WO2024124266A1 - Verfahren zur regelung eines technischen systems - ausgangsgrössenmodell - Google Patents
Verfahren zur regelung eines technischen systems - ausgangsgrössenmodell Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024124266A1 WO2024124266A1 PCT/AT2023/060436 AT2023060436W WO2024124266A1 WO 2024124266 A1 WO2024124266 A1 WO 2024124266A1 AT 2023060436 W AT2023060436 W AT 2023060436W WO 2024124266 A1 WO2024124266 A1 WO 2024124266A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B13/00—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion
- G05B13/02—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
- G05B13/04—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators
- G05B13/048—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators using a predictor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B13/00—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion
- G05B13/02—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
- G05B13/04—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B17/00—Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems
- G05B17/02—Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems electric
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for controlling a technical system with n state variables, at least one input variable acting on the technical system and influencing the temporal behavior of the n state variables, an output variable to be controlled and at least one disturbance variable acting on the system and influencing the temporal behavior of the output variable, wherein a mathematical state model is specified to describe the temporal change of the n state variables and wherein a controller determines a manipulated variable in predetermined control time steps from a control error which describes a deviation between a predetermined reference variable and the output variable, which manipulated variable is specified to the technical system as an input variable in order to regulate the output variable to the reference variable.
- disturbance variables can affect a technical system to be controlled in different ways.
- disturbance variables that affect the input, the output or the state of the system to be controlled (input disturbance, output disturbance, state disturbance).
- input disturbance, output disturbance, state disturbance In addition to input, output and state disturbances, there are a number of other disturbances relevant to control engineering that can arise, for example, from model errors or parameter uncertainties.
- disturbance and disturbance variable are used synonymously in the following explanations.
- a “technical system” is understood to mean a system (device, system, device, machine, object, test bench, actuator, inverter, converter, DC-DC converter, DC/DC converter, etc.) that can be influenced by at least one input variable.
- At least one input variable By influencing the at least one input variable, at least one state variable and/or at least one output variable of the technical system is influenced.
- An output variable is typically a measurable or measured variable and is usually a variable that is to be regulated by the control system, for example a load current or a load voltage or another current or another voltage in a DC/DC converter.
- "Regulating" means that the output variable is adjusted to a predetermined reference variable of the control system at any time or at any control time step.
- a state variable is typically an internal variable of the technical system that is often not measurable or not measured, for example currents and/or voltages in the example of a DC/DC converter.
- the input variable acts on the system via an actuator.
- technical system whereby the actuator is of course dependent on the type of input variable.
- the controller of the technical system determines a manipulated variable with which the actuator is controlled, for example, in the case of a DC/DC converter, a PWM pattern for switching semiconductor switches in the DC/DC converter or switching pulses.
- a classic method is the so-called disturbance compensation, in which, to put it simply, a control variable determined by a controller is superimposed with a suitable compensation variable in order to (at least partially) compensate for the effect of the disturbance.
- the compensation variable is typically derived from the disturbance. If, for example, an input disturbance affects the input of the system to be controlled, it is often sufficient to subtract the value of the input disturbance from the control variable determined by the controller in order to (at least largely) compensate for the effect of the input disturbance. In the case of disturbances affecting the state (state disturbances) or the output (output disturbance), however, it may be necessary to take into account the transfer behavior of the system to be controlled (i.e. how the input affects the output or the state) when determining a compensation variable.
- a problem that has received a lot of attention in this context is the question of how to enable a disturbance feedforward control even in scenarios in which a disturbance cannot be measured directly and is therefore unknown.
- Various approaches are known to solve this problem, with the disturbance observation method in particular proving to be a universally applicable and often particularly precise approach.
- an estimator in control engineering and subsequently referred to as an "observer” or specifically as a “disturbance observer"
- an estimator in control engineering and subsequently referred to as an "observer” or specifically as a “disturbance observer”
- it can be advantageous or even necessary to determine an estimate of the disturbance e.g. because the measurement of the disturbance is delayed or distorted due to dirt effects that occur in practice.
- control accuracy evaluates the deviation or control error between a variable to be controlled, usually an output variable of the system to be controlled, and a reference variable specified for this variable to be controlled (a specified setpoint).
