WO2023213272A1 - Methods and compositions for improving fertility - Google Patents
Methods and compositions for improving fertility Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023213272A1 WO2023213272A1 PCT/CN2023/092057 CN2023092057W WO2023213272A1 WO 2023213272 A1 WO2023213272 A1 WO 2023213272A1 CN 2023092057 W CN2023092057 W CN 2023092057W WO 2023213272 A1 WO2023213272 A1 WO 2023213272A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61D—VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, OR METHODS
- A61D19/00—Instruments or methods for reproduction or fertilisation
- A61D19/02—Instruments or methods for reproduction or fertilisation for artificial insemination
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K29/00—Other apparatus for animal husbandry
- A01K29/005—Monitoring or measuring activity
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61D—VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, OR METHODS
- A61D19/00—Instruments or methods for reproduction or fertilisation
- A61D19/04—Instruments or methods for reproduction or fertilisation for embryo transplantation
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/873—Techniques for producing new embryos, e.g. nuclear transfer, manipulation of totipotent cells or production of chimeric embryos
- C12N15/877—Techniques for producing new mammalian cloned embryos
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- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
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- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/154—Methylation markers
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of biology, medicine, veterinary medicine, and molecular biology.
- N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) is the most prevalent mammalian mRNA internal modification, regulated by writer and eraser proteins, impacting transcript fate through reader proteins (1-3) .
- the fat mass and obesity-associated protein was the first RNA demethylase shown to remove mRNA m 6 A (4) .
- FTO is known to be involved in mammalian development and human diseases; for example, Fto -/- mice display severe developmental defects (5, 6) .
- transgenic overexpression of FTO in mice leads to obesity, but a ubiquitous overexpression mouse model cannot tell when and where the FTO OE causes the obesity phenotype.
- transgenic OE which changes genomic DNA sequences, raises concerns about the safety of genetic modifications.
- the current disclosure relates to the discovery that FTO-mediated m 6 A demethylation regulates LINE1 RNA abundance and local chromatin state in mESCs and mouse development.
- the disclosure also relates to the discovery that transient FTO overexpression (OE) in early embryos, without changing genomic DNA, promotes embryo growth, increases birth weight and adult body weight, and improves zygote implantation rates.
- OE transient FTO overexpression
- Methods disclosed include but are not limited to methods for demethylating LINE1 RNA in a cell, methods for modifying expression level of a gene in a cell, methods for increasing chromatin accessibility in a cell, methods for modifying development of a germ cell and include 1, 2, 3, 4, or more steps including any of the following: providing to the cell an effective amount of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and/or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO, measuring methylation in the cell, and culturing and/or incubating the cells in media and/or buffer.
- FTO fat mass and obesity-associated protein
- Methods disclosed also include but are not limited to methods for modifying expression level of a gene in a cell, methods for decreasing chromatin accessibility in a cell, methods for modifying development of a germ cell and include 1, 2, 3, 4, or more steps including any of the following: providing to the cell an effective amount of an FTO inhibitor, measuring methylation in the cell, and culturing and/or incubating the cells in media and/or buffer.
- Methods disclosed also include methods of increasing zygote implantation in an animal, methods of increasing litter size, methods of improving an in vitro fertilization process, methods of increasing litter size and number in an animal, methods of increasing zygote implantation rate, methods of increasing birth weight in an animal, methods of decreasing pregnancy loss in an animal, and/or methods for decreasing the risk of metabolic diseases and include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more steps including any of the following: implanting one or more fertilized cells into the reproductive tract of the animal, monitoring the animal for pregnancy or implantation rates, measuring hormonal changes, such as HCG levels in the animal, measuring demethylation, including RNA demethylation, in the fertilized cells, and culturing and/or incubating the fertilized cells in media and/or buffer.
- Methods for demethylating long-interspersed element-1 (LINE1) RNA in a cell are disclosed herein.
- the method can comprise providing to the cell an effective amount of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and/or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO.
- methods for modifying expression level of a gene in a cell where the method can comprise providing to the cell an effective amount of FTO or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO.
- methods for increasing chromatin accessibility in a cell where the method comprises providing to the cell an effective amount of FTO or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO.
- the method comprises providing to the cell an effective amount of FTO or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO.
- the LINE1 RNA can be chromatin-associated regulatory RNA.
- the cell can be any cell, such as a germ cell, or fertilized cell.
- the cell can be from any source such as a human, mouse, or livestock animal.
- the method comprises providing a nucleic acid encoding for FTO to the cell.
- the nucleic acid provided to the cell may also comprise a nucleic acid encoding for a Cas nuclease and a guide RNA (gRNA) .
- the nucleic acid encoding for FTO and the nucleic acid encoding for a Cas nuclease and a guide RNA (gRNA) may be on the same nucleic acid molecule or separate nucleic acid molecules.
- the method comprises providing an FTO protein to the cell.
- the FTO protein may be provided as a wild-type protein, mutant protein, and/or fusion protein.
- the fusion protein may be an FTO protein fused with a Cas nuclease.
- the cell may also be provided a gRNA.
- the Cas nuclease may be a catalytically-inactive Cas13 (dCas13) .
- the gRNA can target any nucleic acid, including a LINE1 RNA.
- the FTO protein or nucleic acid encoding for FTO may be provided at an amount effective to decrease an amount of histone modifications in the cell.
- the amount of nucleic acid encoding FTO and/or FTO protein provided to the cell is approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110
- the vehicle may be any carrier suitable for contacting the protein and/or nucleic acid, such as water (including nuclease-free water) , a buffered solution, a saline solution, DMSO, or other suitable liquid.
- the vehicle may be a cell culture medium.
- the nucleic acid and/or protein may be provided in a carrier that is capable of introducing the nucleic acid and/or protein into the cell, such as a liposome, or virus.
- the method can comprises providing to the cell an effective amount of an FTO inhibitor. Also disclosed are methods for modifying expression level of a gene in a cell, where the method comprises providing to the cell an effective amount of an FTO inhibitor. Also disclosed are methods for decreasing chromatin accessibility in a cell, where the method comprises providing to the cell an effective amount of an FTO inhibitor. Also disclosed are methods for modifying development of a germ cell, where the method comprises providing to the cell an effective amount of an FTO inhibitor.
- the FTO inhibitor can be any one of FB23, FB23-2, CS1, CS2, and/or Dac51, or a combination thereof.
- the inhibitor can be provided at an amount effective to decrease chromatin accessibility in the cell.
- the FTO inhibitor is provided at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110
- the vehicle may be any carrier suitable for contacting the protein and/or nucleic acid, such as water (including nuclease-free water) , a buffered solution, a saline solution, DMSO, or other suitable liquid.
- the vehicle may be a cell culture medium.
- the inhibitor can be provided at an amount effective to increase an amount of histone modifications in the cell.
- the inhibitor can be provided at an amount effective to modify the expression of a LINE1 element and/or a 2C gene.
- the cell can be any cell, such as an oocyte or fertilized cell.
- the cell can be from any source, such as a human, mouse, or livestock animal.
- Methods of increasing zygote implantation in an animal are disclosed herein. Also disclosed are methods of increasing litter size, methods of improving an in vitro fertilization process, methods of increasing litter size and number in an animal, and/or methods of increasing zygote implantation rate.
- the methods can comprise implanting into an animal one or more fertilized cells that have been contacted, prior to the implanting of the fertilized cells, with exogenous fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and/or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO capable of transiently overexpressing exogenous FTO.
- the fertilized cell can be at any stage of development when the FTO protein and/or nucleic acid encoding FTO is introduced into the cells.
- the fertilized cell can be in a zygote, blastocyst, morula, or embryo stage of development when the FTO protein and/or nucleic acid encoding FTO is introduced. It is also disclosed that the FTO protein and/or nucleic acid prior can be introduced into the cells prior to the cells being fertilized, including into germ cells or gametes, such as an egg or a sperm.
- the fertilized cells can be implanted when the fertilized cells are in a stage suitable for implantation, including in a blastocyst stage of development.
- the amount of FTO protein and/or nucleic acid encoding FTO used to contact the cell may be an amount determined by one skilled in the art sufficient to effect the disclosed outcomes.
- the amount of FTO protein and/or nucleic acid encoding FTO used to contact the cell may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,
- the vehicle may be any carrier suitable for contacting the protein and/or nucleic acid, such as water (including nuclease-free water) , a buffered solution, a saline solution, DMSO, or other suitable liquid.
- the vehicle may be a cell culture medium. The cell may be provided or contacted with an effective amount of the solution.
- the effective amount of the solution may be determined by one skilled in the art and can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113
- RNA demethylase is ALKBH5.
- the different RNA demthylase may be used in the same manner, including administered in the same manner, as FTO in certain aspects.
- nucleic acid molecules encoding the different RNA demethylase are also disclosed.
- the nucleic acid and/or protein may be provided in a carrier that is capable of introducing the nucleic acid and/or protein into the cell, such as a liposome, or virus.
- the nucleic acid and/or protein may be introduced into the cell by injecting the nucleic acid and/or protein into the cell, including by microinjection, which may be less than 1 ⁇ L.
- the nucleic acid may be introduced via viral vector and/or by transfection. The introducing can happen by contacting the cell with the protein and/or nucleic acid.
- the amount of exogenous FTO protein, present in the fertilized cell from contacting the cell with the FTO protein and/or nucleic acid, may decrease in each cell as the fertilized cells expand and divide.
- the exogenous FTO is undetectable in the fertilized cells when the fertilized cells are in an embryonic stage of development.
- the fertilized cells can be fertilized by any method, including by in vitro fertilization.
- the fertilized cells can also be produced from natural mating, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, somatic cell nuclear transfer, or other processes for fertilizing cells.
- the fertilized cells can be collected through non-surgical or surgical recovery techniques.
- the animal may be any animal, including a human, non-human primate, livestock animal, companion animal, rodent, or endangered animal.
- the animal may be transgenic.
- the livestock animal may be a hooved animal, such as a cow, pig, sheep, bison, or deer.
- the livestock animal may be a bird, including any poultry, such as a chicken, duck, goose, pigeon, or turkey.
- the livestock animal may be an aquatic animal, such as a fish or a shellfish.
- a livestock animal may be an animal that is raised for food.
- the companion animal may be any domesticated animal such as a dog, cat, horse, or rabbit.
- the rodent may be any rodent, including those used in biomedical research such as a mouse or rat.
- the endangered animal may be any threatened or endangered wildlife animal, such as a panda, bison, polar bear, tiger, or lion.
- the endangered animal may be classified as an endangered species. It is specifically contemplated that any specific animal identified herein may be excluded in one or more aspects.
- the fertilized cells are xenotransplanted into the animal.
- the fertilized cells can be from one species but implanted into an animal of another species.
- the animal may be used for medical xenotransplantation products such as a pig.
- Such animals may be an animal for xenotransplantation products.
- the nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO is a DNA molecule, an RNA molecule, or any nucleic acid analog molecule.
- the nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO may be an mRNA molecule.
- the DNA molecule may be an expression construct, including any expression construct capable of transiently overexpressing the FTO protein.
- the nucleic acid is provided to the cell or contacted with the cell with or without other solutes, carriers, activators, or other components, that one skilled in the art would employ to carry out the methods described herein.
- the cells, including the fertilized cells are implanted with or without other solutes, carriers, activators, or other components, that one skilled in the art would employ to carry out the methods described herein.
- the cells comprising the exogenous FTO protein and/or nucleic acid encoding the exogenous FTO protein.
- the cells may be generated using any method, including any method described herein to introduce the FTO protein and/or nucleic acid into the cell.
- the cells may be fertilized cells, germ cells, or gametes.
- compositions comprising any of the cells disclosed herein.
- the compositions may also comprise one or more reagents used for in vitro fertilization.
- x, y, and/or z can refer to “x” alone, “y” alone, “z” alone, “x, y, and z, ” “ (x and y) or z, ” “x or (y and z) , ” or “x or y or z. ” It is specifically contemplated that x, y, or z may be specifically excluded from an aspect or aspect.
- compositions and methods for their use can “comprise, ” “consist essentially of, ” or “consist of” any of the ingredients or steps disclosed throughout the specification.
- any method in the context of a therapeutic, diagnostic, or physiologic purpose or effect may also be described in “use” claim language such as “Use of” any compound, composition, or agent discussed herein for achieving or implementing a described therapeutic, diagnostic, or physiologic purpose or effect.
- any limitation discussed with respect to one aspect or aspect of the invention may apply to any other aspect or aspect of the invention.
- any composition of the invention may be used in any method of the invention, and any method of the invention may be used to produce or to utilize any composition of the invention.
- Aspects of an aspect set forth in the Examples are also aspects that may be implemented in the context of aspects discussed elsewhere in a different Example or elsewhere in the application, such as in the Summary of Invention, Detailed Description of the Aspects, Claims, and description of Figure Legends.
- FIGs. 1A-1E m 6 A on LINE1 RNA is a major substrate of FTO in mESCs.
- FIGs. 2A-2F FTO regulates LINE1 RNA level through m 6 A demethylation.
- FIGs. 3A-3D FTO affects chromatin state through LINE1 RNA m 6 A demethylation.
- FIGs. 4A-4D Fto KO deactivates LINE1-containing genes by repressing intragenic LINE1 RNA.
- FIGs. 5A-5F The FTO-LINE1 RNA axis plays critical roles during early development.
- (5D) Left: DNase I-TUNEL assay showing more closed chromatin in oocytes upon Fto KO. Scale bars, 50 ⁇ m. The nucleus was counterstained by DAPI. Representative images were selected from three independent experiments. Right: relative TUNEL intensity in WT and Fto -/- oocytes (n 12 each) . pSN: partly surrounded nucleolus; NSN: non-surrounded nucleolus. (5E) Implantation rate (left) and E7.5 embryo rate (right) of Fto P+/M+ , Fto P+/M- , Fto P-/M+ , and Fto P-/M- zygotes.
- FIGs. 6A-6N FTO affects caRNA m 6 A methylation in mESCs.
- Bottom FTO protein level in WT and Fto -/- mESCs relative to GAPDH, quantified by ImageJ.
- the m 6 A level of polyadenylated RNA only exhibited a minor increase upon Fto KO.
- FIGs. 7A-7F FTO regulates m 6 A level and expression of carRNAs in mESCs.
- (7A) Number of Fto KO-induced differential m 6 A peaks on carRNAs in WT and Fto -/- mESCs. paRNA (+) and paRNA (-) denote sense paRNA and antisense paRNA, respectively.
- (7C) Fraction of m 6 A-marked carRNAs with differential expression in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- FIGs 8A-8I FTO binds to LINE1 RNA and regulates its m 6 A level and expression in mESCs.
- FIGs. 9A-9I LINE1 RNA m 6 A is a physiological substrate of FTO across mammalian tissues.
- (9D The negative correlation between m 6 A fold enrichment and relative LINE1 RNA expression in mouse tissues.
- m 6 A level and expression were calculated from RNA-seq and m 6 A MeRIP-seq datasets, respectively, from mouse (CRA001315) or human (CRA001962) tissues (13) .
- m 6 A fold enrichment and relative expression were measured by MeRIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR, respectively.
- FIGs. 10A-10N Fto KO largely recapitulates the effects of LINE1 ASO treatment in mESCs.
- 10A GSEA showing global upregulation upon Fto KO of LINE1 RNA-targeted genes revealed by ChIRP-seq (top) and LINE1 sequence-enriched genes (bottom) . NES, normalized enrichment score. These findings resemble reported observations upon LINE1 ASO treatment (27, 28) . Together with Fig. 1E, these transcriptomic data indicate FTO functions through similar pathways compared to LINE1 RNA in mESCs.
- 10B MA plot showing transcriptomic changes analyzed from mRNA-seq upon Fto KO in mESCs.
- RNA-seq datasets of LINE1 ASO treatment were analyzed from GSE100939 (27) .
- C Scatter plot showing mRNA expression fold changes upon Fto KO or LINE1 ASO in mESCs.
- Fto KO and LINE1 ASO showed consistent effects on the transcriptome.
- Fto KO led to lower activation of 2C genes but greater downregulation of pluripotency genes compared to LINE1 ASO treatment.
