Classifications

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  • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
  • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
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• • G—PHYSICS
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  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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• • G—PHYSICS
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• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H01M10/4221—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells with battery type recognition
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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  • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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  • H04L9/0861—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords
  • H04L9/0866—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords involving user or device identifiers, e.g. serial number, physical or biometrical information, DNA, hand-signature or measurable physical characteristics
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
  • H04L9/50—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using hash chains, e.g. blockchains or hash trees
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  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q2220/00—Business processing using cryptography
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for generating a chemical product passport, a computer-implemented method for generating a product passport, a respective computer program element, a use of the chemical product passport, a chemical product associated with such a chemical product passport, a chemical product passport including one or more decentral identifiers and data related to the chemical data and methods for producing a chemical product associated with such a chemical product passport.
• IMDS International Chemical Product Data System
• an apparatus for producing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport comprising: a collector configured to collect chemical product data associated with the chemical product, wherein the chemical product comprises a physical identifier; an assignor configured to assign the physical identifier to a decentral identifier for generating the chemical product passport associated with the produced chemical product; a chemical product passport generator configured to generate the chemical product passport by receiving a request to provide at least the decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of at least the chemical product and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data of the chemical product.
• an apparatus for generating a chemical product passport comprising: one or more computing nodes; and one or more computer-readable media having thereon computer-executable instructions that are structured such that, when executed by the one or more computing nodes, cause the apparatus to perform the following steps: receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data; in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data.
• a computer-implemented method for generating a chemical product passport comprising the steps: receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data and preferably a data owner; in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data; and preferably, providing the chemical product passport for access by a data consuming service controlled by a data providing service associated with a data owner.
• an apparatus for generating a chemical product passport comprising: at least one receiving unit configured to receive a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of the chemical product; at least one generating unit configured to generate the chemical product passport, in response to the request, including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data of the chemical product.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport, the method comprising: producing the chemical product connected to or comprising a physical identifier; assigning the physical identifier to a decentral identifier for generating the chemical product passport associated with the produced chemical product; generating the chemical product passport according to the computer-implemented method for generating a chemical product passport or by the system or apparatus for generating a chemical product passport.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a system for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport, the system comprising: a production line configured to produce the chemical product connected to or comprising a physical identifier; an assignor configured to assign the physical identifier to a decentral identifier for generating the chemical product passport associated with the produced the chemical product; a chemical product passport generator configured to generate the chemical product passport by receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a computer-implemented method for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport, the method comprising: based on a physical identifier of the chemical product, requesting to provide a decentral identifier and assigning the decentral identifier to the physical identifier; in response to the request, the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the produced chemical product is generated according to the computer- implemented method for generating a chemical product passport or by the system or apparatus for generating a chemical product passport.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport, the apparatus comprising: one or more computing nodes and one or more computer-readable media having thereon computer-executable instructions that are structured such that, when executed by the one or more computing nodes, cause the apparatus to perform the following steps: based on a physical identifier of the chemical product, requesting to provide a decentral identifier and assigning the decentral identifier to the physical identifier; in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the produced chemical product, wherein the chemical product passport is generated by receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of chemical product and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport, the apparatus comprising: a requestor configured to request, based on a physical identifier of the chemical product, to provide a decentral identifier; an assignor configured to assign the decentral identifier to the physical identifier; a chemical product passport generator configured to generate, in response to the request, the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the produced chemical product, wherein the chemical product passport is generated by receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of the chemical product and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data of the chemical product.
• an apparatus for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport comprising: a collector configured to collect chemical product data associated with the chemical product or chemical product data associated with the production of the chemical product, wherein the chemical product is connected to or comprises the physical identifier; an assignor configured to assign the physical identifier to a decentral identifier for generating the chemical product passport associated with the produced chemical product; a chemical product passport generator configured to generate the chemical product passport by receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of the chemical product and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to chemical product data of the chemical product.
• a computer-implemented method for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport comprising: collecting chemical product data associated with the chemical product or chemical product data associated with the production of the chemical product, wherein the chemical product is connected to or comprises the physical identifier; assigning the physical identifier to a decentral identifier for generating the chemical product passport associated with the produced chemical product; generating the chemical product passport includes receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of the chemical product and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to chemical product data of the chemical product.
