WO2024019334A1 - 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템 및 이의 운영 방법 - Google Patents
베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템 및 이의 운영 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024019334A1 WO2024019334A1 PCT/KR2023/008450 KR2023008450W WO2024019334A1 WO 2024019334 A1 WO2024019334 A1 WO 2024019334A1 KR 2023008450 W KR2023008450 W KR 2023008450W WO 2024019334 A1 WO2024019334 A1 WO 2024019334A1
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- Prior art keywords
- heating mode
- expansion means
- vapor injection
- refrigerant
- controlled
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/32—Cooling devices
- B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
- B60H1/3228—Cooling devices using compression characterised by refrigerant circuit configurations
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B30/00—Heat pumps
- F25B30/02—Heat pumps of the compression type
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/32—Cooling devices
- B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
- B60H1/3205—Control means therefor
- B60H1/3213—Control means therefor for increasing the efficiency in a vehicle heat pump
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
- B60H1/00385—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00485—Valves for air-conditioning devices, e.g. thermostatic valves
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
- B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
- B60H1/00899—Controlling the flow of liquid in a heat pump system
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/20—Disposition of valves, e.g. of on-off valves or flow control valves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/30—Expansion means; Dispositions thereof
- F25B41/39—Dispositions with two or more expansion means arranged in series, i.e. multi-stage expansion, on a refrigerant line leading to the same evaporator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B5/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity
- F25B5/02—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity arranged in parallel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B6/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several condenser circuits
- F25B6/04—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several condenser circuits arranged in series
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/32—Cooling devices
- B60H2001/3236—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained
- B60H2001/3248—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained related to pressure
- B60H2001/325—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained related to pressure of the refrigerant at a compressing unit
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/32—Cooling devices
- B60H2001/3269—Cooling devices output of a control signal
- B60H2001/3285—Cooling devices output of a control signal related to an expansion unit
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
- B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
- B60Y2200/90—Vehicles comprising electric prime movers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2339/00—Details of evaporators; Details of condensers
- F25B2339/04—Details of condensers
- F25B2339/047—Water-cooled condensers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—Component parts or details not otherwise provided for in this subclass
- F25B2400/04—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means
- F25B2400/0415—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means for receivers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—Component parts or details not otherwise provided for in this subclass
- F25B2400/13—Economisers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—Component parts or details not otherwise provided for in this subclass
- F25B2400/23—Separators
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/12—Sound
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/13—Vibrations
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/18—Optimization, e.g. high integration of refrigeration components
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/30—Expansion means; Dispositions thereof
- F25B41/31—Expansion valves
- F25B41/325—Expansion valves having two or more valve members
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/30—Expansion means; Dispositions thereof
- F25B41/31—Expansion valves
- F25B41/34—Expansion valves with the valve member being actuated by electric means, e.g. by piezoelectric actuators
- F25B41/35—Expansion valves with the valve member being actuated by electric means, e.g. by piezoelectric actuators by rotary motors, e.g. by stepping motors
Definitions
- the embodiment relates to a vapor injection heat pump system and method of operating the same.
- a heat pump is a device that absorbs heat at low temperatures and moves the absorbed heat to high temperatures.
- a heat pump has a cycle in which a liquid refrigerant evaporates in an evaporator, takes heat from the surroundings, becomes a gas, and then liquefies while releasing heat to the surroundings through a condenser. Applying this to an electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle has the advantage of securing a heat source that is insufficient in a conventional air conditioning case.
- This heat pump system may operate in a first heating mode and a second heating mode depending on the heating load. At this time, noise may occur due to the refrigerant valve switching, and the abnormal refrigerant at a high flow rate hits the wall of the gas-liquid separator and then rotates the inner wall in the downward direction, increasing vibration in the process of separating the gas phase and the liquid phase.
- Embodiments may provide a vapor injection heat pump system and a method of operating the same.
- a vapor injection heat pump consisting of a compressor, an indoor heat exchanger, a vapor injection module, an outdoor heat exchanger, and an evaporator according to an embodiment of the present invention
- the vapor injection module includes a first expansion means, a gas-liquid separator, and a second expansion means.
- the operating method of the system includes the step of being controlled in a first heating mode that is a non-vapor injection heating mode or a second heating mode that is a vapor injection heating mode, and the controlled step includes, when operating in the first heating mode, the vapor injection
- the refrigerant flowing into the module expands in the first expansion means, passes through the gas-liquid separator, and is then controlled to pass through the second expansion means without expanding, and flows into the vapor injection module when driven in the second heating mode.
