WO2024088484A1 - Erkennen einer fahrbahnauflage auf einer fahrbahn - Google Patents
Erkennen einer fahrbahnauflage auf einer fahrbahn Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024088484A1 WO2024088484A1 PCT/DE2023/200203 DE2023200203W WO2024088484A1 WO 2024088484 A1 WO2024088484 A1 WO 2024088484A1 DE 2023200203 W DE2023200203 W DE 2023200203W WO 2024088484 A1 WO2024088484 A1 WO 2024088484A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- road surface
- vehicle
- exposure time
- statement
- image
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V20/00—Scenes; Scene-specific elements
- G06V20/50—Context or environment of the image
- G06V20/56—Context or environment of the image exterior to a vehicle by using sensors mounted on the vehicle
- G06V20/588—Recognition of the road, e.g. of lane markings; Recognition of the vehicle driving pattern in relation to the road
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W40/00—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models
- B60W40/02—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models related to ambient conditions
- B60W40/06—Road conditions
- B60W40/068—Road friction coefficient
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/764—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using classification, e.g. of video objects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/82—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using neural networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/73—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by influencing the exposure time
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- B60W2420/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of sensors based on the principle of their operation
- B60W2420/40—Photo, light or radio wave sensitive means, e.g. infrared sensors
- B60W2420/403—Image sensing, e.g. optical camera
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method, in particular a computer-implemented method, for detecting a road surface on a roadway, a computer program for carrying out the method according to the invention and a computer-readable storage medium.
- ADAS Advanced driver assistance systems
- ADAS functions can be used to support the driver while the driver still retains control of the vehicle.
- fully automated driving can also be achieved.
- the surroundings of the vehicle are recorded using a camera system comprising at least one camera.
- a camera system comprising at least one camera.
- mono cameras in particular front cameras, stereo cameras, or so-called surround view camera systems, by means of which the entire surroundings of the vehicle can be recorded, are known.
- DE102004018088A1 has disclosed a road detection system with a temperature sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and a camera. Measurement data recorded by the existing sensors are compared with reference data compared and based on the comparison, the condition of the road surface can be determined by classifying the road surface (e.g. concrete, asphalt, dirt, grass, sand or gravel) and its condition (e.g. dry, icy, snowy, wet).
- the road surface e.g. concrete, asphalt, dirt, grass, sand or gravel
- its condition e.g. dry, icy, snowy, wet
- DE102014214243A1 discloses a method for determining road conditions, in which road condition data from a weather map and/or road map are used to determine the road condition and are subjected to redigitization.
- WO2012/110030A2 describes a possibility for estimating the coefficient of friction using a 3D camera.
- a height profile of the road surface is created from image data from the camera and the expected local coefficient of friction is estimated.
- a classification of the road surface can be carried out in individual cases.
- image data from a 3D camera is used to determine the height profiles of the road surface along a plurality of lines perpendicular to the direction of travel of the vehicle, and the condition of the road surface is recognized based on these profiles.
- 2D image data from a mono camera can also be evaluated, e.g. using a texture or pattern analysis, and taken into account when recognizing the condition of the road surface.
- EP3069296A1 proposes evaluating image data obtained by means of a camera system using image processing and specifically determining indications of the presence of a road surface. The determined indications are then used to determine the presence of a road surface and, if necessary, to record the condition of the road. Indications of the presence of a road surface are, for example, the effects of precipitation in the image data, on the road or on the vehicles or vehicle windows, or the effects of a road surface when at least one tire of the vehicle drives over it.
- the present invention is based on the object of improving the detection options with regard to the presence of a road surface.
- the object underlying the invention is achieved by a method, in particular a computer-implemented method, for detecting a road surface on a roadway by means of a vehicle camera system of a vehicle, comprising the following
- the first image is preferably an image taken during continuous operation of the vehicle camera system.
- the exposure time for vehicle camera systems is controlled automatically and selected to suit the lighting conditions.
