WO2024042239A1 - Glycosylated psilocin derivatives and methods of use - Google Patents
Glycosylated psilocin derivatives and methods of use Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024042239A1 WO2024042239A1 PCT/EP2023/073439 EP2023073439W WO2024042239A1 WO 2024042239 A1 WO2024042239 A1 WO 2024042239A1 EP 2023073439 W EP2023073439 W EP 2023073439W WO 2024042239 A1 WO2024042239 A1 WO 2024042239A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
- A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
- A61K31/7056—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing five-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
Definitions
- compounds disclosed herein are used recreationally, such as at a social event (e.g., an adult party), to provide recreational physiological effects similar to the recreational physiological effects of alcohol, which is generally consumed as a recreational activity.
- Compounds disclosed herein are used recreationally for inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof.
- compounds related to hydroxytryptamine compounds such as 4-HO- MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4- HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO- pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMT, and analogues or derivatives thereof (e.g., glycosylated analogues or derivatives).
- analogues or derivatives thereof e.g., glycosylated analogues or derivatives.
- a compound of Formula (Ia) Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group or –OH; R 2 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a compound of Formula (Ia) Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group or –OH; R 2 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- compounds of the disclosure are formed from glycosylation.
- compounds of the disclosure are formed from glycosylation, using an enzyme. 3 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO
- a pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- compounds of the disclosure are formulated for recreational use to induce a recreational physiological effect.
- the recreational physiological effect comprises inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof.
- compounds of the disclosure are formulated for recreational use to induce inebriation, induce euphoric effect, induce performance-enhancing effect, elevate mood, or lower inhibition at a social event, or any combination thereof.
- compounds of the disclosure are formulated for recreational use, such as at a social event (e.g., an adult party), to provide recreational physiological effects similar to the recreational physiological effects provided by alcohol, which is generally consumed as a recreational activity.
- compounds disclosed herein are used recreationally for inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- the compound of the present invention is provided in an effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition.
- the compound of the present invention is provided in a therapeutically effective amount.
- the compound of the present invention is provided in a prophylactically effective amount.
- Compounds of the present invention as described herein act, in certain embodiments, as serotonin modulators, e.g., effecting the serotinin receptor in either a positive or negative manner.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I): 4 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 1 is a glycosyl group
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ia): Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group or –OH; R 2 is a glycosyl group; and 5 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ib): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- R 1 is a glycosyl group
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 al
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I): 6 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ia): Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group or –OH; R 2 is a glycosyl group; and 7 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ib): Formula (Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ibb): 8 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 1 is a glycosyl group
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ic): Formula (Ic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 1, 2, or 3; R 1 is a glycosyl group, an –O-glycosyl group, or –OH; and 9 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl, wherein at least one R 1 is a glycosyl group or an –O-glycosyl group.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Id): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 1, 2, or 3; R 1 is a glycosyl group, an –O-glycosyl group, or –OH; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered hetero
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ie): 10 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ie- ⁇ ): Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or 11 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ie- ⁇ ): Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- the recreational physiological effect comprises inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof.
- the recreational physiological effect is inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance- enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof.
- FIG.2 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY70.
- FIG.3 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY73. 12 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO
- FIG.4 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY74.
- FIG.5 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY77.
- FIG.6 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY87.
- FIG.7 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY91.
- FIG.8 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY108.
- FIG.9 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY119.
- FIG.10 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY146.
- FIG.11 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY153.
- FIG.12 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY163.
- FIG.13 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY164.
- FIG.14 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY169.
- FIG.15 shows the pGLY expression plasmid for GLY170.
- FIG.16 is a series of chromatograms obtained with a wavelength of 268 nm for the standard solutions resuspended in reaction buffer, and the corresponding MS-SIM signal for 4- HO-MET with no enzyme (control), GLY70, or GLY74.
- FIG.17 is a table showing 13 C and 1 H chemical shifts, coupling patterns, and coupling constants for 1 H resonance, as well as 2D NMR correlations from COSY, NOESY/ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC for 4-HO-MET glycoside.
- FIG.18 depicts 1 H NMR spectrum of 4-HO-MET glycoside.
- FIG.19 depicts 13 C NMR spectrum of 4-HO-MET glycoside.
- FIG.20 depicts DQF-COSY spectrum of 4-HO-MET glycoside.
- FIG.21 depicts HSQC spectrum of 4-HO-MET glycoside.
- FIG.22 depicts ROESY spectrum of 4-HO-MET glycoside.
- FIG.23 depicts NOESY spectrum (600 ms mixing time) of 4-HO-MET glycoside.
- FIG.24 depicts NOESY spectrum (600 ms mixing time) of 4-HO-MET glycoside.
- FIG.25 depicts HMBC spectrum of 4-HO-MET glycoside. 13 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- FIG.26 is a table showing 13 C and 1 H chemical shifts, coupling patterns, and coupling constants for 1 H resonance, as well as 2D NMR correlations from COSY, NOESY/ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC for 4-HO-EPT glycoside.
- FIG.27 depicts 1 H NMR spectrum of 4-HO-EPT glycoside.
- FIG.28 depicts 13 C NMR spectrum of 4-HO-EPT glycoside.
- FIG.29 depicts QDEPT spectrum of 4-HO-EPT glycoside
- FIG.30 depicts DQF-COSY spectrum of 4-HO- EPT glycoside.
- FIG.31 depicts HSQC spectrum of 4-HO- EPT glycoside.
- FIG.32 depicts ROESY spectrum of 4-HO- EPT glycoside.
- FIG.33 depicts NOESY spectrum (600 ms mixing time) of 4-HO- EPT glycoside.
- FIG.34 depicts HMBC spectrum of 4-HO- EPT glycoside.
- FIG.35 displays pharmacokinetics of Cy1 and 4-OH-EPT in plasma for Cy120 mg/kg dosed orally.
- FIG.36 displays pharmacokinetics of Cy1 and 4-OH-EPT in brain for Cy120 mg/kg dosed orally.
- FIG.37 displays pharmacokinetics of Cy2 and 4-OH-DMT (psilocin) in plasma for Cy2 20 mg/kg dosed orally.
- FIG.38 displays pharmacokinetics of Cy2 and 4-OH-DMT (psilocin) in brain for Cy2 20 mg/kg dosed orally.
- FIG.39 displays pharmacokinetics of 4-OH-DMT (psilocin) in plasma for psilocybin 1.5 mg/kg dosed orally.
- FIG.40 displays pharmacokinetics of 4-OH-DMT (psilocin) in brain for psilocybin, 1.5 mg/kg dosed orally.
- the present disclosure provides compounds designed, for example, to act as serotonin receptor modulators.
- the compounds disclosed herein are for recreational use (e.g., to induce a recreational physiological effect).
- the present disclosure also features methods for synthesizing compounds for recreational use (e.g., to induce a recreational physiological effect).
- the compounds disclosed herein are for recreational 14 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO use to induce a recreational physiological effect (e.g., inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof).
- the compounds disclosed herein are used to provide recreational physiological effects similar to the recreational physiological effects provided by alcohol. In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein are used to provide recreational physiological effects similar to the recreational physiological effects provided by alcohol without side effects of alcohol (e.g., hangover, liver damage, or carcinogenic effect). For example, the compounds disclosed herein are used recreationally to induce inebriation, induce euphoric effect, induce performance-enhancing effect, elevate mood, or lower inhibition at a social event, or any combination thereof. Definitions [0069] As used herein, the following terms are generally intended to have the meanings as described below, unless expressly indicated otherwise or the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.
- Isomers e.g., stereoisomers
- HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
- preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses.
- a pure enantiomeric compound is substantially free from other enantiomers or stereoisomers of the compound (i.e., in enantiomeric excess).
- an “S” form of the compound is substantially free from the “R” form of the compound and is, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the “R” form.
- enantiomerically pure or “pure enantiomer” denotes that the compound comprises more than 75% by weight, more than 80% by weight, more than 85% by weight, more than 90% by weight, more than 91% by weight, more than 92% by weight, more than 93% by weight, more than 94% by weight, more than 95% by weight, more than 96% by weight, more than 97% by weight, more than 98% by weight, more than 98.5% by weight, more than 99% by weight, more than 99.2% by weight, more than 99.5% by weight, more than 99.6% by weight, more than 99.7% by weight, more than 99.8% by weight or more than 99.9% by weight, of the enantiomer.
- the weights are based upon total weight of all enantiomers or stereoisomers of the compound.
- an enantiomerically pure compound can be present with other active or inactive ingredients.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising enantiomerically pure R–position/center/ carbon compound can comprise, for example, about 90% excipient and about 10% enantiomerically pure R– compound.
- the enantiomerically pure R–compound in such compositions can, for example, comprise, at least about 95% by weight R–compound and at most about 5% by weight S–compound, by total weight of the compound.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising enantiomerically pure S–compound can comprise, for example, about 90% excipient and about 10% enantiomerically pure S–compound.
