WO2024251669A1 - Titre : procédé d'obtention d'un ensemble de règles de compression d'un paquet de données transmis dans un réseau - Google Patents
Titre : procédé d'obtention d'un ensemble de règles de compression d'un paquet de données transmis dans un réseau Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/04—Protocols for data compression, e.g. ROHC
Definitions
- the technical area is that of data compression and decompression.
- the invention relates to a method for obtaining a set of compression rules capable of compressing a data packet transmitted in a network.
- the invention relates to a method for managing the compression and decompression of a data packet transmitted in a network.
- Modern digital telecommunications operate on the principle of exchanging data packets between transmitters and receivers using protocols such as the IP protocol (acronym for Internet Protocol).
- IP protocol an Internet Protocol
- a set of data packets relating to a communication is sent by the transmitter to a receiver.
- the packets contain the address of the receiver so that they can be addressed to it using different routing algorithms, and the content of the communication is reconstructed by the receiver by grouping the data contained in the different packets.
- many protocols must be used, each of which fulfills a role from the physical sending of bits, atomic elements constituting digital data, to the interpretation of data for computer applications. Bits are traditionally grouped into bytes, sets of eight bits.
- the different protocols are traditionally seen as being organized into layers, with a protocol from one layer relying on a protocol from a lower layer.
- the OSI model Open Systems Interconnection
- the Internet model describe the articulation of the various protocols between different layers.
- the HTTP protocol (from the English Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol of the Application layer, which allows to transfer data to or from a website.
- the data to be transferred is organized in data packets.
- the HTTP protocol uses the TCP protocol (from the English Transmission Control Protocol) which belongs to the Transport layer, for example to request the transfer of data packets representing the content of a website to a user.
- the TCP protocol for example, works in three phases: the establishment of a connection, the transfer of data, and the end of the connection.
- the protocols of the Transport layer will use a protocol of the Network layer, generally the IP protocol (Internet Protocol) in one of its versions IPv4 or IPv6.
- the IP protocol will use a Link layer protocol, for example the Ethernet protocol which will organize the sending of the elementary data constituting the packet, these elementary data being bits, transmitted using the layer Physical, whether using optical fiber transmission, or wireless communication depending on the case.
- Link layer protocol for example the Ethernet protocol which will organize the sending of the elementary data constituting the packet, these elementary data being bits, transmitted using the layer Physical, whether using optical fiber transmission, or wireless communication depending on the case.
- Constrained Application Protocol used in the Internet of Things domain generally relies on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) of the Transport layer.
- UDP User Datagram Protocol
- a common point for all protocols on all layers is the organization of the data exchanged in data packets.
- a data packet is organized in two parts: a first part is the header of the packet which groups together the information necessary for the protocol which is responsible for processing the packet; a second part is the payload which groups together the data transported in the packet itself.
- a first part is the header of the packet which groups together the information necessary for the protocol which is responsible for processing the packet; a second part is the payload which groups together the data transported in the packet itself.
- the Link layer we speak of a frame rather than a packet, and, in addition to the header, there is a footer indicating the end of the frame.
- Packet headers include fields.
- a field is a continuous set of bits of a fixed or variable length. When a field is of variable length, mechanisms are used to determine the length of the field actually transmitted. When the value in a fixed length field is of variable length, padding bits will complete the value up to the fixed length of the field.
- a field has an identifier that indicates the nature of the value present in the field. The values present in the field are used by the protocol concerned to process the packet appropriately. For example, in the header of an IP packet, a field whose identifier is Version will contain the version number of the protocol used. The size of this field is four bits. Other fields concern, for example, the source and destination IP addresses of the packet.
- a header is therefore naturally divided into several sections, namely the header fields.
- the packet payload can also be divided into multiple sections, for example by defining sections of a constant length expressed in number of bits.
- a packet analysis tool such as Wireshark or tcpdump can be used to capture and analyze data packets. Analysis allows a data packet exchanged on a network to be separated into its header and payload, and to read the information contained in the header and the data contained in the payload and to identify the various sections of a packet, both in its header and in its payload.
- the typical header of a packet will consist of several concatenated headers, one for each encapsulated protocol. For example, an Ethernet frame encapsulating an IP packet will start with the IP header, followed by the UDP header. The fields of the IP packet will therefore be followed in the frame by the fields of the UDP packet.
- the exchanged data packets consist, as we have seen, on the one hand of a header containing the information necessary for the transmission of the packet and on the other hand of a payload comprising the data transmitted by the packet as such. Compression can therefore concern the payload, or the headers of data packets. Since the values of certain fields of the headers of data packets will take constant values or vary little, it is possible to carry out very effective compressions of data packets by seeking only to compress the values of the fields of the headers of the data packets.
- a first example of a protocol compressing the values of the header fields of data packets is the ROHC protocol (acronym for Robust Header Compression) which is defined by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) standardization body in the RFC document ⁇ Request For Comments, specification documents at the base of the Internet) number 3095.
- the basic idea of this protocol is that certain values of the header fields of the packets forming the same communication will not change from one communication to another. For example, the values of the source and destination address fields will remain the same during a communication.
- these values will be erased in the headers of the following packets in order to compress the header of the packet, and therefore the packet itself, and will be inserted upon reception since they are known after sending the first packet.
- the deletion is performed by a compression module and the insertion of the value by a decompression module. Other types of compression can be applied.
- the ROHC protocol is used, for example, in mobile telecommunications networks.
- it requires that a context be constructed for each communication indicating which values can be compressed, and in what manner.