• a system for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport comprising: a production line configured to produce the chemical product connected to or comprising a physical identifier; a collector configured to collect chemical product data associated with the chemical product data associated with the production of the chemical product, wherein the chemical product is connected to or comprises the physical identifier; an assignor configured to assign the physical identifier to a decentral identifier for generating the chemical product passport associated with the produced chemical product; a chemical product passport generator configured to generate the chemical product passport by receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of the chemical product and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to chemical product data of the chemical product.
• a computer-implemented method for using a chemical product passport preferably to further process the chemical product associated with the chemical product passport, the method comprising the steps: receiving a request to access the chemical product data associated with a decentral identifier of the chemical product passport as generated according to the methods disclosed herein or by the apparatuses disclosed herein; optionally authenticating and/or authorizing the request to access the chemical product data; based on optionally the authentication and/or authorization, providing access to chemical product data associated with the decentral identifier of the chemical passport.
• a system for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport comprising: a production line configured to produce the chemical product connected to or comprising a physical identifier; a collector configured to collect chemical product data associated with the chemical product or chemical product data associated with the production of the chemical product, wherein the chemical product is connected to or comprises the physical identifier; an assignor configured to assign the physical identifier to a decentral identifier for generating the chemical product passport associated with the produced chemical product; a chemical product passport generator configured to generate the chemical product passport by receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of the chemical product and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to chemical product data of the chemical product.
• a method for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport comprising: producing the chemical product connected to or comprising a physical identifier; collecting chemical product data associated with the chemical product or chemical product data associated with the production of the chemical product, wherein the chemical product is connected to or comprises the physical identifier; assigning the physical identifier to the decentral identifier for generating the chemical product passport associated with the produced chemical product, wherein generating the chemical product passport includes receiving a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with chemical product data of at least the chemical product and in response to the request, generating the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data of the chemical product.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a use of the chemical product passport as generated according to the computer-implemented method for generating a chemical product passport or by the system or apparatus for generating a chemical product passport to further process the chemical product and/or the chemical product associated with the chemical product passport.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a use of the chemical product passport as generated according to the computer-implemented method for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport or by the system or apparatus for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport to further process the chemical product and/or the chemical product associated with the chemical product passport.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a chemical product and/or a chemical product associated with the chemical product passport, wherein the chemical product passport including one or more decentral identifiers and data related to the chemical product data is generated according to the computer-implemented method for generating a chemical product passport or by the system or apparatus for generating a chemical product passport.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a chemical product and/or a chemical product associated with the chemical product passport, wherein the chemical product passport including one or more decentral identifiers and data related to the chemical product data is generated according to the computer-implemented method for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport or by the system or apparatus for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a chemical product passport including one or more decentral identifier(s) and data related to the chemical product data, wherein the chemical product passport is generated according to the computer-implemented method for generating a chemical product passport or by the system or apparatus for generating a chemical product passport.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a chemical product passport including one or more decentral identifier(s) and data related to the chemical product data, wherein the chemical product passport is generated according to the computer-implemented method for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport or by the system or apparatus for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport.
• a further aspect of the present disclosure relates to a computer program element with instructions, which when executed on one or more computing node(s) is configured to carry out the steps of the computer-implemented method for generating a chemical product passport or for producing or providing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport.
• ..determining also includes ..initiating or causing to determine
• generating also includes ..initiating and/or causing to generate
• provisioning also includes “initiating or causing to determine, generate, select, send and/or receive”.
• “Initiating or causing to perform an action” includes any processing signal that triggers a computing node or device to perform the respective action.
• the methods, apparatuses and computer elements disclosed herein provide an efficient, secure and robust way for sharing or exchanging data across different participant nodes in chemical value chains.
• attaching a decentral identifier and associated chemical product data allows for simplified and customizable data sharing or exchange from chemical industry to chemical supply chain participants. This way, a more reliable and efficient further processing of supplied chemical product by upstream participants of the chemical supply chain can be achieved, while the data remains in the ownership of the chemical supplier supplying the upstream participant.
