- the computer 13 can acquire, thanks to its input interfaces, a large number of kinematic parameters of the motor vehicle 10.
- the kinematic parameters of the motor vehicle 10 are here parameters relating to the movement of the motor vehicle 10 relative to a roadway on which it is traveling (or to its traffic lane), or to a movement of a mobile element of the motor vehicle 10. intended for rolling.
- the kinematic parameters relating to the movement relative to the roadway are for example: a yaw rate, a longitudinal speed, a lateral acceleration, a longitudinal acceleration, a steering angle induced by the driver, wheel steering angles (for example determined by the steering angle), a GPS position, a vertical acceleration and speed, an estimated value of the road slope.
- the kinematic parameters relating to a moving element are for example: a wheel rotation speed, an engine torque, a tire pressure, a suspension compression ratio, a braking torque, wheel angular speeds, a master cylinder brake pressure, an electric power steering assistance torque, a suspension stroke, a machine torque of the drive train.
- the computer 13 comprises at least one memory and at least one processor. Thanks to its memory, it stores data used in the context of the method described below. In particular, it stores a computer application, consisting of computer programs comprising instructions whose execution by the processor allows the computer 13 to implement the method described below. In other words, the processor is programmed to implement the method described below.
- the calculator 13 has more particularly in memory a predetermined list of models and a predetermined list of filters.
- Each model in the predetermined list of models makes it possible to describe a movement of the motor vehicle 10 and more particularly an evolution of the motor vehicle 10 in its traffic lane.
- Each model is therefore at least partially representative of the trajectory and the dynamics of the motor vehicle 10.
- each model includes in particular at least one equation of motion relating to a temporal evolution of a state of the motor vehicle 10.
- these equations are called “state equations”, as is common in the field of modeling.
- the state equations are of the differential equation type, in the sense that they link at least one kinematic parameter and its derivative, for example the speed and acceleration of the motor vehicle 10.
- the state equations are for example derived from the fundamental principle of dynamics.
- Each model also comprises a measurement equation for calculating an observable datum based on a measurement of at least one kinematic parameter. Each observable datum is therefore also relative to the movement of the motor vehicle 10. As detailed in the subsequent examples, an observable datum is for example directly equal to the measurement of a kinematic parameter or to a combination of measurements of kinematic parameters.
- Each filter of the predetermined list of filters is adapted to estimate an instantaneous state of at least one of the models on the basis of at least one observable data and at least one predetermined prior state of said model. Each filter is thus a recursive filter. This means that it is based on the prior states to estimate, by iteration, the instantaneous state.
- a predetermined prior state is here considered known.
- a prior state corresponds for example to an initial state of said model or to a state preceding, by one or more iterations, the instantaneous state.
- a state is here characterized by a set of parameters describing the motor vehicle 10.
- the states are subsequently called “state vectors”, which means that they group together several state variables, for example the positions and speeds of the motor vehicle 10 or the speeds and accelerations of the motor vehicle 10.
- state variables are also relative to the movement of the motor vehicle 10. They may, but not necessarily, correspond to kinematic parameters measurable by the sensors of the motor vehicle 10.
- a state can be characterized by a single state variable.
- each filter in the predetermined list is preferably a digital, Bayesian or particle filter, which is based on a hidden Markov chain.
- the total mass of the motor vehicle will be denoted m.
- the distance between the center of gravity C and the front axle of the vehicle will be noted a f .
- the index / will be associated with the front wheels.
- the distance between the center of gravity C and the rear axle will be noted a r .
- the index r will be associated with the rear wheels.
- the steering angle that the rear wheels make with the longitudinal axis X of the vehicle will be noted ô r . It will be noted here that in the following, this angle will be zero. Alternatively, it could be non-zero and expressed as a function of the steering angle ô f .
- the vehicle's yaw rate (around the Z axis) will be noted r.
- the vehicle's longitudinal speed, along the X axis, will be noted
- V The lateral speed of the vehicle, along the Y axis, will be noted V
- the method according to the invention is intended to enable the drift angle
- the steps of the method are here implemented repeatedly.
- the computer 13 is thus programmed to implement the method recursively, that is to say step by step.