- Transmitters and receivers must therefore regularly update the contexts used for header compression. This update operation is very costly and other mechanisms will be preferred in certain usage contexts.
- the data exchanged by these objects is often very small in size, and may be limited to signaling that the object is still active, or the object may want to send back a single value, such as a temperature for a thermometer, or a water level for a water meter.
- the size of the headers of the data packets proportionally to the size of the payload will therefore be proportionally larger in the context of LPWANs than in other contexts. There is therefore a need for efficient compression of data packets which, in the context of LPWANs, will focus on compressing the values of the header fields.
- the SCHC protocol (acronym for Static Context Header Compression), defined by the IETF in RFC 8724, was designed to be used in the context of LPWANs. It is based on a static context. For a given context, for example a type of connected object deployed in a given network, compression rules will be defined. These rules group together operations that can be applied to the values of the fields in the packet headers. These operations can be of three types, all based on the idea that values of certain fields, or part of the values, can be erased before transmission and then reconstructed upon reception:
- a first type of compression operation is deletion: the value of the field is read and will be deleted by the compression module if the value is the expected one.
- the compression module is for example located in the connected object.
- the deleted value will be inserted upon receipt by the decompression module which is located in the gateway and which has the same rules as the compression module.
- This type of operation is suitable for fields that take a constant value, such as the Version field of IP packets. If the field takes a value other than the expected one, the operation does not apply, the compression rule is ignored, and another rule will possibly be used or the value of the field may be transmitted unchanged.
- a second type of compression operation uses a dictionary: a dictionary is built for some field values and if the field value is in the dictionary, the compression module will replace the field value with its index in the dictionary.
- the decompression module uses the dictionary to replace the index with the deleted value.
- a field value outside the dictionary may be transmitted unchanged if no rule applies.
- prefix erasure the value of the field is a sequence of bits, and a longer or shorter prefix can be defined in a compression operation. If the value does have this prefix, the prefix will be erased during compression and inserted during decompression, or the value will be transmitted unchanged if the prefix is not recognized by the operation.
- a fourth type of operation which consists of ignoring the value of the field and passing it as is.
- Other combinations are possible, as well as other compression/decompression actions, for example to handle variable length fields.
- a set of compression rules will then be defined for a given deployment context.
- compression rules and their symmetric decompression rules
- the set of rules will then be able to process in compression and decompression all the data packets that are exchanged in the LPWAN network, the compression being limited to the values of the header fields.
- the SCHC protocol makes it possible to determine which compression rule applies when a data packet circulates in the network.
- each compression rule in the set is defined for a given packet header format and will consist of a set of operations to be applied to the values of the fields in the header of a packet that complies with the format.
- Several rules can cover the same data packet header format. For example, compression rules will be defined for the format of IP packets encapsulating a UDP packet, and these rules will include operations for all fields of an IP packet header followed by a UDP packet header.
- a compression rule is part of a rule set and has a rule identifier.
- the rule set will seek to cover all possible formats of data packet headers that can be exchanged in a given context.
- the SCHC compression/decompression protocol is applied by a compression module that will process a packet before sending it to a decompression module.
- the compression and decompression modules have the same set of rules, defined for a given context.
- the protocol will consist, when a data packet must be processed by the compression module, in going through the set of rules available to the compression module in order to retain one or more rules. If a rule does not match the format of the fields in the header of the processed packet, the rule is not retained. If the format of the fields matches, it is necessary to examine whether the values of the fields correspond to all the matching operators provided in the rule. If this is not the case, the rule is again not retained. If no rule in the set matches, the packet is sent without processing and a non-compression indicator is prefixed to it. In all cases, the payload of the packet is not processed by the SCHC protocol. In the context of LPWANs, packet compression limited to compressing header field values will still be effective, because the header size is proportionally large.
- rule is then chosen, and only one, for example the first encountered in the rule set, or chosen randomly, at the discretion of the SCHC protocol implementation.
- the operations provided for in the rule are applied by the compression module to the values of the fields in the packet header.
- the packet is transmitted with its header values compressed, as well as the identifier of the rule that was applied.
- the decompression module receives the packet whose header values have been compressed; uses the identifier of the rule to find the operations that have been applied; and applies the symmetric decompression operations. For example, if, for a value of a field, the compression operation used a dictionary, the decompression module will use the index value transmitted to replace it with the value provided in the dictionary.
- the compression and decompression operations in the SCHC protocol can be lossless, that is, decompressing the header of the data packet according to the operations provided in the SCHC protocol reconstructs the header exactly as it was before compression. This is the general case even if there may be usage settings where this is not the case.
- the compression rule sets are therefore defined, in the SCHC protocol, for a given, static context, and correspond to the packet formats expected in the exchanges between transmitters and receivers. They are defined by an expert who knows that, in a given deployment context, such and such protocol will be used, according to a given encapsulation, and who therefore knows which packet header formats are expected. The expert also knows that such and such field of packets respecting such and such format will take a constant value, or a value among a set of limited size, or a value that will often have the same prefix. For example, the expert knows that the IP-Version field that will appear in the headers of packets respecting several formats (IP only, or IP encapsulating UDP packets, or other%) will be constant.
- the expert knows that the IP address values present in a given field belong to a limited range and will therefore have a common prefix. This knowledge allows the expert to choose the most appropriate operation for a given field in a given format and to integrate it into the rule. The expert therefore builds a set of rules that will be deployed, for example attached to compression and decompression modules embedded in a set of connected objects and a corresponding gateway, to implement the SCHC protocol.
- the SCHC protocol was initially designed in the context of LPWANs but it could be used in other contexts, such as home networks, or for frame header compression. Ethernet.
