WO2024245751A1 - Verfahren zum betreiben eines batteriesystems - Google Patents
Verfahren zum betreiben eines batteriesystems Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024245751A1 WO2024245751A1 PCT/EP2024/063345 EP2024063345W WO2024245751A1 WO 2024245751 A1 WO2024245751 A1 WO 2024245751A1 EP 2024063345 W EP2024063345 W EP 2024063345W WO 2024245751 A1 WO2024245751 A1 WO 2024245751A1
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- pulse
- cell
- battery cell
- battery
- electrochemical
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/63—Control systems
- H01M10/637—Control systems characterised by the use of reversible temperature-sensitive devices, e.g. NTC, PTC or bimetal devices; characterised by control of the internal current flowing through the cells, e.g. by switching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
- G01R31/3835—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC involving only voltage measurements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
- H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/63—Control systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/63—Control systems
- H01M10/633—Control systems characterised by algorithms, flow charts, software details or the like
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/657—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by electric or electromagnetic means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
- H02J7/927—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with introduction of pulses during the charging process
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for operating a battery system, having at least one electrochemical battery cell in which at least one electrochemical process takes place during operation, which leads to an internal electrical cell resistance of the battery cell.
- the invention further relates to a battery system and software for carrying out the method.
- Electricly or electric motor-driven or drivable motor vehicles such as electric or hybrid vehicles, usually include an electric motor that can drive one or both vehicle axles.
- the electric motor is usually connected to an internal (high-voltage) battery system as an electrical energy storage device.
- an electrochemical battery is understood to mean a so-called secondary battery of a motor vehicle.
- a (secondary) vehicle battery the chemical energy that has been used can be restored by means of an electrical charging process.
- Such battery systems or vehicle batteries are designed, for example, as electrochemical accumulators, in particular as lithium-ion accumulators.
- vehicle batteries typically have at least one battery module (battery cell module) in which several individual electrochemical battery cells are connected in a modular manner.
- battery cell module battery cell module
- a so-called Cell2Pack design is possible, in which the battery cells are connected directly to the vehicle battery, in particular connected in parallel, and are not combined in advance to form modules.
- Lithium-ion battery cells usually have an efficiency of around 95%, with the losses that occur being converted into heat energy.
- the performance of such lithium-ion battery cells typically decreases below -5 °C (degrees Celsius) (depending on the cell chemistry).
- the absorbable power in the charging direction is usually is even more temperature-dependent, with the power that can be absorbed being limited below +20 °C. This particularly affects quick-charging processes, where the vehicle battery needs to be charged in the shortest possible time.
- the available power of the vehicle battery is therefore essentially dependent on its state of charge (SOC) and its battery temperature.
- SOC state of charge
- the vehicle battery it is necessary for the vehicle battery to have a certain operating or battery temperature in order to improve the range and the available power of the electrically powered or drivable motor vehicle.
- High-voltage batteries therefore require thermal conditioning (heating/cooling) to ensure optimal operation and the best possible performance.
- thermal conditioning heating/cooling
- the electrochemical processes inside the battery cells are very slow. This reduces driving performance and the ability to charge quickly in cold environments.
- the battery temperature can cool down or be reduced to such an extent that the vehicle battery does not allow optimal power output or power consumption at the start of a driving process, i.e. when the vehicle continues to drive or drives off.
- the battery cells will be irreversibly damaged by the deposition of metallic lithium on the anode (so-called lithium plating).
- the charging currents released by the battery management system are usually very limited at low temperatures, which results in long charging times.
- heating elements or heating devices are provided on the battery housing of the vehicle battery or on the cell housings on the outside, but these initially only heat the battery or cell housing.
- the temperature of the active material inside the battery cells on the other hand, only begins to rise after a time delay after the battery and cell housings have heated up.
- heating is energetically ineffective due to the heat losses when heating the cell housing, so that overall the heating effect is insufficient.
- an electric heater is used, for example, which heats up the cooling water of the battery system. This is circulated in a battery temperature control circuit and thus fed to the battery system.
- the heating function via the water heater is comparatively slow, since water must first be heated and then transported to the battery via the temperature control circuit. There, too, the heat must first travel from the cooling plates through gap filler layers (if necessary) to the battery cells. Losses also occur everywhere along this heat path, which further limit the efficiency of this heating method.