- the refrigerant may be controlled to expand firstly in the first expansion means, pass through the gas-liquid separator, and then expand secondarily in the second expansion means.
- the controlled step is that when changing to the second heating mode after operating in the first heating mode for a predetermined time, the end time of the first heating mode and the start time of the second heating mode are set to be the same, or the end time of the first heating mode is set to be the same as the start time of the second heating mode.
- the end time of the first heating mode may be set after the start time of the 2 heating mode.
- the controlled step is to change to the first heating mode after driving the second heating mode for a predetermined time, and the end time of the first heating mode and the start time of the second heating mode are set to be the same, or The end time of the second heating mode may be set after the start time of the first heating mode.
- the controlled step may be controlled in the first heating mode for a certain period of time and then controlled in the second heating mode according to the pressure difference between the inlet pressure and outlet pressure of the compressor, or may be controlled directly in the second heating mode. there is.
- the controlled step is controlled to the second heating mode when the pressure difference between the inlet pressure and the outlet pressure of the compressor exceeds a predetermined reference pressure, and when the pressure difference is less than or equal to the predetermined reference pressure, the second heating mode is controlled.
- 1 Can be controlled in heating mode.
- the vapor injection module is a first heating mode that is a non-vapor injection heating mode.
- a first expansion means that blocks the flow of the condensed refrigerant or expands and delivers the condensed refrigerant according to the second heating mode, which is a vapor injection heating mode; a gas-liquid separator that separates the refrigerant delivered from the first expansion means into gas phase and liquid phase refrigerant; It includes a second expansion means that passes or expands the condensed refrigerant according to the first heating mode or the second heating mode or expands the liquid refrigerant separated in the gas-liquid separator, and the control device controls the first heating mode.
- the refrigerant introduced into the vapor injection module is controlled to expand in the first expansion means, pass through the gas-liquid separator, and then pass through the second expansion means without expanding, and is driven in the second heating mode.
- the refrigerant flows into the vapor injection module, the refrigerant can be controlled to expand firstly in the first expansion means, pass through the gas-liquid separator, and then expand secondarily in the second expansion means.
- the control device When changing to the second heating mode after operating in the first heating mode for a predetermined time, the control device sets the control timing of the first expansion means and the control timing of the second expansion means to be the same, or sets the control timing of the first expansion means to be the same, or The control time of the first expansion means can be set after the control time of the expansion means.
- the control device When changing to the first heating mode after operating in the second heating mode for a predetermined time, the control device sets the control timing of the first expansion means and the control timing of the second expansion means to be the same, or sets the control timing of the first expansion means to be the same, or The control point of the second expansion means can be set after the control point of the first expansion means.
- the control device may be controlled in the first heating mode for a certain period of time or directly in the second heating mode depending on the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet pressures of the compressor.
- the control device controls the second heating mode when the pressure difference between the inlet pressure and the outlet pressure of the compressor exceeds a predetermined reference pressure, and when the pressure difference is less than the predetermined reference pressure, the first heating mode It can be controlled in heating mode.
- the opening amount of the first expansion means is adjusted to the target control value and the second expansion means is fully opened, thereby minimizing the refrigerant sent to the compressor and the first expansion means. Since it does not close, system stability can be improved.
- the first expansion means and the second expansion means in the vapor injection module are opened simultaneously or the first expansion means and the second expansion means are opened sequentially, Instantaneous high pressure generation can be suppressed and noise and vibration caused by mode changes can be reduced.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a vapor injection heat pump system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the detailed configuration of the vapor injection module shown in FIG. 1.
- Figure 3 is a diagram showing a method of operating a cooling mode according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a diagram showing a method of operating a heating mode according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 5A to 5B are diagrams for explaining the operating principle of the heating mode.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a method of operating the first heating mode shown in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a method of operating the second heating mode shown in FIG. 4.
- the technical idea of the present invention is not limited to some of the described embodiments, but may be implemented in various different forms, and as long as it is within the scope of the technical idea of the present invention, one or more of the components may be optionally used between the embodiments. It can be used by combining and replacing.
- first, second, A, B, (a), and (b) may be used.
- a component when a component is described as being 'connected', 'coupled' or 'connected' to another component, the component is not only directly connected, coupled or connected to that other component, but also is connected to that component. It can also include cases where other components are 'connected', 'combined', or 'connected' due to another component between them.