- the drift angle p is thus estimated at each instant (for example from the moment when the motor vehicle 10 starts) which then allows the computer 13 to implement driving assistance or trajectory control functions.
- the selected filter is iterated at successive times which are for example separated by a constant time step.
- the qualifier "instantaneous” refers to the present time, that is to say to the last iteration of the filter. This present time is referenced “k”, it is here equal to k times the time step from an initial time referenced “k0" (k being a strictly positive integer).
- the state vector representative of the present time is referenced “k” as an index.
- iteration "k” of a filter which means that it has been iterated k times.
- the qualifier "previous” refers to a past time, older than the present time. A past time corresponds for example to the previous time (i.e.
- the objective of the method is precisely to estimate the drift angle [3 "instantaneous", that is to say at the iteration "k” of the selected filter.
- the drift angle P at the "previous” instant is known since the previous state vector is predetermined (typically because already calculated at a previous iteration).
- estimating we mean the fact of determining by calculation as opposed to a direct measurement. We will therefore use in the following, the terms calculate or estimate as opposed to measure or acquire.
- the method thus begins with a step E1 of acquiring, by means of the input interfaces of the computer 13, a value of at least one kinematic parameter.
- a value of at least one kinematic parameter Preferably, the values of several kinematic parameters are acquired, for example a yaw rate value r and a longitudinal speed value V x .
- step E1 may comprise the acquisition of lateral acceleration values a y and yaw rate values r.
- the method then comprises a step E2 of selecting a pair formed by a model and a filter, called a “model/filter” pair. This selection is carried out on the basis of the values of the kinematic parameters acquired in step E1.
- the selection step E2 is more particularly based on a machine learning algorithm.
- the machine learning algorithm is for example: a linear regression, a support vector machine, or even a neural network.
- This association between the values of the kinematic parameters and the model/filter pairs is established during tests carried out with a test vehicle equipped with a sensor adapted to measure the drift angle
- the learning here makes it possible to construct a decision tree with kinematic parameter values as input and model/filter pairs as output.
- the decision tree makes it possible, during step E2, to select the most suitable model/filter pair, i.e. the most appropriate for the driving situation reflected by said kinematic parameter values.
- This decision tree is recorded in the memory of the computer 13 for the implementation of step E2.
- the learning is for example carried out using the Matlab software, here using the applications: Deep learning toolbox, Statistics and Machine learning toolbox.
- several learning algorithms are compared during the test phase and only the most precise (in comparison with the derivative angle measurements from the sensor) is used to generate the decision tree.
- step E3 of the method the calculator 13 determines each observable data associated with the selected model.
- the calculator 13 thus determines one (see Example 1 below) or several observable data (see Example 4 below).
- Each observable data is here determined using a measurement equation of the selected model.
- Each observable data is therefore determined on the basis of a measurement of at least one kinematic parameter, the at least one kinematic parameter possibly having been used or not to select the model/filter pair in step E2.
- the method comprises a step E4 of iteration of the selected filter. This iteration makes it possible to calculate the instantaneous state vector of the motor vehicle 10.
- step F2 of correction of the instantaneous state vector on the basis of each observable data determined in step E3.
- the predetermined prior state vector on which the prediction is based is the one preceding the instantaneous state vector, i.e. the one resulting from iteration k-1.
- the prediction step F1 makes it possible to calculate a predicted state vector at time k based on the previous state vector at time k-1. The prediction is thus based solely on the prior state vectors, and in particular on the previous state vector.
- the correction step F2 makes it possible to adjust the prediction, i.e. the predicted state vector of step F1, by comparing the predicted state vector with measurements via the observable data. The result of this correction step F2 is in particular the instantaneous state vector.
- the correction step F2 also comprises a filter adjustment step, for example of a filter gain, so as to refine its subsequent predictions.
- the method finally comprises a step E5 of deducing, from the instantaneous state vector, the drift angle
- the drift angle P is deduced either by calculating it from one or more state variables, or by being itself directly one of the state variables.
- a preliminary drift angle is calculated for each model/filter pair recorded in the memory of the computer 13.
- four preliminary drift angles are determined at each instant using respectively one of the model/filter pairs of Examples 1 to 4 described below.
- the computer 13 selects, on the basis of the values of the kinematic parameters and using the learning algorithm, one of the model/filter pairs.