- the first image is therefore an image with a substantially optimal exposure time. A longer exposure time, particularly compared to the optimal exposure time, as selected for the second image, leads to an increased
- the vehicle camera system comprises one or more cameras.
- it can also be a so-called surround view camera system.
- At least one camera can have a fisheye lens.
- the camera system is preferably attached to the vehicle in such a way that images of the surroundings of at least one wheel of the vehicle can be recorded using at least one camera of the vehicle camera system.
- the first and/or second image is therefore preferably an image that at least partially shows a wheel of the vehicle and the surroundings of the wheel, i.e. an area close to the wheel.
- any existing road surface is displaced by the tires, especially to the sides and sides.
- This displaced road surface is captured by at least one camera in the vehicle camera system.
- the displaced road surface leads to motion blur in the scattering direction due to a relative movement to the moving vehicle and the longer exposure time for the second image. This is in turn used to detect the presence of road surface.
- the road surface is water, snow, ice, leaves or particles, in particular sand or dust.
- the road surface can also generally be any media/objects that lie flat (blanket, carpet) on the road surface (asphalt, tar, concrete, etc.).
- the flat surface can be referred to as a blanket or carpet of the medium or objects.
- the road does not have to be completely covered with the road surface.
- Various types of road surface are therefore conceivable, all of which fall under the present invention.
- the statement about the presence of a road surface can accordingly also be a statement about the type of road surface, for example.
- a statement is made about a coefficient of friction and/or a coefficient of friction class for the vehicle that is on the road, in particular based on the statement about the presence of the road surface, preferably based on a type of road surface.
- the statement about the coefficient of friction can be determined in different ways.
- the statement about the coefficient of friction is determined based on the statement about the presence of a road surface.
- a driving strategy can in turn be advantageously derived from the coefficient of friction, for example with regard to reaction characteristics, for example in emergency situations.
- DE102009041566B4 describes a method for determining the road friction coefficient according to friction coefficient classes based on a determined friction coefficient parameter.
- the road surface is water, and a water depth is determined.
- the water depth is directly related to the amount of water and can, for example, also be determined based on a determined amount of water, in particular the amount displaced by one or more tires per unit of time.
- knowledge of the water depth is also crucial for a driving strategy that is appropriate to the situation.
- a statement about the risk of aquaplaning is determined based on the water depth, a speed of the vehicle and/or a slip behavior of at least one tire of the vehicle.
- the method according to the invention thus makes it possible to make a statement about the risk of aquaplaning.
- a distinction between a wet road surface, precipitation and a risk of aquaplaning can advantageously be made based on a size and/or intensity of water droplets detected in the first and/or second image, a detected amount of splash water and/or based on detected water clusters.
- a water cloud or water spray often forms.
- This can be used advantageously to make a statement about an aquaplaning risk, in particular to identify an acute aquaplaning risk. For example, detected water drops, a detected amount of splash water, the presence of water clusters or a water cloud or water spray can be divided into predefined classes.
- the speed of the vehicle on the road can and should also be taken into account.
- the second exposure time is selected depending on the first exposure time determined by an exposure control/regulation device.
- the vehicle therefore has an exposure control/regulation device by means of which an exposure time for the vehicle camera system is determined during continuous operation.
- the exposure time is preferably continuously regulated or controlled and adapted to the respective lighting conditions in the environment of the vehicle.
- the second, longer exposure time is then selected based on a current value for the first exposure time set by means of the exposure control/regulation device.
- the second exposure time is selected depending on the speed of the vehicle. In this way, the displaced road surface, especially a sideways movement in the scattering direction, can be made optimally visible.
- the second exposure time is selected depending on the brightness of the vehicle's surroundings.
- the second exposure time is therefore selected depending on the current lighting conditions.
- the second exposure time, starting from the first exposure time is increased successively, in particular in predeterminable intervals or steps, or by means of a predeterminable factor.
- the steps or intervals are preferably selected such that a height of the step or a length of the interval varies, for example grows exponentially.