• By combining the data related to chemicals directly with the decentral identifier and optionally one or more authentication mechanisms more reliable and secure data sharing and exchange can be provided.
• the data sharing or exchange can be conducted in a more flexible manner with multiple data consuming services from different participants of the chemical supply chain accessing the chemical product data.
• the term “decentral identifier” is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises any unique identifier uniquely associated with the data owner and chemical product data.
• the decentral identifier may include a Universally Unique I Dentifier (UUID) or a Digital I Dentifier (DID).
• UUID Universally Unique I Dentifier
• DID Digital I Dentifier
• the decentral identifier may be issued by a central or decentral identity issuer.
• the decentral identifier may include authentication information. Via the decentral identifier and its unique association with the data owner and chemical product data access to the chemical product data may be controlled by the data owner. This contrasts with central authority schemes, where identifiers are provided by such central authority and access to data is controlled by such central authority. Decentral in this context refers to the usage of the identifier in implementation as controlled by the data owner.
• the term “chemical product passport” is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises a digital representation of chemical product data.
• the digital representation may include a representation for accessing the chemical product data or part thereof.
• the digital representation may include a representation of chemical product data or parts thereof.
• the chemical product passport may include data related to the chemical product data, the public key and the decentral identifier.
• the data related to the chemical product data may include the digital representation of the chemical product data.
• Natural chemical products encompass any chemical substance that is naturally occurring, i.e. any unprocessed chemical substance that is found in nature, such as chemicals from plants, micro-organisms, animals, the earth and the sea or any chemical substance that is found in nature and extracted using a process that does not change its chemical composition.
• Natural chemical products may include biolog icals like enzymes as well naturally occurring inorganic or organic chemical products. Natural chemical products can be isolated and purified prior to their use or they can be used in unisolated and/or unpurified form.
• Chemical products obtained from chemical reactions may be any inorganic or organic chemical product obtained by reacting inorganic and/or organic chemical reactants.
• the inorganic and organic chemical reactants may be naturally occurring chemical products or can be chemical products obtained from chemical reactions.
• Chemical reactions may include any chemical reaction commonly known in the state of the art in which the reactants are converted to one or more different chemical products. Chemical reactions may involve the use of catalysts, enzymes, bacteria, etc. to achieve the chemical reaction between the reactants.
• chemical product data is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises data related to a property of the chemical product and/or data related to the use of the chemical product.
• property may be a static or a dynamic property.
• a static property may be a property constant over time e.g. melting point, boiling point, density, hardness, flammability or the like.
• a dynamic property may be a property that changes over time e.g. shelf life, pH value, color, reactivity.
• Property of the chemical product may include performance properties, chemical properties, such as flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity, heat of combustion and/or physical properties such as density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, electrical conductivity or the like.
• Data related to the use of the chemical product may include data related to further processing of the chemical product, for example by using the chemical product as reactant in further chemical reaction(s) and/or data related to the use of the chemical product, for example data related to the use of the chemical product in a treatment process and/or within a manufacturing process.
• Chemical product data may include chemicals data, emission data, recyclate content, bio-based content and/or production data.
• the term “physical entity” is to be understood broadly in the present case and relates to the physical embodiment of a product.
• the physical entity may be any product in the chemical supply chain.
• the physical entity of a product may be a raw material or basic substance, a chemical product, a chemical material, a chemical formulation, a chemical mixture, a component, a component assembly, an end product or a combination thereof.
• recyclate content data and/or bio-based content data is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises any data related to the recyclate content or the bio-based content used for providing or manufacturing a physical entity at any stage in the chemical supply chain such as a raw material or basic substance, chemical product or chemical material, component, component assembly or end product.
• the term “emission data” is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises any data related to environmental footprint.
• the environmental footprint may refer to an entity and its associated environmental footprint.
• the environmental footprint may be entity specific.
• the environmental footprint may relate to a product, a company, a process such as a manufacturing process, a raw material or basic substance, a chemical product or material, a component, a component assembly, an end product, combinations thereof or additional entityspecific relations.
• Emission data may include data relating to carbon footprint of a chemical product.