- D Heatmap showing the consistent changes of most key ESC genes between Fto KO and LINE1 ASO in mESCs.
- FIGs. 11A-11N FTO-mediated m 6 A demethylation regulates abundance of LINE1 RNA subfamilies on chromatin.
- 11A The distribution of m 6 A peaks on LINE1 RNA with different evolutionary ages. m 6 A exhibited an enriched distribution on young LINE1 RNA ( ⁇ 3.5 Myr) .
- 11B Boxplots showing the m 6 A level of old and young LINE1 in WT mESCs (left) and m 6 A level fold changes upon Fto KO (right) .
- Young LINE1 showed higher m 6 A levels in WT mESCs and greater changes in m 6 A levels upon Fto KO.
- LINE1 gRNA was designed to target the young LINE1 RNA subfamilies most responsive to Fto KO.
- K A schematic model showing the dCas13b-FTO site-specific demethylation system.
- L-N Left: relative m 6 A fold enrichment of overall LINE1 RNA on chromatin (L) , L1Md_Tf on chromatin (M) , and L1Md_A on chromatin (N) , measured by MeRIP-qPCR in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- FIGs 12A-12K FTO-mediated m 6 A demethylation regulates lifetime and transcription of FTO-targeted LINE1 subfamilies.
- t 1/2 was calculated using the one phase decay model in GraphPad Prism.
- (12B) Applying dCas13b-wtFTO with LINE1 gRNA in Fto -/- mESCs led to reduced YTHDC1 binding compared to control gRNA.
- FIGs. 13A-13J FTO regulates global transcription rate and chromatin accessibility in mESCs.
- 13A Left: 5-Ethynyl Uridine (EU) labeling followed by fluorescence imaging showing reduced global nascent RNA synthesis upon Fto KO. Scale bars, 20 ⁇ m. The nucleus was counterstained by DAPI. Right: boxplots showing relative EU intensity quantified by ImageJ in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- FIGs 14A-14E Overall changes in ATAC-seq and histone marks in WT and Fto - /- mESCs.
- 14A Density plots showing the overall ATAC-seq signal at peak center quantified with RPKM in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- 14B Circos plots showing ATAC peaks along the genome in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- 14C Volcano plot showing differential ATAC peaks upon Fto KO in mESCs.
- FIGS. 15A-15C Genomic features of gained-closed regions obtained from ATAC-seq upon Fto KO.
- 15A-15C Cross-analysis of ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq datasets of histone marks and transcription factors. ChIP-seq binding sites sorted by gained-closed regions from ATAC-seq were plotted in heatmap views.
- METTL3 binding sites were also enriched in gained-closed regions with Fto depletion, which may explain some of the hypomethylated m 6 A peaks upon Fto KO.
- Fto KO-induced gained-closed regions were also enriched with reduced levels of H3K4Me3, H3K27Ac, and decreased Pol II, YY1, and EP300 binding from ChIP-seq upon Fto KO. Consistently, regions with reduced METTL3 chromatin binding upon Fto depletion were enriched with Fto KO-induced gained-closed regions.
- FIGs. 16A-16H FTO-mediated m 6 A demethylation of LINE1 RNA regulates local chromatin state.
- (16A-16C) ChIP signal was profiled on LINE1 RNA loci from 3.0 kb upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) to 3.0 kb downstream of the transcription end site (TES) .
- TSS transcription start site
- TES transcription end site
- H3K4Me3 (B) or H3K9Me3 (C) levels at loci with young and old LINE1 RNA in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- H3K4Me3 level decreased mainly at loci with young LINE1 RNA while old LINE1 RNA loci exhibited a greater increase in H3K9Me3 level, suggesting young and old LINE1 loci are dominated by different histone marks.
- Loci of selected FTO-targeted LINE1 subfamilies showed increased levels of H3K4Me3 and H2K27Ac, and decreased H3K9Me3 levels upon Fto KO.
- Loci of a non-m 6 A LINE1 subfamily L1M2b were used as negative control.
- L1M2b loci and loci of IAPez-int, an ERVK subfamily shown to be regulated by METTL3 (23-25) showed negligible or opposite changes in levels of H3K4Me3, H2K27Ac, and H3K9Me3 upon Fto KO.
- IgG was used as normalization control.
- Fto KO led to reduced YY1 and EP300 binding to overall LINE RNA and selected FTO-targeted LINE1 subfamilies. Consistent with previous reports (22, 29, 30) , reduced LINE1 RNA binding by transcription factors may be responsible for their decreased local chromatin binding.
- D and (G) , p-values were determined using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
- FIGs. 17A-17G LINE1 RNA is a functionally relevant substrate of FTO in EB differentiation and self-renewal of mESCs.
- (17A) Relative LINE1 RNA expression measured by RT-qPCR (left) , and relative Fto expression measured by RT-qPCR (right) , measured at days 0 and 6 of EB differentiation in WT and Fto -/- mESCs. Both LINE1 RNA and Fto showed increased expression after EB differentiation; LINE1 RNA showed greater decreases upon Fto KO in mESCs after six days of EB differentiation. P-values were determined using unpaired two-tailed t-tests; error bars and means ⁇ SD shown for n 4 biological replicates.
- FIGs. 18A-18H FTO regulates transcription and local chromatin state of LINE1-containing genes.
- LINE1-containing genes of selected FTO-targeted LINE1 subfamilies showed significantly decreased transcription rates compared to genes that do not contain these LINE1 subfamilies.
- Intragenic LINE1 RNA loci showed more significantly decreased H3K27Ac levels and more significantly increased H3K9Me3 levels upon Fto KO, while intergenic LINE1 RNA loci showed more significantly decreased H3K4Me3 levels.
- FIGs 19A-19G IGV profiles showing methylation, abundance, and local chromatin state of selected down-LINE1 loci and down-LINE1-containing genes.
- RNA and m 6 A profiles were separated into forward (f) and reverse (r) strands according to the strand they were mapped to, respectively.
- Increased m 6 A level and decreased expression on chromatin were observed for intragenic LINE1 RNAs.
- Decreased H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and Pol II levels were observed at both intragenic LINE1 loci and TSS regions of LINE1-containing genes.
- FIGS. 20A-20J Applying dCas13b-wtFTO reverses lifetime changes of selected intragenic LINE1 RNA and transcription changes of LINE1-containing genes.
- IgG was used as a normalization control.
- Fto KO led to increased YTHDC1 binding to L1MD3 (in Essrb) , which was reversed by targeting dCas13b-wtFTO to LINE1 RNA.
- Fto KO led to reduced lifetime of L1MD3 (in Essrb) , which was reversed by targeting dCas13b-wtFTO to LINE1 RNA.
- FIGs 21A-21L FTO regulates LINE1 m 6 A and RNA level, as well as chromatin state in brain tissues.
- 21A Left: relative LINE1 RNA m 6 A fold enrichment in total RNA isolated from the cerebellum of WT and Fto -/- mice. Right: relative LINE1 RNA expression in the same samples.
- 21B and 21C Left: DNase I-TUNEL assay followed by fluorescence imaging showing more closed chromatin under 10 ⁇ (B) or 40 ⁇ (C) scope in cerebellum slice from WT and Fto -/- mice. Scale bars, 120 ⁇ m for (B) and 30 ⁇ m for (C) .
- FIGs, 22A-22K The FTO-LINE1 RNA axis plays important roles in oocyte development.
- 22B The pups per plug (left) and the surviving offspring after 24 hours (right) from crosses of WT males with WT and Fto -/- females, respectively. Maternal Fto KO showed a greater fatality with reduced pup numbers after mating with WT male mice, with all surviving Fto +/- pups dying shortly after birth.
- Genes were categorized into three groups: genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA (denoted down-LINE1-containing genes, “Down” and “Containing” ) , genes near ( ⁇ 1 Mb) downregulated LINE1 RNA ( “Down” ) , and genes that contain LINE1 RNA not downregulated (“Containing” ) .
- Fto KO led to significantly decreased expression of genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA compared to other genes.
- P-values were determined using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum tests.
- (22K) GO analysis of downregulated genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA in GV or MII oocytes from Fto -/- mice compared to WT controls. For (B) , (G) , and (H) , p-values were determined using unpaired two-tailed t-tests.
- FIGs 23A-23R FTO-mediated LINE1 RNA m 6 A demethylation plays important roles during embryonic development.
- 23A A schematic model showing the intercross workflow.
- IVF In vitro fertilization
- Fto -/- sperm shows decreased activity but most fertilized zygotes can still develop to the blastocyst stage. Because the loss of Fto in sperm led to decreased in vitro fertilization rates, the inventors employed the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique to fertilize oocytes.
- ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm injection
- (23G) RT-qPCR showing elevated Zscan4 and MERVL RNA levels from Fto P+/M+ and Fto P-/M- morulae. Error bars and means ⁇ SD are shown for n 3 experiments.
- Genes were categorized into three groups: genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA (denoted down-LINE1-containing genes, “Down” and “Containing” ) , genes near ( ⁇ 1 Mb) downregulated LINE1 RNA ( “Down” ) , and genes that contain LINE1 RNA not downregulated ( “Containing” ) .
- Fto KO led to significantly decreased expression of genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA compared to other genes.
- P-values were determined using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum tests.
- Lin28b, Tet2, and Gsk3b were identified as downregulated genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA upon Fto KO in both mESCs and morulae, supporting the model that Fto depletion causes delayed 2C-exit and developmental defects.
- P-values were determined using DESeq2. (23L) GO analysis of downregulated genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA in Fto P-/M- morulae compared to Fto P+/M+ morulae.
- Targeting dCas13b-wtFTO to LINE1 RNA in Fto -/- MII oocytes reduced the expression of Zscan4 and MERVL RNA after developing to the morula stage.
- FIGs 24A-24C Fto KO leads to accelerated decay and repressed transcription of carRNAs.
- 24A Cumulative distribution and boxplots (inset) showing carRNA lifetime changes in WT and Fto -/- mESCs. carRNAs within each group showed reduced lifetimes upon Fto KO.
- 24B Cumulative distribution and boxplots (inset) showing carRNA transcription rate in WT and Fto -/- mESCs. carRNAs within each group showed reduced transcription rate upon Fto KO.
- 24C Cumulative distribution and box plots (inset) showing the difference in transcription rate between m 6 A-marked and unmarked carRNAs. P-values were determined using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum tests.
- FIGs. 25A-25C FTO-mediated changes in m 6 A level and expression of carRNAs associated with METTL3 and YTHDC1.
- 25A Negative correlations are observed in m 6 A level fold changes of carRNAs between hypermethylation upon Fto KO and hypomethylation upon Mettl3 KO, indicating m 6 A peaks directly demethylated by FTO were likely deposited by METTL3.
- 25B The positive correlations in m 6 A level fold changes of carRNAs between hypomethylation upon Fto KO and upon Mettl3 KO, indicating hypomethylated m 6 A peaks upon Fto KO were likely caused by the hindered accessibility of METTL3 to its targets.
- FIGs. 26A-26L Polyadenylated mRNA and snRNA are unlikely to be primary targets of FTO in mESCs.
- 26A Boxplots showing ca-mRNA m 6 A level in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- 26B Boxplots showing m 6 A levels of exons and introns in ca-mRNA in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- 26C Volcano plot showing the differentially methylated m 6 A peaks on ca-mRNA upon Fto KO in mESCs.
- 26D Boxplots showing the expression fold changes of hypermethylated and other m 6 A-marked ca-mRNA upon Fto KO in mESCs.
- FIGs. 27A-27P FTO knockdown leads to more open chromatin and increased transcription in Mel624 cells through demethylation of mRNAs encoding histone modifiers.
- 27A-27C The m 6 A MeRIP-seq datasets from human cell lines that include HEK293T cells, GOS cells, HT29 cells, Jurkat cells, K562 cells, U2OS cells, U251 cells, and WPMY cells were analyzed from CRA001315 (13) . Most of these cell lines are human cancer cell lines.
- A Scatter plot showing the negative correlation between LINE1 RNA m 6 A level and FTO expression.
- B Scatter plot showing no clear correlation between expression of LINE1 RNA and FTO.
- FIGs. 28A-28H FTO regulates LINE1 RNA m 6 A, LINE1 RNA abundance, and LINE1 RNA association to DNA.
- 28A Left: FISH showing reduced LINE1 RNA level upon Fto KO. Scale bars, 20 ⁇ m. Right: boxplots showing the relative FISH intensity quantified by ImageJ in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- 28B Relative m 6 A fold enrichment of total LINE1 RNA measured by MeRIP-qPCR (left) , and relative expression of total LINE1 RNA measured by RT-qPCR (right) , both in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- Fto KO led to reduced DNA binding of overall LINE1 RNA and selected FTO-targeted LINE1 subfamilies. Malat1 was used as the negative control.
- 28F DRIP-qPCR showing the relative levels of LINE1 RNA: DNA hybrids in WT and Fto -/- mESCs.
- Fto KO led to reduced R-loop formation of overall LINE1 RNA and selected FTO-targeted LINE1 subfamilies. Reduced DNA association and R-loop formation were consistent with the decreased transcription rate of LINE1 RNA.
- FIGs. 29A-29C FTO transient OE in zygotes increases the body weights of female but not male F1 pups.
- 29A Schematic illustration of the experimental procedure.
- B and C Body weights of female (29B) and male (29C) F1 pups born from Fto mRNA injected or uninjected zygotes.
- FIGs. 30A-30B Overexpression of FTO-GFP fusion protein in early embryos.
- FIG. 31 FTO OE increases MERVL expression and promotes its entry into the nucleus.
- FIGs. 32A-32H FTO transient OE in zygotes increased the implantation ratio at E7.5 and increased the body weights of embryos at E12.5.
- 32A The development of FTO-Ctrl, FTO-KO and FTO-OE embryos at E4.5.
- 32B The average numbers of ICM and TE cells in FTO-Ctrl, FTO-KO and FTO-OE embryos at E4.5.
- 32C Images of deciduas and embryos of FTO-Ctrl and FTO-OE embryos at E7.5, related with the left panel of D.
- 32D The ratio of embryo/decidua was calculated at E7.5 BDF1 cross BDF1 for left panel and C57 cross DBA2 for right panel.
- RNA m 6 A demethylation through FTO useful in mammalian development.
- the disclosure supports LINE1 RNA as a major substrate of FTO in mESCs.
- Aspects show FTO additionally mediates m 6 A demethylation of other carRNAs to affect gene expression.
- aspects herein show that FTO-mediated m 6 A demethylation maintains LINE1 RNA abundance in mESCs. This can contribute to promoting local chromatin openness and activating LINE1-containing genes.
- RNA 5-methylcytosine oxidation is also known to affect transcription of ERVL and ERVL-associated genes in mESCs (35) , suggesting a potential widespread presence of regulation through retrotransposon RNA modifications (36) .
- FTO overexpression applied to in vitro fertilization (IVF) , artificial insemination, cloning, or to improving the natural fertilities and birth outcomes of mammals.
- IVF in vitro fertilization
- IVF artificial insemination
- cloning or to improving the natural fertilities and birth outcomes of mammals.
- IVF artificial insemination
- cloning or to improving the natural fertilities of humans.
- Aspects directed to artificial insemination can also apply to sex-sorted semen (also known as sexed semen) , a commonly used method in livestock reproduction.
- non-human mammals in which FTO overexpression methods can be used include but are not limited to livestock (domesticated agricultural animals) , companion animals, endangered wildlife animals, and animals raised for research products or biomedical products.
- FTO proteins and nucleic acids encoding such proteins.
- the FTO proteins may be exogenous proteins that are introduced to a cell to effect RNA methylation patterns and development of the cell, as described herein.
- a “protein” or “polypeptide” refers to a molecule comprising at least five amino acid residues.
- wild-type versions of a protein or polypeptide are employed.
- the terms described above may be used interchangeably.
- a “modified protein” or “modified polypeptide” or a “variant” refers to a protein or polypeptide whose chemical structure, particularly its amino acid sequence, is altered with respect to the wild-type protein or polypeptide.