- a high control accuracy stands for a low, ideally negligible, control error.
- disturbances are often a major cause of inadequate control accuracy.
- the shifted variable "output variable plus output disturbance” is controlled instead of the actual output variable to be controlled, which results in a deviation between the actual output variable and the reference variable by the amount of the output disturbance.
- this is referred to as an "offset".
- Real-time capability means that the manipulated variables can be determined by the controller within a specified time period.
- the independent claims describe a method for controlling a technical system and a technical system.
- the invention assumes a technical system with n state variables, with at least one input variable acting on the technical system and influencing the temporal behavior of the n state variables, an output variable to be controlled and at least one disturbance variable acting on the system and influencing the temporal behavior of the output variable.
- n state variables With at least one input variable acting on the technical system and influencing the temporal behavior of the n state variables, an output variable to be controlled and at least one disturbance variable acting on the system and influencing the temporal behavior of the output variable.
- a mathematical state model is specified to describe the temporal change of the n state variables.
- a controller determines a manipulated variable in specified control time steps from a control error that describes a deviation between the reference variable and the output variable, which is then specified to the technical system as an input variable for control.
- the mathematical state model is expanded to form an output state model by an output variable model that describes the temporal behavior of the output variable influenced by the at least one disturbance variable.
- the output variable model has a dynamic component that depends on the output variable and an error component that depends on the output disturbance.
- a current disturbance variable estimate for the at least one disturbance variable is determined using a state observer designed on the basis of the output state model.
- the determined disturbance variable estimate is also fed to the controller during the current control time step, so that the controller can take the disturbance variable estimate into account when determining a current manipulated variable.
- the method according to the invention allows model-based observation or estimation and/or model-based control to be used in situations in which the use of model-based concepts is otherwise difficult.
- Reasons for making it difficult to use a model-based concept can be that the dynamic behavior of an output variable to be controlled is strongly influenced by disturbances, or that the dynamics of an output variable to be controlled are unknown or change very quickly.
- the dynamic component is designed to be exclusively dependent on the output variable and that the error component is designed to be exclusively dependent on the at least one disturbance variable.
- the variables influencing the dynamic behavior of the output variable are separated, so that when designing a disturbance variable observer that monitors the disturbance variables on the output variable acting disturbance is observed, only the error component needs to be taken into account.
- the design of observers can be made significantly easier in this way.
- the selected structure of the output variable model not only allows the output variable to be controlled to be described in a model. Due to the structure of two separate model parts, it is possible, among other things, to use particularly advantageous structures of state observers and disturbance variable observers to estimate disturbance variables that affect output variables in particular.
- a current disturbance variable estimate can be determined using a disturbance variable observer designed on the basis of the initial state model, taking into account a current control error and/or at least one past control error, as well as from the current, at least one state estimate determined with the state observer, and from known state estimates from at least one past control time step.
- This disturbance variable estimate can preferably be the disturbance variable acting on the output variable. In an equally advantageous manner, however, other disturbance variables can also be estimated in the course of this estimation and subsequently used in the control.
- Another important advantage of the method according to the invention is its flexibility, especially in the advantageous embodiment based on the described combination of State observer and disturbance variable observer.
- the invention can be adapted precisely to different applications with usually only minor changes.
- the described state observer can of course also determine state estimates for all of the n state variables.
- the state observer can be supplied with a number of measured values of the input variable and/or the output variable and/or state variables that correspond to the number of disturbances affecting the technical system in order to meet particularly high accuracy requirements.
- a control time step immediately preceding the current control time step can be used as a past control time step in order to be able to provide accurate estimates of the disturbance variables even in highly dynamic or very fast technical systems, i.e. in systems with small time constants. If, on the other hand, a technical system has large time constants, it can be advantageous to use control time steps that are further apart from each other for the estimation.
- a plurality of past control time steps can also be used, for example to take into account an average over a temporal progression of the state variables when estimating disturbance variables in the disturbance variable observer.
- Another point in which the invention in the advantageous embodiment based on a combination of state observer and disturbance variable observer can be adapted particularly flexibly to the specific requirements of a special application is the way in which the control errors are taken into account when estimating the disturbance variables.