- “above” or “below” refers not only to cases where two components are in direct contact with each other, but also to one This also includes cases where another component described above is formed or placed between two components.
- “top (above) or bottom (bottom)” it can include not only the upward direction but also the downward direction based on one component.
- Figure 1 is a diagram showing a vapor injection heat pump system according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 2 is a diagram showing the detailed configuration of the vapor injection module shown in Figure 1.
- the vapor injection heat pump system includes a vapor injection module (1), a compressor (10), an indoor heat exchanger (20), a condenser (30), and an outdoor heat exchanger ( 40), a third expansion means 50, an evaporator 60, a fourth expansion means 70, a chiller 80, an accumulator 90, and a control device 2.
- the compressor 10 is driven by receiving power from an engine (internal combustion engine) or a motor, sucks and compresses the refrigerant, and then discharges it to the condenser 30 in a high-temperature, high-pressure gaseous state.
- engine internal combustion engine
- a motor sucks and compresses the refrigerant, and then discharges it to the condenser 30 in a high-temperature, high-pressure gaseous state.
- the condenser 30 functions as a condenser 30 in both the cooling mode and the heating mode.
- the condenser 30 can condense the compressed refrigerant.
- the refrigerant condensed in the condenser 30 moves along the first line 100 and is supplied to the vapor injection module 1.
- the vapor injection module 1 includes a first line 100, a second line 200, a third line 300, a gas-liquid separator 400, a first expansion means 500, and a second expansion means 600. It can be included.
- the first line 100 may be connected to the inlet 110 through which the refrigerant flows, providing a passage through which the refrigerant flows into the vapor injection module 1.
- the first line 100 may have a circular pipe structure, and various pipe structures for moving the refrigerant may be used.
- the gas-liquid separator 400 can receive refrigerant from the first expansion means 500 and separate it into gas phase and liquid phase refrigerant.
- the gas-liquid separator 400 can move the separated gaseous refrigerant to the compressor 10 and move the liquid refrigerant to the third line 300.
- the gas-liquid separator 400 may include a housing 410, an outflow passage 420, and a movement passage 430.
- the housing 410 provides an internal space through which refrigerant flows.
- the housing 410 has a cylindrical structure, and the inner wall may have an inclination. This slope has a radius that decreases toward the bottom, providing the effect of flow rate correction.
- An outlet is disposed at the top of the housing 410, and a movement passage 430 may be formed at the bottom of the housing 410.
- An outlet passage 420 is connected to the outlet, and gaseous refrigerant can move to the outlet through the outlet passage 420.
- a second line 200 is connected to an upper area of the housing 410, and the second line 200 is arranged to discharge the refrigerant toward the side wall of the housing 410 to form a return flow.
- the refrigerant discharged from the second line 200 descends while circling the side wall of the outflow passage 420.
- the moving passage 430 provides a passage through which the liquefied refrigerant in the housing 410 moves toward the second expansion means 600 disposed in the third line 300.
- a partition 440 may be disposed on one side of the moving passage 430 to prevent the refrigerant from scattering.
- the partition 440 may be located in the center of the movement passage 430, that is, at the lower part of the outflow passage 420, and can prevent the refrigerant moving through this passage from scattering and flowing into the outflow passage 420.
- the partition wall portion 440 may have a circular plate structure and may have a diameter larger than the diameter of the outflow passage 420.
- the shape of the partition 440 is not limited, but is preferably formed larger than the cross-section of the outflow passage 420, and may be modified in various ways depending on the cross-sectional shape of the outflow passage 420.
- a fixing part may be connected to the partition wall part 440 and fixed to the housing 410.
- the fixing part may have a bar structure, and one side may be connected to the partition 440 and the other side may be fixed to the housing 410.
- One side of the second line 200 may be connected to the first line 100, and the other side may be connected to an upper area of the gas-liquid separator 400.
- the second line 200 provides a passage through which refrigerant moves, and a first expansion means 500 may be disposed in one area of the second line 200.
- the first expansion means 500 may block the flow of condensed refrigerant, or expand the condensed refrigerant and deliver it to the gas-liquid separator 400, depending on the air conditioning mode.
- the first expansion means 500 may include a first ball valve 510 that is disposed at the center of the second line 200 and rotates.
- the first ball valve 510 may include a first inlet hole 511 and a first expansion groove 513 connected to the first inlet hole 511.
- the refrigerant flowing into the first expansion means 500 moves through the first inlet hole 511 formed in the first ball valve 510, and expands while passing through the first expansion groove 513 to form the gas-liquid separator 400. ) can flow into the
- the first expansion means 500 may be a 2-way expansion valve.