- the compression operations of the SCHC protocol could also be applied to sections of the payload of a data packet and not just the header.
- the compression operations defined by the SCHC protocol which provide very efficient compression, in as many contexts as possible.
- these compression operations should be able to apply to sections of the packet payload, and not just to header fields.
- the header compression principles defined in the SCHC protocol to be applied to a dynamic context, even if it is weakly dynamic. For example, if, in a deployment context, SCHC compression is applied to an IP address value, and this value changes even if it is at a very low frequency, the rule established in a static context becomes inoperative from the first change of IP address. Or, if a given section of a payload varies, even slightly, the rules of the SCHC protocol will not apply.
- the invention improves the situation.
- the invention relates to a method for obtaining a set of compression rules for a data packet transmitted in a network, the packet comprising sections taking respective values expressed in the form of a sequence of bits, the packet being capable of being compressed by applying compression rules capable of removing bits from a value taken by a section of the packet, the method comprising, for several given compression rules, obtaining a count, relative to a set of data packets, called a learning set, of the number of bits removed by the rule concerned applied to packets of the learning set followed by obtaining the set of compression rules as a function of the counts obtained.
- a set of compression-relevant compression rules is automatically created.
- the compression rules comprise compression operations that apply to values taken by sections of data packets.
- the compression rules of the obtained set can be applied to the data packets transmitted in the network in order to achieve effective and efficient compression of the transmitted data packets.
- the advantage of the invention is that the compression rules can change automatically when the transmission context changes and remain effective. This makes it easier to deploy compression protocols and to use them in many contexts, including dynamic contexts.
- quantities called counts are obtained from a set of packets, called a training set.
- This training set is representative of the expected traffic, which will have to be compressed by the set of compression rules obtained.
- the counts obtained make it possible to know precisely the quantities of bits that can be erased by compression rules given in this representative set and thus to guide the creation of compression rules.
- Obtaining exact counts of bits that can be erased by compression rules can be long and complex to achieve for large training sets. But the training sets must be large in order to be truly representative of the expected traffic.
- the challenge of the invention is to find an efficient representation of a large training set in order to be able to perform these exact counts.
- the method further comprises the application of at least one compression operation to a section value of said data packet, said operation being included in a compression rule belonging to the set of compression rules obtained, followed by the transmission of said data packet to which said at least one compression operation has been applied and of data representative of the compression rule to which said operation belongs.
- the compression rules obtained are applied to data packets and make it possible to perform effective compressions.
- the data packets are compressed by applying compression operations that erase portions of values, or even complete values, taken by sections of the data packet. To reconstruct the portions of values erased upon receipt of the compressed packet, the latter must be transmitted with data representative of the compression rule that was applied to it.
- the section of the data packet to the value of which a compression operation is applied is a field of a header of the data packet.
- the section of the data packet to the value of which a compression operation is applied is a previously defined delimitation of the load of the data packet.
- the fields of a header are themselves predefined sections since the structure of the header, and therefore its delimitation into several fields, is defined by the protocol, or the stack of protocols, to which the transmitted data packet belongs.
- the data packet to which said at least one compression operation has been applied is transmitted jointly with the data representative of the compression rule to which said compression operation belongs.
- the data packet is transmitted together with the data representative of the compression rule that has been applied to it.
- This joint transmission will facilitate the subsequent decompression operation that will be applied to the data packet, by ensuring that, when a data packet is transmitted, it is transmitted with the information that makes it possible to know the compression operation that has been applied to it.
- the transmitted data packet is formed by concatenating data representative of a compression rule, said data being an identifier of the compression rule consisting of a sequence of bits, with the data packet to which at least one compression operation belonging to said compression rule which belongs to a set of compression rules obtained by learning has been applied.
- the transmitted data packet is a new data packet formed by concatenating an identifier of the compression rule, namely a sequence of bits, with the original data packet to which the compression rule has been applied.
- the compressed data packet is therefore transmitted jointly with an identifier of the compression rule which will make it possible to find the latter among the set of compression rules obtained by learning.
- obtaining the set of compression rules comprises the implementation of a reinforcement learning algorithm.
- Reinforcement learning unlike supervised learning, does not require any expert intervention.
- the technical effect obtained is therefore that compression rules can be obtained automatically in order to achieve the compression of data packets transmitted in the network.
- a First advantage is that compression rules can be obtained cheaply and quickly since this obtaining does not involve an expert.
- Another advantage is that compression rules can change automatically when the transmission context changes and remain effective.
- the reinforcement learning algorithm implemented in obtaining the set of compression rules uses as a learning set the so-called learning set, formed of data packets collected beforehand; implements an environment which comprises the so-called learning set and the set of compression rules; and the change of state in the reinforcement learning algorithm comprises the addition of a new rule to the set of compression rules.
- This learning set is a set of data packets for which the learning algorithm will seek to produce a set of compression rules that compresses it as best as possible.
- This learning set is the so-called learning set that is used to obtain the counts of the number of bits removed by a compression rule that would be applied to packets of the so-called learning set. It is clear that the learning will be all the more relevant as the learning set is representative of the expected traffic whose data packets must be compressed. If the learning set is too small, in particular, the learning will not be able to obtain a set of compression rules that are effective in all cases, because examples of traffic that could have been compressed are not present in the learning set.
- Reinforcement learning consists of evolving the set of compression rules that is learned, in an environment including the training set that the compression rule set must compress. This evolution is done by adding a new rule to the compression rule set. The training set, however, does not evolve during the learning phase.