- the enantiomerically pure S– compound in such compositions can, for example, comprise, at least about 95% by weight S– 16 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO compound and at most about 5% by weight R–compound, by total weight of the compound.
- the active ingredient can be formulated with little or no excipient or carrier.
- an analogue means one analogue or more than one analogue.
- C 1 –C 6 alkyl is intended to encompass, C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 1 –C 6 , C 1 –C 5 , C 1 –C 4 , C 1 –C 3 , C 1 –C 2 , C 2 –C 6 , C 2 –C 5 , C 2 –C 4 , C 2 –C 3 , C 3 –C 6 , C 3 –C 5 , C 3 –C 4 , C 4 –C 6 , C 4 –C 5 , and C 5 –C 6 alkyl.
- Alkyl refers to a radical of a straight–chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 20 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 12 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 10 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 9 alkyl”).
- an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 7 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 6 alkyl”, also referred to herein as “lower alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 5 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 3 alkyl”).
- an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1 –C 2 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C 1 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2 –C 6 alkyl”).
- C 1 –C 6 alkyl groups include methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n–propyl (C 3 ), isopropyl (C 3 ), n–butyl (C 4 ), tert–butyl (C 4 ), sec–butyl (C 4 ), iso–butyl (C 4 ), n–pentyl (C 5 ), 3–pentanyl (C 5 ), amyl (C 5 ), neopentyl (C 5 ), 3–methyl–2–butanyl (C 5 ), tertiary amyl (C 5 ), and n–hexyl (C 6 ).
- alkyl groups include n–heptyl (C 7 ), n–octyl (C 8 ) and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents; e.g., for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, or 1 substituent. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is unsubstituted C 1 –C 10 alkyl (e.g., –CH 3 ). In certain 17 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- the alkyl group is substituted C 1 –C 10 alkyl.
- Common alkyl abbreviations include Me (–CH 3 ), Et (–CH 2 CH 3 ), iPr (–CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), nPr (–CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), n-Bu (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), or i-Bu (–CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ).
- Alkenyl refers to a radical of a straight–chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, and no triple bonds (“C2– C 20 alkenyl”).
- an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 2 -C 10 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 2 -C 8 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2 -C 6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2 -C 5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 2 -C 4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2 -C 3 alkenyl”).
- an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkenyl”).
- the one or more carbon– carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2–butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1–butenyl or 1-propenyl).
- Examples of C 2 -C 4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C 2 ), 1–propenyl (C 3 ), 2– propenyl (C 3 ), 1–butenyl (C 4 ), 2–butenyl (C 4 ), butadienyl (C 4 ), and the like.
- C 2 -C 6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2–4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C 5 ), pentadienyl (C 5 ), hexenyl (C 6 ), and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C 7 ), octenyl (C 8 ), octatrienyl (C 8 ), and the like.
- Each instance of an alkenyl group may be unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents e.g., for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, or 1 substituent.
- the alkenyl group is unsubstituted C 2–10 alkenyl.
- the alkenyl group is substituted C 2–6 alkenyl.
- cycloalkyl refers to a radical of a non–aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the ring system.
- a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl”).
- a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl”).
- a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl”).
- a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5 -C 10 cycloalkyl”).
- a cycloalkyl group may be described as, e.g., a C 4 -C 7 -membered cycloalkyl, wherein the term “membered” refers to the non-hydrogen ring atoms within the moiety.
- Exemplary C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C 3 ), cyclopropenyl (C 3 ), cyclobutyl (C 4 ), cyclobutenyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (C 5 ), cyclopentenyl (C 5 ), cyclohexyl (C 6 ), cyclohexenyl (C 6 ), cyclohexadienyl (C 6 ), and the like.
- SKYE-002WO include, without limitation, the aforementioned C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ), cycloheptenyl (C 7 ), cycloheptadienyl (C 7 ), cycloheptatrienyl (C 7 ), cyclooctyl (C 8 ), cyclooctenyl (C 8 ), cubanyl (C 8 ), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl (C 5 ), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C 8 ), bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl (C 6 ), bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl (C 7 ), and the like.
- Exemplary C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C3-C8 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C 9 ), cyclononenyl (C 9 ), cyclodecyl (C 10 ), cyclodecenyl (C 10 ), octahydro– 1H–indenyl (C 9 ), decahydronaphthalenyl (C 10 ), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C 10 ), and the like.
- the cycloalkyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic cycloalkyl”) or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic cycloalkyl”) and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated.
- a cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
- the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- the cycloalkyl group is a substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- “Heterocyclyl” refers to a radical of a non–aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and one or more (e.g., 1 to 4) ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
- the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
- a heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”), and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated.
- Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
- a heterocyclyl group may be described as, e.g., a 3– to 10– membered heterocyclyl, wherein the term “membered” refers to the non-hydrogen ring atoms, i.e., carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, within the moiety.
- heterocyclyl may be independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
- the heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted 3– to 10– membered heterocyclyl.
- the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3– to 10– membered heterocyclyl.
- 4-HO-DET or 4-hydroxy-diethyltryptamine having the structure: .
- 4-HO-EPT or 4-hydroxy-N-ethyl-N-propyltryptamine having the structure: 20 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO .
- 4-HO-DPT or 4-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyltryptamine having the structure: .
- 4-HO-PiPT or 4-hydroxy-N-propyl-N-isopropyltryptamine having the structure: .
- SKYE-002WO 4-HO-DMT or 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or psilocin, having the structure: .
- a “modulator” e.g., a modulator compound
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved or approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or the corresponding agency in countries other than the United States, or that is listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly, in humans.
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. In particular, such salts are non–toxic may be inorganic or organic acid addition salts and base addition salts.
- such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3–(4–hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2–ethane–disulfonic acid, 2–hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4–chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2–naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4–toluen
- SKYE-002WO and the like or (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N– methylglucamine and the like.
- a metal ion e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion
- coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N– methylglucamine and the like.
- Salts further include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non-toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
- pharmaceutically acceptable cation refers to an acceptable cationic counter–ion of an acidic functional group. Such cations are exemplified by sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium cations, and the like. See, e.g., Berge, et al., J. Pharm.
- Solvate refers to forms of the compound that are associated with a solvent or water (also referred to as “hydrate”), usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding.
- solvents include water, ethanol, acetic acid, and the like.
- the compounds of the invention may be prepared e.g. in crystalline form and may be solvated or hydrated. Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non–stoichiometric solvates.
- solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid.
- “Solvate” encompasses both solution–phase and isolable solvates.
- Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates and methanolates.
- Steps It is also to be understood that compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers.” Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.” Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non–superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers.” When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible.
- An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R– and S–sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or (–)– isomers respectively).
- a chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a 23 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.
- Tautomers refer to compounds that are interchangeable forms of a particular compound structure, and that vary in the displacement of hydrogen atoms and electrons. Thus, two structures may be in equilibrium through the movement of ⁇ electrons and an atom (usually H). For example, enols and ketones are tautomers because they are rapidly interconverted by treatment with either acid or base. Another example of tautomerism is the aci– and nitro– forms of phenylnitromethane, that are likewise formed by treatment with acid or base. Tautomeric forms may be relevant to the attainment of the optimal chemical reactivity and biological activity of a compound of interest.
- a “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g, infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle–aged adult or senior adult)) and/or a non- human animal, e.g., a mammal such as primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys), cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, rodents, cats, and/or dogs.
- the subject is a human.
- the subject Is a non-human animal.
- Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
- Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), 2–methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), benzyl (Bn), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), t–butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t–butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), methanesulfonate (mesylate), and tosylate (Ts).
- MOM methoxylmethyl
- MEM 2–methoxyethoxymethyl
- Bn benzyl
- TIPS triisopropylsilyl
- TDMS t–butyldimethylsilyl
- TMPS t–
- the substituent present on an sulfur atom is an sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a thiol protecting group).
- the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is an amino protecting group (also referred to herein as a nitrogen protecting group).
- Amino protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
- the “effective amount” of a compound refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired physiological or biological response (e.g., a recreational physiological effect (e.g., inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof).
- a recreational physiological effect e.g., inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof.
- the effective amount of a compound of the invention may vary depending on such factors as the desired physiological or biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the mode of administration, and the age, weight, health, and condition of the subject. 25 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition, or symptoms thereof or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder, or condition, or symptoms thereof.
- a therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the disease, disorder, or condition, or symptoms thereof.
- the term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of disease or condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
- a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease, disorder, or condition, or symptoms thereof (e.g., one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder, or condition), or prevent its recurrence.
- a prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease, disorder or condition, or symptoms thereof.
- the term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
- 5-HT2A receptor refers to a subclass of a family of receptors for the neurotransmitter and peripheral signal mediator serotonin.5-HT2A receptors can mediate a plurality of central and peripheral physiologic functions of serotonin. Central nervous system effects can include mediation of hallucinogenic effects of hallucinogenic compounds.