- a driving part is connected to the first ball valve 510 and can rotate, and the refrigerant moving to the second line 200 can be moved or blocked through rotation of the first ball valve 510.
- the third line 300 may be connected to the first line 100 and an area below the gas-liquid separator 400 to provide a passage through which refrigerant can move.
- One side of the third line 300 is connected to the first line 100, and the other side is connected to the movement passage 430 of the gas-liquid separator 400 so that the refrigerant can move.
- the second expansion means 600 may pass or expand the condensed refrigerant or expand the liquid refrigerant separated in the gas-liquid separator 400, depending on the air conditioning mode.
- the second expansion means 600 is disposed on the third line 300 and controls the movement direction and expansion of the liquid refrigerant flowing through the first line 100 or separated from the gas-liquid separator 400. You can. When the first expansion means 500 blocks the flow of the condensed refrigerant, the second expansion means 600 may pass through or expand the condensed refrigerant.
- the second expansion means 600 may be a 3/2-way expansion valve.
- the 3/2-way expansion valve can control the direction of movement, expansion, and flow rate of the incoming refrigerant.
- the second expansion means 600 includes a second inlet hole 611, a second outlet hole 613 connected to the second inlet hole 611, and a second expansion groove formed on one side of the second outlet hole 613. It may include a second ball valve 610 having (613a).
- the second ball valve 610 is provided in a spherical shape and can be connected to a driving unit (not shown) to rotate.
- the second ball valve 610 may be disposed inside the second expansion means 600.
- the second ball valve 610 may have a second inlet hole 611 and a second outlet hole 613 connected to form a passage through which refrigerant moves.
- the second inlet hole 611 and the second outlet hole 613 may be connected to have an angle of 90 degrees.
- the angles of the second inlet hole 611 and the second outlet hole 613 are not limited and may be modified to various angles.
- the second expansion groove 613a is connected to the end of the second outlet hole 613 to expand and move the refrigerant moving through the second outlet hole 613.
- the second expansion groove 613a is provided in an elongated shape and can expand the refrigerant using pressure changes of the moving refrigerant.
- the second ball valve 610 operates to move or expand the refrigerant.
- the second ball valve 610 may operate to move or expand the refrigerant by changing the positions of the second inlet hole 611, the second outlet hole 613, and the second expansion groove 613a through rotation. .
- the first expansion means 500 and the second expansion means 600 are electronic expansion valves, which, although not indicated by reference numerals, are equipped with an actuator (motor) for rotating each ball valve, and are adjusted according to the rotation angle of the actuator. Accordingly, the expansion amount or refrigerant flow amount can be controlled.
- the indoor heat exchanger 20 can heat the room by exchanging heat with air conditioning wind using the heat of the refrigerant flowing in from the compressor 10.
- the indoor heat exchanger 20 is disposed inside the air conditioning case C of the vehicle together with the evaporator 60, which will be described later, to heat the interior of the vehicle.
- the outdoor heat exchanger 40 is an air-cooled heat exchanger along with a radiator and is installed on the front side of the vehicle engine room, and is arranged in a straight line in the direction of flow of air blown from the blower fan. Additionally, the outdoor heat exchanger 40 can exchange heat with low-temperature coolant discharged from the radiator.
- the outdoor heat exchanger 40 may perform different roles depending on the air conditioning mode.
- the outdoor heat exchanger 40 In the cooling mode, the outdoor heat exchanger 40 functions as a condenser 30, which is the same as the water-cooled condenser 30, and in the heating mode, it functions as an evaporator 60, which is opposite to the water-cooled condenser 30.
- the third expansion means 50 is disposed on the inlet side of the evaporator 60 and can perform the functions of expansion, flow control, and opening and closing of the refrigerant.
- the evaporator 60 is installed inside the air conditioning case (C), is placed in the refrigerant circulation line, and is supplied with the low-temperature, low-pressure refrigerant discharged from the third expansion means (50), and is supplied to the inside of the air conditioning case (C) through a blower. As the air flowing through passes through the evaporator 60, it exchanges heat with the low-temperature, low-pressure refrigerant inside the evaporator 60 and turns into cold air, which is then discharged into the vehicle interior to cool the interior of the vehicle. That is, the evaporator 60 functions as an evaporator 60 on the refrigerant circulation line.
- the fourth expansion means 70 is connected in parallel with the third expansion means 50 and can perform the functions of expansion, flow control, and opening and closing of the circulating refrigerant.