- pulse heating the alternating current is fed in and/or taken out in the form of high-frequency current pulses.
- the vehicle battery is usually coupled to the electric motor via an intermediate circuit and a (pulse) inverter.
- PWR pulse inverter
- a certain amount of energy is taken from the vehicle battery and temporarily stored in the magnetic field of the stator coils of the electric motor.
- the polarity is then reversed, the magnetic field is reduced, and the energy is fed back into the vehicle battery or battery cells as a current pulse. This results in an energy oscillation between the battery cells and the electric motor, which causes an increase in the cell temperatures due to the internal cell resistance.
- the heat is generated at the internal resistance of the battery cells directly where it is needed.
- the inductance of the stator coils is usually relatively small. This means that the pulse heating process has to work with comparatively high pulse frequencies in order to achieve technically reasonable heating output.
- the disadvantage here is that the effective internal resistance of the battery cells (real part of the cell impedance) is very small at high frequencies, which limits the achievable heating output. This can be avoided, for example, with a separate controller and a capacitive energy storage device. Due to the larger storage device, this also enables low-frequency pulses in which the internal resistance effective for heating resistance of the cells is greater, so that with the same pulse current, comparatively greater heating outputs are possible.
- the invention is based on the object of specifying a particularly suitable method for operating a battery system.
- a reliable and safe tempering or heating of battery cells is to be specified.
- the invention is also based on the object of specifying a particularly suitable battery system and particularly suitable software.
- the method according to the invention is intended for operating a battery system and is suitable and configured for this purpose.
- the method is generally suitable for battery systems which are (cold-)started at low ambient temperatures and are intended to have increased power or performance.
- the battery system is preferably designed as a vehicle battery of a battery-electric vehicle, for example a hybrid or fully electric (motor) vehicle.
- the battery system can be designed for other battery-electric products or as a stationary energy storage device.
- the battery system has at least one electrochemical battery cell.
- the battery system is preferably designed on a lithium-ion basis, wherein the electrochemical battery cell is a lithium-ion cell, for example a thin-film cell with a liquid electrolyte.
- the electrochemical battery cell is a lithium-ion cell, for example a thin-film cell with a liquid electrolyte.
- at least one electrochemical process takes place in the battery cell, which contributes to an internal electrical cell resistance, in particular a cell impedance, of the battery cell.
- a time constant is assigned to the at least one electrochemical process, and a current pulse is fed into and/or removed from the battery cell.
- a pulse frequency of the current pulse is set based on the time constant in such a way that the electrochemical process of the battery cell is resonantly excited by the current pulse.
- the pulse frequency is adjusted based on the time constant in such a way that the electrochemical process is stimulated more strongly. This creates a particularly suitable method for operating a battery system.
- the described behavior is made usable for the pulse heating function known from the prior art by specifically selecting the frequency of the current or heating pulses with regard to the time constants of the electrochemical processes within the battery cell.
- the pulse frequency and preferably also the pulse shape and/or pulse amplitude and/or pulse phase during pulse heating are matched to specific electrochemical processes within the battery cell. This means that resonance with certain electrochemical processes can be used to specifically heat individual cell components.
- resonantly excited or “resonant excitation” is understood to mean in particular an increased (periodic) excitation of the electrochemical process when it is subject to the temporally variable effect of the current pulse.
- a stronger effect of the electrochemical process on the cell internal resistance/cell impedance can be achieved than with a constant effect (direct current charging/discharging).
- the excitation or pulse frequency (or an integer multiple thereof) is close to the resonance frequency of the electrochemical process, i.e. in a certain frequency range around the resonance frequency or the reciprocal of the time constant of the electrochemical process.
- the method according to the invention thus generates heat directly within the battery cell without detours and losses, e.g. in a water circuit.
- the heating power (heating performance) is achieved by specifically addressing individual electrochemical processes within the battery cell. In particular, this enables targeted introduction of heating power into performance-critical cell components (e.g. anode during rapid charging).
- An “electrochemical process” is understood here and below to mean in particular an electrochemical reaction or an electrochemical process inside the battery cell, which causes a (local) change in a state within the battery cell due to an electric current, which influences the electrical conductivity of the battery cell and thus changes the internal electrical resistance or the impedance of the battery cell.