• Emission data may include data relating to greenhouse gas emissions e.g. released in production of the chemical product.
• Emission data may include data related to greenhouse gas emissions.
• Greenhouse gas emissions may include emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, methane (CH4) emission, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) emission, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) emission, sulphurhexafluoride (SFe) emission, nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) emission, combinations thereof and additional emissions.
• CO2 carbon dioxide
• CH4 methane
• N2O nitrous oxide
• HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
• PFCs perfluorocarbons
• SFe sulphurhexafluoride
• NF3 nitrogen trifluoride
• Emission data may include data related to greenhouse gas emissions of an entities or companies own operations (production, power plants and waste incineration).
• Scope 2 comprise emissions from energy production which is sourced externally.
• Scope 3 comprise all other emissions along the value chain. Specifically, this includes the greenhouse gas emissions of raw materials obtained from suppliers.
• Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) sum up greenhouse gas emissions and removals from the consecutive and interlinked process steps related to a particular product.
• Cradle-to-gate PCF sum up greenhouse gas emissions based on selected process steps: from the extraction of resources up to the factory gate where the product leaves the company. Such PCFs are called partial PCFs.
• each company providing any products must be able to provide the scope 1 and scope 2 contributions to the PCF for each of its products as accurately as possible, and obtain reliable and consistent data for the PCFs of purchased energy (scope 2) and their raw materials (scope 3).
• production data is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises any data related to the production of a product at any stage in the chemical supply chain.
• production data includes chemical production data from the production of the chemical product.
• Production data may include monitoring and/or control data associated with the production of the product, such as a raw material or basic substance, a chemical material or chemical product, a component, a component assembly, an end product or a combination thereof.
• Production data may include measurement data related to a product quality at any stage in the chemical supply chain, preferably a chemical product.
• the term “data owner” is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises any entity generating data.
• the generating node may be coupled to the entity owning physical products from or for which data is generated.
• the data may be generated by a third-party entity on behalf of the entity owning physical products from or for which data is generated.
• the term “data consuming service” is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises computer-executable instructions for accessing and/or processing data, such as chemical product data, associated with the data owner.
• data providing service is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises computer-executable instructions for providing and/or processing data, such as chemical product data, associated with the data owner for accessing and/or processing by a data consuming service.
• digital representation(s) pointing to product data or parts thereof is to be understood broadly in the present case and comprises at least one interface to a data providing service. It may further include at least one interface to a data consuming service. It may include an endpoint for data exchange or sharing (resource endpoint) or an endpoint for service interaction (service Endpoint), that is uniquely identified via a communication protocol.
• source endpoint an endpoint for data exchange or sharing
• service Endpoint an endpoint for service interaction
• the digital representation(s) pointing to product data or parts thereof may hence be uniquely associated with the decentral identifier.
• the request includes data related to chemical product data and an owner identifier associated with the chemical product data owner.
• the owner identifier may be a string identifier associated with a data owner name.
• the owner or product identifier may be provided by a physical identifier provider, such as a bar code or a tag like a RFID tag. via a barcode or QR code.
• Such communication can also be completed via ad hoc WIFI, BLE beacon, and/or NFC.
• the communications between the wallet apps 1010 B and 1020 B may be performed via any available communication channels, including but not limited to, web servers, ad hoc WIFI, BLE beacon signal, NFC, a barcode or QR code scanning, etc.
• the chemical product passport generated can be associated with the chemical product data owner by including the owner identifier.
• the owner identifier may be used for data transaction, such as sharing or exchanging chemical product data.
• the owner identifier may be provided to a transaction manager.
• By providing the decentral identifier and the owner identifier of the data owner to a transaction manager or a data consuming service may simplify tracking of data transactions.
• Any transaction in the data ecosystem can e.g. be associated with the clear name of the data owner.
• the decentral identifier is provided by one central node or by one or more decentral nodes.
• the decentral identifier as generated by one central node or by one or more decentral nodes may be provided to a node generating the chemical product passport and to at least one authentication data registry node, preferably accessible by the data providing service and/or the data consuming service.
• This enables customized data sharing or exchange with respect to the chemical product and the chemical supply chain the chemical product is supplied to.