- a modified/variant protein or polypeptide has at least one modified activity or function (recognizing that proteins or polypeptides may have multiple activities or functions) . It is specifically disclosed that a modified/variant protein or polypeptide may be altered with respect to one activity or function yet retain a wild-type activity or function in other respects, such as enzymatic activity.
- the protein including an FTO protein, may be isolated directly from the organism of which it is native, produced by recombinant DNA/exogenous expression methods, or produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) or other in vitro methods.
- SPPS solid-phase peptide synthesis
- the term “recombinant” may be used in conjunction with a polypeptide or the name of a specific polypeptide, and this generally refers to a polypeptide produced from a nucleic acid molecule that has been manipulated in vitro or that is a replication product of such a molecule.
- an FTO protein or polypeptide may comprise, but is not limited to, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220,
- polypeptides including the FTO polypeptide used herein, may be mutated by truncation, rendering them shorter than their corresponding wild-type form, also, they might be altered by fusing or conjugating a heterologous protein or polypeptide sequence with a particular function (e.g., for targeting or localization, for enhanced immunogenicity, for purification purposes, etc. ) .
- domain refers to any distinct functional or structural unit of a protein or polypeptide, and generally refers to a sequence of amino acids with a structure or function recognizable by one skilled in the art.
- polypeptides, proteins, or polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides or proteins of the disclosure may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 (or any derivable range therein) or more variant amino acids or nucleic acid substitutions or be at least 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (or any derivable range therein)
- the protein or polypeptide may comprise amino acids 1 to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
- the protein, polypeptide, or nucleic acid may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113,
- the polypeptide, protein, or nucleic acid may comprise at least, at most, or exactly 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,
- nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide starting at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
- polypeptide, or nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide from the gene products identified at Table 1 with a substitution, deletion, or insertion at one or more positions including at positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102
- the FTO protein used may be any FTO protein homolog capable of eliciting the desired outcomes, including eliciting the improvements in in vitro fertilization (such as increasing implantation rates) .
- the FTO protein used may be from any organism.
- the FTO protein sequence is from an animal.
- the FTO protein sequence is from a mammal.
- the FTO protein sequence is from a rodent.
- the FTO protein sequence is from a livestock animal.
- the FTO protein sequence is from a companion animal.
- the FTO sequence is from a wildlife animal.
- the FTO protein sequence is from a primate.
- the FTO protein sequence is from a human.
- the FTO protein sequence is from a starfish.
- the FTO protein sequence is from a species listed in Table 1.
- the FTO protein and/or nucleic acid encoding the FTO protein introduced or provided to the cells of the disclosure may be the corresponding sequence to the species of cell.
- the FTO protein comprising the human sequence of FTO may be introduced into a human cell.
- a nucleic acid encoding the human sequence of FTO may be introduced into human cell.
- the nucleotide as well as the protein, polypeptide, and peptide sequences for various genes have been previously disclosed, and may be found in the recognized computerized databases.
- Two commonly used databases are the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Genbank and GenPept databases (on the World Wide Web at ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/) and The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt; on the World Wide Web at uniprot. org) .
- the coding regions for these genes may be amplified and/or expressed using the techniques disclosed herein or as would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- compositions of the disclosure there is between about 0.001 mg and about 10 mg of total polypeptide, peptide, and/or protein per mL.
- concentration of protein in a composition can be about, at least about or at most about 0.001, 0.010, 0.050, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0 ng/mL or mg/mL or more (or any range derivable therein) .
- amino acid subunits of a protein including an FTO protein
- certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in a protein or polypeptide sequence with or without appreciable loss of enzymatic activity capacity. Since it is the interactive capacity and nature of a protein that defines that protein’s functional activity, certain amino acid substitutions can be made in a protein sequence and in its corresponding DNA coding sequence, and nevertheless produce a protein with similar or desirable properties. It is thus disclosed by the inventors that various changes may be made in the DNA sequences of genes which encode proteins without appreciable loss of their biological utility or activity.
- codons that encode the same amino acid such as the six different codons for arginine.
- neutral substitutions or “neutral mutations” which refers to a change in the codon or codons that encode biologically equivalent amino acids.
- Amino acid sequence variants of the disclosure can be substitutional, insertional, or deletion variants.
- a variation in a polypeptide of the disclosure may affect 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more non-contiguous or contiguous amino acids of the protein or polypeptide, as compared to wild-type.
- a variant can comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%, including all values and ranges there between, identical to any sequence provided or referenced herein.
- a variant can include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more substitute amino acids.
- amino acid and nucleic acid sequences may include additional residues, such as additional N-or C-terminal amino acids, or 5′or 3′sequences, respectively, and yet still be essentially identical as set forth in one of the sequences disclosed herein, so long as the sequence meets the criteria set forth above, including the maintenance of biological protein activity where protein expression is concerned.
- the addition of terminal sequences particularly applies to nucleic acid sequences that may, for example, include various non-coding sequences flanking either of the 5′or 3′portions of the coding region.
- Deletion variants typically lack one or more residues of the native or wild type protein. Individual residues can be deleted or a number of contiguous amino acids can be deleted. A stop codon may be introduced (by substitution or insertion) into an encoding nucleic acid sequence to generate a truncated protein.
- Insertional mutants typically involve the addition of amino acid residues at a non-terminal point in the polypeptide. This may include the insertion of one or more amino acid residues. Terminal additions may also be generated and can include fusion proteins which are multimers or concatemers of one or more peptides or polypeptides described or referenced herein.
- Substitutional variants typically contain the exchange of one amino acid for another at one or more sites within the protein or polypeptide, and may be designed to modulate one or more properties of the polypeptide, with or without the loss of other functions or properties. Substitutions may be conservative, that is, one amino acid is replaced with one of similar chemical properties. “Conservative amino acid substitutions” may involve exchange of a member of one amino acid class with another member of the same class.
- Conservative substitutions are well known in the art and include, for example, the changes of: alanine to serine; arginine to lysine; asparagine to glutamine or histidine; aspartate to glutamate; cysteine to serine; glutamine to asparagine; glutamate to aspartate; glycine to proline; histidine to asparagine or glutamine; isoleucine to leucine or valine; leucine to valine or isoleucine; lysine to arginine; methionine to leucine or isoleucine; phenylalanine to tyrosine, leucine or methionine; serine to threonine; threonine to serine; tryptophan to tyrosine; tyrosine to tryptophan or phenylalanine; and valine to isoleucine or leucine.
- Conservative amino acid substitutions may encompass non-naturally occurring amino acid residues, which
- substitutions may be “non-conservative” , such that a function or activity of the polypeptide is affected.
- Non-conservative changes typically involve substituting an amino acid residue with one that is chemically dissimilar, such as a polar or charged amino acid for a nonpolar or uncharged amino acid, and vice versa.
- Non-conservative substitutions may involve the exchange of a member of one of the amino acid classes for a member from another class.
- polypeptides can determine suitable variants of polypeptides as set forth herein using well-known techniques.
- One skilled in the art may identify suitable areas of the molecule that may be changed without destroying activity by targeting regions not believed to be important for activity.
- the skilled artisan will also be able to identify amino acid residues and portions of the molecules that are conserved among similar proteins or polypeptides.
- areas that may be important for biological activity or for structure may be subject to conservative amino acid substitutions without significantly altering the biological activity or without adversely affecting the protein or polypeptide structure.
- hydropathy index of amino acids may be considered.
- the hydropathy profile of a protein is calculated by assigning each amino acid a numerical value (“hydropathy index” ) and then repetitively averaging these values along the peptide chain.
- Each amino acid has been assigned a value based on its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics.
- hydropathy amino acid index in conferring interactive biologic function on a protein is generally understood in the art (Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-131 (1982) ) . It is accepted that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid contributes to the secondary structure of the resultant protein or polypeptide, which in turn defines the interaction of the protein or polypeptide with other molecules, for example, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, and others. It is also known that certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathy index or score, and still retain a similar biological activity.
- the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathy indices are within ⁇ 2 is included.
- those that are within ⁇ 1 are included, and in other aspects of the present disclosure, those within ⁇ 0.5 are included.
- hydrophilicity values have been assigned to these amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0) ; lysine (+3.0) ; aspartate (+3.0 ⁇ 1) ; glutamate (+3.0 ⁇ 1) ; serine (+0.3) ; asparagine (+0.2) ; glutamine (+0.2) ; glycine (0) ; threonine (-0.4) ; proline (-0.5 ⁇ 1) ; alanine (-0.5) ; histidine (-0.5) ; cysteine (-1.0) ; methionine (-1.3) ; valine (-1.5) ; leucine (-1.8) ; isoleucine (-1.8) ; tyrosine (-2.3) ; phenylalanine (-2.5) ; and tryptophan (-3.4) .
- the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within ⁇ 2 are included, in other aspects, those which are within ⁇ 1 are included, and in still other aspects, those within ⁇ 0.5 are included.
- One skilled in the art can also analyze the three-dimensional structure and amino acid sequence in relation to that structure in similar proteins or polypeptides. In view of such information, one skilled in the art may predict the alignment of amino acid residues of an enzyme with respect to its three-dimensional structure. One skilled in the art may choose not to make changes to amino acid residues predicted to be on the surface of the protein, since such residues may be involved in important interactions with other molecules. Moreover, one skilled in the art may generate test variants containing a single amino acid substitution at each desired amino acid residue.
- amino acid substitutions are made that: (1) reduce susceptibility to proteolysis, (2) reduce susceptibility to oxidation, (3) alter binding affinity for forming protein complexes or for enzymatic activity, (4) alter ligand binding affinities, and/or (5) confer or modify other physicochemical or functional properties on such polypeptides.
- single or multiple amino acid substitutions may be made in the naturally occurring sequence.
- substitutions can be made in that portion of the protein that lies outside the domain (s) forming intermolecular contacts.
- conservative amino acid substitutions can be used that do not substantially change the structural characteristics of the protein or polypeptide (e.g., one or more replacement amino acids that do not disrupt the secondary structure that characterizes the native antibody) .
- nucleic acids that encode an FTO protein.
- the nucleic acid can be delivered to a cell in a manner suitable for the cell to express an amount of the FTO protein sufficient to exert an effect on the cell.
- the nucleic acid can be a DNA, RNA, or any nucleic acid analog capable of expressing a protein.
- the nucleic acid comprises at least one sequence region, such as a promoter, allowing expression in a specific cell type, such as a fertilized cell.
- nucleic acid sequences can exist in a variety of instances such as: isolated segments and recombinant vectors of incorporated sequences or recombinant polynucleotides encoding an enzyme (such as FTO) , or a fragment, derivative, mutein, or variant thereof, polynucleotides sufficient for use as hybridization probes, PCR primers or sequencing primers for identifying, analyzing, mutating or amplifying a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide, anti-sense nucleic acids for inhibiting expression of a polynucleotide, and complementary sequences of the foregoing described herein. Nucleic acids encoding fusion proteins that include these peptides are also provided. The nucleic acids can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can comprise RNA and/or DNA nucleotides and artificial variants thereof (e.g., peptide nucleic acids) .
- polynucleotide refers to a nucleic acid molecule that either is recombinant or has been isolated from total genomic nucleic acid. Included within the term “polynucleotide” are oligonucleotides (nucleic acids 100 residues or less in length) , recombinant vectors, including, for example, plasmids, cosmids, phage, viruses, and the like. Polynucleotides include, in certain aspects, regulatory sequences, isolated substantially away from their naturally occurring genes or protein encoding sequences.
- Polynucleotides may be single-stranded (coding or antisense) or double-stranded, and may be RNA, DNA (genomic, cDNA or synthetic) , analogs thereof, or a combination thereof. Additional coding or non-coding sequences may, but need not, be present within a polynucleotide.
- the term “gene, ” “polynucleotide, ” or “nucleic acid” is used to refer to a nucleic acid that encodes a protein, polypeptide, or peptide (including any sequences required for proper transcription, post-translational modification, or localization) .
- this term encompasses genomic sequences, expression cassettes, cDNA sequences, and smaller engineered nucleic acid segments that express, or may be adapted to express, proteins, polypeptides, domains, peptides, fusion proteins, and mutants.
- a nucleic acid encoding all or part of a polypeptide may contain a contiguous nucleic acid sequence encoding all or a portion of such a polypeptide. It also is contemplated that a particular polypeptide may be encoded by nucleic acids containing variations having slightly different nucleic acid sequences but, nonetheless, encode the same or substantially similar protein.
- polynucleotide variants having substantial identity to the sequences disclosed herein; those comprising at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%or higher sequence identity, including all values and ranges there between, compared to a polynucleotide sequence provided herein using the methods described herein (e.g., BLAST analysis using standard parameters) .
- the isolated polynucleotide will comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that has at least 90%, preferably 95%and above, identity to an amino acid sequence described herein, over the entire length of the sequence; or a nucleotide sequence complementary to said isolated polynucleotide.
- nucleic acid segments may be combined with other nucleic acid sequences, such as promoters, polyadenylation signals, additional restriction enzyme sites, multiple cloning sites, other coding segments, and the like, such that their overall length may vary considerably.
- the nucleic acids can be any length. They can be, for example, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 125, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 3000, 5000 or more nucleotides in length, and/or can comprise one or more additional sequences, for example, regulatory sequences, and/or be a part of a larger nucleic acid, for example, a vector.
- nucleic acid fragment of almost any length may be employed, with the total length preferably being limited by the ease of preparation and use in the intended recombinant nucleic acid protocol.
- a nucleic acid sequence may encode a polypeptide sequence with additional heterologous coding sequences, for example to allow for purification of the polypeptide, transport, secretion, post-translational modification, or for therapeutic benefits such as targeting or efficacy.
- a tag or other heterologous polypeptide may be added to the modified polypeptide-encoding sequence, wherein “heterologous” refers to a polypeptide that is not the same as the modified polypeptide.
- Changes can be introduced by mutation into a nucleic acid, thereby leading to changes in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (e.g., an enzyme or enzyme derivative) that it encodes. Mutations can be introduced using any technique known in the art. In one aspect, one or more particular amino acid residues are changed using, for example, a site-directed mutagenesis protocol. In another aspect, one or more randomly selected residues are changed using, for example, a random mutagenesis protocol. However it is made, a mutant polypeptide can be expressed and screened for a desired property.
- a polypeptide e.g., an enzyme or enzyme derivative
- Mutations can be introduced into a nucleic acid without significantly altering the biological activity of a polypeptide that it encodes. For example, one can make nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid substitutions at non-essential amino acid residues.
- one or more mutations can be introduced into a nucleic acid that selectively changes the biological activity of a polypeptide that it encodes. See, eg., Romain Studer et al., Biochem. J. 449: 581-594 (2013) .
- the mutation can quantitatively or qualitatively change the biological activity. Examples of quantitative changes include increasing, reducing or eliminating the activity. Examples of qualitative changes include altering the antigen specificity of an antibody.
- nucleic acid molecule encoding enzyme polypeptides such as an FTO protein. These may be generated by methods known in the art, e.g., expressed in any suitable recombinant expression system and allowed to assemble to form the FTO molecules.
- nucleic acid molecules may be used to express large quantities of other nucleic acids, such as mRNAs, and/or polypeptides.
- nucleic acids are employed to generate large quantities of mRNA encoding an FTO protein, which are then purified for use in methods described herein.
- nucleic acids are employed to generate large quantities of an FTO protein, which are then purified for use in methods described herein.
- contemplated are expression vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide of the desired sequence or a portion thereof.
- expression vectors comprising nucleic acid molecules may encode fusion proteins, modified proteins, and probes thereof.
- vectors and expression vectors may contain nucleic acid sequences that serve other functions as well.
- DNAs encoding partial or full-length proteins are inserted into expression vectors such that the gene area is operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences.
- expression vectors used in any of the host cells contain sequences for plasmid or virus maintenance and for cloning and expression of exogenous nucleotide sequences.
- flanking sequences typically include one or more of the following operatively linked nucleotide sequences: a promoter, one or more enhancer sequences, an origin of replication, a transcriptional termination sequence, a complete intron sequence containing a donor and acceptor splice site, a sequence encoding a leader sequence for polypeptide secretion, a ribosome binding site, a polyadenylation sequence, a polylinker region for inserting the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide to be expressed, and a selectable marker element.