- An “electrochemical process” is also understood to mean movements or changes in the charge carriers (electrons, ions) in the battery cell or its components (e.g. conductors).
- a whole series of different electrochemical processes take place within a battery cell, which contribute to the internal cell resistance or cell impedance. Examples include the charge passage of the Li ions at the anode and cathode, the formation of electrochemical double layers and diffusion processes. In terms of diffusion processes, a distinction must also be made between diffusion in the electrolyte (i.e. within the electrolyte-filled pore structure of the separator and electrodes) and diffusion in the solid (i.e. within the active material). Each of these processes contributes to the effective cell impedance and has an individual time constant.
- the individual processes appear in the form of semicircles.
- equivalent circuit models are often used.
- the individual processes can be represented by a parallel connection of a capacitance and a resistance (RC element) (see, for example, Gaberscek, M: Impedance spectroscopy of battery cells: Theory vs. Experiment, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2022, 32:100917).
- a "current pulse” is understood to mean, in particular, an alternating current signal of a certain (pulse frequency) and with a predetermined alternating current frequency (signal frequency).
- the alternating current signal can only have one (pulse) signal component with a pulse frequency, so that the current pulse is essentially a sinusoidal signal.
- the alternating current signal can also have several signal components with different pulse frequencies, pulse amplitudes and/or pulse shapes, whereby the current pulse is essentially the resulting superposition of the individual signal components.
- the methods known from the state of the art can be used, e.g. generation of the current pulse via a pulse inverter with inductive storage in stator coils of an electrical machine/electric motor, via a separate actuating unit with separate e.g. capacitive energy storage, or via combinations thereof.
- the current pulse is periodically fed into the battery cell in order to bring about reliable resonant heating of the battery cell.
- a number of consecutive current pulses are fed in to heat the battery cell.
- the periodicity or repetition frequency of the current pulse is also expediently selected with regard to the resonant excitation of the electrochemical process.
- a discharge current pulse can also be used. This generally improves cell performance, including in the discharge direction, e.g. for faster preparation of driving readiness in cold environments or faster provision of required driving performance.
- energy oscillation between the battery cell and an energy storage device e.g. inductances of stator coils
- current pulses having components in both the charging and discharging directions.
- asymmetrical current pulses are used in particular, which have a lower C-rate in the charging direction than in the discharging direction.
- the triggering of age-sensitive processes can be avoided in a corresponding manner. At least one ageing process takes place in the battery cell during operation, to which a time constant can also be assigned. Therefore, in a conceivable further development, the pulse frequency of the current pulse can be set in such a way that a certain ageing process of the battery cell is stimulated little or not at all by the current pulse. This can be useful if the respective Aging process has been identified as critical with regard to cell aging.
- the pulse frequency of the current pulse is chosen so that the electrochemical process is resonant and the aging process is not stimulated as much as possible.
- the lifespan of the battery cell is improved by the fact that aging-sensitive processes are not triggered during heating. Furthermore, the cell performance is not operated in an otherwise unheated temperature range that strongly promotes aging for the battery cell due to the resonant heating.
- An “aging process” is understood here and below to mean in particular an electrochemical process inside the battery cell that affects the aging of the battery cell.
- the aging process is in particular an irreversible process that permanently affects the cell properties.
- Such aging processes irreversibly affect, among other things, the (remaining) capacity of the battery cell as well as the internal cell resistance or cell impedance.
- Aged battery cells typically have a reduced capacity and (permanently) higher internal cell resistance than at the beginning of life.
- Relevant aging processes here are Li-plating, layer thickness growth and gas formation within the battery cell.
- a sinusoidal current pulse with only one excitation or pulse frequency is used, which, for example, specifically targets the diffusion in the anode.
- a superposition of several excitation or pulse frequencies in the current pulse can also be used, which are coordinated with the time constants of various electrochemical processes.
- a number of different electrochemical processes in the battery cell are each assigned a time constant, and a current pulse is generated with a superposition of a corresponding number of pulse frequencies, whereby the pulse sequences are set based on the time constants in such a way that the respective electrochemical processes in the battery cell are resonantly excited by the current pulse.