- a particularly advantageous approach has proven to be to take the current control error into account as a current control error weighted by at least one linear weighting factor when determining the disturbance variable estimates.
- this creates a connection to the state control that is well known from control engineering.
- the linear weighting factors mentioned can be selected in a particularly simple manner using means for designing state controllers, for example using the well-known Ackermann formula.
- a further significant advantage of the structure of cascaded observers and a controller as described above is the continued simplicity of the resulting overall system and the associated short execution times, whereby in particular the achievable control accuracy is not impaired.
- control circuit for controlling a technical system in which a control unit for implementing of the method steps according to the invention.
- HiL tests In HiL tests, physically existing components are actually built on a HiL test bench and physically non-existent components are replaced by corresponding mathematical simulation models. Highly dynamic actuators are used to adjust reference values or time profiles of reference values that result from a calculation of the simulation models in real time during operation of the HiL test bench and that describe the temporal behavior of the physically non-existent components.
- the environment expected in real operation can be simulated or "emulated" for components to be tested that are actually present on the HiL test bench.
- the load on the HiL test bench corresponds to the real load expected in real operation, even though several components are not physically present.
- a highly dynamic actuator can be understood as a technical system to be controlled.
- a highly dynamic actuator can be in the form of an electrical power converter, e.g. as a step-up converter, step-down converter (also called a buck converter, “interleaved buck converter”), inverter, frequency converter, etc., which simulates the load of a battery system to be tested, e.g. an on-board battery.
- the load of a battery system to be tested typically results from the operating state of the electric drive train supplied by the battery system and the electrical energy consumed by the electric drive train, whereby the electric drive train is not physically present in the case of a HiL test and is advantageously simulated in a simulation model.
- battery test systems must also be designed to be more dynamic, precise and computationally efficient.
- a wide variety of disturbances can also affect a battery test system, with the in many cases unknown reaction of the object to be tested being of particular importance.
- Battery system on the highly dynamic actuator can represent a significant disturbance.
- the sometimes very high sampling rates in modern electric drive trains, in combination with complex simulation models and complex disturbance observers, can lead to the problems mentioned above with regard to real-time capability.
- battery test systems are a predestined field of application for the method according to the invention, which is explained in detail below.
- Fig.1 a coupling plan for controlling a technical system
- Fig.2 a coupling plan for controlling a technical system with a cascade of a state observer and a disturbance observer
- Fig.3 a bidirectional DC/DC converter
- Fig.4 an equivalent circuit diagram of a bidirectional DC/DC converter
- Fig.5a, 5b show results obtained with the method according to the invention and with a method according to the prior art.
- Fig.1 shows a coupling plan for controlling a technical system 1.
- the technical system 1 shown in Fig.1 has n>1 state variables xi, ..., x n and at least one input variable u, which acts on the technical system 1 and influences the temporal behavior of the n state variables xi, ..., x n .
- the disturbance variables wi, W2, W3 also act on the technical system 1. Within the scope of the invention, it is not necessary that all disturbance variables wi, W2, W3 always act; it is sufficient if at least the disturbance variable W2 acts.
- the disturbance variable wi acts as an input disturbance, the disturbance variable W2 as a state disturbance and the disturbance variable W3 as an output disturbance, which is additively superimposed on the output variable y.
- any number between 1 and n of disturbance variables can be effective, whereby it is also conceivable that the said disturbance variables wi, W2, W3 themselves represent several disturbance variables, so that W2 can, for example, stand for several state disturbances.
- Block 11 represents the formation of a temporal derivative y of the output variable y
- block 12 an integration, by means of which the output variable y is determined from the said derivative y.
- a state variable Xj (i serves here as an index to generally reference the n state variables) is used to describe the internal behavior of a technical system 1 .
- state variables xi, x n are required to characterize the state or to characterize the internal behavior of a technical system 1.
- the number of state variables xi, ..., x n determines the order of a technical system 1.
- the aim is to use a controller R to adjust an output variable y of the technical system 1 to a value specified by a given reference variable r, i.e. to adjust the output variable y to be controlled to the reference variable r.
- control loops such as the one shown in Fig.1
- the at least one input variable u and/or the at least one output variable y and/or at least one of the n state variables xi...x n can be measured and further processed for control.