- the chiller 80 may be supplied with the low-temperature, low-pressure refrigerant discharged from the fourth expansion means 70 and exchange heat with the coolant moving through the coolant circulation line. Meanwhile, the cold coolant heat-exchanged in the chiller 80 may circulate through the coolant circulation line and exchange heat with the high-temperature battery.
- the accumulator 90 is installed on the refrigerant circulation line at the inlet side of the compressor 10, where the refrigerant that has passed through the evaporator 60 and/or the chiller 80 joins, and separates the liquid refrigerant and the gaseous refrigerant to produce the gaseous refrigerant. Only the refrigerant is supplied to the compressor (10), and excess refrigerant can be stored.
- the suction port of the compressor 10 is connected to the gaseous refrigerant outlet of the accumulator 90, and through this, it is possible to prevent liquid refrigerant from being sucked into the compressor 10.
- the control device 2 can control the cooling mode and heating mode by controlling the vapor injection module 1.
- the heating mode may include a first heating mode that is a non-vapor injection heating mode and a second heating mode that is a vapor injection heating mode.
- control device 2 closes the first expansion means 500 of the vapor injection module to block the flow of the condensed refrigerant, and fully opens the second expansion means 600 to expand the condensed refrigerant. can be passed.
- the control device 2 may drive the first heating mode or the second heating mode based on the pressure difference between the first pressure, which is the inlet pressure of the compressor, and the second pressure, which is the outlet pressure.
- control device 2 may drive the first heating mode when the pressure difference between the first pressure and the second pressure exceeds a predetermined reference pressure.
- the control device 2 opens the first expansion means 500, that is, expands the condensed refrigerant by adjusting the opening amount to the target control value, and fully opens the second expansion means 600. This allows the condensed refrigerant to expand.
- the second expansion means 600 is fully opened, the amount of refrigerant sent to the compressor can be minimized to a very small amount.
- the first heating mode after the first heating mode is operated for a certain period of time, it may be changed to the second heating mode.
- the end time of the first heating mode and the start time of the second heating mode may be set to be the same, or the end time of the first heating mode may be set after the start time of the second heating mode.
- control device 2 may drive the second heating mode when the pressure difference between the first pressure and the second pressure is less than or equal to a predetermined reference pressure.
- the control device 2 opens the first expansion means 500 to expand the condensed refrigerant, and opens the second expansion means 600, that is, reduces the opening amount to expand the condensed refrigerant. You can do it. After the second heating mode is operated for a certain period of time, it may be changed to the first heating mode.
- the second heating mode after the second heating mode is operated for a certain period of time, it may be changed to the first heating mode.
- the end time of the first heating mode and the start time of the second heating mode may be set to be the same, or the end time of the second heating mode may be set after the start time of the first heating mode.
- Figure 3 is a diagram showing a method of operating a cooling mode according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the first expansion valve of the vapor injection module when operating in the cooling mode, the first expansion valve of the vapor injection module is closed to block the flow of condensed refrigerant (S310), and the second expansion valve is fully opened to allow the condensed refrigerant to pass (S310). S320). That is, when the refrigerant flows in through the inlet 110, the movement of the refrigerant in the second line 200 connected to the first line 100 is blocked by the first expansion means 500.
- the refrigerant whose movement to the second line 200 is blocked by the first expansion means 500 moves to the third line 300, and the second expansion means 600 moves through the third line 300.
- the incoming refrigerant can be bypassed and moved to the refrigerant outlet.
- Figure 4 is a diagram showing a method of operating a heating mode according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Figures 5A to 5B are diagrams for explaining the operating principle of the heating mode
- Figure 6 is a diagram showing the first heating mode shown in Figure 4. It is a diagram showing an operation method
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the second heating mode operation method shown in FIG. 4.
- the vapor injection heat pump system (hereinafter referred to as the heat pump system) according to an embodiment of the present invention uses the first pressure, which is the inlet side pressure of the compressor, when the heating mode is driven according to the user's operation.
- the pressure and the second pressure which is the outlet pressure, can be measured (S410).
- the heat pump system may calculate a pressure difference between the first pressure and the second pressure (S420) and compare the calculated pressure difference with a predetermined reference pressure (S430).
- the reference pressure may be set to 2 bar, but is not necessarily limited to this.
- the heat pump system may be driven in the first heating mode (S440).