- modulating 5-HT2A receptors refers to the ability of a compound disclosed herein to alter the function of 5-HT2A receptors.
- a 5-HT2A receptor modulator may activate the activity of a 5-HT2A receptor, may activate or inhibit the activity of a 5-HT2A receptor depending on the concentration of the compound exposed to the 5-HT2A receptor, or may inhibit the activity of a 5-HT2A receptor. Such activation or inhibition may be contingent on the occurrence of a specific event, such as activation of a signal transduction pathway, and/or maybe manifest only in particular cell types.
- modulating 5-HT2A receptors also refers to altering the function of a 5-HT2A receptor by increasing or decreasing the probability that a complex forms between a 5-HT2A receptor and a natural binding partner to form a multimer.
- a 5-HT2A receptor modulator may increase the probability that such a 26 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO complex forms between the 5-HT2A receptor and the natural binding partner, may increase or decrease the probability that a complex forms between the 5-HT2A receptor and the natural binding partner depending on the concentration of the compound exposed to the 5-HT2A receptor, and or may decrease the probability that a complex forms between the 5-HT2A receptor and the natural binding partner.
- a 5-HT2A receptor- mediated disorder may be completely or partially mediated by modulating 5-HT2A receptors.
- a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated disorder is one in which modulation of 5-HT2A receptors results in some effect on the underlying disorder e.g., administration of a 5-HT2A receptor modulator results in some improvement in at least some of the subjects being treated.
- glycosyl transferase or “glycosyltransferase” as used herein, refers to any and all enzymes comprising a sequence of amino acid residues which is (i) substantially identical to the amino acid sequences constituting any glycosyl transferase polypeptide set forth herein, including, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26; or (ii) encoded by a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridizing under at least moderately stringent conditions to any nucleic acid sequence encoding any glycosyl transferase set forth herein (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27), but for the use of synonymous codons.
- the pGLY expression plasmids described herein are designed for expression of the GLY enzympes in Escherichia coli cells.
- the drawings and descriptions contain information on the functional parts including the pGLY Expression Plasmids in the form of plasmid graphic maps as wells as the coding sequence and the amino acid sequence of the GLY enzymes.
- the GLY enzumpes have an N-terminal His tag and their expression may require induction with IPTG.
- nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycosyl transferase refers to any and all nucleic acid sequences encoding a glycosyl transferase polypeptide, including, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27, described herein.
- Nucleic acid sequences encoding a glycosyl transferase polypeptide further include any and all nucleic acid sequences which (i) encode polypeptides that are substantially identical to the glycosyl transferase polypeptide sequences set forth herein (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 2, 27 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- nucleic acid refers to a sequence of nucleoside or nucleotide monomers, consisting of naturally occurring bases, sugars and intersugar (backbone) linkages.
- the term also includes modified or substituted sequences comprising non-naturally occurring monomers or portions thereof.
- the nucleic acids of the present disclosure may be deoxyribonucleic nucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and may include naturally occurring bases including adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymidine and uracil.
- the nucleic acids may also contain modified bases. Examples of such modified bases include aza and deaza adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymidine and uracil, and xanthine and hypoxanthine.
- a sequence of nucleotide or nucleoside monomers may be referred to as a polynucleotide sequence, nucleic acid sequence, a nucleotide sequence or a nucleoside sequence.
- polypeptide refers to any and all polypeptides comprising a sequence of amino acid residues which is (i) substantially identical to the amino acid sequence constituting the polypeptide having such reference SEQ ID NO, or (ii) encoded by a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridizing under at least moderately stringent conditions to any nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide having such reference SEQ ID NO, but for the use of synonymous codons.
- nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide refers to any and all nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide having such reference SEQ ID NO.
- Nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide, in conjunction with a reference SEQ ID NO, further include any and all nucleic acid sequences which (i) encode polypeptides that are substantially identical to the polypeptide having such reference SEQ ID NO; or (ii) hybridize to any nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides having such reference SEQ ID NO under at least moderately stringent hybridization conditions or which would hybridize thereto under at least moderately stringent conditions but for the use of synonymous codons.
- substantially identical it is meant that two sequences (e.g., amino acid sequences or nucleic acid sequences) preferably have at least 70% sequence identity (e.g., at 28 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO least 75% sequence identity or at least 80% sequence identity), and more preferably have at least 85% sequence identity and most preferably have at least 95% sequence identity, for example, about 96% sequence identity, about 97% sequence identity, about 98% sequence identity, or about 99% sequence identity.
- the amino acid sequences of such two sequences are aligned, using for example the alignment method of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol.
- Computer programs that may be used in this regard include, but are not limited to, GCG (Devereux et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1984, 12: 387) BLASTP, BLASTN and FASTA (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990:215:403).
- a particularly preferred method for determining the percentage identity between two polypeptides involves the Clustal W algorithm (Thompson, J D, Higgines, D G and Gibson T J, 1994, Nucleic Acid Res 22(22): 4673-4680 together with the BLOSUM 62 scoring matrix (Henikoff S & Henikoff, J G, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- At least moderately stringent hybridization conditions it is meant that conditions are selected which promote selective hybridization between two complementary nucleic acid molecules in solution. Hybridization may occur to all or a portion of a nucleic acid sequence molecule. The hybridizing portion is typically at least 15 (e.g.20, 25, 30, 40 or 50) nucleotides in length.
- Tm sodium ion concentration and temperature
- stringent hybridization conditions are selected.
- Moderately stringent hybridization conditions include a washing step in 3xSSC at 42° C.
- a functional variant of the polypeptides described herein refers to a polypeptide capable of performing the same function as the polypeptides described herein (e.g., polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26).
- Functional variants include modified a polypeptide wherein, relative to a noted reference polypeptide, the modification includes a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more amino acids. In some embodiments, substitutions are those that result in a replacement of one amino acid with an amino acid having similar characteristics.
- substitutions include, without limitation (i) glutamic acid and aspartic acid; (i) alanine, serine, and threonine; (iii) isoleucine, leucine and valine, (iv) asparagine and glutamine, and (v) tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine.
- Functional variants further include polypeptides having retained or exhibiting an enhanced psilocybin biosynthetic bioactivity.
- chimeric as used herein in the context of nucleic acids, refers to at least two linked nucleic acids which are not naturally linked. Chimeric nucleic acids include linked nucleic acids of different natural origins.
- a nucleic acid constituting a microbial promoter linked to a nucleic acid encoding a plant polypeptide is considered chimeric.
- Chimeric nucleic acids also may comprise nucleic acids of the same natural origin, provided they are not naturally linked.
- a nucleic acid constituting a promoter obtained from a particular cell-type may be linked to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide obtained from that 30 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO same cell-type, but not normally linked to the nucleic acid constituting the promoter.
- Chimeric nucleic acids also include nucleic acids comprising any naturally occurring nucleic acids linked to any non-naturally occurring nucleic acids.
- substantially pure and “isolated”, as may be used interchangeably herein describe a compound, e.g., a psilocybin derivative, polynucleotide or a polypeptide, which has been separated from components that naturally accompany it.
- a compound is substantially pure when at least 60%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, or 98%, and most preferably at least 99% of the total material (by volume, by wet or dry weight, or by mole percent or mole fraction) in a sample is the compound of interest.
- Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., in the case of polypeptides, by chromatography, gel electrophoresis or HPLC analysis.
- the term “recovered” as used herein in association with an enzyme, protein, a chemical compound, refers to a more or less pure form of the enzyme, protein, or chemical compound.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- a compound described herein e.g., a compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof
- a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof e.g., a compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ , or a subformula thereof
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the recreational physiological effect comprises inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I): 31 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 1 is a glycosyl group or –OH
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I): Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or 32 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ia): Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group or –OH; R 2 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ib): 33 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 1 is a glycosyl group or –OH
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C1-C6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ib): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- R 1 is a glycosyl group
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substitute
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ibb): 34 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 1 is a glycosyl group or –OH
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ibb): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group; and 35 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ic): Formula (Ic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 1, 2, or 3; R 1 is a glycosyl group, an –O-glycosyl group, or –OH; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Id): 36 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ie): Formula (Ie), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or 37 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ie- ⁇ ): Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ie- ⁇ ): Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein 38 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO- pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, or 5-HO-DMT, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an analogue or derivative of 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4- HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, or 5-HO-DMT, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a glycosylated analogue or derivative of 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4- HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4- HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, or 5-HO-DMT, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the glycosyl group is an –O-glycosyl group.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I): 39 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I): Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ia): 40 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ib): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group or –OH; and 41 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ib): Formula (Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ibb): 42 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group or –OH
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ibb): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is an –O-glycosyl group; and 43 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- the subject does not experience an adverse side effect after administration of the compound.
- the adverse side effect is a short-term side effect.
- the adverse side effect is a long-term side effect. Examples of adverse side effects include, but are not limited to, agitation, anxiety, confusion, disorientation, hallucination, lethargy, panic (e.g., panic attack(s)), paranoia, and nausea.