- a promoter one or more enhancer sequences
- an origin of replication a transcriptional termination sequence
- a complete intron sequence containing a donor and acceptor splice site a sequence encoding a leader sequence for polypeptide secretion
- ribosome binding site a sequence encoding a leader sequence for polypeptide secretion
- polyadenylation sequence a polylinker region for inserting the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptid
- Prokaryote-and/or eukaryote-based systems can be employed for use with an aspect to produce nucleic acid sequences, or their cognate polypeptides, proteins and peptides.
- Commercially and widely available systems include in but are not limited to bacterial, mammalian, yeast, and insect cell systems.
- Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed.
- Those skilled in the art are able to express a vector to produce a nucleic acid sequence or its cognate polypeptide, protein, or peptide using an appropriate expression system.
- Suitable methods for nucleic acid delivery to effect expression of gene products are contemplated to include virtually any method by which a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, including viral and nonviral vectors) can be introduced into a cell, a tissue, or an organism, as described herein or as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- a nucleic acid e.g., DNA, including viral and nonviral vectors
- Such methods include, but are not limited to, direct delivery of DNA such as by injection (U.S.
- Other methods include viral transduction, such as gene transfer by lentiviral or retroviral transduction.
- contemplated are the use of host cells into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced.
- Proteins and mRNAs such as an FTO protein and/or mRNA, can be expressed in a variety of cell types.
- An expression construct encoding an antibody can be transfected into cells according to a variety of methods known in the art.
- Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques. Some vectors may employ control sequences that allow it to be replicated and/or expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Also understood and known are techniques and conditions that would allow large-scale production of vectors, as well as production of the nucleic acids encoded by vectors and their cognate polypeptides, proteins, or peptides.
- a selectable marker e.g., for resistance to antibiotics
- Cells stably transfected with the introduced nucleic acid can be identified by drug selection (e.g., cells that have incorporated the selectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells die) , among other methods known in the arts.
- the nucleic acid molecule encoding an FTO protein may be isolated from any source that produces the protein.
- kits containing compositions of the disclosure or compositions to implement methods disclosed herein.
- kits can be used to evaluate one or more biomarkers.
- a kit contains, contains at least or contains at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 or more probes, primers or primer sets, synthetic molecules or inhibitors, or any value or range and combination derivable therein.
- Kits may comprise components, which may be individually packaged or placed in a container, such as a tube, bottle, vial, syringe, or other suitable container means.
- Concentrations of components may be provided as 1x, 2x, 5x, 10x, or 20x or more.
- the cells of the disclosure may be specifically formulated and/or they may be cultured in a particular medium.
- the cells may be formulated in such a manner as to be suitable for delivery to a recipient without deleterious effects.
- the medium in certain aspects can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as their basal medium, such as any of AIM V, X-VIVO-15, NeuroBasal, EGM2, TeSR, BME, BGJb, CMRL 1066, Glasgow MEM, Improved MEM Zinc Option, IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle MEM, ⁇ MEM, DMEM, Ham, RPMI-1640, and Fischer's media, as well as any combinations thereof, but the medium may not be particularly limited thereto as far as it can be used for culturing animal cells. Particularly, the medium may be xeno-free or chemically defined.
- a medium used for culturing animal cells as their basal medium, such as any of AIM V, X-VIVO-15, NeuroBasal, EGM2, TeSR, BME, BGJb, CMRL 1066, Glasgow MEM, Improved MEM Zinc Option, IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle MEM, ⁇ MEM, DMEM, Ham
- the medium can be a serum-containing or serum-free medium, or xeno-free medium. From the aspect of preventing contamination with heterogeneous animal-derived components, serum can be derived from the same animal as that of the stem cell (s) .
- the serum-free medium refers to medium with no unprocessed or unpurified serum and accordingly, can include medium with purified blood-derived components or animal tissue-derived components (such as growth factors) .
- the medium may contain or may not contain any alternatives to serum.
- the alternatives to serumcan include materials which appropriately contain albumin (such as lipid-rich albumin, bovine albumin, albumin substitutes such as recombinant albumin or a humanized albumin, plant starch, dextrans and protein hydrolysates) , transferrin (or other iron transporters) , fatty acids, insulin, collagen precursors, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3'-thiolgiycerol, or equivalents thereto.
- the alternatives to serum can be prepared by the method disclosed in International Publication No. 98/30679, for example (incorporated herein in its entirety) .
- any commercially available materials can be used for more convenience.
- the commercially available materials include knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) , Chemically-defined Lipid concentrated (Gibco) , and Glutamax (Gibco) .
- the medium may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more of the following: Vitamins such as biotin; DL Alpha Tocopherol Acetate; DL Alpha-Tocopherol; Vitamin A (acetate) ; proteins such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) or human albumin, fatty acid free Fraction V; Catalase; Human Recombinant Insulin; Human Transferrin; Superoxide Dismutase; Other Components such as Corticosterone; D-Galactose; Ethanolamine HCl; Glutathione (reduced) ; L-Carnitine HCl; Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acid; Progesterone; Putrescine 2HCl; Sodium Selenite; and/or T3 (triodo-I-thyronine) . . In specific aspects, one or more of these may be explicitly excluded.
- Vitamins such as biot
- the medium further comprises vitamins.
- the medium comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 of the following (and any range derivable therein) : biotin, DL alpha tocopherol acetate, DL alpha-tocopherol, vitamin A, choline chloride, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, folic acid nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamine, inositol, vitamin B12, or the medium includes combinations thereof or salts thereof.
- the medium comprises or consists essentially of biotin, DL alpha tocopherol acetate, DL alpha-tocopherol, vitamin A, choline chloride, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, folic acid nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamine, inositol, and vitamin B12.
- the vitamins include or consist essentially of biotin, DL alpha tocopherol acetate, DL alpha-tocopherol, vitamin A, or combinations or salts thereof.
- the medium further comprises proteins.
- the proteins comprise albumin or bovine serum albumin, a fraction of BSA, catalase, insulin, transferrin, superoxide dismutase, or combinations thereof.
- the medium further comprises one or more of the following: corticosterone, D-Galactose, ethanolamine, glutathione, L-carnitine, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, progesterone, putrescine, sodium selenite, or triodo-I-thyronine, or combinations thereof.
- the medium comprises one or more of the following: a supplement, xeno-free supplement, GS21TM supplement, or combinations thereof.
- the medium comprises or futher comprises amino acids, monosaccharides, inorganic ions.
- the amino acids comprise arginine, cystine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, glutamine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, tyrosine, or valine, or combinations thereof.
- the inorganic ions comprise sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, or phosphorus, or combinations or salts thereof.
- the medium further comprises one or more of the following: molybdenum, vanadium, iron, zinc, selenium, copper, or manganese, or combinations thereof.
- the medium comprises or consists essentially of one or more vitamins discussed herein and/or one or more proteins discussed herein, and/or one or more of the following: corticosterone, D-Galactose, ethanolamine, glutathione, L-carnitine, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, progesterone, putrescine, sodium selenite, or triodo-I-thyronine, a supplement, xeno-free supplement, GS21TM supplement, an amino acid (such as arginine, cystine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, glutamine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, tyrosine, or valine) , monosaccharide, inorganic ion (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, and/or phosphorus) or salts thereof, and/or molybdenum, vanadium,
- the medium can also contain one or more externally added fatty acids or lipids, amino acids (such as non-essential amino acids) , vitamin (s) , growth factors, cytokines, antioxidant substances, 2-mercaptoethanol, pyruvic acid, buffering agents, and/or inorganic salts. In specific aspects, one or more of these may be explicitly excluded.
- One or more of the medium components may be added at a concentration of at least, at most, or about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 180, 200, 250 ng/L, ng/ml, ⁇ g/ml, mg/ml, or any range derivable therein.
- the cells of the disclosure are specifically formulated. They may or may not be formulated as a cell suspension. In specific cases they are formulated in a single dose form. They may be formulated for systemic or local administration. In some cases the cells are formulated for storage prior to use, and the cell formulation may comprise one or more cryopreservation agents, such as DMSO (for example, in 5%DMSO) .
- the cell formulation may comprise albumin, including human albumin, with a specific formulation comprising 2.5%human albumin.
- the cells may be formulated specifically for intravenous administration; for example, they are formulated for intravenous administration over less than one hour. In particular aspects the cells are in a formulated cell suspension that is stable at room temperature for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours or more from time of thawing.
- the cell is a stem cell and/or cancer cell.
- the cell is a fertilized cell, such as a zygote, blastocyst, or embryo cell.
- the cell is a gamete.
- the cells may be introduced exogenous FTO or an FTO inhibitor.
- Suitable mammalian cells include primary cells and immortalized cell lines.
- Suitable mammalian cell lines include human cell lines, non-human primate cell lines, rodent (e.g., mouse, rat) cell lines, bovine cell lines, pig cell lines, and the like.
- Suitable mammalian cell lines include, but are not limited to, HeLa cells (e.g., American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) No. CCL-2) , CHO cells (e.g., ATCC Nos. CRL9618, CCL61, CRL9096) , human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells (e.g., ATCC No. CRL-1573) , Vero cells, NIH 3T3 cells (e.g., ATCC No.
- ATCC American Type Culture Collection
- CHO cells e.g., ATCC Nos. CRL9618, CCL61, CRL9096
- HEK human embryonic kidney
- Vero cells NIH 3T3 cells
- Huh-7 cells Huh-7 cells
- BHK cells e.g., ATCC No. CCL10
- PC12 cells ATCC No. CRL1721
- COS cells COS-7 cells
- RATI cells mouse L cells (ATCC No. CCLI. 3)
- HLHepG2 cells Hut-78, Jurkat, HL-60
- NK cell lines e.g., NKL, NK92, and YTS
- the cell is not an immortalized cell line, but is instead a cell (e.g., a primary cell) obtained from an individual, including a livestock animal.
- the cell is an immune cell obtained from an individual.
- the cell is a T lymphocyte obtained from an individual.
- the cell is a cytotoxic cell obtained from an individual.
- the cell is a stem cell (e.g., peripheral blood stem cell) or progenitor cell obtained from an individual.
- LINE1 RNA is a major substrate of FTO in mESCs
- FIGs. 6A to 6C The inventors quantified m 6 A level changes of RNAs isolated from different subcellular fractions between Fto -/- and WT mESCs.
- FIG. 6E The m 6 A level of RNA isolated from chromatin-associated and soluble nuclear fractions was increased (FIGs. 6E to 6G) , consistent with the nuclear localization of FTO (FIG. 6H) .
- the inventors performed m 6 A MeRIP-seq to examine the chromatin-associated RNA (caRNA) methylome of WT and Fto -/- mESCs (FIGs. 6I to 6L) and detected more hypermethylated peaks with Fto depletion (FIG. 6M) , accompanied by an increased overall caRNA m 6 A level (FIG. 6N) .
- caRNA chromatin-associated RNA
- the inventors annotated carRNAs as promoter-associated RNA (paRNA) , enhancer RNA (eRNA) , and RNA transcribed from transposable elements (repeat RNA) (22) .
- Most carRNAs exhibited more hypermethylated m 6 A peaks (FIG. 7A) and elevated m 6 A levels (FIG. 7B) upon Fto KO.
- Fto depletion led to more pronounced hypermethylation of repeat RNAs (FIG. 1A) , more downregulated m 6 A-marked repeat RNAs (FIG. 7C) , and greater downregulation of hypermethylated repeat RNAs (Fig. 1B) .
- LINE1 RNA long-interspersed element-1 (LINE1) RNA emerged as a major substrate of FTO in mESCs; it showed the highest number of hypermethylated peaks, most increased m 6 A levels, most reduced abundance (Fig. 1C) , and a reduced overall expression (FIG. 8A and 8B) upon Fto KO.
- LINE1 RNA mainly associates with chromatin in mESCs (FIG. 8C and 8D) (26, 27) .
- the inventors observed colocalization of LINE1 RNA and FTO protein (FIG. 8D) and validated the binding of LINE1 RNA by FTO (FIG. 8E) .
- LINE1 RNA abundance reductions Across published mouse and human tissue m 6 A methylomes (13) , LINE1 RNA m 6 A level also negatively correlated with its expression, and high FTO expression was associated with low m 6 A level and high expression of LINE1 RNA (FIG. 9) , supporting LINE1 RNA as a substrate of FTO in most tissues.
- LINE1 elements are one of the most abundant retrotransposons in mammalian genomes, and LINE1 RNA is known to play critical roles during mammalian early development (26, 27) .
- LINE1 RNA can function as a nuclear RNA scaffold for trans-regulation, with LINE1 RNA knockdown by morpholino antisense oligo (ASO) causing activated two-cell (2C) program and repressed ESC-high genes (27, 28) .
- ASO morpholino antisense oligo
- Fto KO largely recapitulated these transcriptomic changes (Fig. 1E) , with lower 2C gene activation but greater downregulation of ESC-high genes (FIG. 10A to 10E) .
- Fto KO also caused several similar phenotypic changes to LINE1 ASO treatment in mESCs, including cell cycle dysregulation, self-renewal impairment, and induction of capacity to form embryoid bodies (EBs) (FIGs. 10F to L) .
- Fto -/- mESCs exhibited a reduced ability to integrate to chimeric mice compared to WT mESCs (FIGs. 10M and 10N) .
- the inventors employed a CRISPR dCas13b system fused with WT FTO or a catalytically inactive mutant (FIG. 11K) (22) and observed that delivery of dCas13b-wtFTO by guide RNA (gRNA) targeting LINE1 RNA reversed its m 6 A level and expression changes (FIGs. 11L to 11N) .
- gRNA guide RNA
- LINE1 RNA transcription was markedly reduced with Fto depletion (Fig. 2E and FIGS. 12C to 12E) .
- Fto KO led to greater decreases in transcription rates of m 6 A-marked versus unmarked LINE1 RNAs (Fig. 2F) but not ERVK or Alu transcripts (FIG. 12F) .
- the inventors also observed reduced DNA association of LINE1 RNA and decreased R-loop formation around LINE1 loci with Fto depletion (FIGs. 12G and 12H) .
- Fto KO could all be reversed by targeting dCas13b-wtFTO to LINE1 RNA (FIGs. 12I to 12K) . Therefore, FTO appears to mediate m 6 A demethylation of a subset of LINE1 RNA, maintaining their levels on chromatin.
- LINE1 RNA and m 6 A on carRNAs have been shown to regulate chromatin state and transcription (22-27) . Indeed, the inventors observed decreased nascent RNA synthesis (FIGs. 13A and 13B) accompanied by more closed chromatin (Fig. 3A) upon Fto KO; similar effects were observed when treating WT mESCs with an FTO inhibitor (FIGs. 13C and 13D) . Additionally, LINE1 ASO treatment in WT mESCs also led to more closed chromatin (FIG. 13E) , while delivering dCas13b-wtFTO to LINE1 RNA largely rescued chromatin closure observed in Fto -/- mESCs (Fig. 3B and FIG.
- YY1 and EP300 can be recruited by caRNA to promote transcription (22, 29, 30) .
- the inventors found notable enrichment at gained-closed regions caused by Fto KO for H3K4Me1, H3K4Me3, and H3K27Ac, as well as YY1, EP300, and Pol II binding, but not repressive histone marks (FIG. 15A) ; consistently, ChIP-seq experiments confirmed reduced chromatin accessibility of these regions upon Fto depletion (FIG. 15B) .
- Fto KO-induced gained-closed regions are also affected by Mettl3 KO (FIG. 15C) (22) .
- chromatin closure upon Fto KO could reduce access to METTL3, potentially explaining m 6 A hypomethylation at certain genomic regions.
- Fto and LINE1 RNA abundance increased after EB differentiation induction, but LINE1 RNA increase was diminished upon Fto KO (FIG. 17A) .
- Targeting dCas13b-wtFTO to LINE1 RNA in Fto -/- mESCs partially rescued aberrantly expressed differentiation markers associated with induced EB differentiation and impaired self-renewal (FIGs. 17B to 17G) .
- LINE1-containing genes were downregulated upon Fto KO compared to genes beyond 10 kb from LINE1 RNA (Fig. 4A and FIG. 18A) (26) .