- the drift angle P is then determined as the preliminary drift angle of the selected model/filter pair.
- the decision tree makes it possible to assign coefficients to the different preliminary drift angles according to the values of the kinematic parameters that it receives as input.
- the preliminary drift angle of the selected model/filter pair is assigned a coefficient of one when the others are assigned a coefficient of zero.
- different non-zero coefficients for example between zero and one could be applied to the preliminary drift angles.
- the filter is a Kalman filter.
- the theory (which can be found in any appropriate engineering work) of the Kalman filter which is a Bayesian filter based on the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations and hidden Markov chains.
- the kinematic model is here defined by the following two equations: [0085] - an equation of state: [0086] [Math.l] v
- [0087] - a measurement equation: representing the derivative with respect to time.
- the yaw rate r is measured at each instant by means of the sensors of the motor vehicle 10.
- variable y generally represents an observable data.
- y is directly equal to the measurement of the longitudinal speed
- the state vector includes, in this kinematic model, the longitudinal speed V x and the lateral speed V y .
- the instantaneous state vector is noted t and is therefore characterized by the longitudinal speed V x and the lateral speed V y k.
- the state vector is for example initialized as a zero vector at time k0, which corresponds to the motor vehicle 10 being stationary. When the motor vehicle 10 starts, the filter begins to be iterated to determine the successive states.
- this model uses only quantities (yaw rate r, acceleration a terme a y ) which are easily accessible, provided by inexpensive sensors.
- the Kalman filter allows the estimation of the state vector x governed by the linear stochastic differential equation of type:
- the matrices A, B and H represent respectively the transition matrix, the matrix linked to the command u and the observation matrix.
- the command u at time k-1 is the vector _ ⁇ a xl comprising the longitudinal accelerations a x ukA ⁇ av and lateral a y at time k-1.
- the vector u is here measured using the inertial unit of the motor vehicle 10.
- the random variables q kt and m k represent the model noise (state noise) and the measurement noise, they are considered Gaussian and independent of each other. This is for example the case when there is no slope (horizontal roadway) and the contact with the roadway at the wheels 11, 12 is a rolling without slippage.
- the notation represents the predicted state vector at step Fl and iteration k of the filter.
- the notation represents the corrected state vector at step F2 and at iteration k of the filter.
- the notation represents the state vector calculated at iteration k-1 of the filter (i.e. the predetermined previous state of the model).
- step F2 The state vector corrected in step F2 is calculated according to the formula:
- step E4 The observable data y k is obtained in step E4, here by measuring the longitudinal speed as shown in [Math. 2], the variable K k is the correction gain of the filter at iteration k (see [Fig.3] for its formula).
- P represents the error covariance and Q the state noise covariance.
- step E4 the state vector at time k (i.e. the instantaneous state of the motor vehicle 10) is estimated.
- the model/filter pair is therefore based on an estimation of the lateral speed V y on the basis, in particular, of a measurement of the longitudinal speed V x .
- step E5 comprises the calculation of the drift angle P using the two state variables, namely the longitudinal speed
- This second example is based on the use of a dynamic model.
- the dynamic model unlike the kinematic model presented above, takes into account the forces undergone by the wheels. This dynamic model makes it possible to compensate for the deficiencies of the kinematic model which is poorly adapted when the yaw rate r is close to zero.
- the dynamic model is more complete and takes into account other aspects intrinsic to the motor vehicle 10 as well as its dynamics.
- M yawC represents the yaw moment at the center of gravity C.
- the state vector includes as state variables the drift angle
- the observable data is the measurement of the yaw rate r.
- This dynamic model here includes a Dugoff tire model for estimating the variations in drift stiffness of the front and rear axles.
- the drift stiffnesses can be assumed to be constant.
- the filter implemented in this second example is an extended Kalman filter.
- This filter which is derived from the Kalman filter, allows the estimation of a state vector of a nonlinear model, that is to say a model where the relationship between the measurement and the state vector is nonlinear.
- the dynamic model can be written in the form: [0123]
- the random variables q k .j and m k denote the state noise and the measurement noise.
- the Euler method allows to simply connect the state vectors at the different instants.
- the sampling period is equal to the time step.