- the subject experiences the recreational physiological effect for about 1 hour to about 24 hours.
- the subject experience the recreational physiological effect for about 1 hour, about 1.1 hours, about 1.2 hours, about 1.3 hours, about 1.4 hours, about 1.5 hour, about 1.6 hours, about 1.7 hours, about 1.8 hours, about 1.9 hours, about 2 hours, about 2.2 hours, about 2.4 hours, about 2.6 hours, about 2.8 hours, about 3 hours, about 3.2 hours, about 3.4 hours, about 3.6 hours, about 3.8 hours, about 4 hours, about 4.2 hours, about 4.4 hours, about 4.6 hours, about 4.8 hours, about 5 hours, about 5.5 hours, about 6 hours, about 6.5 hours, about 7 hours, about 7.5 hours, about 8 hours, about 8.5 hours, about 9 hours, about 9.5 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours.
- the recreational physiological effect comprises inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the recreational physiological effect comprises inducing inebriation. In some embodiments, the recreational physiological effect comprises inducing euphoric effect. In some embodiments, the recreational physiological effect comprises inducing performance-enhancing effect. In some embodiments, the recreational physiological effect comprises elevating mood. In some embodiments, the recreational physiological effect comprises lowering social inhibition.
- the recreational physiological effect is inducing inebriation, inducing euphoric effect, inducing performance-enhancing effect, elevating mood, or 44 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO lowering social inhibition, or any combination thereof.
- the method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject is inducing inebriation.
- the method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject is inducing euphoric effect.
- the method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject is inducing inebriation.
- the method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject is inducing performance-enhancing effect.
- performance-enhancing effects include, but are not limited to, enhancing memory and enhancing perception.
- the method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject is elevating mood (e.g., increasing joy, satisfaction, optimism, or confidence; relieving stress; or inducing relaxation).
- the method of inducing a recreational physiological effect in a subject is lowering social inhibition.
- R 10 is selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 10 is selected from unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 10 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, iso–butyl, n–pentyl, 3–pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3–methyl–2–butanyl, tertiary amyl, or n–hexyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, or iso–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, or sec– butyl.
- R 10 is methyl.
- R 10 is ethyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is ethenyl, 1–propenyl, 2–propenyl, 1–butenyl, 2– butenyl, or butadienyl.
- R 10 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
- R 11 is selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 11 is selected from unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl. [00167] In some embodiments, R 11 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, iso–butyl, n–pentyl, 3–pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3–methyl–2–butanyl, tertiary amyl, or n–hexyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, or iso–butyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, or sec– butyl. [00171] In some embodiments, R 11 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is ethyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is n–propyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is n–butyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is sec–butyl. [00172] In some embodiments, R 11 is ethenyl, 1–propenyl, 2–propenyl, 1–butenyl, 2– butenyl, or butadienyl.
- R 11 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is cyclopropyl. [00174] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is methyl. [00175] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is ethyl. [00176] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00177] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00178] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. 46 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO [00180] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is ethyl. [00181] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00182] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is is isopropyl. [00183] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00184] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00186] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00187] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00188] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00189] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00190] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10– membered heterocyclyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form cyclopentyl.
- the compound is 47 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is 48 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00204] In some embodiments, the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00205] In some embodiments, the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00206] In some embodiments, the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00207] In some embodiments, the compound is 49 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [00208] In some embodiments, the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is 50 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compounds of the present disclosure may be used to be contacted with a 5-HT2A receptor to thereby modulate the 5-HT2A receptor.
- Such contacting includes bringing a compound of the present disclosure and 5-HT2A receptor together under in vitro conditions, for example, by introducing the compounds in a sample containing a 5-HT2A receptor, for example, a sample containing purified 5-HT2A receptors, or a sample containing cells comprising 5-HT2A receptors.
- In vitro conditions further include the conditions described in Example 3 hereof.
- Contacting further includes bringing a compound of the present disclosure and 5-HT2A receptor together under in vivo conditions.
- Such in vivo conditions include the administration to an animal or human subject, for example, of a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure, when the compound is formulated together with a pharmaceutically active carrier, diluent or excipient, as hereinbefore described, to thereby 51 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO treat the subject.
- the compound may activate the 5- HT2A receptor or inhibit the 5-HT2A receptor.
- the condition that may be treated in accordance herewith can be any 5-HT2A receptor mediated disorder.
- the effective amount of the compound is about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.2 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.4 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.6 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.7 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.8 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.9 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.9 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.9 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.75 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about
- the compound is administered by inhalation, oral (enteral) administration, parenteral (by injection) administration, rectal administration, transdermal administration, intradermal administration, intrathecal administration, subcutaneous (SC) administration, intravenous (IV) administration, intramuscular (IM) administration, or intranasal administration.
- the compound is administered orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, or intramuscularly.
- the compound is administered orally.
- the compound is administered intravenously.
- the compound is administered chronically.
- the compound is administered continuously.
- the compound is administered by continuous intravenous infusion. 52 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO Compounds [00218]
- a compound of Formula (Ia) Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group or –OH; R 2 is a glycosyl group; and 53 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or [00220] R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a compound of Formula (Ibb): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 54 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a compound of Formula (Ic) Formula (Ic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is 1, 2, or 3; R 1 is a glycosyl group, an –O-glycosyl group, or –OH; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl, wherein at least one R 1 is a glycosyl group or an
- a compound of Formula (Ie- ⁇ ) Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a compound of Formula (Ie- ⁇ ) Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- 4-HO-DET 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO- pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, or 5-HO-DMT, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the glycosyl group is an –O-glycosyl group.
- R 10 is selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C2-C6 alkenyl, substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 10 is selected from unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl. [00232] In some embodiments, R 10 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, iso–butyl, n–pentyl, 3–pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3–methyl–2–butanyl, tertiary amyl, or n–hexyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, or iso–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, or sec– butyl.
- R 10 is methyl.
- R 10 is ethyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is ethenyl, 1–propenyl, 2–propenyl, 1–butenyl, 2– butenyl, or butadienyl.
- R 10 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
- R 11 is selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 11 is selected from unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 11 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
- R 11 is unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl.
- R 11 is unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, iso–butyl, n–pentyl, 3–pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3–methyl–2–butanyl, tertiary amyl, or n–hexyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, or iso–butyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, or sec– butyl. [00245] In some embodiments, R 11 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is ethyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is n–propyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is n–butyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 11 is ethenyl, 1–propenyl, 2–propenyl, 1–butenyl, 2– butenyl, or butadienyl. [00247] In some embodiments, R 11 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. [00248] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is methyl. [00249] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is ethyl. [00250] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- 59 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10– membered heterocyclyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
- a compound of Formula (Ia) Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of a glycosyl group, -O-glycosyl group and -OH; 60 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO R 2 is glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 - [00274] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is methyl. [00275] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00277] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00278] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00279] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00280] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is ethyl. [00281] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00282] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl.
- R 10 is ethyl.
- R 10 is propyl.
- R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl. 61 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO [00299]
- R 10 is butyl.
- provided herein is a compound of Formula (Ib) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R 1 is -O-glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is methyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. 62 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00313] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00314] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00315] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00316] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00317] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00319] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00320] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00321] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00322] In some embodiments, R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00323] In some embodiments, R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl. [00324] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl.
- R 10 is ethyl.
- R 10 is propyl.
- R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl.
- R 10 is butyl.
- provided herein is a compound of Formula (Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- provided herein is a compound of Formula (Ibb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- provided herein is a compound of Formula (Ic) 63 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of a glycosyl group, -O- glycosyl group and -OH; each n is independently 1-3; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is methyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00337] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00338] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is ethyl. [00339] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00340] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00341] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00342] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00344] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00345] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00346] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. 64 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO [00347] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00349] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00350] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00351] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00352] In some embodiments, R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00353] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl. [00354] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl.
- R 10 is propyl.
- R 1 or R 2 is a lower oligo saccharide.
- R 1 or R 2 is a monosaccharide or a disaccharide.
- R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl.
- R 10 is butyl.
- a compound of Formula (Id) Formula (Id), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of a glycosyl group, -O- glycosyl group and -OH, and at least one R 1 is a glycosyl group or a -O-glycosyl group; n is 1-3; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is methyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00375] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00376] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00377] In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00378] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is n–butyl. [00379] In some embodiments, R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl. [00381] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl. [00382] In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl. [00383] In some embodiments, R 10 is propyl. [00384] In some embodiments, R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl. [00385] In some embodiments, R 10 is butyl. [00386] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula (Ie) 66 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 1 is glycosyl group
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is methyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl.
- R 10 is ethyl.
- R 10 is propyl.
- R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl.
- R 10 is butyl.
- the compound is , 68 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is 69 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is 70 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is 71 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- Group R 1 [00430] In some embodiments of any of the aspects or embodiments described herein, R 1 is a glycosyl group.