- the reinforcement learning algorithm comprises a reward function which is calculated according to the compression of the packets of the training set by the compression rules belonging to the set of compression rules.
- Reinforcement learning consists of evolving an actor, here the set of compression rules that we learn, in an environment, here the union of the set of rules and the training set, and guiding the evolutions of the actor using a reward function.
- the reward function is the compression achieved by the set of compression rules on the packets of the training set. The better the compression achieved by the set of rules, the better this set is and therefore reinforcement learning will tend to produce a set of rules that produces better compression.
- the change of state is the addition of a rule to the set of rules; the reward function will penalize whether this addition of a rule is relevant or not and allows the set of compression rules to evolve towards better compression.
- the advantage of this mode is therefore to specify how to run a reinforcement learning algorithm to learn a set of compression rules and how to choose relevant reinforcement learning parameters to obtain good compression of the packets in the training set by the set of rules resulting from the training.
- the learning of a set of compression rules is carried out from an initial set consisting of a single rule not carrying out any compression.
- the starting point is a set of rules formed by a single rule applying to all packets in the collected training set.
- This set makes it possible to ensure that from the start, the set of rules will apply to the entire training set even if the initial rule does not perform compression on the section values of the packets in the training set.
- the set of compression rules evolves so as to ensure that, for all packets in the training set, there exists in the set of compression rules a rule that can apply, which is indeed the case with this single rule performing no compression.
- the advantage of this embodiment is that it does not require the intervention of any expert to define the initial set of compression rules which is submitted to the learning algorithm.
- the learning of a set of compression rules is carried out from an initial set comprising a compression rule provided by an expert.
- the advantage of this implementation is that it allows an expert to ensure that a rule that seems very useful to him is indeed present in the set of compression rules. By placing it at the start of the learning, we obtain this result. The rest of the learning algorithm can be done by reinforcement, therefore without subsequent intervention by the expert. We therefore obtain here a mixed mode where the intervention of the expert is limited.
- the obtaining method comprises the following steps executed when obtaining the set of compression rules:
- obtaining a set of compression rules is guided efficiently. Indeed, obtaining can work by randomly performing state changes that will be retained or not according to a reward function. This way of proceeding could on the one hand take a lot of time and on the other hand lead to sets of compression rules comprising too many rules if the most effective rules are not created first. However, we have seen that if too many compression rules are created, this becomes an obstacle to efficient compression because the index of the rule used during compression must be transmitted with the compressed packet. Too many rules imply an index coded on a large number of bits which makes compression inefficient.
- the obtaining works by iteration until a stopping criterion is satisfied, and the iteration consists of applying the same algorithm to an environment formed by the new set of compression rules (with a new rule added) and the so-called training set.
- the added rule applies to all the data packets of the so-called learning set to which the selected rule applies, then the selected rule is removed from the set of compression rules.
- the addition of the new rule ensures that the set of rules that is being obtained will apply to all the packets in the so-called learning set. This is why, in this embodiment, if the added rule does not cover all the packets covered by the selected rule from which the added rule was created, then the selected rule is retained. Since the obtaining algorithm can start, in certain embodiments, from a set comprising an initial rule applying to all the packets, it is then certain to have at the end a set of rules applying to all the packets in the so-called learning set. However, the deletion of the rule selected if the added rule covers the same packets ensures that unnecessary rules are not kept and thus minimizes the size of the compression rule set resulting from the learning algorithm.
- the stopping criterion is satisfied when the compression obtained on the so-called learning set by the modified set of compression rules is less than or equal to the compression obtained by the preceding set of rules.
- the stopping criterion is satisfied when the set of rules reaches a predetermined size expressed in number of rules or in number of compression operations included in the rules.
- the compression performed by the set of rules on the so-called learning set is calculated and the obtaining stops when the compression no longer progresses. This will happen for example when all the values of the sections of the packets of the so-called learning set are compressed. In this case, it is no longer possible to add a compression operation.
- the compression performed by the new set may be less than the compression performed by the previous set because it must be taken into account that the compression rules must be identified, and that the size of the index of the added rule may be larger than the compression performed by this rule.
- This mode ensures that the size of the set of rules obtained always remains below a certain size, which is advantageous in a context where one wants to save resources and where one wants to ensure that the indexes of the compression rules can be encoded with a limited number of bits (from two to four for example).
- This embodiment is particularly advantageous when the compression method is used by equipment with limited memory capacities, which will only be able to memorize a limited number of compression rules for data sent or received.
- the two modes can be combined, namely that the learning continues as long as the compression carried out by the set of rules progresses unless a predefined maximum size is reached.
- the step of selecting a rule belonging to the set of compression rules uses a quantity called compression potential for a given section of packets of the so-called learning set.
- compression potentials rather than exact counts of the amount of bits that can be erased by compression rules to guide the selection of compression rules for sections of packets not yet processed by compression rules. These compression potentials can be calculated more efficiently than exact counts and provide an alternative to guiding the obtaining algorithm.
- the sections for the values of which the learning algorithm will seek to produce compression operations belonging to rules are header fields. This explains the choice of the terms “field compression potential” and "field entropy estimator”. However, the embodiment can be applied both to header fields and to delimited sections in the payload of a data packet.
- the field compression potential is calculated for a given section, in order to detect which is the most interesting section to compress and thus guide the obtaining algorithm.
- the entropy estimator can therefore be at least zero. This is the case when the given section has a single value in the so-called learning set. The frequency of appearance of this single value is therefore 1; and the logarithm is 0.
- the entropy estimator will always be less than the length of the section expressed in bits. If a delimited section, or a field, takes a large number of different values, and therefore if its entropy estimator increases, then the length of the section expressed in bits which is necessary to encode this large number of different values will also increase and will always remain greater than the entropy estimator.