- the calculator 13 calculates the partial derivatives of the function/and of the function h around The iteration of the extended Kalman filter is then similar to that of the Kalman filter once the dynamic model is linearized, as shown in [Fig.4],
- the extended Kalman filter is applied to the linearized and discretized dynamic model according to the Euler method.
- the parameters involved in the iteration of the filter and appearing in [Fig.4] are:
- step E5 includes the determination of the drift angle [3 directly from the state vector. Indeed, the drift angle P is one of the state variables, it is therefore estimated in step E4.
- Example 3 Bicycle model and particle filter
- the filter is a particle filter.
- Particle filters allow to estimate the instantaneous state vector of a strongly nonlinear and non-Gaussian model. Particle filters allow to calculate probability densities as Dirac weighted sums.
- the bicycle model is here defined by the following two systems of equations:
- the state vector includes as state variables the drift angle P and the yaw rate r.
- the observable data are the yaw rate r and the lateral acceleration a y . This model also assumes small angles.
- the iteration of the particle filter is schematized in Figure 5.
- the notation x represents a particle and x ⁇ the state vector.
- the particles are here vectorial in the sense that each of them represents a value of the drift angle P and a value of the yaw rate r.
- the particle filtering begins with an initialization step F0 comprising a drawing of initial particles XQ, XQ, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , XQ , N being the number of initial particles, following a uniform distribution q.
- an initialization step F0 comprising a drawing of initial particles XQ, XQ, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , XQ , N being the number of initial particles, following a uniform distribution q.
- all the particles have an identical weighting coefficient io 0 equal to 1/N.
- the number N of initial particles is for example between 1000 and 100,000. Preferably, the number of particles is greater than 10,000, which makes it possible to accurately estimate the drift angle P even when the motor vehicle 10 maneuvers abruptly. However, using more particles requires more computing power.
- the initialization step F0 takes place only during the first iteration of the filter.
- the symbol “ ⁇ ” represents a weighting, here a raw weighting different from a weighting normalized to unity.
- the prediction step Fi occurs only from the second iteration of the filter in the sense that it is replaced by the step F0 during the first iteration.
- the particles from the previous iteration are then propagated (i.e. drawn) according to the distribution q.
- the distribution q is a probability density q propagates the particles according to the previous state of the model.
- the correction step F2 is then divided into several sub-steps.
- the main role of the correction step F2 is to calculate the weighting coefficients j k of the particles of the iteration k on the basis of the weighting coefficients from the previous iteration k-1.
- the calculator 13 calculates two probability densities (from a hidden Markov chain).
- the calculator 13 calculates the a priori probability p ⁇
- This a priori probability is calculated using two state equations (cf. [Math. 11]).
- the particles at iteration k are calculated knowing the particles X ⁇ at iteration k-1 using [Math. 11], It therefore only depends on the previous state.
- the calculator 13 calculates the likelihood y
- the likelihood is a multidimensional Gaussian distribution defined by the equation:
- Nv represents the number of state variables
- x the state vector
- p a vector of means associated with the state vector
- Z the variance of this vector p and of the determining operator.
- This vector p and its variance 2 can be calibrated as the covariance of the measurement noises and the model noises.
- weighting coefficients w k of iteration k are calculated in sub-step F21, as shown in [Fig.5],
- the instantaneous state vector x k is calculated as the sum of the particles weighted by their normalized weighting coefficients.
- particles may be removed at a substep F24 when the following condition is satisfied: probability density.
- the covariance of the state noises is equal to le-1 for the longitudinal speed V x and is between le-2 and 0.2 for the lateral speed ;
- the initial distribution is a centered Gaussian of covariance le-2 for the longitudinal velocity V x and for the lateral velocity V y .
- the initial distribution occurs during the first iteration of the filter.
- Example 4 Dynamic model with random walk and particle filter
- the filter is also a particle filter. Its implementation is identical to that of the filter presented in the third example.
- the model here is a dynamic model with random walk. This model does not require knowledge related to a pneumatic model. The equations used are derived from the fundamental principle of dynamics.
- the state vector includes in particular the lateral forces on the front axle F yf and on the rear axle F yr and the front longitudinal force F xf .