• the data providing service and/or the data consuming service may customize data sharing or exchange protocols based on the anchoring of the decentral identifier to chemical product data.
• the authentication data registry node may be a central registry node such as a central file system, a centrally managed distributed database, and/or a centrally managed peer-to-peer network.
• the central configuration allows for more control and standardization via a central node.
• the authentication data registry node may be a decentral registry such as a distributed ledger, a decentralized file system, a distributed database, and/or a peer-to-peer network.
• the decentral configuration allows for more efficient use of computing resources and strengthens control by the data owner.
• the decentral configuration is independent from centrally managed nodes and such increases reliability and flexibility of the system.
• the generation of the chemical product passport includes providing the decentral identifier associated with a physical entity of a chemical product.
• the physical entity may relate to a physical product that is associated with the decentral identifier.
• the physical entity may be any entity in the chemical supply chain. It may relate to raw materials such as crude oil, chemical products such as polyols and diisocyanates or polyurethan intermediates produced from polyols and diisocyanates, components, such as foamed parts or beats, component assemblies such as car seats or shoe soles or end products such as cars.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with the physical entity the chemical product data is associated with.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with the chemical product the chemical product data is associated with.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with the physical entity of the basic substance, the raw material, the chemical material, the chemical mixture, the chemical formulation or the like.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with the physical entity the chemical product will be supplied for and the chemical product data is associated with.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with the physical entity of the component, the component assembly, the end product or the like.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with more than one physical entity the chemical product will be supplied for and the chemical product data is associated with.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with the physical entity of the component, the component assembly and the end product. Associating the decentral identifier with different physical entity stages in the chemical supply chain allows for virtually tracking the supplied chemical product in the supply chain. This way the chemical product with its associated chemical product data may be tracked e.g. up to the end of life of the end product.
• the decentral identifier is or is assigned to a physical identifier connected to the chemical product.
• the connection of the physical identifier with the chemical product may be provided by means of physical connection to the physical product or physical entity.
• the physical identifier may be connected with the physical entity of the chemical product.
• the physical entity may be a raw material or an intermediate product.
• the physical identifier may have one-to-one correspondence to a virtual identity or to a physical identity by means of a physical connection to the physical entity.
• the physical identifier is physically attached to the chemical product via an identifier element.
• the “physical identifier” or “physical identifier element” may refer to any virtual or physical arrangement that associates the decentral identifier with the chemical product.
• the physical identifier may be any identifier for the produced chemical product, such as a batch number or a part number.
• the physical identifier element may comprise a passive or active element, e.g. QR-code, RFID-tag, but is not limited thereto.
• the physical identifier element may be a physical identifier physically connected to the chemical product.
• the identifier element may include markers embedded in materials, a bar code, a QR-Code, a tag like a RFID tag or similar physical arrangement that allows to digitally identify the chemical product.
• an identifier element containing the physical identifier is physically attached to the chemical product.
• the physical identifier may be provided from a sensor reading a physical identifier element, wherein the physical identifier element is physically connected to the chemical product.
• the identification element may be physically connected to the chemical product, uniquely identifying the chemical product.
• the identification element may be physically connected to any component of the chemical product, e.g., the packaging of the chemical product, uniquely identifying a chemical product.
• the chemical product passport includes one or more authentication mechanisms associated with the decentral identifier and the data related to the chemical product data.
• the authentication mechanism may include a token, such as private and public key infrastructure, a certificate mechanism or a biometric mechanism, such as fingerprints, face recognition or voice recognition or the like.
• a token such as private and public key infrastructure
• a certificate mechanism or a biometric mechanism, such as fingerprints, face recognition or voice recognition or the like.
• One common public key certificate is for instance the X.509 certificate.
• the one or more authentication mechanisms associated with the decentral identifier as generated by one central node or by one or more decentral nodes may be provided to a node generating the chemical product passport and to at least one decentral authentication data registry, preferably accessible by the data providing service and/or the data consuming service.
• the authentication data registry may be a central registry such as a central file system, a centrally managed distributed database, and/or a centrally managed peer-to-peer network.