- one or more suitable measurement data acquisition units can be provided, such as sensors or voltage sensors or current sensors or speed sensors or position sensors, etc., which is of course well known to the person skilled in the field of control technology.
- control loops such as the one shown in Fig.1
- the input variable u and the output variable y of the technical system 1 are measured, but it is also conceivable that selected state variables Xj are also measured in addition. or that instead of the input variable u and the output variable y, only state variables Xi are measured.
- the reference variable r is usually specified continuously, which leads to a temporal progression of the reference variable r.
- continuous is to be understood as a specification of the reference variable r in predetermined control time steps of the control.
- sampling takes place with a sampling time T s .
- a state observer ZB is also provided for estimating state variables Xj and disturbance variables wi.
- the controller R in the case shown in Fig.1 determines the manipulated variable v, which is given to the technical system 1 as input variable u.
- controller R Various control laws can be used to implement the controller R, such as model predictive control (MPC), adaptive control (AC), linear quadratic regulators (LQR), or other optimization-based control algorithms, but also control algorithms such as sliding mode control, backstepping control or flatness-based controllers, whereby the choice of control law is irrelevant for the invention.
- MPC model predictive control
- AC adaptive control
- LQR linear quadratic regulators
- control algorithms such as sliding mode control, backstepping control or flatness-based controllers, whereby the choice of control law is irrelevant for the invention.
- the controller R can also access a measured output variable y directly, which is indicated by the dashed input in the controller R.
- the controller R is supplied with estimated state values X from the state observer ZB anyway, on the basis of which the controller R can carry out the control, direct access to the output variable y is often not necessary.
- the state observer ZB for estimating state variables Xj and disturbance variables wi is often State observers such as the so-called Luenberger type are used, although other types of observers can also be used, such as Kalman filters.
- a combined estimation of state variables Xj and disturbance variables wi is carried out.
- this is often done as follows:
- an existing mathematical model of the technical system 1 to be controlled (referred to as state model ZM in the context of this application) is expanded to include the aforementioned disturbance variable models, so that the disturbance variables wi are taken into account as further state variables Xj in the expanded state model ZM.
- a vector-valued time-discrete difference equation and a vector-valued time-continuous differential equation can be given as linear or nonlinear equations.
- Known state-of-the-art approaches provide for the design of a state observer ZB for such an extended state model ZM, which determines estimated values for the state variables xi, X2, ..., x n and for the disturbance variables wi, W2, ... , w p .
- Disturbance estimates determined in this way w 2 , ...,w p can subsequently be used in a controller R for disturbance compensation, for example by using the disturbance estimates w 2 ,... , w p are superimposed on a manipulated variable resulting from a control law without compensation, for example by addition or subtraction or weighted addition or weighted subtraction of the disturbance variable estimates w 2 , w 3 .
- the disturbance variable estimates can also be subjected to filtering.
- a mathematical state model ZM which describes the temporal behavior of state variables Xj, is expanded to form an output variable model AM, which describes the temporal behavior of the output variable y influenced by the at least one disturbance variable wi, to form an output state model AZM.
- the state model ZM is supplemented by a model of the output variable y.
- the output variable model AM has a dynamic component AM1 dependent on the output variable y and an error component AM2 dependent on the output disturbance wi.
- the invention provides for a further step to determine a current disturbance variable estimate w tk for the at least one disturbance variable wi during a current control time step tk using a state observer ZB designed on the basis of the initial state model AZM and to feed this to the controller R, so that the controller R can take the disturbance variable estimate w tk into account when determining a current manipulated variable v.
- the state observer ZB can be designed as described using the methods from the prior art. It is crucial that a model of the output variable y to be controlled is incorporated according to the invention.
- the invention makes it possible to solve the problems mentioned in a combined manner:
- a model of the output variable y is specified, and on the other hand, the at least one disturbance variable is taken into account in the output state model.
- This aspect can be implemented in an advantageous manner by designing the dynamic component AM1 in the output model as being exclusively dependent on the output variable y, and the error component AM2 as being exclusively dependent on the at least one disturbance variable wi.