- the heating pulse is designed as a non-sinusoidal current pulse that contains several excitation frequencies. In this way, not just one, but several time constants and consequently several electrochemical processes within the battery cell can be specifically addressed/excited, thereby improving the heating performance.
- a total of three frequency components are superimposed to form an overall heating pulse. These differ significantly in their time constant. This enables optimized heating performance by addressing several processes with widely separated time constants.
- the first excitation frequency is particularly tailored to the movement of electrons in the current conductors of the battery cell.
- the current conductors are made, for example, from a copper material (at the anode) or an aluminum material (at the cathode).
- the movement of the electrodes in the metallic current conductor material is a very fast process with a small (low) time constant.
- the first excitation frequency is a high-frequency excitation.
- very high pulse frequencies in the range of 100 Hz (Hertz) to greater than 5 kHz (kilohertz)
- only a pure electrical line within the battery cell busbars, conductor foils
- charge transfers of internal double-layer capacitances are excited.
- high C rates of the pulse current (pulse current rate) of 5 C to 10 C (depending on the cell design) would be possible.
- the second excitation frequency is particularly tailored to the movement of solvated Li ions that are dissolved in the electrolyte.
- the movement has a medium time constant, so that the second excitation frequency is a medium excitation frequency.
- a medium frequency range between 50 mHz (millihertz) and 10 Hz, storage and removal reactions of Li ions at the anode and cathode are particularly stimulated.
- the tolerable pulse current rate is reduced to, for example, 0.25 C to 1C (depending on the cell temperature).
- the third excitation frequency is particularly due to the comparatively slow movement of the Li ions stored in the electrodes (anode, cathode) through diffusion or changes in lattice positions. This movement has a large (high) time constant, so that the third excitation frequency in particular causes low-frequency excitation.
- the third excitation frequency in particular causes low-frequency excitation.
- diffusion processes in the electrolyte are stimulated.
- diffusion processes within the active material i.e. solid-state diffusion
- different pulse amplitudes and/or pulse phases are assigned to the different pulse frequencies. This means that the pulse components of the heating pulse differ from one another in terms of frequency, amplitude and phase. In particular, the amplitudes or current strengths of the low-frequency pulse components are selected in such a way that accelerated ageing of the cell is avoided.
- phase differences of between 0° and 45° can occur, whereby the phase difference for diffusion in the solid state can be up to 90°, for example.
- the time constants of the electrochemical processes depend, for example, on (cell) temperature, state of charge (SOC) and aging of the battery cell (state of health, SOH), and can therefore change during operation.
- the selected pulse frequencies and amplitudes and/or pulse shapes of the current pulse are tracked based on a cell state.
- a "cell state” is understood here in particular to be an operating parameter of the battery cell, for example the cell temperature, the state of charge or the cell aging.
- the frequency and pulse shape are therefore advantageously tracked, for example, as the heating increases.
- the processes that serve to heat the cell but prevent damage to the cell should also be stimulated as the heating process progresses.
- the tracking can be carried out, for example, using stored characteristic curves or tables.
- the or each time constant is pre-characterized and stored.
- the determination of the time constants and the identification of the individual electrochemical processes can be carried out, for example, ex-situ via laboratory measurements on the battery cells for different cell states with subsequent modeling.
- the model and/or characteristic curves and/or tables derived from it or corresponding ones are stored in a memory of the battery system and are thus available on demand during operation.
- the or each time constant is determined during operation of the battery cell.
- an in-situ determination of the time constant is possible by evaluating a voltage response for the impressed or fed current pulses in the battery system.
- the current pulses are impressed and an impedance spectrum is derived. From this, the specific processes - stimulated/influenced by the current pulse - are identified and a heating or current pulse tailored to them is then set.
- the battery system according to the invention has at least one electrochemical battery cell in which at least one electrochemical process takes place during operation, which contributes to an internal electrical cell resistance of the battery cell.
- the battery system also has a feed device for feeding a current or heating pulse into the battery cell, and a controller (i.e. a control device) for carrying out a method described above.
- the controller is generally designed - in terms of programming and/or circuitry - to carry out the method according to the invention described above.