- glycosylate or “glycosy”, as used herein, refer to a saccharide group, such as a mono-, di-, tri- oligo- or a poly-saccharide group, which can be or has been bonded from its anomeric carbon either in the pyranose or furanose form, either in the a or the p conformation, or can be or has been bonded from a non-anomeric carbon atom, and can be in the pyranose or furanose form.
- saccharide group such as a mono-, di-, tri- oligo- or a poly-saccharide group
- the saccharide group can be bonded via an oxygen atom to another entity, the bonded saccharide group, inclusive of the oxygen atom, may be referred to herein as a “glycosyloxy” group, and can be said to be “O-glycosylated” or “O-linked”.
- glycosyl group includes glycosyloxy groups.
- the saccharide group may also be bonded from a carbon atom, and can then be said to be “C-glycosylated” or “C- linked”.
- Example monosaccharide groups include, but are not limited to, a pentosyl, a hexosyl, or a heptosyl group.
- glycosyl are further stereoisomers, optical isomers, anomers, and epimers of the glycosyl group.
- a hexose group for example, can be either an aldose or a ketose group, can be of D- or L-configuration, can assume either an a- or p- conformation, and can be a dextro- or levo-rotatory with respect to plane-polarized light.
- Example glycosyl groups further include, glucosyl group, glucuronic acid group, a galactosyl group, a mannosyl group, a fucosyl group, a xylosyl group, a rhamnosyl group, a glucosaminyl group and a galactosaminyl group.
- Glucose is usually present in solid form as a monohydrate with a closed pyran ring (dextrose hydrate). In aqueous solution, on the other hand, it is an open-chain to a small extent and is present predominantly as ⁇ - or ⁇ -pyranose, which interconvert.
- Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of oligosaccharides such as raffinose and of polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose.
- lactose and sucrose cane or beet sugar
- oligosaccharides such as raffinose
- polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose.
- the open-chain form of glucose makes up less than 0.02% of the glucose molecules in an aqueous solution. The rest is one of two cyclic hemiacetal forms.
- the open-chain form of glucose either "D-" or "L-" exists in equilibrium with several cyclic isomers, each containing a ring of carbons closed by one oxygen atom. In aqueous solution, however, more than 99% of glucose molecules exist as pyranose forms. The open-chain form is limited to about 0.25%, and furanose forms exist in negligible amounts.
- glucose and "D-glucose” are generally used for these cyclic forms as well.
- the ring arises from the open-chain form by an intramolecular nucleophilic addition reaction between the aldehyde group (at C-1) and either the C-4 or C-5 hydroxyl group, forming a hemiacetal linkage, ⁇ C(OH)H ⁇ O ⁇ .
- C-1 and C-5 yields a six-membered heterocyclic system called a pyranose, which is a monosaccharide sugar (hence "-ose”) containing a derivatised pyran skeleton.
- a glycosyl group is a monovalent substituent whose point of attachment is obtained by removing the hemiacetal hydroxyl group from the cyclic form of a monosaccharide and, by extension, of a lower oligosaccharide.
- gylcosyl may be represented by [00440]
- a glycosyl group is a monovalent substituent whose point of attachment is obtained by removing a hydrogen from the cyclic form of a monosaccharide and, by extension, of a lower oligosaccharide.
- gylcosyl may be represented by a substituent selected from the group consisting of 74 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , linked through an oxygen atom.
- the glycosyl groups in accordance herewith may be glycosyloxy groups (O-linked glycosyl groups) or C-linked glycosyl groups.
- the glycosyl group may be a D-glucosyl group, D-fructosyl group, D-mannosyl group, D-ribosyl group, D-talosyl group, D-lyxosyl group, D-allosyl group, D-altrosyl group, D-gulosyl group, D-idosyl group, N-acetyl-D- glucosaminyl group, N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl group, D-quinovosyl group, D-maltosyl group, D-cellobiosyl group, D-lactosyl group, N-acetyl-D-lactosaminyl group, D-maltotiosyl group, D- 75 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO glucuronic acid group D-galactosyl group, D-mannosyl group, D-fucosyl group, D-xylosyl group, D-arabinosyl group, a D-rhamnosyl group, a D-glucosaminyl group, or a D- galactosaminyl group.
- the glycosyl group may be an L-glucosyl group, L-fructosyl group, L-mannosyl group, L-ribosyl group, L-talosyl group, L-lyxosyl group, L-allosyl group, L-altrosyl group, L-gulosyl group, L- idosyl group, N-acetyl-L-glucosaminyl group, N-acetyl-L-galactosaminyl group, L-quinovosyl group, L-maltosyl group, L-cellobiosyl group, L-lactosyl group, N-acetyl-L-lactosaminyl group, L-maltotiosyl group, L-glucuronic acid group, L-galactosyl group, L-mannosyl group, L-fucosyl group, L-
- the glycosyl group may be a glycosyloxy group (i.e. a glycosyl group formed by bonding of the saccharide through its anomeric carbon atom).
- the glycosyl group can be a glycosyloxy group selected from a glucosyloxy group, fructosyloxy group, mannosyoxy group, ribosyloxy group, talosyloxy group, lyxosyloxy group, allosyloxy group, altrosyloxy group, gulosyloxy group, idosyloxy group, N-acetyl- glucosaminyloxy group, N-acetyl-galactosaminyloxy group, quinovosyloxy group, maltosyloxy group, cellobiosyloxy group, lactosyloxy group, N-acetyl-lactosaminoxy group, maltotiosyloxy group, glucuronicoxy acid group, galactosyloxy group, mannosyloxy group fucosyloxy group, xylosyloxy group, arabinosyloxy group, a glycosyloxy group selected from a
- a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound described herein e.g., a compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof).
- hydroxytryptamine compounds such as 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO- MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO- DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMT, and analogues or derivatives thereof (e.g., glycosylated analogues or derivatives).
- hydroxytryptamine compounds such as 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO- MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO- DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-
- SKYE-002WO compositions exhibit functional properties which deviate from the functional properties of 4-HO- MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4- HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO- pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, or 5-HO-DMT.
- the glycosylated 4-HO-MET, 4-HO- MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO- EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMT derivatives can exhibit pharmacological properties which deviate from 4-HO- MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4- HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO- pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMT.
- glycosylated 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4- HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4- HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5- HO-DMT derivatives may exhibit physico-chemical properties which differ from 44-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4- HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMT.
- glycosylated 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO- DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO- DMT derivatives may exhibit superior solubility in a solvent, for example, an aqueous solvent.
- the glycosylated 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO- MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO- DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMT derivatives in this respect are useful in the formulation of pharmaceutical drug formulations.
- the glycosylated 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4- HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMT derivatives of the present disclosure can conveniently be biosynthetically produced.
- the practice of this method avoids the extraction of 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO- pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMT and the performance of subsequent chemical reactions to achieve glycosylated derivatives.
- the method can efficiently yield substantial quantities of glycosylated 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 77 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4- HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, and 5-HO-DMTderivatives.
- a process of preparing a compound of Formula (I): Formula (I), or a salt thereof comprising: glycosylating the hydroxy group of a compound of Formula (I-1): (Formula (I-1) or a salt thereof, thereby producing the compound of Formula (I), wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membere
- SKYE-002WO Formula (Ia), or a salt thereof comprising: glycosylating the hydroxy group of a compound of Formula (Ia-1): (Formula (Ia-1) or a salt thereof, thereby producing the compound of Formula (Ia), wherein R 1 is a glycosyl group; R 2 is a glycosyl group; and R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- a process of preparing a compound of Formula (Ie- ⁇ ): Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a salt thereof comprising: glycosylating the hydroxy group of a compound of Formula (Ie-1): Formula (Ie-1) or a salt thereof, thereby producing the compound of Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), wherein 85 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, or R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- R 10 is selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 10 is selected from unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 10 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, iso–butyl, n–pentyl, 3–pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3–methyl–2–butanyl, tertiary amyl, or n–hexyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, or iso–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, or sec– butyl. [00462] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is n–propyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is n–butyl. In some embodiments, R 10 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is ethenyl, 1–propenyl, 2–propenyl, 1–butenyl, 2– butenyl, or butadienyl. [00464] In some embodiments, R 10 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
- R 11 is selected from substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 11 is selected from unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, and unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl. [00467] In some embodiments, R 11 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, iso–butyl, n–pentyl, 3–pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3–methyl–2–butanyl, tertiary amyl, or n–hexyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, tert– butyl, sec–butyl, or iso–butyl.
- R 11 is methyl, ethyl, n–propyl, isopropyl, n–butyl, or sec– butyl. [00471] In some embodiments, R 11 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is ethyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is n–propyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is n–butyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is sec–butyl. [00472] In some embodiments, R 11 is ethenyl, 1–propenyl, 2–propenyl, 1–butenyl, 2– butenyl, or butadienyl.
- R 11 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R 11 is cyclopropyl. [00474] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is methyl. [00475] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is ethyl. [00476] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–propyl. [00477] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is isopropyl. [00478] In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is methyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is ethyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- 87 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is ethyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–propyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–propyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is isopropyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is isopropyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is n–butyl.