- Fig.2 shows a block diagram of a control circuit 100 with a state observer ZB and a disturbance variable observer SB separate from the state observer ZB.
- the disturbance variable observer SB and the state observer ZB form a cascade structure.
- the estimation of at least one disturbance variable wi is divided into two subtasks, on the one hand an estimation of state variables x, which is carried out by the state observer ZB, and on the other hand the estimation of the disturbance variable wi based on the estimated state variables Xj, which is carried out by means of the aforementioned disturbance variable observer SB.
- the state observer ZB and the disturbance variable observer SB are designed on the basis of the inventive initial state model AZM.
- the state observer ZB does not have to estimate disturbance variables in cases where state estimates are also to be determined.
- a state observer ZB can estimate all state variables Xj of the technical system 1, or only selected state variables Xj of the technical system 1, or only a single state variable Xj of the technical system 1.
- Different requirements can arise in different application cases.
- the state observer ZB determines fewer than p state estimates, so that m is smaller than p.
- the disturbance variable observer SB can be supplied with measured values of the input variable u and/or the output variable y and/or state variables xi .. ,x n , for which no state estimate x lik ,x 2ik , ...,x mk has been determined by the state observer ZB, instead of the pm state estimates that are missing in this case.
- estimates for all n state variables can of course also be determined and supplied to the disturbance variable observer SB, so that the disturbance variable observer SB can access a complete estimate of the state of the technical system 1.
- the disturbance variable observer SB can also be fed with a combination of state estimated values and measured values that make up a total of more than p variables, e.g. p state estimated values and np measured values.
- a core idea of the described method is to first generate correct state estimates X k using a state observer ZB and without explicitly taking into account the disturbance variables wi.
- the determined state estimates X k are used together with known, past at least m state estimates X fe-7 to determine the disturbance variable estimates.
- successive state estimates X k ,X k-1 can be compared with each other in the disturbance variable observer SB, whereby it is checked whether the relationship between the compared, successive state estimates X k ,X k-1 corresponds to a disturbance-free relationship that would occur in a disturbance-free scenario and is given, for example, by the initial state model AZM without disturbances, or whether a deviation from this disturbance-free relationship exists.
- control errors e y as additional correction terms in the disturbance variable observer SB.
- the control errors e y mentioned preferably weighted by a linear weighting factor L, can be taken into account when calculating the disturbance variable estimates.
- control errors e y represent a further measure for the disturbance variables w to be estimated, in particular since in a technical system 1 controlled by a suitably designed controller R, in the undisturbed case, no or only insignificant control errors e y often occur.
- these considerations can be exemplified by the purely exemplary calculation rule which can be provided in the disturbance variable observer, for example.
- H + is an inverse or a pseudo-inverse or another inverting function of a matrix H that weights the disturbance variable Wk.
- the use of at least one control error e y as a correction term brings significant advantages in terms of the achievable convergence times and the achievable robustness of the disturbance variable observer SB.
- This circumstance makes it possible to significantly reduce the complexity of state observers ZB in particular. It can therefore be sufficient, for example, even in a complex system 1 with a large number of state variables Xj to estimate just one state variable Xj if, for example, only one disturbance variable wi is acting.
- Control circuits 100 such as those shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2 are particularly suitable for controlling bidirectional DC/DC converters 10 as a technical system 1, such as those used on HiL test benches, e.g. for the development and testing of battery systems, in particular battery systems of electric drive trains. It should be noted that, despite the advantages resulting from this, the invention is of course not limited to the control of a bidirectional DC/DC converter 10 as a technical system 1 as shown in Fig.3, but can also be applied to other technical systems 1.
- the control circuits specified below and associated with the discussed DC/DC converter 10 The accompanying mathematical models and descriptions are to be regarded as purely exemplary and serve only to explain the invention.
- Fig.3 discloses a possible embodiment of a technical system 1 in the form of a DC/DC converter 10 with an electrical load 5.
- the DC/DC converter 10 takes on the role of the technical system 1.
- the electrical load 5 represents a test object to be tested (also known as a “unit under test” or “UUT”), with the case of an electrical load 5 in the form of a battery system being considered below.
- the electrical load 5 can also be an (at least partial) electrical drive train of a vehicle, or comprise certain drive train components of an electrical drive train, or even represent just a single drive train component of an electrical drive train, such as a power converter or an electrical machine.