- the heat pump system When driven in the first heating mode as shown in FIGS. 5A and 6, the heat pump system has a first expansion means 500 that expands the condensed refrigerant by adjusting the opening amount to suit the target control value, and a second expansion means (500). 600) can be fully opened to allow condensed refrigerant to pass.
- the second line 200 connected to the first line 100 expands the refrigerant by the first expansion means 500.
- the second ball valve 610 of the second expansion means 600 blocks refrigerant from flowing from the first line 100 to the third line 300, and the third line connected to the first line 100 It can be operated to allow refrigerant to flow into (300).
- the heat pump system may be driven in the first heating mode for a predetermined time and then changed to the second heating mode and driven in the second heating mode (S450).
- the predetermined time may be set to 60 seconds, but is not necessarily limited thereto.
- the reason why the heating mode is operated for a predetermined period of time in the first heating mode and then changed to the second heating mode and operated in the second heating mode is to prevent liquid refrigerant from flowing into the suction port of the initial compressor. .
- the first expansion means 500 expands the condensed refrigerant by adjusting the opening amount to match the target control value
- the gas-liquid separator 400 expands the expanded refrigerant.
- the gas phase is transferred to the compressor and the liquid phase is transferred to the second expansion means (600), and the second expansion means (600) expands the condensed refrigerant by reducing the opening amount to match the target control value.
- the first expansion means 500 In the case of the second heating mode, when the refrigerant flows in through the inlet 110, the first expansion means 500 is opened and the refrigerant flows in, and the inflow refrigerant expands to medium pressure in the first expansion means 500 to become a gas-liquid. flows into the separator 400.
- the first expansion means 500 expands the incoming refrigerant to medium pressure to reduce the load on the compressor and increase heat exchange efficiency in the evaporator.
- the refrigerant flowing into the gas-liquid separator 400 circulates and descends along the side wall of the housing 410 of the gas-liquid separator 400, and the liquid refrigerant separated from the gas-liquid separator 400 flows through the connection passage to the third line (300). ), and the separated gaseous refrigerant can be discharged through the outflow passage 420.
- the second ball valve 610 of the second expansion means 600 blocks the refrigerant from flowing from the first line 100 to the third line 300, and the third line connected to the gas-liquid separator 400 ( 300) can be operated to allow refrigerant to flow in.
- the refrigerant flowing into the second ball valve 610 may be expanded to low pressure through the second expansion groove 613a and then flow out.
- the second expansion means 600 may be opened before the first expansion means 500, and a momentary blocked section may occur. At this time, the high pressure suddenly increases. There are concerns that it will rise.
- the first expansion means 500 and the second expansion means 600 are opened simultaneously by setting the control point at the same time, or the second expansion means 500 is opened after the control point of the first expansion means 500.
- the control point of the means 600 can be set and opened sequentially.
- the second expansion means 600 is not opened before the first expansion means 500. That is, even if the second expansion means 600 rotates and closes, the moment when the system is completely blocked does not occur because the flow path is connected to the compressor.
- the heat pump system can immediately drive the second heating mode as shown in FIG. 7 (S450).
- the first expansion means 500 and the second expansion means 600 may be opened simultaneously or the first expansion means 500 and the second expansion means 600 may be opened sequentially.
- the case of changing from the first heating mode to the second heating mode is described as an example, but it is not necessarily limited to this and the second heating mode may be switched to the first heating mode.
- the first expansion means When changing from the second heating mode to the first heating mode, in the first heating mode, the first expansion means is closed and the second expansion means is open, so there may be a case where the first expansion means closes first and the refrigerant cannot flow momentarily. there is.
- control timing of the first expansion means 500 and the second expansion means 600 is set to be the same and opened simultaneously, or the first expansion means is opened after the control timing of the second expansion means 600.
- the control point of the means 500 can be set and opened sequentially. In this way, the first expansion means 500 is closed after the second expansion means 600 is opened.
- ' ⁇ unit' used in this embodiment refers to software or hardware components such as FPGA (field-programmable gate array) or ASIC, and the ' ⁇ unit' performs certain roles.
- ' ⁇ part' is not limited to software or hardware.
- the ' ⁇ part' may be configured to reside in an addressable storage medium and may be configured to reproduce on one or more processors. Therefore, as an example, ' ⁇ part' refers to components such as software components, object-oriented software components, class components, and task components, processes, functions, properties, and procedures. , subroutines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, microcode, circuitry, data, databases, data structures, tables, arrays, and variables.