- the quantity called field compression potential is therefore always positive and will be maximal for a given section when its entropy estimator is zero. This happens when the section takes a unique value in the training set and we easily understand that a section that takes a unique value will be easy to compress. Just erase this value! The field compression potential decreases as the entropy estimator increases.
- the field compression potential therefore makes it possible to effectively guide the obtaining algorithm by indicating the sections of the training set whose compression will yield the most according to the reward function which is given by the compression carried out, said sections being able to be header fields of the packets or delimited sections of the packet payload.
- the field compression potential can be calculated for a section of variable length.
- Several elements will therefore be taken into account in this calculation. A value that appears frequently, but is of short length, may contribute less to the field compression potential than a value that appears less frequently but is of greater length.
- This embodiment therefore makes it possible to perform a precise calculation of the field compression potential even for a section of variable length.
- the formula used in this embodiment gives the same results as the formula given previously in the case where the section has a constant length L for all the values taken by the section.
- the field compression potential is calculated according to the formula N - in which
- H +a a is a strictly positive constant.
- This embodiment provides a variant for obtaining a field compression potential.
- the potential is indeed maximal when the entropy estimator is zero.
- the positive constant ensures the definition of the field compression potential in this case.
- This variant is suitable for the case where the section is of fixed length.
- the field compression potential is calculated according to the formula in which a is a strictly positive constant.
- This embodiment takes up the previous variant but adapts it to the case where the section is of variable length.
- the field compression potential is called the corrected compression potential and is calculated for a given section by multiplying the field compression potential by a correction factor a(l — in which N is the number of times that the section appears in the so-called learning set; K is the number of different values that the section takes in the so-called learning set; and a, p and y are chosen positive coefficients.
- the field compression potential can guide the obtaining algorithm in some embodiments, as an alternative to obtaining exact counts, but has the following defect: when a section has different values distributed uniformly, the entropy estimator increases too slowly as new values are observed in the so-called training set. As long as it has a large length, a section that has different values each time in the so-called training set may have a better field compression potential than a section with few values but a smaller size. However, in practice, it is this section with few values for which we wish to create one or more compression rules that will apply to the few observed values. Whereas the very long section with all different observed values will be of little interest because it is likely that in use, the values that appear in this section will still be new values, and therefore values that will not be compressed by the compression rules learned on a training set where they do not appear.
- the coefficients a, p and y are preferably positive to ensure that the correction factor changes the compression potential in the desired direction.
- the idea is that a section that presents completely different values must be disadvantaged compared to a section presenting an observation that seems less random.
- the field compression potential being non-zero, the obtaining algorithm will be able in certain contexts to add one or more compression rules relating to the section.
- the positive coefficients a, p and y are chosen as a function of K and N.
- the step of obtaining a count comprises, for a section of the packet taking respective values expressed in the form of a sequence of bits, the count of the number of bits which would be erased following the application of a prefix erasure rule on the values taken by the section in the so-called learning set.
- the step of obtaining a count comprises, for a section of the packet taking respective values expressed in the form of a sequence of bits, the following steps:
- the step of creating a new rule comprises the creation of a prefix erasure rule for the values taken by a section expressed in the form of a sequence of bits, the erased prefix being the one for which the count of erased bits is the largest.
- the counting of bits that can be erased by a prefix erasure rule if applied to the training set is done efficiently by using a clever data structure.
- This embodiment is directly attached to the definition of a compression rule including the erasure of a given section prefix when it takes a given value.
- This example can be used in combination or as an alternative to the other examples presented so far.
- all the values taken by the section in the training set are presented as a sequence of bits and then arranged in a binary tree. The root of the tree corresponds to the start of the values taken by the section. Depending on whether the first bit of the values is 0 or 1, the corresponding edge will be labeled by the number of values taken by the section whose first bit is 0 or 1.
- the compression rules of the set of compression rules obtained and the compression operations included in said compression rules are compression rules and operations as defined in the SCHC protocol.
- the invention relates to a method for managing the transmission of a data packet in a network, the packet comprising sections taking respective values, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
- a complete data packet transmission is achieved, by transmitting the compressed data packet.
- Obtaining the compression rules makes it possible to make the process automatic, without expert intervention.
- Transmitting the data representative of the compression rule that was applied to the transmitted packet makes it possible to find this rule and therefore the compression operations included in the rule, and to restore the original packet by applying the symmetrical decompression operations.
- the method further comprises a prior step of collecting packets transmitted in the network to form a so-called learning set used during the step of obtaining a set of compression rules and a step of synchronized deployment in the nodes of the network of the set of compression rules obtained.
- the transmission of packets in the network is done by taking into account the packets actually transmitted.
- the preliminary obtaining of the set of compression rules generally uses a so-called learning set. This can be provided by an expert, or generated automatically according to predefined constraints. But the preferred embodiment is the one where the learning set is collected among the packets transmitted in the network. The obtaining is then done with a so-called learning set directly representative of the packet traffic in the network and the compression rules obtained will therefore be much more adapted.
- the set of compression rules Once the set of compression rules is obtained, it must be deployed in the nodes of the network in a synchronized manner so that a node which receives a compressed packet, and the data representative of the compression rule used, can find this rule and apply the symmetric decompression operation.
- the method can be implemented permanently.
- the collection of data packets used to form the so-called training set is permanent and makes it possible to capture context changes in the ongoing transmission of packets.