- R 10 is n–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 is sec–butyl and R 11 is sec–butyl.
- R 10 and R 11 are both not methyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted 3– to 10– membered heterocyclyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted 3– to 10–membered heterocyclyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
- R 10 and R 11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, R 10 and R 11 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form cyclopentyl. [00499] In some embodiments, the percent yield of the compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof is greater than 85%, is greater than 90%, is greater than 93%, or is greater than 95%.
- the percent yield of the compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof is greater than 75%, is greater than 80%, is greater than 88 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO 85%, is greater than 90%, is greater than 91%, is greater than 92%, is greater than 93%, is greater than 94%, is greater than 95%, is greater than 96%, is greater than 97%, is greater than 98%, or is greater than 99%.
- glycosylating the hydroxy group results in a percent yield of the compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof that is greater than 75%, is greater than 80%, is greater than 85%, is greater than 90%, is greater than 91%, is greater than 92%, is greater than 93%, is greater than 94%, is greater than 95%, is greater than 96%, is greater than 97%, is greater than 98%, or is greater than 99%.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is 89 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is 90 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is 91 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the compound is , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- GTFs glycosyltransferases
- Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that establish glycosidic linkages. They catalyze the transfer of saccharide moieties, such as glucose, from a nucleotide sugar (also known as the "glycosyl donor” or glycosyl compound) to a nucleophilic glycosyl acceptor molecule, the nucleophile of which can be oxygen- carbon-, nitrogen-, or sulfur-based.
- Glycosyltransferases can be segregated into “retaining” or “inverting” enzymes according to whether the stereochemistry of the donor's anomeric bond is retained ( ⁇ ) or inverted ( ⁇ ) during the transfer. See FIG.1.
- glycosylated 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4- HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4- HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4-HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, or 5-HO-DMT derivatives are prepared by UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT), a class of enzymes.
- glycosylated 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MET, 4-HO-MPT, 4-HO-MiPT, 4-HO-McPeT, 4-HO-MALT, 4-HO, DALT, 4-HO-DET, 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-DPT, 4-HO-PiPT, 4-HO-DiPT, 4- HO-DBT, 4-HO-DSBT, 4-HO-pyr-T, 4-HO-DMT, or 5-HO-DMT derivatives are prepared by UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT), a class of enzymes, described herein.
- UDP-glycosyltransferase UDP-glycosyltransferase
- the result of glycosyl transfer can be a carbohydrate, glycoside, oligosaccharide, or a polysaccharide.
- any glycosyl compound may be selected, obtained or prepared and used. Suitable glycosyl compounds include, mono-saccharides, disaccharides, tri- saccharides and poly-saccharides.
- glycosyl compounds which may be selected are glucose and glucosyl containing compounds and glucose and glucosyl derivatives, such as uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose).
- glycosyl compounds which may be selected are glucuronic acid and derivatives thereof, such as UDP-glucuronic acid.
- glycosyl compounds which may be selected are galactose and galactosyl containing compounds and galactose and galactosyl derivatives, such as uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose).
- glycosyl compounds which may be selected are mannose and derivatives thereof, such as GDP-mannose.
- 93 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO
- glycosyl compounds which may be selected are fucose and fucosyl containing compounds and fucose and fucosyl derivatives, such as GDP- frucose.
- glycosyl compounds which may be selected are xylose and derivatives thereof, such as UDP-xylose.
- glycosyl compounds which may be selected are and rhamnose and derivatives thereof, UPD-rhamnose.
- the reaction may be catalyzed by a glucosyl transferase.
- the glycosylated 4-OH-MET derivative can be formed in a reaction between a UDP-glycosyl compound and 4-OH-MET, wherein the hydroxy group reacts with the glycosyl group of the UDP-glycosyl compound to form a glycosidic bond, and wherein the reaction is catalyzed by the UDP-glycosyl transferase.
- glycosylating the hydroxy group of the compound of Formula (I-1), Formula (Ia-1), Formula (Ib-1), Formula (Ibb-1), Formula (Ic-1), Formula (Id-1), or Formula (Ie-1) comprises contacting the compound of Formula (I-1), Formula (Ia-1), Formula (Ib-1), Formula (Ibb-1), Formula (Ic-1), Formula (Id-1), or Formula (Ie-1) with UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-xylose, UDP-glucuronic acid, GDP-mannose, or GDP-fucose.
- a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycosyl transferase may be introduced into a host cell, and upon cell growth the host cells can make the glycosyl transferase.
- a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycosyl transferase further includes one or more additional nucleic acid sequences, for example, a nucleic acid sequences controlling expression of the glycosyl transferase, and these one or more additional nucleic acid sequences together with the nucleic acid sequence encoding the glycosyl transferase can be said to form a chimeric nucleic acid sequence.
- a host cell which upon cultivation expresses the chimeric nucleic acid can be selected and used in accordance with the present disclosure.
- Suitable host cells in this respect include, for example, microbial cells, such as bacterial cells, yeast cells, for example, and algal 94 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO cells or plant cells.
- microbial cells such as bacterial cells, yeast cells, for example, and algal 94 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO cells or plant cells.
- the methodology to introduce nucleic acid material in the host cell may vary, and, furthermore, methodologies may be optimized for uptake of nucleic acid material by the host cell, for example, by comparing uptake of nucleic acid material using different conditions.
- Detailed guidance can be found, for example, in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2012, Fourth Ed. It is noted that the chimeric nucleic acid is a non-naturally occurring chimeric nucleic acid sequence and can be said to be heterologous to the host cell.
- glycosylating the hydroxy group of the compound of Formula (I-1), Formula (Ia-1), Formula (Ib-1), Formula (Ibb-1), Formula (Ic-1), Formula (Id-1), or Formula (Ie-1) comprises contacting the compound of Formula (I-1), Formula (Ia-1), Formula (Ib-1), Formula (Ibb-1), Formula (Ic-1), Formula (Id-1), or Formula (Ie-1) with an enzyme.
- glycosylating the hydroxy group of the compound of Formula (I-1), Formula (Ia-1), Formula (Ib-1), Formula (Ibb-1), Formula (Ic-1), Formula (Id-1), or Formula (Ie- 1) comprises contacting the compound of Formula (I-1), Formula (Ia-1), Formula (Ib-1), Formula (Ibb-1), Formula (Ic-1), Formula (Id-1), or Formula (Ie-1) with a glycosyltransferase.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 75% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 96% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 98% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 99% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- the glycosyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 GLY70 gene; GLY70-At71C2 ATGGCCAAACAGCAAGAAGCAGAACTGATTTTTATCCCGTTTCCGATTCCGGGTCATATT CTGGCAACCATTGAACTGGCAAAACGTCTGATTAGCCATCAGCCGAGCCGTATTCATACC ATTACCATTCTGCATTGGAGCCTGCCGTTTCTGCCGCAGAGCGATACCATTGCATTTCTG AAAAGCCTGATTGAAACCGAAAGTCGTATTCGCCTGATTACCCTGCCGGATGTTCAGAAT CCGCCTCCGATGGAACTGTTTGTTAAAGCAAGCGAAAGCTACATCCTGGAATACGTGAAA AAAATGGTTCCGCTGGTTCGTAATGCACTGAGCACCCTGCTGAGCAGCCGTGATGAAAGC GATAGCGTTCATGTTGCAGGTCTGGTTCTGGATTTTTTCTGTGTTCCGCTGATTGATGTGTG GGCAATGAATTTAATCTGCCGAGCTATATCTGACCTGTAGCGCAAGCTTTCTGGGT ATGATGAAGT
- the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 75% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00545] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00546] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
- the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
- 104 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO
- the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
- the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 96% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00550] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00551] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 98% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
- the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 99% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00553] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence that is at least 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00554] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase has an amino acid sequence any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
- the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 70% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00556] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 75% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00557] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. 105 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00559] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00560] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
- the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 96% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00562] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00563] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 98% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
- the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 99% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00565] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26. [00566] In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase includes an amino acid sequence any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
- the glycosyltransferase is GLY70, GLY87, GLY77, GLY169, GLY163, GLY74, GLY170, GLY91, GLY164, GLY108, GLY146, GLY119, GLY73, or GLY153.
- the glycosyltransferase is GLY70.
- the glycosyltransferase is GLY87.
- the glycosyltransferase is GLY77.
- the glycosyltransferase is GLY169.
- the glycosyltransferase is GLY163. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase is GLY74. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase is GLY170. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase is GLY91. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase is GLY164. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase is GLY108. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase is GLY146. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase is GLY119. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase is GLY73.
- the glycosyltransferase is GLY153.