- the expression of LINE1-containing genes and intragenic LINE1 RNA tended to decrease with Fto depletion, accompanied by increased intragenic LINE RNA m 6 A levels (Fig. 4B and FIG. 18B) .
- LINE1-containing genes also displayed greater transcription rate reductions compared to other genes upon Fto KO (FIGs. 18C to 14E) .
- 2C genes such as Dub1 and Zscan4 do not contain LINE1 RNA.
- the inventors observed reduced expression when applying dCas13b-wtFTO to LINE1 RNA in Fto -/- mESCs (FIG. 20J) .
- the FTO-LINE1 RNA axis is functionally relevant in mouse development
- the inventors examined the mouse cerebellum, hippocampus, and adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) since Fto is highly expressed in mouse brain tissues (31) .
- the inventors observed increased LINE1 RNA m 6 A levels, decreased LINE1 RNA expression, and more closed chromatin from samples derived from Fto -/- mice compared to WT controls (FIGs. 21A to 21J) . Similar trends of Fto and LINE1 RNA abundance during mESC differentiation were also observed for aNSCs (FIGs. 21K and 21L) .
- FTO mendelian ratio
- Fto -/- female mice showed ovarian defects and impaired fertility (FIGs. 22B and 22C) .
- Previous studies uncovered that LINE1 is activated before the sex determination of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and the meiotic entry of oocytes (32, 33) .
- PGCs primordial germ cells
- MII metaphase II
- GV germinal vesicle
- SN surrounded nucleolus
- Fto depletion led to significantly reduced LINE1 RNA expression in GV and MII oocytes (Fig. 5C and FIG. 22E) , with downregulated LINE1 subfamilies largely resembling those observed in mESCs (FIG. 22F) .
- the inventors noticed more closed chromatin for GV oocytes from Fto -/- mice compared to WT controls (Fig. 5D) . Fto -/- GV could mature to the MII stage (FIG.
- Fto -/- MII oocytes showed increased chromosome misalignment and spindle collapse (FIG. 22H) .
- RNA-seq results revealed greater expression decreases of genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA compared to other genes in Fto -/- GV and MII oocytes, respectively (FIGs. 22I and 22J) .
- GO analysis suggests that Fto KO causes observed defects in oocyte development likely through LINE1 RNA which regulates LINE1-containing genes (FIG. 22K) .
- the inventors further studied WT (Fto P+/M+ ) , maternal Fto-deficient (Fto P+/M- ) , paternal Fto-deficient (Fto P-/M+ ) , and homozygous KO (Fto P-/M- ) embryos (FIGs. 23A and 23B) .
- Embryos from all four groups could reach the blastocyst stage (E3.5) and hatch out of the zona pellucida at E4.5, but Fto-deficient embryos showed a slightly weakened ability to do so (FIG. 23C) .
- FIG. 23D maternal loss of Fto severely impeded decidua formation and the generation of E7.5 embryos, with no E7.5 embryos produced upon homozygous Fto depletion.
- the inventors examined the transcriptome differences between Fto P-/M- and Fto P+/M+ morulae, where the inventors detected repressed LINE1 RNA and downregulated LINE1 subfamilies similar to those in mESCs (Fig. 5F, and FIGs. 23E and 23F) .
- the inventors again observed induced expression of Zscan4 and MERVL RNA (FIGs. 23G and 23H) and greater expression decreases of genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA, including regulators essential during early embryonic development such as Lin28b, Tet2, and Gsk3b (FIGs. 23I to 23L) .
- the inventors last applied dCas13b-wtFTO in Fto -/- MII oocytes and fertilized them with Fto -/- sperm; embryos were developed in vitro to the morula stage for subsequent analyses (FIGs. 23M and 23N) .
- Induced LINE1 RNA associated with more open chromatin was observed in Fto P-/M- morulae by targeting dCas13b-wtFTO to LINE1 RNA in Fto -/- MII oocytes (FIGs. 23O and 23P) .
- the expression of Zscan4, MERVL RNA, and selected genes that contain downregulated LINE1 RNA were also reversed in the rescued embryos (FIGs. 23Q and 23R) .
- the inventors also found negative correlations between expression changes of Fto KO-induced downregulated transcripts and Ythdc1 cKO-induced upregulated transcripts (FIG. 25C) , again with LINE1 RNA showing the strongest correlations. These results are consistent with a mechanistic connection between the two proteins: lower FTO leads to more m 6 A methylation on LINE1 RNA, recruiting more YTHDC1, and in turn repressing the transcript levels.
- m 6 A levels and expression changes of repeat RNAs and LINE1 RNA exhibited stronger correlations between Fto KO and Mettl3 KO or Ythdc1 cKO compared to other carRNAs and other repeat families, respectively, supporting LINE1 RNA as a major substrate of FTO-mediated m 6 A demethylation in mESCs.
- chromatin-associated mRNA displayed increased m 6 A levels in both introns and exons upon Fto KO, accompanied by more hypermethylated m 6 A peaks (FIGs. 26A to 26C) .
- the inventors only found minimal expression changes between hypermethylated and non-hypermethylated ca-mRNAs (FIG. 26D) , indicating that FTO may not directly affect ca-mRNA expression through m 6 A demethylation.
- Fto depletion led to only minor changes in the m 6 A methylome of whole-cell polyadenylated RNA (FIGs. 26E to 26G) , supporting the dominant nuclear role of FTO when localized in the cell nucleus (16) .
- mRNA cap-m 6 A m demethylation by FTO is mostly a cytoplasmic event (16, 60) , and depletion of the corresponding methyltransferase does not affect mouse viability or fertility (20) , excluding a critical role for this process in mouse early development.
- FTO also demethylates m 6 A m on certain snRNAs (15, 16) , of which METTL4 has been identified as the methyltransferase (61) .
- FTO knockdown in Mel624 cells led to increased m 6 A levels in both caRNA and mRNA (FIG. 27D) .
- a numerically greater increase in m 6 A was detected for mRNA since the absolute m 6 A level (shown as the m 6 A/A ratio) in mRNA was ⁇ 4-fold higher than that in caRNA with rRNA depletion.
- FTO knockdown in Mel624 cells led to more open chromatin (FIG.
- the inventors then performed ATAC-seq in Mel624 cells and observed an increased overall intensity associated with many more increased ATAC-seq peaks (FIGs. 27J and 27K) upon FTO knockdown. Gained-open regions were enriched in H3K27Ac binding regions in Mel624 cells, with an increased overlap after FTO knockdown (FIG. 27L) . Accordingly, the inventors found increased H3K27Ac and reduced H3K27Me3 levels in shFTO Mel624 cells compared to control (FIG. 27M) .
- histone modifications could alternatively be modulated through m 6 A methylation of mRNAs encoding histone modifiers (34)
- the inventors analyzed the expression and m 6 A level of mRNA encoding modifiers for H3K27Ac and H3K27Me3.
- the inventors found a decreased abundance of the mRNA encoding the H3K27Me3 methyltransferase EZH2, while the transcripts encoding the H3K27Ac acetyltransferase EP300 and the H3K27Me3 demethylase KDM6B were increased (FIG. 27N) , accompanied by increased m 6 A levels (FIG. 27O) .
- m 6 A-marked mRNA can be stabilized by IGF2BP (64) or destabilized by YTHDF2 (65) , with more targets of FTO belonging to IGF2BP pathways in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (7-9) .
- AML acute myeloid leukemia
- m 6 A level and expression of mRNA encoding histone modifiers could also contribute to the altered histone modifications observed in Fto -/- mESCs.
- the inventors did not detect hypermethylated m 6 A peaks on polyadenylated RNA of these transcripts in mESCs (FIG. 8) , and only noticed changes in their expression that were either minimal or opposite to what would be expected given the observed chromatin state changes upon Fto KO (FIG. 8) .
- the inventors also checked protein level changes since mRNA m 6 A can impact translation (66) . Again, those changes were minor or opposing to the changes expected based on observed chromatin state changes with Fto depletion (FIG.
- the inventors synthesized Fto mRNA via in vitro transcription, injected 150 ng/ ⁇ L of Fto mRNA into WT mouse zygotes and transferred the 2-cell embryos into surrogate female mice.
- the body weights of the pups were measured after maturity.
- the weights of female offspring born from Fto mRNA injected zygotes were significantly bigger than that from uninjected zygotes from 8 weeks to 19 weeks. This is not the case for the male mice born from injected and uninjected zygotes.
- This data indicates that transient FTO overexpression (OE) in early mammal embryos can partially promote bodyweight growth of FTO transgenic OE mammals.
- the inventors will perform analogous experiments in other mammals.
- the inventors To directly visualize the overexpressed FTO proteins in early embryos, the inventors added a GFP tag to the FTO protein through synthesis of Fto-Gfp fusion mRNA via in vitro transcription. The inventors injected 150 ng/ ⁇ L of Fto-Gfp fusion mRNA into WT mouse zygotes, cultured them in vitro and monitored the GFP signal under fluorescence microscope. As shown in FIG. 30, there was some variability in the efficiency of FTO OE as indicated by the level of GFP signal among the embryos with or without successful injection or translation of Fto-Gfp fusion mRNA.
- the injected embryos were stained with anti-FTO antibody, and the signal of anti-FTO overlaps with the GFP signal in the nucleus, indicating the FTO OE was successful (FIG. 30) .
- the GFP positive embryos can be selected for downstream imaging and sequencing analysis and transplant experiments.
- the uninjected and injected GFP positive and negative embryos can be compared with each other to study the mechanisms of FTO OE.
- the inventors will use these FTO transient OE mouse embryos to study how overexpressed FTO remodels the m 6 A landscape in early embryos, and how this remodeling contributes to the FTO OE phenotype.
- FTO OE affects the transcriptome of early embryos
- the inventors will perform single embryo RNA-seq analysis on control and FTO transient OE embryos at different stages. The inventors expect to find a number of differential expressed genes and repeats.
- the inventors will perform low-input ATAC-seq and CUT&Tag analysis using control and FTO transient OE embryos at the 8-cell and morula stages.
- MERVL mouse ERV with a leucine tRNA primer-binding site
- ERVs endogenous retroviruses
- ZGA zygotic genome activation
- MERVL retroelements There are 656 full-length copies of MERVL elements in the C57BL/6 mouse genome, and they are among the first sequences to be transcribed at the early 2-cell stage and account for nearly 4%of the mouse transcriptome in 2-cell embryo.
- Knock down MERVL causes developmental arrest at the 2-cell stage. The level of MERVL RNA is downregulated shortly after the late 2-cell stage, and they are cleared by the morula stage. The molecular basis of rapid MERVL clearance at late pre-implantation stages has not been addressed.
- the 2-cell embryos with FTO OE have stronger MERVL Gag signal than the 2-cell embryos without FTO OE, especially in the nucleus (FIG. 31) .
- the inventors will look at different stages including the morula.
- MERVL there are other retrotransposon RNAs that could also serve as substrates of overexpressed FTO, including homologs in other species.
- FTO overexpression could induce tRNA fragment formation, which may also affect embryo development. All mechanisms possibly affect embryo development, implantation, and post-birth body weight.
- ART Assisted reproductive technology
- IVF in vitro fertilization
- mice the inventors found IVF disrupted histone modification and expression of extraembryonic tissue-specific gene during implantation, which further resulted in reduced cell numbers of ICM and TE in E3.5 blastocyst, thus altering embryonic weight and placental development in E13.5-E18.5 (https: //pubmed. ncbi. nlm. nih.
- FTO transient OE could promote development of IVF embryo and improve ART processes in mammals.
- the inventors injected 150 ng/ ⁇ L of Fto mRNA (FTO-OE) into mouse zygotes which were fertilized in vitro, and injections of water (FTO-Ctrl) and sgRNA+Case9 mRNA (FTO-KO) were performed as controls.
- the inventors found that the loss of embryonic expression of FTO when using the CRISPR system (FTO-KO) inhibited dilatation and hatching from the zona pellucida at the late blastocyst stage (E4.5) , which are required for implantation and intrauterine growth, and the cell numbers of ICM and TE were reduced significantly (FIGs. 32A and 32B) .
- FTO-OE embryos showed higher quality than FTO-Ctrl embryos, albeit modestly (FIGs. 32A and 32B) .
- the inventors then transplanted FTO-Ctrl and FTO-OE embryos into surrogate female mouse at 2-cell stage. Fifteen 2-cell embryos of FTO-Ctrl and FTO-OE embryos were transplanted into the tubal of one pseudopregnant female mice with more than three acceptor mice for each batch. The number of deciduas and embryos was counted and the ratio of embryo/decidua was calculated at E7.5.
- FTO transient OE in zygotes increased the implantation ratio from 55%in FTO-Ctrl embryos to 85%in FTO-OE embryos at E7.5 (FIGs. 32C and 32D) , and similar increases were observed with different genetic background (FIG. 32D, BDF1 cross BDF1 for left panel and C57 cross DBA2 for right panel) . The increases may be observed in other species, including livestock species such as pigs and cows.
- the inventors further measured the weights of FTO-Ctrl and FTO-OE embryos and placentas at E12.5.
- FTO transient OE in zygotes increased the body weights of embryos by ⁇ 10-20%at E12.5 (FIG.
- FTO transient OE also facilitated the development of labyrinthine layer in the placenta (FIG. 32F) .
- the inventors traced the weight of the FTO-Ctrl and FTO-OE pups from birth to maturation. The weight gain of FTO-OE pups were faster in the first 8 weeks.
- the blood glucose of FTO-OE mice appeared normal at 8 week with normal or high fat diet at week 8-9 ( Figure 4H) .
- FTO OE may erase the m 6 A on MERVL RNAs and prevent them from RNA decay, thus promote embryo development and increase the weights of embryos and pups before and after birth.
- Livestock refers to animals, including mammals, raised for commercial purposes including consumption, labor, and/or products (including milk, fur, wool, skin, hides, or other commercial products) .
- Livestock includes, but is not limited to cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses, and mules.
- Companion animals refer to domesticated animals that are commonly kept in a household, and may be used as service or support animals.
- Companion animals includes, but is not limited to, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, mice, and rats.
- research animals which may be interchangeable with “biomedical product animals” refers to animals raised for research, including as model animals, or biomedical products. Research animals include, but are not limited to, mice, rats, pigs, dogs, and primates.
- Endangered animals refer to animals typically found in the wild that are at risk of becoming extinct. Endangered animals can be animals for which conservation efforts include in vitro fertilization to increase the population of the endangered animal. Endangered animals include, but are not limited to, pandas, bison, polar bear, lions, and tigers.
- Livestock applications include the use of FTO overexpression in livestock reproduction for increased body weight, enhanced prolificacy, reproductive performance, growth rate, increased use of feed, improved milk production and/or composition, modification of hair or fiber, climate resistance, consumption product improvement, cloning efficacy, improved breeding of transgenic animals.
- Companion animal applications include the use of FTO overexpression to improve reproduction for increased body weight, enhanced prolificacy, reproductive performance, efficient feed use, disease resistance, and climate resistance. Additionally, the production of designer companion animals (e.g. cats without allergens) , companion animal cloning, or the improved fitness of a specific breed are also applications.
- FTO overexpression may be used for improved reproduction for increased body weight, enhanced prolificacy, reproductive performance, efficient feed use, disease modeling, cloning, xenotransplantation products. Additionally, engineered farm species that express medically important proteins in their milk would be another use of mammals for biomedical products. Endangered wildlife applications include the use of FTO overexpression to improve reproduction for increased body weight, enhanced prolificacy, reproductive performance, growth rate, climate resistance and disease resistance, and for propagation of a threatened or endangered species.
- Fto -/- and control WT mESCs were derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of E3.5 blastocysts.
- m 6 A-IP was performed for non-ribosomal RNA isolated from the chromatin-associated fraction or from whole cell, as indicated, using the EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit (NEB) .
- All the RNA sequencing libraries were prepared using SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit v2 -Pico Input Mammalian (TaKaRa) . For most samples, libraries were sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 in a 100-bp paired-end mode.
- RNA sequencing data Trimmomatic trimmed reads were aligned to the mm10 reference genome using HISAT2; read counts were calculated by featureCounts and differential expression was analyzed using DESeq2.