- components and 'parts' may be combined into a smaller number of components and 'parts' or may be further separated into additional components and 'parts'. Additionally, components and 'parts' may be implemented to regenerate one or more CPUs within a device or a secure multimedia card.
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- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims (10)
- 압축기, 실내열교환기, 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈, 실외열교환기, 증발기로 이루어지고, 상기 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈은 제1 팽창수단, 기액 분리기, 제2 팽창수단을 포함하는 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템의 운영 방법에 있어서,비베이퍼 인젝션 난방 모드인 제1 난방 모드 또는 베이퍼 인젝션 난방 모드인 제2 난방 모드로 제어되는 단계를 포함하고,상기 제어되는 단계는,상기 제1 난방 모드로 구동 시, 상기 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈로 유입된 냉매가 상기 제 1팽창수단에서 팽창하고 상기 기액분리기를 통과한 후 팽창하지 않고 상기 제 2팽창수단을 통과하도록 제어되고,상기 제2 난방 모드로 구동 시, 상기 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈로 유입된 냉매가 상기 제1 팽창수단에서 1차 팽창하고 상기 기액분리기를 통과한 후 상기 제2 팽창수단에서 2차 팽창하도록 제어되는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템의 운영 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어되는 단계는,상기 제1 난방 모드로 미리 정해진 시간 동안 구동 후 상기 제2 난방 모드로 변경 시,상기 제1 난방 모드의 종료 시점과 상기 제2 난방 모드의 시작 시점이 동일하게 설정되거나 상기 제2 난방 모드의 시작 시점 후에 상기 제1 난방 모드의 종료 시점이 설정되는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템의 운영 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어되는 단계는,상기 제2 난방 모드를 미리 정해진 시간 동안 구동한 후 상기 제1 난방 모드로 변경되고,상기 제1 난방 모드의 종료 시점과 상기 제2 난방 모드의 시작 시점이 동일하게 설정되거나 상기 제1 난방 모드의 시작 시점 후에 상기 제2 난방 모드의 종료 시점이 설정되는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템의 운영 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어되는 단계는,상기 압축기의 입구측 압력과 출구측 압력 간의 압력 차이에 따라 상기 제1 난방 모드로 일정 시간 제어된 후 상기 제2 난방 모드로 제어되거나, 상기 제2 난방 모드로 바로 제어되는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템의 운영 방법.
- 제4항에 있어서,상기 제어되는 단계는,상기 압축기의 입구측 압력과 출구측 압력 간의 압력 차이가 미리 정해진 기준 압력을 초과한 경우 상기 제2 난방 모드로 제어되고,상기 압력 차이가 상기 미리 정해진 기준 압력 이하인 경우, 상기 제1 난방 모드로 제어되는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템의 운영 방법.
- 압축기, 실내열교환기, 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈, 실외열교환기, 증발기, 제어 장치로 이루어진 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템에 있어서, 상기 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈은비베이퍼 인젝션 난방 모드인 제1 난방 모드 또는 베이퍼 인젝션 난방 모드인 제2 난방 모드에 따라 응축된 냉매의 흐름을 차단하거나 상기 응축된 냉매를 팽창시켜 전달하는 제1 팽창수단;상기 제1 팽창수단으로부터 전달 받은 냉매를 기상과 액상의 냉매로 분리하는 기액분리기;상기 제1 난방 모드 또는 상기 제2 난방 모드에 따라 응축된 냉매를 통과 또는 팽창시키거나 상기 기액분리기에서 분리된 액상의 냉매를 팽창시키는 제2 팽창수단을 포함하고,상기 제어 장치는,상기 제1 난방 모드로 구동 시, 상기 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈로 유입된 냉매가 상기 제 1팽창수단에서 팽창하고 상기 기액분리기를 통과한 후 팽창하지 않고 상기 제 2팽창수단을 통과하도록 제어하고,상기 제2 난방 모드로 구동 시, 상기 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈로 유입된 냉매가 상기 제1 팽창수단에서 1차 팽창하고 상기 기액분리기를 통과한 후 상기 제2 팽창수단에서 2차 팽창하도록 제어하는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템.
- 제6항에 있어서,상기 제어 장치는,상기 제1 난방 모드로 미리 정해진 시간 동안 구동 후 상기 제2 난방 모드로 변경 시, 상기 제1 팽창수단의 제어 시점과 상기 제2 팽창수단의 제어 시점을 동일하게 설정하거나 상기 제2 팽창수단의 제어 시점 후에 상기 제1 팽창수단의 제어 시점을 설정하는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템.