- SEQ ID NO: 2 GLY70 protein; GLY70-At71C2 MAKQQEAELIFIPFPIPGHILATIELAKRLISHQPSRIHTITILHWSLPFLPQSDTIAFL KSLIETESRIRLITLPDVQNPPPMELFVKASESYILEYVKKMVPLVRNALSTLLSSRDES DSVHVAGLVLDFFCVPLIDVGNEFNLPSYIFLTCSASFLGMMKYLLERNRETKPELNRSS DEETISVPGFVNSVPVKVLPPGLFTTESYEAWVEMAERFPEAKGILVNSFESLERNAFDY FDRRPDNYPPVYPIGPILCSNDRPNLDLSERDRILKWLDDQPESSVVFLCFGSLKSLAAS QIKEIAQALELVGIRFLWSIRTDPKEYASPNEILPDGFMNRVMGLGLVCGWAPQVEILAH KAIGGFVSHCGWNSILESLRFGVPIATWPM
- SKYE-002WO SEQ ID NO: 18 GLY146 protein; GLY146-Zj71G MKKSELVFIPAPGIGHLVSALEFAKRLIDHDDRHSITVLSMKFPFTPFADEFTKSLVASH HGIQVIDLPPVDPPELLNSPENFVCAFIESLIPHVRNTLTDMLSSSSRVSGLVLDFFC LSLIDVGNELGVPSYMFLTSNSGFLGLMLHIPIRHNQKSAEFEESDAEVSLPGFWNPVPV SVLPGAVFDKDGGYSAYLKLAKRFRDTKGIIVNTFSELELDSVKSLSDGETPPVYMVGPV IDLKGQPNPSLDQAQREKIMHWLDDQPESSVVYLCFGSMGTFGAIQLREIATGLERSGHR FLWSMRVPQPAKGPDDILPEGFSERIGGRGLICGWAPQMEVLAHKAIKGFVSHCGWNSIL ESLWFGVPIATWPIYAEQQMNAFRMVKEFGLAVEMKLDYRLGDLVMADE
- the compound of the present invention is provided in an effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the compound of the present invention is provided in a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the compound of the present invention is provided in a prophylactically effective amount. [00570] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a prophylactically effective amount of the active ingredient.
- compositions provided herein can be administered by a variety of routes including, but not limited to, inhalation, oral (enteral) administration, parenteral (by injection) administration, rectal administration, transdermal administration, intradermal administration, intrathecal administration, subcutaneous (SC) administration, intravenous (IV) administration, intramuscular (IM) administration, and intranasal administration.
- routes including, but not limited to, inhalation, oral (enteral) administration, parenteral (by injection) administration, rectal administration, transdermal administration, intradermal administration, intrathecal administration, subcutaneous (SC) administration, intravenous (IV) administration, intramuscular (IM) administration, and intranasal administration.
- the compounds provided herein are administered in an effective amount. The amount of the compound actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in 110 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient’s symptoms, and the like.
- the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can also be administered chronically (“chronic administration”).
- Chronic administration refers to administration of a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof over an extended period of time, e.g., for example, over 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, etc, or may be continued indefinitely, for example, for the rest of the subject’s life.
- the chronic administration is intended to provide a constant level of the compound in the blood, e.g., within the therapeutic window over the extended period of time.
- the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be further delivered using a variety of dosing methods.
- the pharmaceutical composition may be given as a bolus, e.g., in order to raise the concentration of the compound in the blood to an effective level.
- the placement of the bolus dose depends on the systemic levels of the active ingredient desired throughout the body, e.g., an intramuscular or subcutaneous bolus dose allows a slow release of the active ingredient, while a bolus delivered directly to the veins (e.g., through an IV drip) allows a much faster delivery which quickly raises the concentration of the active ingredient in the blood to an effective level.
- the pharmaceutical composition may be administered as a continuous infusion, e.g., by IV drip, to provide maintenance of a steady-state concentration of the active ingredient in the subject’s body.
- the pharmaceutical composition may be administered as first as a bolus dose, followed by continuous infusion.
- compositions for oral administration can take the form of bulk liquid solutions or suspensions, or bulk powders. More commonly, however, the compositions are presented in unit dosage forms to facilitate accurate dosing.
- unit dosage forms refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.
- Typical unit dosage forms include prefilled, premeasured ampules or syringes of the liquid compositions or pills, tablets, capsules or the like in the case of solid compositions.
- the compound is usually a minor component (from about 0.1 to about 50% by weight or preferably from about 1 to about 40% by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or excipients and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing form.
- 111 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO [00576]
- the above-described components for orally administrable, injectable or topically administrable compositions are merely representative. Other materials as well as processing techniques and the like are set forth in Part 8 of Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th edition, 1985, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the compounds of the present invention can also be administered in sustained release forms or from sustained release drug delivery systems. A description of representative sustained release materials can be found in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. [00578]
- the present invention also relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the present invention.
- the acid which may be used to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is that which forms a non-toxic acid addition salt, i.e., a salt containing pharmacologically acceptable anions such as the hydrochloride, hydroiodide, hydrobromide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acetate, lactate, citrate, tartrate, succinate, maleate, fumarate, benzoate, para-toluenesulfonate, and the like.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, e.g., a composition suitable for injection, such as for intravenous (IV) administration.
- compositions agents include any and all diluents or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, preservatives, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired, e.g., injection.
- General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions agents can be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980), and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st Edition (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005).
- injectable preparations such as sterile injectable aqueous suspensions
- suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents include, but are not limited to, water, sterile saline or phosphate–buffered saline, or Ringer's solution.
- the injectable composition can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial–retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
- 112 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- the compounds provided herein are administered in an effective amount.
- the amount of the compound actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient’s symptoms, and the like.
- the amount of the compound e.g., the compound of a compound of Formula (I), Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ibb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Ie), Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or Formula (Ie- ⁇ ), or a subformula thereof), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a pharmaceutical composition described herein is about 5 mg to about 800 mg, about 10 mg to about 800 mg, about 15 mg to about 800 mg, about 20 mg to about 800 mg, about 25 mg to about 800 mg, about 30 mg to about 800 mg, about 35 mg to about 800 mg, about 40 mg to about 800 mg, about 45 mg to about 800 mg, about 45 mg to about 800 mg, about 50 mg to 800 mg, about 55 mg to about 800 mg, about 60 mg to about 800 mg, about 65 mg to about 800 mg, about 70 mg to about 800 mg, about 75 mg to about 800 mg, about 80 mg to about 800 mg, about 85 mg to about 90 mg, about 95 mg to about 800 mg, about 100 mg to
- SKYE-002WO mg to about 505 mg about 5 mg to about 600 mg, about 5 mg to about 650 mg, about 5 mg to about 700 mg, about 5 mg to about 750 mg, about 5 mg to about 50 mg, about 25 mg to about 75 mg, about 50 mg to about 100 mg, about 100 mg to about 250 mg, about 200 mg to about 400 mg, about 300 mg to about 600 mg, or about 500 mg to about 750 mg.
- unit dosage forms refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.
- Typical unit dosage forms include pre–filled, pre–measured ampules or syringes of the liquid compositions.
- the compound is usually a minor component (from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight or preferably from about 1% to about 40% by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or carriers and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing form.
- the compounds provided herein can be administered as the sole active agent, or they can be administered in combination with other active agents.
- the present invention provides a combination of a compound of the present invention and another pharmacologically active agent. Administration in combination can proceed by any technique apparent to those of skill in the art including, for example, separate, sequential, concurrent, and alternating administration.
- compositions are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation. General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions can be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21 st ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. EXAMPLES [00588] In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth.
- exemplary chiral columns available for use in the separation/purification of the enantiomers/diastereomers provided herein include, but are not limited to, CHIRALPAK® AD-10, CHIRALCEL® OB, CHIRALCEL® OB-H, CHIRALCEL® OD, CHIRALCEL® OD-H, CHIRALCEL® OF, CHIRALCEL® OG, CHIRALCEL® OJ and CHIRALCEL® OK.
- SKYE-002WO SKYE-002WO
- Mobile phase A: water (10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 ), B: acetonitrile Gradient: 5%-95% B in 1.6 or 2 min Flow rate: 1.8 or 2 mL/min; Column: xBridge C18, 4.6*50mm, 3.5 ⁇ m at 45 C.
- AD_3_EtOH_DEA_5_40_25ML would indicate: Column: Chiralpak AD-3 150 ⁇ 4.6mm I.D., 3um Mobile phase: A: CO2 B:ethanol (0.05% DEA) Gradient: from 5% to 40% of B in 5 min and hold 40% for 2.5 min, then 5% of B for 2.5 min Flow rate: 2.5 mL/min Column temp: 35 o C.
- EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of glycosylated 4-HO-MET compounds [00595] 4-HO-MET was dissolved in 100%(v/v) DMSO to a concentration of 10 mM. The solution was stored at -20 o C prior to use.
- the assay conditions were: 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 5 mM MgCl2 1 mM KCl 1.25 mM UDP-glucose 0.5 mM 4-OH-MET 5% (v/v) DMSO 0.1 U/uL Fast AP phosphatase 25% (v/v) GLY enzyme [00599] Incubation was 24 house at 30 o C. Reactions were terminated adding 3 volumes of 75% (v/v) ethanol.