- the controller is thus specifically designed to set a pulse parameter (e.g. pulse frequency, pulse amplitude, pulse shape), in particular a pulse frequency, of the fed-in current pulse based on a time constant for an electrochemical process inside the battery cell in such a way that the electrochemical process is resonantly excited.
- a pulse parameter e.g. pulse frequency, pulse amplitude, pulse shape
- the controller is at least essentially formed by a microcontroller with a processor and a data memory in which the functionality for carrying out the method according to the invention is implemented in the form of operating software (firmware) so that the method - possibly in interaction with a device user - is carried out automatically when the operating software is executed in the microcontroller.
- the controller can alternatively also be formed by a non-programmable electronic component, such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or by an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), in which the functionality for carrying out the method according to the invention is implemented using circuitry.
- ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
- FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
- the feed device is coupled to a device for generating the current pulse, which is controlled and/or regulated by the controller.
- the device is designed as a pulse inverter with inductive storage in stator coils of an electrical machine/electric motor or as a separate actuating unit with separate, e.g. capacitive energy storage.
- the device for generating the current pulse can also be designed as a combination of pulse change direction and actuating unit. This ensures reliable generation of the current or heating pulse.
- An additional or further aspect of the invention provides software on a medium or data carrier for carrying out or executing the method described above, when the software runs on a computer or controller.
- the software is stored on a data carrier and is intended to carry out the method described above and is suitable and designed for this purpose.
- the software is therefore in particular operating software (firmware), with the data carrier being, for example, a data memory of the controller.
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a motor vehicle with a battery system
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of the battery system
- Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of a battery cell and a feed unit of the battery system
- Fig. 4 is a cell impedance diagram for electrochemical processes of the battery cell
- Fig. 5 is a flow chart for a method for operating the battery system
- Fig. 6 is a flow chart for an alternative method for operating the battery system.
- Fig. 1 shows an electrically driven or drivable motor vehicle 2, for example an electric or hybrid vehicle.
- the motor vehicle 2 has a three-phase electric motor 4 shown in Fig. 2 as an electric traction drive, which is connected to a battery system 6 for supplying electrical energy.
- the battery system 6 has an electrochemical energy storage device 8 with a number of electrochemical battery cells 10.
- the battery cells 10 can be modularly connected to at least one battery module.
- a so-called Cell2Pack design is possible, in which the battery cells 10 are directly connected together and are not combined into modules in advance.
- a pulse inverter is connected as a feed device 12 between the energy storage device 8 and the electric motor 4.
- the battery system 6 further comprises a (DC voltage) intermediate circuit 14 connecting the energy storage device 8 and the feed device 12, which extends at least partially into the feed device 12.
- the intermediate circuit 14 is at least partially led into the feed device 12, in which an intermediate circuit capacitor 16 and a bridge circuit 18 are connected.
- phase currents are fed to the corresponding phases (windings) of a stator (not shown in detail).
- the bridge circuit 18 is designed as a B6 circuit.
- each of the phase windings is switched between the voltage levels of the intermediate circuit 14 in a clocked manner at a high switching frequency.
- This clocked control is designed as a PWM control by a controller 20 of the feed device 12, with which a control and/or regulation of the speed, the power and the direction of rotation of the electric motor 4 is possible.
- the battery system 6 also has a (battery) controller 22 for controlling and/or regulating the energy storage operation.
- the controllers 20, 22 can be controlled by a battery management controller or integrated into it.
- the structure of a battery cell 10 is shown in more detail in Fig. 3.
- the electrochemical battery cell 10 is designed in particular as a lithium-ion cell.
- the battery cell 10 has a cathode 24 with a (cathode) conductor 26 and an anode 28 with an (anode) conductor 30, which are separated by a separator 31 and coupled by a (liquid) electrolyte 32.
- Fig. 4 shows an idealized course of the cell impedance Z in a schematic and simplified cell impedance diagram.
- the real part of the cell impedance Z is plotted along the abscissa axis (X-axis), and the negative imaginary part of the cell impedance Z is plotted along the vertical ordinate axis (Y-).
- the diagram shows a curve 34 for the cell impedance Z or for the cell impedance spectrum.
- the curve 34 has different sections which are determined by different electrochemical processes.
- the curve 34 essentially has six areas 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e, and 34f.