- the second exposure time can also be determined using a weighing method. It is advantageous if the second exposure time is increased starting from the first exposure time until a predeterminable criterion is met. In this context, a wide variety of criteria can be used, such as the visibility of certain elements in an image recorded using the vehicle camera system or the like.
- the statement about the presence of a road surface and/or in particular a road surface type is determined by means of a method from the field of machine learning.
- the statement about the presence of a road surface and/or in particular a road surface type is determined using at least one neural network, in particular a trained neural network, wherein the neural network is designed to determine and output the presence of a road surface and/or in particular a road surface type at least on the basis of the second image.
- Statements about the presence of a road surface can be made in a variety of different ways. On the one hand, a statement can be made about the presence of any road surface on the road. However, it can also be determined where the road surface is located and how much road surface is present. Alternatively or additionally, it can be determined which type of road surface, ie which type of road surface, is involved.
- the neural network is preferably a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), or a so-called region proposal network (RPN).
- a trained neural network is used to make a statement about the presence of road surface and/or in particular a type of road surface
- image data from images of various scenarios taken by vehicle camera systems which are labeled manually, for example, can be used to train the network.
- suitable training data can be generated at least partially synthetically.
- a suitable reference sensor can also be used to train the neural network, which determines a statement about the presence of road surface and/or in particular a type of road surface with high reliability and precision, and by means of which training target values can be specified.
- An alternative embodiment includes that the statement about the presence of a road surface and/or in particular a road surface type is determined using at least one decision tree, in particular based on a random forest. It is therefore also possible to determine the presence of a road surface and/or in particular a road surface type on a road using an evolutionary method.
- the method according to the invention according to one of the embodiments described here is advantageously used in detecting the presence of a road surface at night or in the case of low or no lighting.
- the method according to the invention can therefore be used particularly advantageously in night situations with low or no lighting, for example when driving over country roads without scattered light from outside.
- the present invention is based on the finding that when the method according to the invention is used at night or in the case of low or no lighting, residual light from the vehicle headlights in combination with the second Exposure time is sufficient to make a statement about the presence of road surface.
- the object underlying the invention is further achieved by a system for data processing, comprising means for carrying out the method according to the invention according to one of the described embodiments.
- the object underlying the invention is achieved by a computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the invention according to one of the described embodiments, and by a computer-readable storage medium on which the computer program according to the invention is stored.
- Fig. 1 is a flow chart to illustrate the method according to the invention
- Fig. 2 shows a flow chart for an embodiment of the method according to the invention using machine learning methods
- Fig. 3 shows images of an area of a vehicle close to the wheels in the presence of different road surfaces.
- a first image h recorded by a vehicle camera system is provided with a first exposure time bi.
- a second image with a second exposure time b2 is provided.
- the second exposure time b2 can be selected depending on the first exposure time bi. This variant is shown in dashed lines in Fig. 1.
- the second exposure time b2 is any function of the first exposure time bi.
- a speed v of the vehicle and/or the brightness of the vehicle's surroundings i.e. the prevailing lighting conditions
- the second exposure time b2 is longer than the first exposure time bi.
- a statement about the presence of a road surface F can be determined based on the second image h.
- statements about a coefficient of friction of the vehicle on the road or, in the case of water as the road surface statements about a water depth and/or a risk of aquaplaning can also be determined.
- the first exposure time can be determined, in particular regulated or controlled, by an exposure control device 2.
- the first exposure time bi is continuously automatically selected in a suitable manner and is optimized in particular with regard to an image evaluation subsequent to the recording of an image I.
- Fig. 2 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, in which machine learning methods are used to determine the statement about the presence of the road surface F.
- the second image I2 is made available to a trained neural network NN as input.
- the neural network NN is designed to determine and output the presence of a road surface F at least based on the second image I2.
- a road surface F If a road surface F is present, it is displaced by the tires when the vehicle is driving on the road, especially forwards and to the side.
- the displaced road surface F causes motion blur in the scattering direction due to a relative movement to the moving vehicle and due to the longer exposure time b2 for the second image I2. which is used to detect the presence of road surface F.