- MII oocytes were subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and embryo culture. Detailed materials and methods are available in the supplementary materials.
- FTO heterozygous mice were gifts from the laboratories of Dr. Pumin Zhang and Xuekun Li as described previously (37) .
- Fto -/- mice were generated by intercrossing FTO heterozygous mice.
- WT, paternal, maternal, and double depletion of Fto embryos (referred as Fto P+/M+ , Fto P+/M- , Fto P-/M+ , and Fto P-/M- , respectively) were obtained by performing Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using WT MII and Fto -/- MII with WT sperm and Fto -/- sperm, respectively.
- ICSI Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
- mice For H&E staining, ovaries of female mice (4-week-old or 7-week-old) were harvested and immediately fixed in 4%paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 °C. Then, the ovaries were washed with current water for 4 h followed by dehydration with an increasing concentration of ethanol, vitrification by dimethylbenzene, and embedding in paraffin wax. The paraffin-embedded tissues were then cut to a thickness of 5 ⁇ m, and then stained with H&E after deparaffinization and rehydration. The tissues were imaged using Olympus SLIDEVIEW VS200.
- Germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes were obtained from ovaries of female mice (3-4-week-old) , 48 h after intraperitoneal injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (San-Sheng Pharmaceutical) .
- PMSG pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
- MII oocytes and pre-implantation embryos female mice (6-8-week-old) were superovulated by injection with 7 IU each of PMSG, followed by injection with 5 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (San-Sheng Pharmaceutical) 48 h later. MII oocytes were collected from the oviducts of unmated female mice.
- sperm was isolated from the caudal epididymis of adult male mice with clippers. To inject fresh spermatozoa, approximately 1 ⁇ L of the incubated sperm suspension was mixed with a drop of HEPES-buffered Chatot-Ziomek-Bavister (HCZB) containing 10% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA, USA) . The sperm head was separated from the tail by the application of several Piezo pulses, and the head was then injected into the oocyte. HCZB medium was used for gamete handling and ICSI in air.
- HEPES-buffered Chatot-Ziomek-Bavister containing 10% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA, USA
- the fertilized embryos were cultured in G1 medium (Vitrolife) at 37°Cunder 5%CO2 in air.
- the embryos at morula stage were then collected for RNA extraction and DNase I-TUNEL assay as described in the below sections.
- the embryos at E3.5 blastocyst stage were transferred into the uteri of pseudo-pregnant ICR female mice, and the development rate was recorded with each group at both E3.5 early blastocyst and E4.5 blastocyst stages.
- E7.5 embryo rate was defined as the number of E7.5 embryos divided by the number of implanted embryos in each group.
- mice were deeply anesthetized with chloral hydrate (50 mg/kg, i.p. ) and transcardially perfused with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) followed by perfusion of 4%paraformaldehyde (PFA) .
- PBS cold phosphate-buffered saline
- PFA 4%paraformaldehyde
- the mouse brain sample was carefully taken out and immediately soaked in 4%PFA overnight at 4°C. After 24h, the brain samples were completely dehydrated with 30%sucrose solution at 4°C.
- the brain samples were embedded in Optimal Cutting Compound (O. C. T., Thermo Scientific) and sliced into 20 ⁇ m slices.
- mice For qPCR analysis, the brains of the mice were taken out and rinsed in PBS. Then the cerebellum tissue and hippocampus tissue were separated on ice, washed with PBS three times, and the tissues were placed in TRIzol reagent (Thermo Scientific) for total RNA isolation.
- HEK293T cells were infected by lentivirus with pSicoR-Wf1a-mCherry plasmid and lentiviral packaging plasmids psPAX2 and Pmd2. G using VigoFect reagent (Vigorous Biotechnology) . After 48 h, supernatant medium was collected with released virus and concentrated with 10%PEG 8000 (Sigma) for approximately 12 h at 4°C. The mixture was centrifuged for 20 min at 4°C to pellet viral and resuspended with ESC medium. Then, ESCs were infected with the concentrate for 10 h and transferred to a petri dish with feeder cells. After 72 h, the RFP+ ESC clones were picked using a glass needle to obtain RFP+ monoclonal cells.
- mice To construct chimeric mice, after treated with hormone, ICR female mice were mated with male mice to obtain E3.5 blastocysts. Approximately 15 RFP+ ESCs were microinjected into each E3.5 blastocyst and then implanted into surrogate mice. After 12.5 days, surrogate mice were dissected to obtain fetuses for further investigations. The extent of chimerism in each fetus was determined by the percentage of RFP+ cells using FACS analysis on the skin tissues.
- MII oocytes were collected and fixed in 4%paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at room temperature. They were washed three times with 1%FBS in PBS, and were transferred to a membrane permeabilization solution with 0.5%Triton X-100 in PBS for 30 min at room temperature and then blocked with 5%BSA in PBS for 30 min. After three rinses, oocytes were stained with anti- ⁇ -tubulin overnight at 4°C. Next, oocytes were washed three times with 1%FBS in PBS and then incubated with secondary antibody for 2 h at room temperature.
- chromosomes were labeled using Hoechst 33342 (KeyGen BioTECH, KGA212-10) for 3 min and mounted in quenching agent drops on a glass slide for confocal imaging with a ZEISS LSM 800 microscope.
- shNC and shFTO Mel624 cell lines were obtained from the laboratory of Dr. Yu-Ying He. Mel624 cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco) with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) , 0.5 ⁇ g/mL puromycin (Gibco) and 1 ⁇ Pen/Strep (Gibco) at 37 °C with 5%CO 2 . WT and Fto -/- mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of E3.5 blastocyst.
- mESCs were maintained in DMEM (Invitrogen) supplemented with 15%stem cell-qualified FBS (GeminiBio) , 1%nucleosides (100 ⁇ ) (Millipore) , 1 mM L-glutamine (Gibco) , 1%nonessential amino acid (Gibco) , 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma) , 1,000 U/ml LIF (Millipore) , 3 ⁇ M CHIR99021 (Stemcell) and 1 ⁇ M PD0325901 (Stemcell) at 37 °C and 5%CO 2 . Half of the medium was replaced every day.
- WT and Fto -/- mouse adult neural stem cells were derived as described previously (38) , cultured in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 1%N2 (Invitrogen) and 2%B27 (Invitrogen) , 20 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; R&D Systems) , and 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF; Peprotech) at 37 °C and 5%CO 2 . Half of the medium was replaced every other day.
- AP staining was performed using the BCIP/NBT Alkaline Phosphatase Color Development Kit (Beyotime) following the manufacturer’s protocol.
- mESCs were washed twice by DPBS, fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature, and stained with the BCIP/NBT Solution.
- the cell proliferation was measured by assaying cells at various time points using the CellTiter Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega) following the manufacturer’s protocols. 5000 cells were seeded per well in a 96-well plate at day 0.
- mESCs were trypsinized and a total of 10 5 cells per well were cultured in ultra-low cluster plates (Costar) in DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 15%FBS (Gibco) , 1mM L-glutamine (Gibco) , 0.1 mM mercaptoethanol (Sigma) , 1%nonessential amino acid (Gibco) .
- EBs were collected and counted every 48 h after seeding until six days. Total RNA of EBs was extracted and analyzed for LINE1 RNA and the marker genes using RT-qPCR.
- aNSC differentiation For aNSC differentiation, aNSCs were passaged 1: 1 to a well-coated cell culture plate and grown overnight.
- the composition of the differentiation medium was as follows: 1 ⁇ M retinoic acid and 5 ⁇ M forskolin are used to replace EGF and FGF-2 in the growth medium, and the rest of the composition remaining unchanged.
- mESCs, aNSCs, or Mel624 cells were resuspended and transferred to a Nunc Lab-Tek II Chamber Slide (8-well, Thermo Scientific) 16 h prior to treatment.
- the DNase I-TUNEL assay was performed using the DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL System (Promega) following the manufacturer’s protocols. Three independent experiments were performed. Cells were treated with 1 U /mL of DNase I (Thermo Scientific) for 5 min at 37 °Cbefore rTdT labeling. Cell nucleus was counterstained with DAPI (Sigma) . ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant (Invitrogen) was added before fluorescence imaging capture. More than five images were captured in each independent experiment. Images were captured with Olympus FV1000 microscope. Flow cytometry was performed on a BD Fortessa (BD) , and data were analyzed using Flowjo (Treestar) .
- BD BD Fortessa
- GV oocytes and morula samples were collected and washed twice with PBS.
- In vivo permeabilization was performed with 0.5%Triton X-100 in extraction buffer (50 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 0.5%Triton X-100 and 300 mM sucrose in 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) for 5 min on ice. Samples were washed twice in extraction buffer without Triton X-100 and then moved into 1 U/ml DNase I in the same buffer for 5 min at 37 °C. Then, 2%PFA was applied for 10 min at room temperature. The DNase I-TUNEL assay was performed using DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL System (Promega) following the manufacturer’s protocols.
- TUNEL assays were performed using In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (TMR red; Roche 12156792910) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Slides were placed in a plastic jar containing 200 ml 0.1 M Citrate buffer, pH 6.0.750 W (high) microwave irradiation was applied for 1 min. The slides were cooled rapidly by immediately adding 80 ml double distilled water (20 to 25°C) . Then the slides were transferred into PBS (20 to 25°C) . The slides were immersed for 30 min at 15 to 25°C in Tris-HCl, 0.1 M pH 7.5, containing 3%BSA and 20%normal bovine serum.
- TMR red In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit
- TUNEL reaction mixture containing 90%terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) buffer, 5%dUTP-biotin and in 5%TdT in a humid dark box at 3 °C for 1 h. After being rinsed three times in PBS, sections were counterstained with DAPI. Images were captured with an Olympus FV3000 microscope.
- the TUNEL signal intensity in each cell nucleus was quantified and normalized to DAPI using Fiji (ImageJ) software based on > 10 images in three independent experiments except for oocyte and embryo samples (n is indicated in the figure legend) .
- the inventors considered each nucleus as one object and did unpaired two-tailed t-test for comparison between WT and Fto KO samples.
- RNA synthesis assay was performed using Click-It RNA Imaging Kits (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer’s protocols. Cell nucleus was stained with DAPI (Sigma) . ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant (Invitrogen) was added before fluorescence imaging capture. Images were captured with Olympus FV1000 microscope and intensity of EU signal was quantified using ImageJ (Fiji) software based on > 10 images in three independent experiments.
- LINE1 RNA FISH was performed following the manufacturer’s standard protocol (Biosearch Technologies) . In brief, cells were cultured on 10 mm #1.5 cover glass. Fixation was performed in 4%paraformaldehyede (PFA) for 10 min, followed by permeabilization for 20 min in 0.5%Triton dissolved in PBS. Samples were washed by RNA FISH Wash Buffer A with 10%Formamide, and blocked by 1 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l yeast tRNA (Thermo Scientific) at 37 °C for 2 h. Probes targeting LINE1 RNA were diluted in RNA FISH Hybridization Buffer with 10%Formamide at 1: 100 dilution to final concentration of 12.5 nM.
- Hybridization was performed in a humid environment at 37 °C for 16 h. Samples were washed by RNA FISH Wash Buffer A and stained with DAPI. The intensity of fluorescence signals was quantified and normalized to DAPI using Fiji (ImageJ) , where the inventors considered each nucleus as one object and did an unpaired two-tailed t-test for comparison between WT and Fto KO samples.
- FISH co-staining with FTO immunofluorescence was performed following the manufacturer’s standard protocol (Biosearch Technologies) .
- the inventors used 70%ethanol to precipitate the sample at 4 °C for 20 min before probe hybridization as an optimized step for co-staining.
- samples were equilibrated by PBS and blocked by blocking buffer (2%BSA, 0.05%Triton, 0.2 U/ ⁇ l SUPERase ⁇ In TM RNase Inhibitor in PBS) for 1 h.
- FTO antibody (Abcam) at 1: 100 dilution in blocking buffer was incubated for 1 h at room temperature.
- a published morpholino ASO targeting mouse LINE1 was used for LINE1 knockdown, with its reverse complement (RC) as a control (Data S2) (27) .
- Morpholino ASO targeting ORF2 of human LINE1 was designed with software available at GENE Tools LLC. Morpholino ASO was labeled with FITC for the detection of nucleofection. Nucleofection of mESCs and Mel624 cells was performed on an Amaxa TM 4D-Nucleofector (Lonza) using a P3 Primary Cell 4D-Nucleofector TM X Kit (Lonza) and a SF Cell Line 4D-Nucleofector X Kit (Lonza) , respectively, following the manufacturer’s standard protocol. 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells were used for nucleofection with 5 nmol of ASO in a 100 ⁇ l system.
- mESCs at 80%confluency were split at a 1: 6 ratio 16 h prior to plasmid transfection.
- Transfection was achieved using Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen) for dCas13b plasmids following the manufacturer’s protocols and a published protocol (39) .
- the mass ratio of dCas13b plasmids and gRNA plasmids was maintained at 3: 1.
- the transfected cells were cultured for 2 days before further analysis.
- LINE1 gRNA was designed to target the top LINE1 RNA subfamilies responding to Fto KO (Data S2) .
- dCas13b-FTO mRNA was in vitro transcribed from the DNA template with a T7 promoter using the mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra Transcription Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) follwing the manufacturer’s protocol.
- dCas13b-FTO mRNA 200 ng/ ⁇ l
- LINE1 sgRNA 50 ng/ ⁇ l
- ICSI was performed using FTO KO sperm in HCZB medium as described above.
- the fertilized embryos were cultured in G1 plus medium at 37°C under 5%CO2 in air and embryos at morula stage were collected for RNA extraction and DNase I–TUNEL assay.
- Fractionation of mESCs or Mel624 cells was performed following a published protocol (40) with the concentration of NP40 (Sigma) optimized for each cell line. In brief, 5 ⁇ 10 6 to 10 7 cells were harvested and washed with 1 mL cold PBS/1 mM EDTA buffer, then centrifuged at 4 °C at 500 g to collect the cell pellet.
- the nuclei pellet mixtures were incubated for 2 min on ice, then centrifuged at 4 °C at 15,000 g for 2 min. The supernatant was collected as the soluble nuclear fraction (nucleoplasm) . The pellet was gently rinsed with cold PBS/1 mM EDTA without dislodging and then collected as the chromosome-associated fraction.
- Protein samples were prepared from respective cells by lysis in RIPA buffer (Invitrogen) containing 1 ⁇ protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche) . Protein concentration was measured by NanoDrop 8000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) . Lysates were boiled at 95 °C with 4 ⁇ loading buffer (Biorad) for 5 min. Denatured protein was loaded into 4-12%NuPAGE Bis-Tris gel and transferred to PVDF membranes (Life Technologies) . Membranes were blocked in PBST with 5%BSA for 30 min at RT, incubated in a diluted primary antibody solution at 4 °C overnight, washed, and incubated in a dilution of secondary antibody conjugated to HRP for 1 h at room temperature.
- Protein bands were detected using SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate kit (Thermo) on FluroChem R (Proteinsimple) .
- the intensity of each band was measured by ImageJ, and quantified based on the area of the intensity plot (target proteins are normalized to loading control indicated in the figure legends) .
- RNA from whole-cell or chromatin-associated fractions was purified with TRIzol reagents (Thermo Scientific) and the rRNA was removed using a RiboMinus Eukaryote kit (Thermo Scientific) .
- Total RNA samples used for RT-qPCR were treated with an additional on-column DNase digestion step.
- Polyadenylated RNA was purified from total RNA with two rounds of polyA-tail purification using the mRNA DIRECT TM kit (Thermo Scientific) .
- RNA concentration was measured by NanoDrop 8000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) or a Qubit Fluorometer (Thermo Scientific) .
- RNA from cell fractionation or polyadenylated RNA was digested by nuclease P1 (Sigma) in 20 ⁇ l of buffer containing 25 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM ZnCl 2 for 1 h at 42 °C. Subsequently, 1 unit of FastAP (Thermo Scientific) in 10 ⁇ FastAP buffer was added and the sample was incubated for 4 h at 37 °C. The samples were then filtered (0.22 ⁇ m, Millipore) and injected into a C18 reverse-phase column coupled online to Agilent 6460 LC-MS/MS spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode.