• the central configuration allows for higher control and standardization via a central node.
• the authentication data registry may be a decentral registry such as a distributed ledger, a decentralized file system, a distributed database, and/or a peer-to-peer network.
• the decentral configuration allows for more efficient use of computing resources and strengthens control by the data owner.
• the chemical product passport is related to or includes one or more authorization mechanisms associated with the decentral identifier and the data related to the chemical product data.
• the authorization mechanisms may include authorization rule(s) including data transaction instructions or data transaction protocols, such as data usage policies, smart data contracts or more complex data processing instructions associated with data providing and/or data consuming services. Through the authorization mechanism data access and data usage by a data consuming service can be controlled in a secure manner.
• the one or more authorization mechanisms associated with the decentral identifier as generated by one central node or by one or more decentral nodes may be provided to a node for generating or processing the chemical product passport or for accessing the data related to the chemical product data. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more authorization mechanisms may be provided to at least one central or decentral authorization data registry, preferably accessible by the data providing service and/or the data consuming service.
• the one or more authorization mechanisms associated with the decentral identifier as generated by one or more decentral nodes may be provided to a node generating or processing the chemical product passport and to at least one a central file system, a centrally managed distributed database, a centrally managed peer-to-peer network, a distributed ledger, a decentralized file system, a distributed database, and/or a peer-to-peer network, preferably accessible by the data providing service and/or the data consuming service.
• the data related to chemical product data includes chemical product data or parts thereof.
• the data related to chemical product data includes one or more digital representation(s) pointing to chemical product data or parts thereof.
• pointing means any network representation or address that is suitable for accessing the chemical product data.
• the data related to chemical product data may include multiple digital representations pointing to distinct parts of the chemical product data.
• the data related to chemical product data may include multiple digital representations pointing to different parts of the chemical product data. Such different parts may overlap in some data points.
• the representation may include an access point to the chemical product data, a link to access chemical product data, an endpoint to access chemical product data or a service endpoint to access chemical product data. This way the chemical product data can be maintained and controlled by a data owner. Access can be provided via the representation of an access point simplifying data verification, integrity checks or quality checks and access control, since not multiple distributed data points need to be checked and access controlled.
• the chemical product passport includes data related to different classes of chemical product data.
• the data related to chemical product data includes multiple digital representations pointing to different classes of the chemical product data.
• At least one class of chemical product data includes chemicals data e.g. data required by regulation or regulatory data for chemicals.
• Chemicals data may include chemical product declaration data associated with physical entity of a product, such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, or the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• the chemical product declaration data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture the component.
• the chemical product declaration data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture multiple components to assemble component assembly or end product.
• chemicals data include chemical product safety data associated with hazards of substances or mixtures of the physical entity of the product such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, or the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• the chemical product safety data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture the component.
• the chemical product safety data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture multiple components to assemble component assembly or end product.
• chemicals data include certificate of analysis data associated with laboratory measurement data acquired from a sample of the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, or the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• the certificate of analysis data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture the component.
• the certificate of analysis data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture multiple components to assemble component assembly or end product.
• At least one class of chemical product data include emission data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data and/or production data associated with the physical entity of the product such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• the emission data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data and/or production data may be associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture the component.
• the emission data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data and/or production data may be associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture multiple components to assemble a component assembly or an end product.
• At least one class of chemical product data includes access restricted chemical product data associated with the physical entity of the product such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• access restricted chemical product data associated with the physical entity of the product such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• emission data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data, production data, or combinations thereof may be access restricted.
• Such access restriction may be provided by an authorization mechanism.
• the authorization mechanism may include a rule that specifies which data consuming services get access under which conditions.
• At least one class of chemical product data include non-access restricted chemical product data associated with the physical entity of the product such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• chemical product declaration data, chemical product safety data, and/or certificate of analysis data associated with the physical entity of the product such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, or the end product and/or combinations thereof may not be access restricted.
• Such access may be provided by an authorization mechanism.
• the authorization mechanism may include a rule that specifies that certain regulatory data for chemicals is accessible.
• Figures 1a, b illustrate example embodiments of a centralized and a decentralized computing environment with computing nodes.