- a first set of compression rules can already be deployed and, if the context changes, for example if the IP addresses of the network nodes change, the compression rules become ineffective. But the collected packets make it possible to restart the obtaining of the compression rules with a new training set, and the deployment of a new set of compression rules then makes it possible to adapt to the new context, and to perform effective compressions again.
- the deployment must be synchronized in order to ensure that the node which receives a compressed packet knows the compression rule which has been applied in order to be able to perform the symmetric decompression operation to restore the data packet.
- the compression rules of the set of compression rules obtained, the compression operations included in said compression rules, and the symmetric decompression operations are compression and decompression rules and operations as defined in the SCHC protocol.
- the SCHC protocol can be deployed in dynamic contexts.
- the compression rule sets will be updated as and when new so-called training sets representative of the traffic between the different points of a network, and changes in the headers of packets actually circulating, are obtained.
- the SCHC protocol is therefore made suitable for application to dynamic contexts thanks to the use of reinforcement learning to create the compression rule sets.
- the invention relates to an entity for managing the obtaining of a set of compression rules capable of compressing a data packet transmitted in a network, the packet comprising sections taking respective values expressed in the form of a sequence of bits, the packet being capable of being compressed by applying compression rules capable of removing bits from a value taken by a section of the packet, characterized in that the management entity comprises the following modules:
- the invention relates to a data packet formed by concatenating data representative of a compression rule, said data being an identifier of the compression rule consisting of a sequence of bits, with a data packet to which at least one compression operation belonging to said compression rule which belongs to a set of compression rules obtained by the method has been applied.
- the invention relates to network equipment comprising an entity for managing the obtaining of a set of compression rules according to the invention.
- the invention relates to a system for managing the transmission of a data packet in a network, the packet comprising sections taking respective values, characterized in that the system comprises the following modules:
- the transmission management system further comprises: • a module for collecting data packets transmitted in the network to form a so-called learning set used by a module for obtaining a set of compression rules;
- the invention relates to data media on which are recorded computer programs comprising sequences of instructions for implementing the methods defined above.
- the data carriers may be any entity or device capable of storing the programs.
- the carriers may comprise a storage means, such as a ROM, for example a CD ROM or a microelectronic circuit ROM, or a magnetic recording means such as a hard disk.
- the carriers may be transmissible media such as an electrical or optical signal, which may be conveyed via an electrical or optical cable, by radio or by other means.
- the programs according to the invention may in particular be downloaded from a network such as the Internet.
- the information carrier may be an integrated circuit in which the program is incorporated, the circuit being adapted to execute or to be used in the execution of the method in question.
- FIG 1 represents an entity for obtaining a set of compression rules as well as an entity for managing the compression of a data packet transmitted in a network and an entity for managing the decompression of a data packet.
- FIG 2 shows an example of obtaining a count of the values taken by a section by arranging them according to a binary tree.
- FIG 3 represents an example of a data packet transmission system according to the invention, showing the deployment of such a system in a network comprising a gateway and two terminals.
- FIG 4 represents another example of a data packet transmission system according to the invention, showing the deployment of such a system in a network comprising two routers.
- Figure 1 represents an entity 300 for obtaining a set RS of compression rules as well as an entity for managing the compression 100 of a data packet P transmitted in a network NET and an entity for managing the decompression 200 of a data packet P.
- the entity 300 for obtaining a set RS of compression rules comprises a module 301 for obtaining a count D relative to the values taken by the sections of data packets belonging to a set E of data packets, a so-called learning set, as well as a module APP for obtaining the set RS of compression rules as a function of the counts D obtained.
- the APP module implements a learning algorithm to obtain the RS set of compression rules.
- FIG. 1 describes two entities for managing the compression 100 and the decompression 200 of a data packet P in order to illustrate the use of the set RS of compression rules obtained by the implementation of the method by the obtaining entity 300.
- the two compression management entities 100 and decompression 200 belong to the same network NET which is a communication network using data packet transmission protocols P.
- the obtaining entity 300 belongs to the same network NET but in other exemplary embodiments, the obtaining entity 300 may belong to different networks or even be isolated from the network NET.
- the set RS of compression rules obtained by the obtaining entity 300 may be deployed in the compression management entities 100 and decompression 200 by any means.
- the data packet P comprises sections taking respective values.
- the two compression management entities 100 and decompression 200 have the same set of compression rules RS, this set comprising compression rules which themselves comprise compression operations which apply to values taken by the sections of a data packet P.
- the set RS of compression rules was obtained by the implementation of an obtaining algorithm by the entity 300.
- the compression management entity 100 comprises a module 101 for applying at least one compression operation to a section value of a data packet P, said operation being included in a compression rule belonging to a set of compression rules RS, said set RS being obtained by learning.
- the compression management entity 100 comprises a module 102 for transmitting a data packet P to which at least one compression operation has been applied and data representing the compression rule to which said operation belongs.
- the decompression management entity 200 comprises a module 201 for receiving a data packet P to which at least one compression operation has been applied to a section value of said packet P, said operation being included in a compression rule belonging to a set of compression rules.
- RS compression said RS set being obtained by learning, and of data representative of the compression rule to which said operation belongs.
- the decompression management entity 200 comprises a module 202 for applying to a data packet P at least one symmetrical decompression operation of a compression operation applied to a section value of said packet P.
- the transmission of the data packet P by the module 102, and the reception of the same packet P by the module 201, is represented by an arrow connecting the module 102 to the module 201, labeled by the packet P.
- the transmission and reception of the data representative of the compression rule applied to the packet P are not represented in FIG. 1.
- the data packet P and the representative data are transmitted and received jointly.