- the nucleosides were quantified using retention time and the nucleoside to base ion mass transitions (268 to 136 for A; 282 to 150 for m 6 A) . Quantification was performed by comparing with the standard curve obtained from pure nucleoside standards running with the same batch of samples. The m 6 A level was calculated as the ratio of m 6 A to A.
- RNA from whole-cell or the chromatin-associated fraction was reverse transcribed using Maxima TM H Minus cDNA Synthesis Master Mix (Thermo Scientific) .
- RT-qPCR was performed using FastStart Essential DNA Green Master (Roche) .
- Relative expression level of each gene was normalized to the reference gene Actb or Hprt for cell samples or H2afz for tissue and embryo samples.
- m 6 A-IP without fragmentation of total RNA after ribosomal RNA depletion from whole-cell or the chromatin-associated fraction was performed using the EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit (NEB) following the manufacturer’s protocols.
- NEB EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit
- m 6 A and non-m 6 A spike-ins from this kit were used as the normalization controls for m 6 A level analysis in MeRIP-RT-qPCR. Primers used for qPCR are listed in Data S2. Relative changes in expression were calculated using the ⁇ Ct method.
- CLIP experiments were performed following a published paper (16) with slight modifications.
- antibodies targeting the protein of interest were pre-conjugated to 1: 1 Protein A/G Magnetic Beads (Thermo Scientific) .
- Cells in a 10 cm dish at 80%confluency were cross-linked twice with UV irradiation (254 nm, 150 mJ/cm 2 ) using Stratalinker on ice. Cells were then harvested and lysed and subjected to immunoprecipitation.
- RNase T1 was added before immunoprecipitation to 0.1 U/ ⁇ l and incubated at 22°C for 10 min. Immunoprecipitated DNA was then purified with TRIzol reagents (Thermo Scientific) and analyzed by qPCR.
- Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification and qPCR Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification and qPCR (ChIRP-qPCR)
- ChIRP was performed as previously described (27) with some modifications.
- DNA probes were biotinylated through terminal transferase (NEB) with Bio-N6-ddATP (ENZO) as a substrate.
- CLB cell lysis buffer
- Biotinylated probes (10 pmol per 3 million cells) were added to diluted chromatin and incubated at 37 °C for 6 h with rotation.
- Streptavidin-magnetic C1 beads were washed three times in nuclear lysis buffer, blocked with 500 ng/ ⁇ l yeast total RNA, and 1mg/ml BSA for 1 h at room temperature. Precoated beads were then added and incubated for another 2 h at 37 °C.
- DRIP experiments were performed following a published protocol (41) .
- cells were cultured to ⁇ 80%confluency before harvest and DNA extraction.
- Enzyme-digested genomic DNA was immunoprecipitated with S9.6 antibody (MilliporeSigma, MABE1095) .
- Immunoprecipitated DNA was then purified with proteinase K treatment and recovered by ethanol precipitation with glycogen (ThermoFisher, 10814010) and subjected to qPCR analysis.
- RNA samples were seeded and controlled to afford the same number of cells, respectively.
- actinomycin D was added to 5 ⁇ g/mL at 6 h, 3 h, and 0 h before trypsinization collection.
- the entire nuclear fraction was separated as mentioned in the cell fractionation section and total RNA was purified by TRIzol reagents (Thermo Scientific) .
- 1 1000 diluted m 6 A and non-m 6 A spike-ins from EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit (NEB #E1610S) were added proportional to total nuclear RNA to each sample, and RNA quantities were then determined by RT-qPCR.
- Half lifetime (t 1/2 ) was calculated using one phase decay model in GraphPad Prism.
- RNA amount and EU labeling time were fitted to a linear equation in GraphPad Prism, and the slope was used to estimate the transcription rate of RNA.
- qPCR primers targeting L1Md_Tf and L1Md_A were obtained based on previously published sequences (27) .
- the inventors further validated the specificity of these primers to indicated LINE1 subfamilies through NCBI Primer-BLAST (https: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/tools/primer-blast/) .
- the inventors submitted the defined primers to Primer-BLAST using consensus sequences of all LINE subfamily obtained from the Dfam database (https: //dfam. org/home) as the custom reference database, with the repeat filter set to “none” .
- the inventors confirmed that no PCR product on other LINE1 subfamilies (with size 70-300 and no primer mismatch) besides the targeted LINE1 subfamily of interest could be obtained from the published primer pairs.
- the primer pairs were also validated to have no nonspecific targets using Refseq as a reference database.
- the consensus sequence of the targeted LINE1 RNA subfamily was considered as a PCR template, with a PCR product size range from 70 to 300 bp.
- the primers were designed using consensus sequences of all LINE subfamilies obtained from the Dfam database (https: //dfam. org/home) as the custom reference database, with the repeat filter set to “none” . All other parameters were the default parameters of Primer-BLAST. The designed primers were validated as described above.
- the sequence of the specific targeted LINE1 locus was considered as a PCR template, with a PCR product size range from 70 to 300 bp.
- the primers were designed using the mouse genomic sequence as a reference database, with the repeat filter set to “none” . All other parameters were default parameters of Primer-BLAST. Thus, the inventors confirmed that each primer pair generates no PCR product on other targets with a size between 70 and 300 bp and no primer mismatch.
- the inventors recognize that for certain LINE1 subfamilies, the criteria of nonspecific targeting for typical primer design (more than 5 mismatches on each qPCR primer) may not be fully satisfied and may generate PCR products on LINE1 subfamilies other than targeted one.
- the inventors validated the specificity of the primers targeting specific intragenic LINE1 RNA loci used herein. However, for certain specific intragenic LINE1 RNA loci, the primer designed by Primer-BLAST may have multiple targets along the genome due to the repetitive nature of LINE1 RNA.
- RNA spike-in control was added proportional to total nuclear RNA to each sample before rRNA depletion using the RiboMinus Eukaryote kit (Thermo Scientific) .
- ERCC RNA spike-in control was added proportional to total RNA to each sample before rRNA depletion using the RiboMinus Eukaryote kit (Thermo Scientific) .
- 1 ⁇ L 1 1000 diluted m 6 A spike-in from the EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit (NEB) was added as spike-in to 1 ⁇ g non-ribosomal RNA isolated from the chromatin-associated fraction. RNA was adjusted to 10 ng/ ⁇ l in 100 ⁇ l and fragmented using a BioRuptor ultrasonicator (Diagenode) with 30 s on/off for 30 cycles. 5%of the fragmented RNA was saved as input. m 6 A-IP was performed using the EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit (NEB) following the manufacturer’s protocols.
- polyadenylated RNA was adjusted to 10 ng/ ⁇ l in 100 ⁇ l and fragmented using a BioRuptor ultrasonicator (Diagenode) with 30 s on/off for 30 cycles. 5%of the fragmented RNA was saved as input.
- m 6 A-IP was performed using the EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit (NEB) following the manufacturer’s protocols.
- Library preparation was performed using the TruSeq Stranded mRNA Library Prep Kit (Illumina) following the manufacturer’s protocols. Sequencing was carried out at the University of Chicago Genomics Facility on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 machine in single-end read mode with 50 bp per read (Data S1) .
- Embryos at GV, MII, and morula stages were transferred to 500 ⁇ l Trizol Reagent and then mixed well with 100 ⁇ l chloroform added. The mixture was transferred to a Qiagen MaXtract High Density tube (129046) . After centrifugation, the upper and aqueous phase was removed. RNA was precipitated by adding an equal volume of isopropanol and washing with 75%ethanol. Then purified RNA was analyzed by RT-qPCR or subjected to library generation using the SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit (Takara Bio) following the manufacturer’s protocol.
- mESCs or Mel624 cells were cross-linked by adding 1%formaldehyde directly to the media for 10 min at RT. Cross-linking was stopped by adding glycine to a final concentration of 0.125 M and incubating for 5 min at RT. The media was removed and the cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed using the iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histone marks (Diagenode) and the iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Transcription Factors (Diagenode) , respectively, following the manufacturer’s protocols. Spike-in antibody and chromatin (Active Motif) were added before immunoprecipitation.
- the precipitated DNA samples were either analyzed by qPCR or prepared for sequencing.
- Library preparation was performed using the Ultra TM II DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (New England Biolabs) following the manufacturer’s protocols. Sequencing was carried out at the University of Chicago Genomics Facility on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 machine in paired-end mode with 100 bp per read for mESCs and Illumina HiSeq 2000 machine in single-end read mode with 50 bp per read for Mel624 cells, respectively (Data S1) .
- ATAC-seq for mESCs or Mel624 cells was performed following a published protocol (42) .
- 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells were harvested and washed once with PBS buffer.
- the cell pellet was resuspended in 50 ⁇ L of cold lysis buffer and centrifuged at 4 °C at 500 g. Then the transposition reaction and purification were conducted.
- the transposed DNA fragments were amplified through PCR. Library preparation was performed using Nextera DNA Flex Library Prep Kit following the manufacturer’s protocols. Sequencing was carried out at the University of Chicago Genomics Facility on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 machine in single-end read mode with 50 bp per read (Data S1) .
- Raw reads were trimmed by Trimmomatic (43) to remove low-quality bases and adapters, then aligned to the mouse genome (mm10) , together with spike-in genomes including m 6 A and non-m 6 A spike-in from the NEB EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit using HISAT2 (version 2.1.0) (44) with ‘--rna-strandness RF -k 30’ parameters.
- Mapped reads were separated by strands with SAMtools (version 1.9) (45) , using “samtools view -f 83 (and 163) ” for forward strand and “samtools view -f 99 (and 147) ” for reverse strand.
- m 6 A peaks on each strand were called using MACS2 (46) with the parameter ‘--nomodel’s eparately. Significant peaks with q ⁇ 0.01 identified by MACS2 (46) were considered. Peaks overlapped in at least two IP samples were merged using mergePeaks in Homer (http: //homer. ucsd. edu/homer/ngs/peaks. html) and used for the subsequent analysis. The candidate peaks were assigned to the nearest genes by annotatePeaks in Homer (http: //homer. ucsd. edu/homer/ngs/peaks. html) using the annotation file of version M20 (gtf format from GENCODE database, https: //www.
- RNAs Chromatin-associated regulatory RNAs
- eRNA enhancer RNA
- paRNA promoter-associated RNA
- repeats RNA were defined in previous work (22) with slight modifications as below.
- Annotation of repeat RNAs was downloaded from RepeatMasker (http: //www. repeatmasker. org/) and the perl tool “one code to find them all” (49) was used to reconstruct full-length copies as described in a previous study (50) .
- Read counts were quantified by featureCounts with parameters “--minOverlap 30 --fraction” (47) and then normalized to per million total aligned reads to calculate counts per million (CPM) .
- the m 6 A ratio of the m 6 A modified spike-in from the NEB EpiMark N 6 -Methyladenosine Enrichment Kit (r spike-in ) was calculated as (CPM IP + 0.01) / (CPM Input + 0.01) .
- the m 6 A normalization factor (nf) for each sample was defined as r spike-in divided by average r spike-in of all WT samples and was used to represent the overall m 6 A level of each sample. Then the m 6 A level for every carRNA and peak was calculated as (CPM IP + 0.01) / (CPM Input + 0.01) *nf.
- the m 6 A-labeled region of carRNAs and chromatin-associated mRNA was defined as the region with an average m 6 A level larger than 2 in either WT or Fto KO samples.
- the inventors applied QNB (48) with nf as a size factor.
- the m 6 A-labeled regions with p ⁇ 0.01 determined by QNB were identified as differential m 6 A regions, and the inventors further required the m 6 A changes (Fto KO/WT) > 1.5-fold (
- Raw reads were trimmed by Trimmomatic (43) to remove low-quality bases and adapters, then aligned to the mouse genome (mm10) using HISAT2 (version 2.1.0) (44) with ‘--rna-strandness RF -k 30 --seed 0’ parameters.
- Annotation files, version M20 in gtf format for mouse, were downloaded from GENCODE database (https: //www. gencodegenes. org/) .
- For carRNAs and ca-mRNAs read counts were calculated by featureCounts (47) .
- the differentially expressed carRNAs (p value ⁇ 0.05) and ca-mRNAs (p. adj ⁇ 0.1) were identified using the R package DESeq2 (52) .
- Raw reads were trimmed by Trimmomatic (43) to remove low-quality bases and adapters, then aligned to the mouse genome (mm10) , together with ERCC RNA spike-in control (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using HISAT2 (version 2.1.0) (44) with ‘--rna-strandness RF -k 30 --seed 0’ parameters.
- Annotation file, version M20 in gtf format for mouse, were downloaded from GENCODE database (https: //www. gencodegenes. org/) .
- For repeat RNAs read counts were calculated by featureCounts (47) and the differentially expressed repeat RNAs were identified using the R package DESeq2 (52) with p value ⁇ 0.05.
- the differential expressed genes were identified by DEseq2 with p. adj ⁇ 0.01.
- reads counts were quantified by featureCounts (47)
- differential expression analysis was performed using the normalization method in edgeR combined with the voom transformation method in limma (54) , and p-values were computed using limma and adjusted with the Benjamini–Hochberg correction.
- Raw reads were trimmed by Trimmomatic (43) to remove low-quality bases and adapters, then aligned to the mouse genome (mm10) using HISAT2 (version 2.1.0) (44) with ‘--rna-strandness RF -k 5’ parameters.
- Annotation files, version M20 in gtf format for mouse, were downloaded from GENCODE database (https: //www. gencodegenes. org/) .
- Read counts on genes were calculated by featureCounts (47) and differentially expressed genes were called by DESeq2 with p. adj ⁇ 0.1.
- Raw reads were trimmed by Trimmomatic (43) to remove low-quality bases and adapters, then aligned to the mouse genome (mm10) , together with ERCC RNA spike-in control (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using HISAT2 (version 2.1.0) (44) with ‘--rna-strandness RF -k 30 --seed 0’ parameters.
- Annotation file, version M20 in gtf format for mouse, were downloaded from GENCODE database (https: //www. gencodegenes. org/) .
- Reads on genes and carRNAs were counted by featureCounts (47) and then normalized to counts per million (CPM) .
- CPM was converted to attomole by linear fitting of the RNA ERCC spike-in.
- RNA concentration at a given time dC/dt
- K decay constant of RNA decay
- C RNA concentration
- RNA degradation rate K decay was estimated by:
- Raw reads were trimmed by Trimmomatic (43) to remove low-quality bases and adapters, then aligned to the mouse genome (mm10) , together with ERCC RNA spike-in control (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using HISAT2 (version 2.1.0) (44) with ‘--rna-strandness RF -k 30’ parameters.
- Annotation files, version M20 in gtf format for mouse, were downloaded from GENCODE database (www. genecodegenes. org) .
- Read counts on genes and carRNAs were counted by featureCounts (47) and then normalized to counts per million (CPM) .
- CPM was converted to attomole by linear fitting of the RNA ERCC spike-in.
- RNA levels and timepoints of adding EU were fitted to a linear equation, and the slope was used to estimate the transcription rate of RNA as described in a previous paper (22) .
- GEO Gene Expression Omnibus
- Tissue-specific total RNA m 6 A-seq data were downloaded from Genome Sequence Archive (GSA) with CRA001315 for human tissues and cell lines and CRA001962 for mouse tissues. Data analysis was conducted as described above. Specifically, the overall m 6 A value of LINE1 RNA was calculated as CPM IP /CPM Input of LINE1 RNA and the overall m 6 A value of repeat RNAs was calculated as CPM IP /CPM Input of all annotated repeat RNAs.
- the enriched peaks were called by MACS2 (46) with default parameters, and the common peaks between biological replicates were merged with mergePeaks in Homer (http: //homer. ucsd. edu/homer/ngs/peaks. html) and used for further analysis. Bigwig files were generated by the deepTools (56) and normalized with RPKM after the library size normalized by the reads mapped on the drosophila genome (spike-in) . The coverage of select regions was calculated by deepTools: : computeMatrix method. For Mel624 cells, reads were aligned to human (hg19) reference genomes by Bowtie2 (55) with only uniquely mapped reads retained for downstream analysis. Other settings are same to those in mESCs.