- the principle of the random walk is to consider that the forces exerted on the wheels 11, 12 (i.e. the lateral forces on the front axle F yf and rear F yr and the front longitudinal force F ⁇ f ) are constant, therefore that their time derivatives are zero, and to add a high noise which will allow to have random force variations on each particle.
- the covariance of the measurement noises is for example equal to le-2 for the yaw rate r and to 1 for the longitudinal acceleration a x ;
- the covariance of the model noises is for example equal to le-2 for the yaw rate r, le-3 for the drift angle [3, 1500 for the lateral force on the front axle F yf , 1500 for the lateral force on the rear axle F K and 200 for the longitudinal force on the front axle F / ;
- the initial distribution is a centered Gaussian with covariance le-4 for the yaw rate r, le-5 for the drift angle [3, le3 for the lateral force on the front axle F yf , le3 for the lateral force on the rear axle F yr , le3 for the longitudinal force on the front axle F / ;
- the number of particles is between 30,000 and 100,000.
- the kinematic model and Kalman filter pair (Example 1) may be selected when the yaw rate is greater than a threshold value.
- the calculator selects for example the dynamic model and extended Kalman filter pair (Example 2) or the pair based on a particle filter (Examples 3 and 4). This same selection principle may be based on the longitudinal speed.
- a model/filter pair on the basis of several values of kinematic parameters of the vehicle by comparing each value to an associated threshold value. The selection is then made according to these comparisons, which are for example implemented one after the other. The comparisons concerning the most important kinematic parameters (i.e. the most representative of the driving situation) may be implemented first.
- model/filter pairs than those described in detail above can be recorded in the memory of the computer and selected in the method according to the invention.
- the particle filter can be used in combination with the kinematic model (Example 1) or the dynamic model (Example 2). It can also be used in combination with a mixed model based on the dynamic model with random walk (Example 4) also including the drift angle estimated by a Kalman filter with kinematic model. The drift angle of the Kalman filter is then compared with the angle estimated by the particle filter to improve the estimation.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Feedback Control In General (AREA)
- Control Of Electric Motors In General (AREA)
- Steering Control In Accordance With Driving Conditions (AREA)
Abstract
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Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24731870.2A EP4724320A1 (fr) | 2023-06-09 | 2024-06-04 | Procédé de calcul d'un angle de dérive d'un véhicule automobile |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2305869A FR3149574B1 (fr) | 2023-06-09 | 2023-06-09 | Procédé de calcul d’un angle de dérive d’un véhicule automobile |
| FRFR2305869 | 2023-06-09 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024251741A1 true WO2024251741A1 (fr) | 2024-12-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/EP2024/065349 Ceased WO2024251741A1 (fr) | 2023-06-09 | 2024-06-04 | Procédé de calcul d'un angle de dérive d'un véhicule automobile |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4724320A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3149574B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024251741A1 (fr) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10059030B4 (de) * | 1999-11-29 | 2007-06-28 | Aisin Seiki K.K., Kariya | Vorrichtung zum Schätzen eines Fahrzeugschwimmwinkels |
| DE102016214064A1 (de) * | 2016-07-29 | 2018-02-01 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Bestimmung von Fahrzustandsgrößen |
| CN116101295A (zh) * | 2023-03-31 | 2023-05-12 | 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司 | 一种地面附着系数获取方法、装置及存储介质 |
-
2023
- 2023-06-09 FR FR2305869A patent/FR3149574B1/fr active Active
-
2024
- 2024-06-04 WO PCT/EP2024/065349 patent/WO2024251741A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-06-04 EP EP24731870.2A patent/EP4724320A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10059030B4 (de) * | 1999-11-29 | 2007-06-28 | Aisin Seiki K.K., Kariya | Vorrichtung zum Schätzen eines Fahrzeugschwimmwinkels |
| DE102016214064A1 (de) * | 2016-07-29 | 2018-02-01 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Bestimmung von Fahrzustandsgrößen |
| CN116101295A (zh) * | 2023-03-31 | 2023-05-12 | 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司 | 一种地面附着系数获取方法、装置及存储介质 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3149574A1 (fr) | 2024-12-13 |
| EP4724320A1 (fr) | 2026-04-15 |
| FR3149574B1 (fr) | 2025-05-02 |
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