- the decompression management entity 200 Since the compression management entity 100 and the decompression management entity 200 have the same set of compression rules RS obtained, the decompression management entity 200 will be able to use the data representative of the compression rule applied to the packet P to find it. It is then easy to determine the symmetrical decompression operation.
- the module 202 for applying a symmetrical decompression operation then makes it possible to restore the data packet P as it was before the application of a compression operation.
- the data packet P has therefore been transmitted in the network after application to the values taken by the sections of the packet P of one or more compression operations by the compression management entity 100.
- the transmission of the packet P once compressed makes it possible to achieve significant savings in energy and hardware resources.
- the packet P is then restored by the decompression management entity 200 for later use. Since the set of compression rules RS is obtained by learning, the method does not require the intervention of an expert, and it can adapt to changing contexts by repeating the learning algorithm to have sets of compression rules RS adapted to the context.
- Figure 2 represents an example of an exact count obtained to define a compression rule using these counts.
- the example presented here uses a count of the values taken by a given section in the so-called learning set. This exact count makes it possible to guide the definition of compression rules very precisely.
- the embodiment presented here makes it possible to carry out these exact counts efficiently.
- the left tree in Figure 2 gives an example of this arrangement.
- All the values taken by this section in the so-called training set E are sequences of 4 bits.
- the root of the binary tree, labeled S corresponds to the beginning of the bit sequences corresponding to the values taken by the section in the so-called training set E.
- the nodes of the binary tree are labeled by 0 or 1.
- a path in the tree from the root to one of the nodes then corresponds to a bit sequence of maximum length 4.
- the edges of the tree are labeled by the number of values taken by the section in the so-called training set E whose prefix in terms of bit sequence is that corresponding to the node to which the edge leads.
- the tree represents all the values taken by the section, and by going to the end of the reading of the tree in depth, and starting from the top, we obtain the following results:
- the right tree of Figure 5 shows the calculation of the counts of the number of bits that prefix erasure rules would erase in the so-called training set E.
- the calculation in this example, consists of multiplying the edge labels by their depth, that is, in the example of Figure 3 by a number ranging from 1 (for the first two edges on the left) to 4 (for the 16 edges arriving at the 16 deepest nodes of the tree).
- the highest count (188) is obtained by the edge of depth 2 which corresponds to the 94 values taken by the section which have the prefix 11 in the so-called training set E.
- a prefix 11 erasure rule applied to the 140 values taken by this section would be used 94 times to erase the prefix 11, which would correspond to a compression of 188 bits.
- This figure is indeed the count of the number of bits that would be erased by the erasure rule of prefix 11 for this section in the so-called learning set E.
- This calculation of counts therefore effectively guides the creation of a candidate compression rule. In this case, it will be a rule for deleting prefixes 11 for the values of the section considered.
- Figure 3 for its part, represents a complete SYS system for transmitting data packets in a NET network which uses a set RS of compression rules obtained by a method according to the invention.
- the SYS system has an architecture where there are several network devices, namely a GW gateway and two terminals DVC1 and DVC2.
- the SYS transmission system according to the invention is formed of these three devices GW, DV1 and DVC2.
- the NET network may be, for example, a local network where the GW gateway allows DVC1, DVC2 terminals to access other wider networks, such as the Internet.
- the communication protocols between the GW, DVC1, DVC2 network devices may be of any type as long as they are based on the transmission of data packets P, P’.
- the NET network may therefore be a local home network using a WiFi communication link, or a network for deploying connected objects of the LPWAN type using a LoRa communication link or any other link suitable for connected objects, or a mobile network where the GW gateway is a base station and the DVC1, DVC2 terminals are mobile terminals.
- the GW gateway comprises a compression management entity 100; a decompression management entity 200; as well as an obtaining entity 300 (not shown in the figure) which comprises a module 301 for obtaining a count D (not shown in the figure), a module APP for obtaining a set RS of compression rules, a collection module COL, and a deployment module DEP.
- the DVC1 terminal comprises a compression management entity 100 and a decompression management entity 200.
- the DVC2 terminal for its part, only comprises a compression management entity 100 and no decompression management entity 200. It may have been decided, when building the SYS system, that the DVC2 terminal almost exclusively transmitted P packets and received almost none. To save the memory size required for building the DVC2 terminal, it may therefore have been decided not to integrate a decompression management entity 200 into the DVC2 terminal. It will therefore not be possible to transmit a compressed P packet according to the invention to the DVC2 terminal, because it could not decompress it and therefore restore it.
- the GW gateway uses its compression management entity 100 to compress and then transmit to the DVC1 terminal a data packet P.
- the packet P has been compressed using a compression rule whose identifier is I.
- the compression management entity jointly transmits the identifier I of the compression rule and the compressed packet P, which is illustrated by the arrow labeled l+P between the compression management entity 100 belonging to the GW gateway and the decompression management entity 200 belonging to the DVC1 terminal.
- the DVC2 terminal addresses a compressed packet P’, which has been compressed using a rule whose identifier is I’.
- the compression management entity 100 of the DVC2 terminal therefore addresses a concatenation l’+P’ to the decompression management entity 200 of the GW gateway.
- the GW gateway has a COL collection module that allows the GW gateway to gather the data packets P, P’ that transit through the GW gateway.
- the GW gateway is ideally placed to see all the P, P’ packets transiting in the NET network.
- the P, P’ packets collected by the COL module will allow to create a learning set E that will be used by the APP obtaining module also present in the GW gateway.
- the APP learning module learns the RS compression rule set using P, P’ packets actually collected in the NET network by the COL collection module, which is a point allowing to greatly improve the relevance of the learning and the RS compression rule set.