- the DC/DC converter 10 provides the electrical load 5 with a load current i, which, in conjunction with the load 5, produces a load voltage V2 at the output of the DC/DC converter 10.
- the DC/DC converter 10 shown in Fig.3 comprises the half-bridges HBi, HB2, HB3, HB4.
- a direct voltage vo is present at the inputs Ei, E2 of the DC/DC converter 10, which is smoothed by a smoothing capacitor Co that is usually present.
- a three-phase alternating voltage AC is rectified by means of a rectifier 4 to an input direct voltage vo.
- the DC/DC converter 10 is constructed as a four-phase synchronous converter.
- the DC/DC converter 10 can also have more or fewer phases.
- the applicability of the present invention is not restricted by this.
- the DC/DC converter 10 consists of parallel half-bridges HB1, HB2, HB3, HB4 and associated chokes Li, L2, L3, L4, whose phase currents i Li , ii2, ii_3, ii_4 are each controlled by the switching behavior of the associated half-bridge HB1, HB2, HB3, HB4.
- the half-bridges HB1, HB2, HB3, HB4 each consist of an upper circuit breaker S01, S02, S 0 3, S 0 4, and a lower circuit breaker S u i, Su2, Su3, Su4, whereby the strands with the associated chokes, Li , L2, L3, L4 are each connected between an upper and lower circuit breaker. Furthermore, as usual, associated freewheeling diodes D oi , D u i, D 0 2, D U 2, D 0 3, D U 3, D 0 4, D U 4 are provided in parallel with the circuit breakers.
- one half-bridge HB1, HB2, HB3, HB4 and one choke Li, L2, L3, L4 are provided for each phase, whereby the chokes Li, L2, L3, L4 are connected on the one hand between the upper circuit breakers S01, S02, S 0 3, S 0 4 and the lower circuit breakers S ui , Su2, S U 3, S U 4 with one half-bridge HB1, HB2, HB3, HB4, and on the other hand are connected to each other on the output side.
- the output current is thus the sum of the respective phase currents i Li , ii2, ii_3, ii_4- Ohmic resistances of the chokes Li , L2, L3, L4 are neglected in Fig.3, but can also be taken into account (as later in Fig.4).
- an output filter F which filters the output current in the desired manner, for example smoothes it.
- the output filter F is designed in the form of an output-side smoothing capacitor C2 and an output inductance L.
- the output filter F receives an output current of the DC/DC converter 10 or an output voltage vi as input variable(s) and filters these.
- control unit 2 The power switches S01, S02, S 0 3, S 0 4, S ui , Su2, S U 3, S U 4 of the half-bridges are controlled by a control unit 2.
- the observation and control according to the invention can be implemented on a control unit 2.
- corresponding control units 2 are typically also provided in other technical systems 1, not only in the DC/DC converter 10 under consideration.
- the upper power switches S01, S02, S 0 3, S 0 4 and the corresponding lower power switches Sui, S U 2, S U 3, S U 4 of a half-bridge HB1, HB2, HB3, HB4 are basically switched alternately to prevent potentially damaging short circuits in the half-bridges.
- a control method is implemented in the control unit 2, usually a well-known pulse width modulation (PWM).
- PWM pulse width modulation
- pulse width modulation can be used to specify a duty cycle d, which describes the duration of the input voltage vo being switched through via a half-bridge in relation to a specified switching period T s .
- the DC/DC converter 10 can of course also be implemented in a different design or circuit topology, e.g. with fewer or more strings, with fewer or more power switches (also per half-bridge), etc. It is also conceivable that the rectifier 4 is integrated in the DC/DC converter 10. In each embodiment, however, the DC/DC converter 10 comprises at least one power switch which is controlled by a control unit 2 in order to set a load current i or a load voltage V2.
- the DC/DC converter 10 To operate the DC/DC converter 10, it can be provided to determine the load current i and/or the load voltage V2, e.g. by measurement or calculation or by an observer based on other known quantities, and to supply the determined load current i and/or the load voltage V2 to the control unit 2, as in the embodiment of Fig. 3.