- LC separation was performed using an Agligen 1290 Infinity II UHPLC equipped with a Phenomenex Kinetex XB-C18 column (1.7 um, 100 angstroms, 100 x 2.1mm) and 4-HO- MET was detected by absorbance at 210 nm and 268 nm with an Agilent 1260 Infinity II DAD.
- 0.1% Formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% Formic acid in acetonitrile (B) were used as the mobile phases for the elution gradient, with a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min.
- Retention time 116 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO for 4-HO-MET using this type of instrument under these condition was 2.6 min.
- the system was coupled to an Ultivo Triple Quadrupole MS.
- SIM Select Ion Monitoring
- m/z 381 theoretical mass to chart ratio of 4-HO-MET-glucoside
- m/z 219 theoretical mass to charge ratio of 4-HO-MET.
- 4-HO-MET solutions at a concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 uM were prepared from the 10 mM stock and used for caliboration.
- FIG.16 A representative example of the chromatograms obtained with a wavelength of 268 nm for the standard solutions resuspended in the reaction buffer, and the corresponding MS- SIM signal, is shown in FIG.16. The peak corresponding to 4-HO-MET is indicated.
- 30 of them gave an additional peak with retention time 2.2 min (i.e. in the expected region for a 4-HO-MET glucoside) and molecular mass compatible with the expected glucoside product, together with a corresponding decrease in substrate concentration, compared to the no-enzyme controls. Representative chromatograms are shown in FIG.16.
- FIG.16 Representative chromatograms are shown in FIG.16.
- the method was repeated using various GLY enzymes to produce 4-HO-MET glucosides.
- EXAMPLE 2 Percentage of converted 4-HO-MET [00606]
- the enzymes giving the additional peak putatively corresponding to the 4-HO- MET- ⁇ -D-glucoside are listed below. Peak areas in the UV chromatograms suggest different efficiencies for the different enzymes. A correct quantification of the product is not possible without a standard for the specific molecule. However, based on the assumption that the ratio area-to-concentration in the UV chromatograms will be similar to 4-HO-MET, estimates of the relative abundance for the additional peak are also given, expressed as percentage of converted 4-HO-MET. GLY enzymes hits are ranked according to their estimated conversion efficiency. 117 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No. SKYE-002WO EXAMPLE 3.
- NMR analysis for 4-HO-MET glycoside A total of 10 mg of Sample 4 (4 HO Met glycoside) was dissolved in 100 uL deuterated water (containing DSS as internal standard) and 30 uL of this solution was transferred to 1.7 mm o.d. NMR tubes. NMR experiments were acquired at 300 K on a Bruker Avance III spectrometer (1H resonance frequency 600.13 MHz) equipped with a cryogenically cooled gradient inverse triple-resonance 1.7-mm TCI probe head optimized for 1H and 13C observation and a SampleJet sample changer (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany). Acquisition of data was performed using TopSpin ver.3.2, and automation was controlled by IconNMR ver.
- Phase-sensitive DQF- COSY spectra were recorded using a gradient-based pulse sequence with a 8.00 ppm spectral width and 2k x 512 data points (processed with forward linear prediction to 1k data points).
- Phase-sensitive NOESY and ROESY spectra were recorded using with spectral widths of 8.00 ppm in both dimensions and 2k x 256 data points (processed with forward linear prediction to 1k data points).
- For NOESY spectra a mixing time of 600 ms was used.
- Multiplicity-edited HSQC spectra were acquired with the following parameters: spectral width 12.02 ppm for 1H and 170 ppm for 13C, 1730 x 512 data points (processed with forward linear prediction to 1k data points), and 1.0 s relaxation delay.
- the DQF-COSY spectrum showed spin systems corresponding to H-5 ⁇ H-6 ⁇ H- 7, H-8A/H-8B ⁇ H-9A/H-9B, H-11A/H11B ⁇ H-H-12, and H-1' ⁇ H-2' ⁇ H-3' ⁇ H-4' ⁇ H-5' ⁇ H- 6'A/H-6'B in agreement with the core skeleton of 1.
- the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift values of the glycoside is in agreement for those observed from beta-D-glucopyranoside.
- HMBC correlations from H-1' to C-4 established the glucose moiety to be attached to C-4, and this was further supported by NOESY and ROESY correlations between H-5 and H1'.
- HMBC correlations from to H-9 and H-10 to C-11, from H-10 and H-11 to C-9, and from H-9 and H-11 to C-10 established structure of the (ethyl(methyl)amino)ethyl group, and its attachment to C-3 was established by HMBC correlations from H-2 to C-8 and C-9 and from H-8A/H-8B to C-2, C-3, and C-3a as well NOESY and ROESY correlations between H-2 and H-8A/H-8B.
- Selected HMBC correlations (arrows pointing from H to C) and selected NOESY/ROESY correlations are shown below.
- SKYE-002WO Full analysis of all 2D NMR spectra supported the structure of 1, and all 2D NMR correlations from COSY, NOESY/ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC are shown in FIG.17, vide infra. Although the 2D NMR data support the structure of 1, the majority of all 13C NMR resonances were observed as two pairs of closely positioned signals (marked with c in FIG.17), as is also observed for, e.g., the H-10 methyl singlet.
- the beta-configuration of the anomeric proton H- 1' is based on its chemical shift value [1], as well as the appearance of of coupling patterns in the range of 7.9 Hz, which is in agreement with the 3JH1',H2' coupling constant for 1,2-trans diaxial positioned hydrogens.
- the glucose unit was tentatively assigned to have the D configuration based on biosynthetic considerations.
- FIG.18, FIG.19, FIG.20, FIG.21, FIG.22, FIG.23, FIG.24, and FIG.25 depict figures of 1D 1H and 13C NMR spectra as well as 2D DQF-COSY (double-quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy), multiplicity-edited HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence), low-pass filtered HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation), ROESY (rotational Overhauser effect 121 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- NMR experiments were acquired at 300 K on a Bruker Avance III spectrometer (1H resonance frequency 600.13 MHz) equipped with a cryogenically cooled gradient inverse triple- resonance 1.7-mm TCI probe head optimized for 1 H and 13 C observation and a SampleJet sample changer (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany). Acquisition of data was performed using TopSpin ver.3.2, and automation was controlled by IconNMR ver.4.2 (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany). Data processing was performed using TopSpin ver.4.02 for Mac (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany).
- Phase-sensitive NOESY and ROESY spectra were recorded using with spectral widths of 8.00 ppm in both dimensions and 2k x 256 data points (processed with forward linear prediction to 1k data points).
- NOESY spectra a mixing time of 600 ms was used.
- Multiplicity-edited HSQC spectra were acquired with the following parameters: spectral width 12.02 ppm for 1 H and 170 ppm for 13C, 1730 x 512 data points (processed with forward linear prediction to 1k data points), and 1.0 s relaxation delay.
- HMBC correlations from to H-9 and H-10 to C-12, from H-9 and H-12 to C-10, and from H-10 and H-12 to C-9 established structure of the (ethyl(propyl)amino)ethyl group, and its attachment to C-3 was established by HMBC correlations from H-2 to C-8 and C-9 and from H- 8A/H-8B to C-2, C-3, and C-3a as well NOESY and ROESY correlations between H-2 and H- 8A/H-8B.
- Selected HMBC correlations (arrows pointing from H to C) and selected NOESY/ROESY correlations are shown below.
- 123 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO Full analysis of all 2D NMR spectra supported the structure of 1b, and all 2D NMR correlations from COSY, NOESY/ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC are shown in FIG.26, vide infra. Although the 2D NMR data support the structure of 1b, many 13 C NMR resonances, i.e., C-4, C-5, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-1', and C-6', were observed as two pairs of closely positioned signals (marked with c in FIG.26).
- FIG.27,. FIG.28, FIG.29, FIG.30, FIG.31, FIG.32, FIG.33, and FIG.34 depict figures of 1D 1 H and 13 C/QDEPT NMR spectra as well as 2D DQF-COSY (double- quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy), multiplicity-edited HSQC (heteronuclear single 124 ACTIVE/124657851.1 Attorney Docket No.
- SKYE-002WO quantum coherence low-pass filtered HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation), ROESY (rotational Overhauser effect spectroscopy), and NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) with a mixingtime of 600 ms of “4 HO EPT glycoside” are provided, with the purpose of making a full assignment of all 1H and 13C NMR resonances of this compound.
- Results The graphs in FIG.35, FIG.36, FIG.37, and FIG.38 display the time course of concentrations of compounds as indicated. For each time point the data for the individual animals are plotted. [00627] The time to peak plasma and peak brain concentrations is extended after administration of Cy1 and Cy2 as compared to the administration of psilocybin. For Cy2 and psilocybin, the comparison of two molecules both being converted to psilocin can be made. Also, there is an extended period of exposure after administration of higher doses of Cy1 and Cy2 as compared to psilocybin for both plasma and brain (FIG.39 and FIG.40).
- the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim.
- any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim.
- elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group.
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Non-Patent Citations (20)
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