- characteristic patterns arise in the second image with the longer exposure time b2 relative to the direction of movement of the vehicle. For example, a distinction can be made between different colors, shapes, dimensions and orientations relative to a predeterminable axis of the patterns.
- FIG. 3 four different camera images of an area of a vehicle near the wheel for four different road surfaces F, i.e. a tire 3 and its immediate surroundings, are shown as examples. Corresponding images can be recorded using a surround view camera, for example. However, other types of camera systems are also conceivable and possible within the scope of the present invention.
- Fig. 3a concerns the case of a slightly wet road.
- the tire 3 is surrounded by a characteristic first pattern Mi, which is visible due to the longer exposure time b2 for the second image I2.
- Fig. 3b shows a comparable image for the case of a significantly wetter road.
- the characteristic pattern M2 resulting in this case differs significantly from the first characteristic pattern Mi from Fig. 3a.
- Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b show that a reliable distinction can be made between different wetness levels on a road. With a higher degree of wetness (Fig. 3b), both the amount and the intensity of the liquid displaced by the tires are significantly greater.
- Fig. 3c shows a characteristic pattern M3 when sand is present on the road
- Fig. 3d shows a characteristic pattern M4 when snow is present on the road.
- the present invention is therefore not limited to detecting any type of road surface on the road. Rather, the type of road surface present can also be reliably determined. It is an advantage of the present invention that the presence of a road surface, i.e. a road condition, or even a risk of aquaplaning can be determined reliably and independently of external lighting conditions in the vicinity of the vehicle, i.e. in particular at night or in cases of little or no lighting in the vicinity of the vehicle, using conventional, particularly inexpensive cameras.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
- Computing Systems (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Software Systems (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Traffic Control Systems (AREA)
- Image Analysis (AREA)
- Control Of Driving Devices And Active Controlling Of Vehicle (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2025520108A JP2025533175A (ja) | 2022-10-24 | 2023-09-26 | 道路上の路面被覆物の認識 |
| US19/124,178 US20260030902A1 (en) | 2022-10-24 | 2023-09-26 | Recognising a roadway coating on a roadway |
| CN202380072897.6A CN119998846A (zh) | 2022-10-24 | 2023-09-26 | 车道上车道覆盖层的识别 |
| KR1020257009826A KR20250052452A (ko) | 2022-10-24 | 2023-09-26 | 도로에서 도로 코팅을 식별하기 위한 방법 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102022211241.5A DE102022211241A1 (de) | 2022-10-24 | 2022-10-24 | Erkennen von Fahrbahnauflage auf einer Fahrbahn |
| DE102022211241.5 | 2022-10-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024088484A1 true WO2024088484A1 (de) | 2024-05-02 |
Family
ID=88504723
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2023/200203 Ceased WO2024088484A1 (de) | 2022-10-24 | 2023-09-26 | Erkennen einer fahrbahnauflage auf einer fahrbahn |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20260030902A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2025533175A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20250052452A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN119998846A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102022211241A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024088484A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102024106981A1 (de) * | 2024-03-12 | 2025-09-18 | Motherson Innovations Company Limited | Fahrzeugsicherheitssystem und Verfahren zur Vorhersage und/oder Vermeidung von Aquaplaning |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004018088A1 (de) | 2003-04-09 | 2005-02-10 | Continental Teves, Inc., Auburn Hills | Fahrbahnerkennungssystem |
| WO2012110030A2 (de) | 2011-02-14 | 2012-08-23 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Reibwertschätzung mittels einer 3d-kamera |
| WO2013117186A1 (de) | 2012-02-10 | 2013-08-15 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Bestimmung einer beschaffenheit einer fahrbahnoberfläche mittels einer 3d-kamera |