- the measurement of the load voltage V2 in particular often proves to be difficult, and due to the usually necessary cabling of measurement setups used for measurement, the actual temporal behavior of a load voltage V2 can often only be inadequately represented in a measurement.
- an emulation model 3 of a component to be emulated (UUT) is provided in the control unit 2, for example a drive train model for describing the temporal behavior of an electric drive train or a battery model.
- the emulation model 3 simulates the behavior of the component(s) to be simulated and typically calculates a reference variable r, e.g. in the form of a reference current iR (battery current) or a reference voltage UR. Such a reference voltage UR can subsequently be used as a reference variable r or as a reference variable time curve for controlling the load voltage V2.
- a reference variable r can also be specified in another way, e.g. by an operator or by reading from a table. In this case, an emulation model 3 is not necessary.
- An emulation model 3 also does not necessarily have to record input variables, but can also determine a reference variable r without externally specified input variables.
- L b Ri stands for the average inductances of the chokes Li , L2, L3, L4 and for an internal resistance of this average inductance L C2 as before for an output-side smoothing capacitor, L as before for the already mentioned output inductance L, and R o for an internal resistance associated with the output inductance L.
- a disturbance W2 acts, which in the present case can be given in the form of a current that is specified by the load 5, or by a model error in the description of the dynamics, i.e. the temporal behavior, of the output variable y, or by other disturbing influences, which can be represented by a disturbance variable W2.
- v 2 is the sum of the phase currents, the output current, the output voltage and the measured load voltage.
- v 0 ⁇ d is the input variable u, which is the product of the intermediate circuit voltage v 0 and the duty cycle d.
- an output variable model AM which describes the temporal behavior of the output variable y influenced by the at least one disturbance variable W2
- the following output variable model AM can first be specified for the load voltage V2:
- the given initial state model can be discretized (e.g. using a forward or backward Euler method or using the Tustin method), resulting in a general, discrete initial state model of the following form:
- the subscript d represents the time-discrete model description
- the index k records the time-discrete control time steps already mentioned.
- a system such as the above linear difference equation can result from the modeling of a wide variety of technical systems 1, which indicates the universal applicability of the invention.
- a linear, time-discrete model as above can also result from the linearization of any non-linear model, so that the class of models or technical systems 1 to which the invention can be applied does not essentially have to be restricted.
- a non-linear or linear control law can be specified for the above model, e.g. in the form of a state controller well known in control engineering, in which the state vector X of the system to be controlled is mapped directly to the manipulated variable u by means of a controller gain K x .
- a variety of methods and approaches are available for selecting the controller gain K x , such as the state controller design according to Ackermann.
- the estimated disturbance values determined are advantageously taken into account in the controller R when determining the manipulated variable. It should be noted that this procedure opens up the possibility of using control laws without integral components. Integrating controllers are typically used to suppress input disturbances. However, if, as provided for in the context of the invention, all effective disturbances are estimated and taken into account by means of their estimation and compensated in a suitable manner, integrators in the controller R can often be dispensed with, which has a variety of advantages in terms of dynamics and oscillation tendency of the resulting control loops (for example, integrators in controllers R can cause larger ripples and larger overshoots in step responses).
- a state controller K x is used to adjust an output variable y to a given reference variable r
- this reference state vector X r is to convert the state vector X into a state vector X r in which the originally posed control problem of adjusting the output variable y to the reference variable r is solved.
- the reference state vector X r is thus an auxiliary variable that is derived from the given reference variable r.
- the following shows how a state observer ZB can be designed for the above model to determine the state estimate X k .
- the following observer equations can be set for a state observer ZB:
- Z k stands for an auxiliary state from which the estimate X k for the state vector X k to be estimated can be determined according to the second of the above equations
- y k stands for an estimate of the output variable y k determined from the estimate X k .
- the matrix D can correspond to the already known output matrix C, but can also be chosen differently, e.g. for reasons of observer design.
- the state observer ZB determines the state estimates X k based on the output variable yk and the input variable Uk of the technical system 1. These variables, output variable yk and input variable Uk, are made available to the state observer ZB in practical implementation as measured variables.