- 제6항에 있어서,상기 제어 장치는,상기 제2 난방 모드로 미리 정해진 시간 동안 구동한 후 상기 제1 난방 모드로 변경 시, 상기 제1 팽창수단의 제어 시점과 상기 제2 팽창수단의 제어 시점을 동일하게 설정하거나 상기 제1 팽창수단의 제어 시점 후에 상기 제2 팽창수단의 제어 시점을 설정하는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템.
- 제6항에 있어서,상기 제어 장치는,상기 압축기의 입구측 압력과 출구측 압력 간의 압력 차이에 따라 상기 제1 난방 모드로 일정 시간 제어되거나 상기 제2 난방 모드로 바로 제어되는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템.
- 제9항에 있어서,상기 제어장치는,상기 압축기의 입구측 압력과 출구측 압력 간의 압력 차이가 미리 정해진 기준 압력을 초과한 경우 상기 제2 난방 모드로 제어하고,상기 압력 차이가 상기 미리 정해진 기준 압력 이하인 경우, 상기 제1 난방 모드로 제어하는, 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE112023002225.9T DE112023002225T5 (de) | 2022-07-18 | 2023-06-19 | Dampfeinspritzwärmepumpensystem und verfahren zu dessen betrieb |
| US18/994,021 US20260009568A1 (en) | 2022-07-18 | 2023-06-19 | Vapor injection heat pump system and method for operating same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR10-2022-0087931 | 2022-07-18 | ||
| KR1020220087931A KR20240010792A (ko) | 2022-07-18 | 2022-07-18 | 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템 및 이의 운영 방법 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| WO2024019334A1 true WO2024019334A1 (ko) | 2024-01-25 |
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| PCT/KR2023/008450 Ceased WO2024019334A1 (ko) | 2022-07-18 | 2023-06-19 | 베이퍼 인젝션 히트펌프 시스템 및 이의 운영 방법 |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US20260009568A1 (ko) |
| KR (1) | KR20240010792A (ko) |
| DE (1) | DE112023002225T5 (ko) |
| WO (1) | WO2024019334A1 (ko) |
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| KR20230162342A (ko) * | 2022-05-20 | 2023-11-28 | 한온시스템 주식회사 | 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈 및 이를 포함하는 차량용 열관리 장치 |
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| JP2015137779A (ja) * | 2014-01-21 | 2015-07-30 | 株式会社デンソー | ヒートポンプサイクル |
| KR20160066180A (ko) * | 2014-12-02 | 2016-06-10 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 전기자동차용 히트펌프 시스템 및 이의 제어 방법 |
| KR102039173B1 (ko) * | 2017-09-19 | 2019-10-31 | 에스트라오토모티브시스템 주식회사 | 자동차용 히트펌프 |
| KR20220009707A (ko) * | 2020-07-16 | 2022-01-25 | 한온시스템 주식회사 | 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈 및 이를 이용하는 히트펌프 시스템 |
| KR20220032285A (ko) * | 2020-09-07 | 2022-03-15 | 한온시스템 주식회사 | 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈 및 이를 이용하는 히트펌프 시스템 |
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2022
- 2022-07-18 KR KR1020220087931A patent/KR20240010792A/ko active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-06-19 WO PCT/KR2023/008450 patent/WO2024019334A1/ko not_active Ceased
- 2023-06-19 US US18/994,021 patent/US20260009568A1/en active Pending
- 2023-06-19 DE DE112023002225.9T patent/DE112023002225T5/de active Pending
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| JP2015137779A (ja) * | 2014-01-21 | 2015-07-30 | 株式会社デンソー | ヒートポンプサイクル |
| KR20160066180A (ko) * | 2014-12-02 | 2016-06-10 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 전기자동차용 히트펌프 시스템 및 이의 제어 방법 |
| KR102039173B1 (ko) * | 2017-09-19 | 2019-10-31 | 에스트라오토모티브시스템 주식회사 | 자동차용 히트펌프 |
| KR20220009707A (ko) * | 2020-07-16 | 2022-01-25 | 한온시스템 주식회사 | 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈 및 이를 이용하는 히트펌프 시스템 |
| KR20220032285A (ko) * | 2020-09-07 | 2022-03-15 | 한온시스템 주식회사 | 베이퍼 인젝션 모듈 및 이를 이용하는 히트펌프 시스템 |
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| US20260009568A1 (en) | 2026-01-08 |
| KR20240010792A (ko) | 2024-01-25 |
| DE112023002225T5 (de) | 2025-03-27 |
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