- the cell impedance Z is given by the electronic resistance and the resistance of the electrolyte 32.
- the region 34b is determined by the contact impedance between the conductors 26, 30 and the associated electrodes 24, 28.
- the cell impedance Z is determined in particular by the charge transfer and the double layer storage.
- the region 34d is characterized by diffusion processes in the pore structure of the electrodes, with the region 34e being determined in particular by the diffusion in the separator 31.
- the region 34f corresponds to the diffusion processes in the active material of the electrodes 24, 28.
- a method for operating the battery system 6 is explained below, which, taking into account the electrochemical processes, causes a local heating of the battery cells 10 or their (battery) cell components 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32.
- the method is carried out, for example, by the battery management controller or by the controller 20 and/or the controller 22.
- the heating of the battery cells 10 is carried out by pulse heating, in which alternating current signals are fed into the battery cells 10 from the feed device 12 as a current or heating pulse 38, where they cause heating due to electrical loss processes.
- the current pulse 38 has components in both the charging and discharging direction.
- a certain amount of energy is taken from the energy storage device 8 and temporarily stored in the magnetic field of the stator coils of the electric motor 4. The polarity is then reversed, the magnetic field is reduced and the energy is fed back into the energy storage device 8 or into the battery cells 10 as a current pulse 38.
- a time constant is assigned to at least one of the electrochemical processes of the battery cell 10.
- a pulse frequency of the current pulse 38 is set based on the time constant such that the electrochemical process of the battery cell 10 is resonantly excited by the current pulse 38, so that one or more specific electrochemical processes are used by means of the resonance for the targeted heating of individual or multiple cell components 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32.
- the method is started in a method step 36.
- the method is started, for example, at cold ambient temperatures of the motor vehicle 2 when the battery system 6 is to have increased performance or efficiency.
- a first method step 40 it is first checked whether an actual temperature of the battery cell 10 is less than or equal to a desired or stored target temperature.
- the controller 22 is suitable and set up to monitor the temperature of the battery cell 10, for example by means of a temperature sensor or based on stored temperature characteristics. If the actual temperature is greater than or equal to the target temperature, the method is terminated with method step 42.
- method step 44 is carried out.
- a current pulse 38 is generated and fed into the battery cells 10 by the feed device 12 in a method step 46.
- a voltage response of the battery cells 10 is then recorded in a method step 48.
- the controller 22 monitors the battery cells 10 using a voltmeter.
- the corresponding cell impedance spectrum is then determined in a method step 50.
- the electrochemical processes stimulated or influenced by the current pulse 38 are identified.
- the recorded voltage response is fitted with a stored model for the cell impedance, thus identifying the dominant processes or processes.
- a time constant is assigned to at least one of the processes, and a corresponding pulse frequency is then determined based on the reciprocal of the time constant.
- an in-situ determination of the time constant is carried out by evaluating the voltage response for the impressed or injected current pulses 38.
- the specific pulse frequency is set by means of the controller 20 or the PWM control of the feed device 12. If the current cell temperature is still lower than the target temperature, the next current pulse 38 is generated in method step 44 with the newly set pulse frequency, thus causing a resonant excitation of the associated electrochemical process in the battery cell 10.
- time constants are determined and the individual electrochemical processes are identified, in particular ex-situ, via pre-characterizations or laboratory measurements on the battery cells 10 for different cell states with subsequent modeling.
- the time constants are stored in a memory of the controller 22, in particular using characteristic curves and tables.
- the time constant for a specific electrochemical process is determined in a process step 56 based on the current cell states (operating states) of the battery cell 10 (cell temperature, charge state, aging state, ...) and based on the stored information. From this, a corresponding pulse frequency is determined based on the reciprocal of the time constant, and in a subsequent process step 58 the pulse frequency is set using the controller 20 or the PWM control of the feed device 12. The current pulse 38 is then generated in process step 44 and fed into the battery cell(s) 10.
- process step 40 checks whether the actual cell temperature is less than or equal to a desired or stored target temperature. If the actual temperature is greater than or equal to the target temperature, the process ends with process step 42. If the actual temperature is lower than the desired cell temperature, process step 60 is carried out.