- Single-end sequencing reads were first trimmed by Trim_Galore (https: //www. bioinformatics. babraham. ac. uk/projects/trim_galore/) to remove potential adaptor sequences and low-quality nucleotides. Clean reads were then aligned to reference genomes (mm9 and hg19 for mouse and human, respectively) by Bowtie2 (55) , with only uniquely mapped reads retained for downstream analysis. Reads aligned to the mitochondrial genome were removed, together with PCR duplicated reads. ATAC-seq peaks were identified by MACS2 (46) .
- LINE1 subfamilies were quantified by featureCounts with parameters “--minOverlap 30 --fraction” to allow each alignment from a multiple-mapping read to carry a fractional count of 1/x, instead of 1, where x is the total number of alignments reported for the same read.
- the differentially expressed LINE1 subfamilies were determined using normalization methods in edgeR (53) combined with the voom transformation method in limma (54) .
- P-values were computed using limma (54) and adjusted with the Benjamini–Hochberg correction.
- the inventors observed consistent expression changes in significantly downregulated young LINE1 subfamilies after separating multiply and uniquely mapped reads, indicating the stability of the bioinformatic analysis on these LINE1 subfamilies.
- mouse monoclonal anti-FTO antibody (Abcam, ab92821) ; rabbit polyclonal anti-H3K27Ac antibody (Abcam, ab4729, used only in the ChIP-seq for Mel624 cells) ; rabbit monoclonal anti-H3K27Ac antibody (Cell Signaling, #8173S) ; rabbit monoclonal anti-H3K4Me1 antibody (Cell Signaling, #5326S) ; rabbit monoclonal anti-H3K4Me3 antibody (Cell Signaling, #9751S) ; rabbit polyclonal anti-H3K9Me3 antibody (Active Motif, 39191) ; rabbit polyclonal anti-H4K20Me3 antibody (Abcam, ab9053) rabbit polyclonal anti-H3K27Me3 antibody (Cell Signaling, #9733S) ; mouse monoclonal anti-YY1 antibody (H-10) (Santa Cruz, s), (Santa Cruz, s)
- N 6 -methyladenosine in nuclear RNA is a major substrate of the obesity-associated FTO. Nat Chem Biol 7, 885-887 (2011) .
- R. Su et al., R-2HG exhibits anti-tumor activity by targeting FTO/m 6 A/MYC/CEBPA signaling. Cell 172, 90-105. e123 (2016) .
- RNA modification controls cell fate transition in mammalian embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 15, 707-719 (2014) .
- Genomic repeats categorize genes with distinct functions for crchestrated regulation. Cell Rep 30, 3296-3311. e3295 (2020) .
- KAP1 controls endogenous retroviruses in embryonic stem cells. Nature 463, 237-240 (2010) .
- edgeR a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics 26, 139-140 (2010) .
- METTL4 is an snRNA m 6 A m methyltransferase that regulates RNA splicing. Cell Res 30, 544-547 (2020) .
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Abstract
Description
Claims (124)
- A method of increasing zygote implantation in an animal comprising implanting one or more fertilized cells into the reproductive tract of the animal, wherein prior to the implanting of the fertilized cells, exogenous fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and/or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO capable of transiently overexpressing exogenous FTO is introduced to the fertilized cells.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the fertilized cells are implanted into the uterus or uterine lining of the animal.
- The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the fertilized cells are in a zygote stage of development when the nucleic acid and/or protein is introduced.
- The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the implanting occurs when the fertilized cells are in a blastocyst stage of development.
- The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the fertilized cells are contacted with the nucleic acid by injecting the nucleic acid into the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the exogenous FTO is undetectable in the fertilized cells when the fertilized cells are in an embryonic stage of development.
- The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the fertilized cells are fertilized in vitro.
- The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the fertilized cells are produced from natural mating or artificial insemination.
- The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the fertilized cells are collected from an animal through a non-surgical or a surgical technique.
- The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the animal is a livestock animal.
- The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the animal is a cow.
- The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the animal is a pig.
- The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the animal is a companion animal.
- The method of claim 13, wherein the companion animal is a dog or cat.
- The method of any one of claims 1-9 wherein the animal is a research animal or animal used for xenotransplantation.
- The method of claim 15, wherein the research animal is a mouse or rat.
- The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the animal is a human.
- The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the animal is an endangered animal.
- The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the animal is a different species than the species of the fertilized cell.
- The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO is an mRNA molecule.
- The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO is a DNA molecule.
- The method of claim 21, wherein the DNA molecule is an expression construct.
- The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein a viral vector is used and the nucleic acid molecule is introduced to the fertilized cell through the use of a viral vector.
- The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is introduced into the fertilized cell by transfection.
- The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the method further comprises monitoring the animal for implantation of the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the method further comprises monitoring the animal for pregnancy.
- The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the method further comprises measuring one or more biomarkers of pregnancy in the animal.
- The method of claim 27, wherein the biomarker of pregnancy comprises chorionic gonadotropin.
- The method of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the method further comprises measuring a demethylation status in the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the method further comprises culturing and/or incubating the cells in a media and/or buffer.
- A method of increasing birth weight of offspring of an animal comprising implanting one or more fertilized cells into the reproductive tract of the animal, wherein prior to the implanting of the fertilized cells, exogenous fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and/or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO capable of transiently overexpressing exogenous FTO is introduced to the fertilized cells.
- The method of claim 31, wherein the fertilized cells are implanted into the uterus or uterine lining of the animal.
- The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein the fertilized cells are in a zygote stage of development when the nucleic acid and/or protein is introduced.
- The method of any one of claims 31-33, wherein the implanting occurs when the fertilized cells are in a blastocyst stage of development.
- The method of any one of claims 31-34, wherein the fertilized cells are contacted with the nucleic acid by injecting the nucleic acid into the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 31-35, wherein the exogenous FTO is undetectable in the fertilized cells when the fertilized cells are in an embryonic stage of development.
- The method of any one of claims 31-36, wherein the fertilized cells are fertilized in vitro.
- The method of any one of claims 31-36, wherein the fertilized cells are produced from natural mating or artificial insemination.
- The method of any one of claims 31-38, wherein the fertilized cells are collected from an animal through a non-surgical or a surgical technique.
- The method of any one of claims 31-39, wherein the animal is a livestock animal.
- The method of any one of claims 31-40, wherein the animal is a cow.
- The method of any one of claims 31-40, wherein the animal is a pig.
- The method of any one of claims 31-39, wherein the animal is a companion animal.
- The method of claim 43, wherein the companion animal is a dog or cat.
- The method of any one of claims 31-39 wherein the animal is a research animal or an animal for xenotransplantation products.
- The method of claim 45, wherein the research animal is a mouse or rat.
- The method of any one of claims 31-39, wherein the animal is a human.
- The method of any one of claims 31-39, wherein the animal is an endangered animal.
- The method of any one of claims 31-47, wherein the animal is a different species than the species of the fertilized cell.
- The method of any one of claims 31-49, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO is an mRNA molecule.
- The method of any one of claims 31-49, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO is a DNA molecule.
- The method of claim 51, wherein the DNA molecule is an expression construct.
- The method of any one of claims 31-52, wherein a viral vector is used and the nucleic acid molecule is introduced to the fertilized cell through the use of a viral vector.
- The method of any one of claims 31-52, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is introduced into the fertilized cell by transfection.
- The method of any one of claims 31-54, wherein the method further comprises monitoring the animal for implantation of the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 31-55, wherein the method further comprises monitoring the animal for pregnancy.
- The method of any one of claims 31-56, wherein the method further comprises measuring one or more biomarkers of pregnancy in the animal.
- The method of claim 57, wherein the biomarker of pregnancy comprises chorionic gonadotropin.
- The method of any one of claims 31-58, wherein the method further comprises measuring a demethylation status in the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 31-59, wherein the method further comprises culturing and/or incubating the cells in a media and/or buffer.
- A method of increasing birth weight of offspring of an animal comprising implanting one or more fertilized cells into the reproductive tract of the animal, wherein prior to the implanting of the fertilized cells, exogenous fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and/or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO capable of transiently overexpressing exogenous FTO is introduced to the fertilized cells.
- The method of claim 61, wherein the fertilized cells are implanted into the uterus or uterine lining of the animal.
- The method of claim 61 or 62, wherein the fertilized cells are in a zygote stage of development when the nucleic acid and/or protein is introduced.
- The method of any one of claims 61-63, wherein the implanting occurs when the fertilized cells are in a blastocyst stage of development.
- The method of any one of claims 61-64, wherein the fertilized cells are contacted with the nucleic acid by injecting the nucleic acid into the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 61-65, wherein the exogenous FTO is undetectable in the fertilized cells when the fertilized cells are in an embryonic stage of development.
- The method of any one of claims 61-66, wherein the fertilized cells are fertilized in vitro.
- The method of any one of claims 61-66, wherein the fertilized cells are produced from natural mating or artificial insemination.
- The method of any one of claims 61-68, wherein the fertilized cells are collected from an animal through a non-surgical or a surgical technique.
- The method of any one of claims 61-69, wherein the animal is a livestock animal.
- The method of any one of claims 61-70, wherein the animal is a cow.
- The method of any one of claims 61-70, wherein the animal is a pig.
- The method of any one of claims 61-69, wherein the animal is a companion animal.
- The method of claim 73, wherein the companion animal is a dog or cat.
- The method of any one of claims 61-69 wherein the animal is a research animal or an animal for xenotransplantation products.
- The method of claim 75, wherein the research animal is a mouse or rat.
- The method of any one of claims 61-69, wherein the animal is a human.
- The method of any one of claims 61-69, wherein the animal is an endangered animal.
- The method of any one of claims 61-77, wherein the animal is a different species than the species of the fertilized cell.
- The method of any one of claims 61-79, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO is an mRNA molecule.
- The method of any one of claims 61-79, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO is a DNA molecule.
- The method of claim 81, wherein the DNA molecule is an expression construct.
- The method of any one of claims 61-82, wherein a viral vector is used and the nucleic acid molecule is introduced to the fertilized cell through the use of a viral vector.
- The method of any one of claims 61-82, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is introduced into the fertilized cell by transfection.
- The method of any one of claims 61-84, wherein the method further comprises monitoring the animal for implantation of the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 61-85, wherein the method further comprises monitoring the animal for pregnancy.
- The method of any one of claims 61-86, wherein the method further comprises measuring one or more biomarkers of pregnancy in the animal.
- The method of claim 87, wherein the biomarker of pregnancy comprises chorionic gonadotropin.
- The method of any one of claims 61-88, wherein the method further comprises measuring a demethylation status in the fertilized cells.
- The method of any one of claims 61-89, wherein the method further comprises culturing and/or incubating the cells in a media and/or buffer.
- A fertilized cell comprising an exogenous FTO nucleic acid and/or an exogenous FTO protein.
- The fertilized cell of claim 91, wherein the fertilized cell is in a zygote stage of development.
- The fertilized cell of claim 91 or 92, wherein the fertilized cell is a human cell, a livestock animal cell, a companion animal cell, or a research animal cell.
- The fertilized cell of any one of claims 92-93, wherein the fertilized cell is generated using the method of any one of claims 5-25.
- A composition comprising the fertilized cell of any one of claims 91-94.
- A composition comprising the fertilized cell of any one of claims 91-94 and one or more reagents used for in vitro fertilization.
- A method for demethylating long-interspersed element-1 (LINE1) RNA in a cell, the method comprising providing to the cell an effective amount of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and/or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO.
- The method of claim 97, wherein the LINE1 RNA is chromatin-associated regulatory RNA.
- The method of claim 97 or 98, wherein the method comprises providing a nucleic acid encoding for FTO.
- The method of claim 97 or 98, wherein the method comprises providing FTO protein.
- The method of any of claims 97-100, wherein the methylation is m6A methylation.
- A method for modifying expression level of a gene in a cell, the method comprising providing to the cell an effective amount of FTO or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO.
- The method of claim 102, wherein the method comprises providing a nucleic acid encoding for FTO.
- The method of claim 102, wherein the method comprises providing FTO protein.
- The method of any of claims 102-104, wherein the gene comprises a LINE1 element.
- The method of any of claims 102-104, wherein the gene is a 2C gene.
- A method for increasing chromatin accessibility in a cell, the method comprising providing to the cell an effective amount of FTO or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO.
- The method of claim 107, wherein the amount is effective to decrease an amount of histone modifications in the cell.
- The method of claim 107 or 108, wherein the method comprises providing a nucleic acid encoding for FTO.
- The method of claim 107 or 108, wherein the method comprises providing FTO protein.
- The method of any of claims 97-110, wherein the cell is a stem cell.
- The method of claim 111, wherein the cell is an embryonic stem cell.
- The method of claim 111, wherein the cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell.
- The method of any of claims 97-113, wherein the cell is a mouse cell.
- The method of any of claims 97-113, wherein the cell is a human cell.
- The method of any of claims 97-115, wherein the cell is a cancer cell.
- A method for modifying development of a germ cell, the method comprising providing to the cell an effective amount of FTO or a nucleic acid molecule encoding FTO.
- The method of claim 117, wherein the amount is effective to increase chromatin accessibility in the cell.
- The method of claim 117 or 118, wherein the method comprises providing a nucleic acid encoding for FTO.
- The method of claim 117 or 118, wherein the method comprises providing FTO protein.
- The method of any of claims 117-120, wherein the germ cell is an oocyte.
- The method of any of claims 117-121, wherein the germ cell is a mouse cell.
- The method of any one of claims 97-122, wherein the method further comprises measuring a methylation status in the cell.
- The method of any one of claims 97-123, wherein the method further comprises culturing the cell.
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| WO2009098290A1 (en) * | 2008-02-06 | 2009-08-13 | Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf | Fto-modified non-human mammal |
| CN103845733A (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2014-06-11 | 南京大学 | Novel application of PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphates 1b) inhibitor |
| CN104278094A (en) * | 2014-09-29 | 2015-01-14 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Detection method and application of A227G single base mutation of porcine FTO gene coding region |
| US20220033785A1 (en) * | 2018-07-09 | 2022-02-03 | The Broad Institute, Inc. | Rna programmable epigenetic rna modifiers and uses thereof |
| CN114262717A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-04-01 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | Method for regulating and controlling PCV2 to replicate in host cell and application |
-
2023
- 2023-05-04 WO PCT/CN2023/092057 patent/WO2023213272A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2023-05-04 US US18/862,649 patent/US20250288402A1/en active Pending
- 2023-05-04 CN CN202380051936.4A patent/CN120500307A/en active Pending
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| WO2009098290A1 (en) * | 2008-02-06 | 2009-08-13 | Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf | Fto-modified non-human mammal |
| CN103845733A (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2014-06-11 | 南京大学 | Novel application of PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphates 1b) inhibitor |
| CN104278094A (en) * | 2014-09-29 | 2015-01-14 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Detection method and application of A227G single base mutation of porcine FTO gene coding region |
| US20220033785A1 (en) * | 2018-07-09 | 2022-02-03 | The Broad Institute, Inc. | Rna programmable epigenetic rna modifiers and uses thereof |
| CN114262717A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-04-01 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | Method for regulating and controlling PCV2 to replicate in host cell and application |
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| QIU WEIYU, ZHOU YUEXI, WU HAIWANG, LV XIAOLI, YANG LILIN, REN ZHENXING, TIAN HE, YU QINGYING, LI JING, LIN WEIXIAN, ZHAO LING, LUO: "RNA Demethylase FTO Mediated RNA m6A Modification Is Involved in Maintaining Maternal-Fetal Interface in Spontaneous Abortion", FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, vol. 9, 19 July 2021 (2021-07-19), XP093105946, DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.617172 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN119920316A (en) * | 2025-04-02 | 2025-05-02 | 中国海洋大学三亚海洋研究院 | A method for whole genome selective breeding based on epigenetic annotation information screening of molecular markers |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2023213272A9 (en) | 2023-12-21 |
| CN120500307A (en) | 2025-08-15 |
| US20250288402A1 (en) | 2025-09-18 |
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