| DE102014214243A1 (de) | 2013-10-31 | 2015-04-30 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Straßenzustandsbestimmung |
| EP3069296A1 (de) | 2013-11-15 | 2016-09-21 | Continental Teves AG & Co. oHG | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung eines fahrbahnzustands mittels eines fahrzeugkamerasystems |
| US20180060674A1 (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2018-03-01 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Fusion-based wet road surface detection |
| US20200406897A1 (en) * | 2018-03-13 | 2020-12-31 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Method and Device for Recognizing and Evaluating Roadway Conditions and Weather-Related Environmental Influences |
| US20220001873A1 (en) * | 2018-05-03 | 2022-01-06 | Volvo Car Corporation | System and method for providing vehicle safety distance and speed alerts under slippery road conditions |
| DE102009041566B4 (de) | 2009-09-15 | 2022-01-20 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren zur Klassifizierung des Fahrbahnreibwerts |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20080129541A1 (en) | 2006-12-01 | 2008-06-05 | Magna Electronics | Black ice detection and warning system |
| JP5950196B2 (ja) * | 2011-08-30 | 2016-07-13 | 株式会社リコー | 撮像装置、並びに、これを用いる画像解析装置及び移動装置 |
| CN103777423B (zh) | 2014-01-24 | 2016-02-24 | 深圳市华星光电技术有限公司 | 液晶面板及其像素结构 |
| DE102015208428A1 (de) * | 2015-05-06 | 2016-11-10 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erkennung und Bewertung von Umwelteinflüssen und Fahrbahnzustandsinformationen im Fahrzeugumfeld |
| JP6847781B2 (ja) * | 2017-06-30 | 2021-03-24 | 日立Astemo株式会社 | 画像処理装置 |
| JP2020180924A (ja) * | 2019-04-26 | 2020-11-05 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 路面状態推定装置、車両制御システム及び路面状態推定方法 |
-
2022
- 2022-10-24 DE DE102022211241.5A patent/DE102022211241A1/de active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-09-26 CN CN202380072897.6A patent/CN119998846A/zh active Pending
- 2023-09-26 KR KR1020257009826A patent/KR20250052452A/ko active Pending
- 2023-09-26 WO PCT/DE2023/200203 patent/WO2024088484A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2023-09-26 US US19/124,178 patent/US20260030902A1/en active Pending
- 2023-09-26 JP JP2025520108A patent/JP2025533175A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004018088A1 (de) | 2003-04-09 | 2005-02-10 | Continental Teves, Inc., Auburn Hills | Fahrbahnerkennungssystem |
| DE102009041566B4 (de) | 2009-09-15 | 2022-01-20 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren zur Klassifizierung des Fahrbahnreibwerts |
| WO2012110030A2 (de) | 2011-02-14 | 2012-08-23 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Reibwertschätzung mittels einer 3d-kamera |
| WO2013117186A1 (de) | 2012-02-10 | 2013-08-15 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Bestimmung einer beschaffenheit einer fahrbahnoberfläche mittels einer 3d-kamera |
| DE102014214243A1 (de) | 2013-10-31 | 2015-04-30 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Straßenzustandsbestimmung |
| EP3069296A1 (de) | 2013-11-15 | 2016-09-21 | Continental Teves AG & Co. oHG | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung eines fahrbahnzustands mittels eines fahrzeugkamerasystems |
| US20180060674A1 (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2018-03-01 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Fusion-based wet road surface detection |
| US20200406897A1 (en) * | 2018-03-13 | 2020-12-31 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Method and Device for Recognizing and Evaluating Roadway Conditions and Weather-Related Environmental Influences |
| US20220001873A1 (en) * | 2018-05-03 | 2022-01-06 | Volvo Car Corporation | System and method for providing vehicle safety distance and speed alerts under slippery road conditions |
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| ANONYMOUS: "Bracketing", WIKIPEDIA, 14 September 2022 (2022-09-14), pages 1 - 2, XP093109947, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bracketing&oldid=1110341119> [retrieved on 20231207] * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN119998846A (zh) | 2025-05-13 |
| US20260030902A1 (en) | 2026-01-29 |
| KR20250052452A (ko) | 2025-04-18 |
| DE102022211241A1 (de) | 2024-04-25 |
| JP2025533175A (ja) | 2025-10-03 |
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