- process step 60 the pulse frequency is tracked. This means that the time constant or pulse frequency is updated using the stored information based on the actual cell temperature (and/or other operating states) present after the current pulse 38. Process step 44 is then carried out again. This ensures that even as the heating process progresses, a reliable resonant excitation of the desired processes always takes place.
- the pulse frequency of the current pulse 38 is set in the method steps 52, 60 such that an ageing process of the battery cell 10 is stimulated as little as possible or not at all by the current pulse 38.
- a sinusoidal current pulse 38 with only one excitation or pulse frequency is used, which is specifically aimed at the diffusion in the anode (area 34f), for example.
- a superposition of several excitation or pulse frequencies in the current pulse 38 can be used, which are matched to the time constants of various electrochemical processes.
- a number of different electrochemical processes of the battery cell are each assigned a time constant, and a current pulse 38 is generated with a superposition of a corresponding number of pulse frequencies.
- pulse properties in addition to the pulse frequencies, further pulse properties, in particular a pulse shape and/or a pulse amplitude, are set for the respective pulse frequency.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202480029413.4A CN121039921A (zh) | 2023-05-30 | 2024-05-15 | 用于运行电池系统的方法 |
| KR1020257039942A KR20250174717A (ko) | 2023-05-30 | 2024-05-15 | 배터리 시스템을 작동하기 위한 방법 |
| EP24727230.5A EP4721226A1 (de) | 2023-05-30 | 2024-05-15 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines batteriesystems |
| US19/404,620 US20260088388A1 (en) | 2023-05-30 | 2025-12-01 | Method for operating a battery system |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023205004.8 | 2023-05-30 | ||
| DE102023205004.8A DE102023205004B3 (de) | 2023-05-30 | 2023-05-30 | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Batteriesystems |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| US19/404,620 Continuation US20260088388A1 (en) | 2023-05-30 | 2025-12-01 | Method for operating a battery system |
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| WO2024245751A1 true WO2024245751A1 (de) | 2024-12-05 |
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| PCT/EP2024/063345 Ceased WO2024245751A1 (de) | 2023-05-30 | 2024-05-15 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines batteriesystems |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20260088388A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4721226A1 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20250174717A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN121039921A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102023205004B3 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024245751A1 (de) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106532187A (zh) | 2016-11-08 | 2017-03-22 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | 一种基于电池健康状态的电池加热方法 |
| CN113193268A (zh) * | 2021-04-30 | 2021-07-30 | 重庆长安新能源汽车科技有限公司 | 一种动力电池脉冲加热方法、装置及汽车 |
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| US6710743B2 (en) * | 2001-05-04 | 2004-03-23 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | System and method for central association and tracking in passive coherent location applications |
| CN102473976B (zh) | 2009-07-08 | 2015-02-11 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 二次电池的升温装置以及包含该升温装置的车辆 |
| JP5595981B2 (ja) | 2011-06-15 | 2014-09-24 | 愛三工業株式会社 | 電池制御方法及び電池制御システム |
| WO2019230157A1 (ja) | 2018-05-30 | 2019-12-05 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 二次電池昇温装置、コンピュータプログラム及び二次電池昇温方法 |
-
2023
- 2023-05-30 DE DE102023205004.8A patent/DE102023205004B3/de active Active
-
2024
- 2024-05-15 WO PCT/EP2024/063345 patent/WO2024245751A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2024-05-15 EP EP24727230.5A patent/EP4721226A1/de active Pending
- 2024-05-15 KR KR1020257039942A patent/KR20250174717A/ko active Pending
- 2024-05-15 CN CN202480029413.4A patent/CN121039921A/zh active Pending
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106532187A (zh) | 2016-11-08 | 2017-03-22 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | 一种基于电池健康状态的电池加热方法 |
| CN113193268A (zh) * | 2021-04-30 | 2021-07-30 | 重庆长安新能源汽车科技有限公司 | 一种动力电池脉冲加热方法、装置及汽车 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN121039921A (zh) | 2025-11-28 |
| EP4721226A1 (de) | 2026-04-08 |
| US20260088388A1 (en) | 2026-03-26 |
| KR20250174717A (ko) | 2025-12-12 |
| DE102023205004B3 (de) | 2024-12-05 |
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