- p acting disturbance variables wi,...,w p it is necessary to make at least p measured variables, e.g. the input variable u and/or the output variable y and/or state variables xi...x n , available to a state observer ZB in order to be able to determine the desired state estimate.
- Af (Z - E d (DE d yD)A d - [Q ff] _ D( j _ E y DEd y D ) Ad .
- X k+ 1 A d X k + B d u k + E d w 2 k and is not restricted to the DC/DC converter under consideration.
- M -E d (DE d y + R(I - (DE d DE d y) can be used. It should be noted that other approaches to setting up the observer equations of the state observer ZB can also be used, such as sliding mode observers, or Kalman filters or other observers. The decisive factor is that the state observer ZB allows an exact estimate of the state vector to be determined without explicitly considering the disturbance variables W2, from which the desired disturbance variable estimates can be determined in a next step in the disturbance variable observer.
- the described type of estimation has several disadvantages, including the fact that the estimate of the disturbance variables w 2 k only becomes correct once the estimate of the state vector X k has converged. If it is not possible to ensure rapid convergence, it can sometimes take a considerable amount of time before correct disturbance variable estimates can be provided.
- the choice of the gain factors L lf L 2 is thus reduced to the dimensioning of a vector - 1 , which stabilizes the matrix, ie the ensures that the eigenvalues of the matrix lie within the unit circle.
- Various approaches to this are known from the control engineering literature. Based on this equation, one can again choose from a variety of methods for dimensioning the gain factors Z 1; Z 2 , whereby a well-known example is the Ackermann method, which is well known in control engineering.
- Figures 5a and 5b show results that were achieved when controlling a load voltage v 2 of a DC/DC converter 10 as shown in Fig. 3, once by means of a disturbance observer SB according to the prior art (dashed lines), once by means of the method according to the invention (solid lines).
- the reference voltage specified as the reference variable r for the voltage v 2 to be regulated changes in the time interval between 2 and 2.5 seconds, initially abruptly and then in a ramp-like manner.
- the advantages of the method according to the invention are clearly visible, particularly in terms of control accuracy.
- a significant advantage of the method according to the invention is also the lower cross-effect between different variables, as in the present case due to the load current drawn.
- the voltage v 2 to be controlled hardly changes despite the sudden increase in current.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009086220A1 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-07-09 | University Of Florida | Systems and methods for offset-free model predictive control |
| US20170139423A1 (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2017-05-18 | King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals | Control system and method for multi-vehicle systems |
| US20210124316A1 (en) * | 2019-10-25 | 2021-04-29 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of a Process |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5740033A (en) * | 1992-10-13 | 1998-04-14 | The Dow Chemical Company | Model predictive controller |
| US9760067B2 (en) * | 2009-09-10 | 2017-09-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | System and method for predicting future disturbances in model predictive control applications |
| CN109116733A (zh) * | 2018-08-15 | 2019-01-01 | 上海理工大学 | 一种基于最小信息熵的并行串级控制系统的评价方法 |
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2022
- 2022-12-13 AT ATA50952/2022A patent/AT526759B1/de active
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2023
- 2023-12-12 WO PCT/AT2023/060436 patent/WO2024124266A1/de not_active Ceased
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009086220A1 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-07-09 | University Of Florida | Systems and methods for offset-free model predictive control |
| US20170139423A1 (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2017-05-18 | King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals | Control system and method for multi-vehicle systems |
| US20210124316A1 (en) * | 2019-10-25 | 2021-04-29 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of a Process |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| ANSÄTZE, WIE Z.B.: "Offset-free reference tracking with model predictive control", AUTOMATICA, vol. 46, pages 1469 - 1476 |
| MAEDER, U.MORARI, M.: "Offset-free tracking MPC: A tutorial review and comparison of different formulations", EUROPEAN CONTROL CONFERENCE (ECC). LINZ, AUSTRIA, 2010 |
| PANNOCCHIA, G.PANNOCCHIA, G.GABICCINI, M.ARTONI, A.: "Offset-free MPC explained: novelties, subtleties, and applications", 5TH IFAC CONFERENCE ON NONLINEAR MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL. SEVILLE, SPAIN, 2015 |
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| DE112023003089A5 (de) | 2025-05-28 |
| AT526759B1 (de) | 2024-12-15 |
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