- the DEP deployment module will then synchronously deploy the RS compression rule set in the GW gateway and the DVC1, DVC2 terminals of the SYS system.
- the compression 100 and decompression 200 management entities may have several sets of compression rules. This makes it possible to facilitate the synchronized deployment of new sets of RS compression rules by making it possible to use several sets of RS compression rules concurrently until all the equipment present in the NET network has received the new sets of RS compression rules.
- the COL collection module will of course transmit to the APP obtaining module P, P’ packets restored in their integrity, and not compressed packets, because only restored packets make it possible to learn information on the most interesting section values to compress.
- training set E will not necessarily be built with all the packets P, P’ collected by the COL module.
- Sampling strategies can be used to build training sets that are as representative as possible of the traffic in the NET network, according to the transmission times or according to the actions of the terminals DVC1, DVC2 and the gateway GW.
- the SYS transmission system therefore fulfills the expected technical objective, namely the application of highly efficient compression rules to the P, P' packets using an APP obtaining module to perform automatic learning of the RS compression rule set.
- the COL collection module to feed the APP obtaining module with a so-called learning set E representative of the traffic present in the NET network and the DEP deployment module in a synchronized manner of the RS compression rule set obtained make it possible to ensure that this highly efficient compression of the P, P' packets is obtained on the one hand without human intervention and on the other hand will adapt in the event of a change of context in the NET network, for example in the event of a change of IP addresses of the GW, DVC1, DVC2 network equipment or in the event of the addition of new equipment in the network.
- the placement of the COL collection, APP acquisition and DEP deployment modules in the GW gateway allows for an efficient architecture where the learning-related functions are centralized in the GW gateway.
- This architecture is efficient because the GW gateway sees all the packets of the NET network transit and also has a direct link with the DVC1, DVC2 terminals present in the NET network.
- other architectures are possible.
- Figure 4 for its part, represents a complete SYS system for transmitting data packets in a NET network according to the invention, but presenting a different architecture from that seen in Figure 3.
- the SYS system here comprises three network devices, namely two routers RTR1 and RTR2 and a separate server SRV.
- the NET network can here be for example an IP core network and the two routers RTR1, RTR2 can form a branch of a long-distance network connecting two points.
- the communication link can then be on a very high-speed optical fiber, and the underlying protocol can be for example Gigabit Ethernet often used in the core network, or any other suitable protocol.
- the two routers RTR1, RTR2 each include a compression management entity 100 and decompression 200 which enable the exchange of packets P, P’, transmitted jointly with identifiers I, I’ of compression rules belonging to the set RS.
- the SYS transmission system includes an SRV server dedicated to learning the RS compression rule set.
- the RTR1 router includes a COL collection module that will address P1, P2, P3 packets to the SRV server.
- a COL collection module can be placed in a single RTR1 router since it sees, in transmission or reception, all the packets transiting on the NET network. But we can also have several COL collection modules, one in each RTR1, RTR2 router, depending on the practicality of this deployment.
- the SRV server is co-located with the RTR1 router in the same data center or the same network room, it will be much more efficient to deploy a COL collection module only in the RTR1 router and not in the RTR2 router which can be very far away in the case of a long-distance transmission.
- the SRV server is dedicated to learning the set of compression rules RS. It includes a obtaining entity 300 (not shown in the figure) which includes an APP module which will carry out the actual learning according to the invention of the set of compression rules RS.
- the deployment module DEP ensures the synchronized deployment of the set of compression rules RS in the two routers RTR1 and RTR2.
- the invention lends itself to very broad use, in all kinds of network architectures.
- Other architectures of the SYS transmission system are possible to adapt to other architectures of the NET network, for example a star architecture, or a ring architecture.
- the protocols which can be optimized using the compression presented here are very numerous, both in the core network or for local networks or for mobile networks.
- module can correspond to a software component as well as to a hardware component or a set of hardware and software components, a software component itself corresponding to one or more computer programs or subprograms or more generally to any element of a program capable of implementing a function or a set of functions as described for the modules concerned.
- a hardware component corresponds to any element of a hardware assembly capable of implementing a function or a set of functions for the module concerned (integrated circuit, smart card, memory card, etc.).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24734803.0A EP4725182A1 (fr) | 2023-06-09 | 2024-06-03 | Titre : procédé d'obtention d'un ensemble de règles de compression d'un paquet de données transmis dans un réseau |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2305874A FR3149743A1 (fr) | 2023-06-09 | 2023-06-09 | Procédé de gestion de la compression d’un paquet de données transmis dans un réseau |
| FRFR2305874 | 2023-06-09 | ||
| FR2310288A FR3153486A1 (fr) | 2023-09-27 | 2023-09-27 | Procédé de gestion de la compression d’un paquet de données transmis dans un réseau |
| FRFR2310288 | 2023-09-27 |
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| WO2024251669A1 true WO2024251669A1 (fr) | 2024-12-12 |
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| US20210110292A1 (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2021-04-15 | Acklio | Method for learning from a compression/decompression context and corresponding device, system and computer program product |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20210110292A1 (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2021-04-15 | Acklio | Method for learning from a compression/decompression context and corresponding device, system and computer program product |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| TOMOSKOZI MATE ET AL: "Packet Header Compression: A Principle-Based Survey of Standards and Recent Research Studies", IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, IEEE, vol. 24, no. 1, 20 January 2022 (2022-01-20), pages 698 - 740, XP011901225, DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2022.3144473 * |
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| EP4725182A1 (fr) | 2026-04-15 |
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