• Figures 1c illustrate an example embodiment of a distributed computing environment.
• Figure 2 shows an example of a chemical product passport including DID owner data, DID document data and decentral identity infrastructure.
• Figure 3 shows an example of a chemical product passport including ID-based data, passport data and decentral identity infrastructure.
• Figure 4 shows an example method for generation of the chemical product passport.
• Figure 5 shows an example method for using the chemical product passport to further process the chemical product associated with the chemical product passport.
• Figures 6a, 6b show examples of authentication protocols.
• FIGS 7a, 7b illustrate the principles of cryptographic signatures.
• Figure 8 shows an example method for authorizing access to chemical product data.
• Figure 9 shows a schematic illustration of providing access to product passport of a data providing service in the International Data Space (IDS) architecture to a data consuming service.
• IDS International Data Space
• Figure 10 shows a schematic illustration of the authentication process between two IDS connectors.
• Figure 11 shows a schematic illustration of a usage-controlled data flow in the IDS architecture.
• Figures 12-14 show different example configurations for product passports anchored by digital identifiers.
• Figure 15 illustrates an example of a production facility producing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport.
• Figure 16 illustrates another example of a production facility producing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport.
• Figure 17 illustrates an example of a production system producing a chemical product associated with one or more chemical product passport(s).
• Figures 18 to 20 illustrate examples of providing access to data via one or more chemical product passport(s).
• Figures 1a to 1c illustrate different computing environments, central, decentral and distributed.
• the methods, apparatuses, computer elements of this disclosure may be implemented in decentral or at least partially decentral computing environments.
• Data sovereignty may be viewed as a core challenge. It can be defined as a natural person’s or corporate entity’s capability of being entirely self-determined with regard to its data.
• To enable this particular capability related aspects, including requirements for secure and trusted data exchange in business ecosystems may be implemented across the chemical value chain.
• chemical industry requires tailored solutions to deliver chemical products in a more sustainable way by using digital ecosystems.
• Providing, determining or processing of data may be realized by different computing nodes, which may be implemented in a centralized, a decentralized or a distributed computing environment.
• Figure 1 a illustrates an example embodiment of a centralized computing system 100 comprising a central computing node 101 (filled circle in the middle) and several peripheral computing nodes 101.1 to 101. n (denoted as filled circles in the periphery).
• the term “computing system” is defined herein broadly as including one or more computing nodes, a system of nodes or combinations thereof.
• the term “computing node” is defined herein broadly and may refer to any device or system that includes at least one physical and tangible processor, and a physical and tangible memory capable of having thereon computer-executable instructions that are executed by a processor. Computing nodes are now increasingly taking a wide variety of forms.
• Computing nodes may, for example, be handheld devices, production facilities, sensors, monitoring systems, control systems, appliances, laptop computers, desktop computers, mainframes, data centers, or even devices that have not conventionally been considered a computing node, such as wearables (e.g., glasses, watches or the like).
• the memory may take any form and depends on the nature and form of the computing node.
• the peripheral computing nodes 101.1 to 101 .n may be connected to one central computing system (or server). In another example, the peripheral computing nodes 101.1 to 101 .n may be attached to the central computing node via e.g. a terminal server (not shown). The majority of functions may be carried out by, or obtained from the central computing node (also called remote centralized location).
• One peripheral computing node 101 .n has been expanded to provide an overview of the components present in the peripheral computing node.
• the central computing node 101 may comprise the same components as described in relation to the peripheral computing node 101 .n.
• Each computing node 101 , 101.1 to 101 .n may include at least one hardware processor 102 and memory 104.
• the term “processor” may refer to an arbitrary logic circuitry configured to perform basic operations of a computer or system, and/or, generally, to a device which is configured for performing calculations or logic operations.
• the processor, or computer processor may be configured for processing basic instructions that drive the computer or system. It may be a semi-conductor based processor, a quantum processor, or any other type of processor configures for processing instructions.
• the processor may comprise at least one arithmetic logic unit ("ALU"), at least one floating-point unit ("FPU)", such as a math coprocessor or a numeric coprocessor, a plurality of registers, specifically registers configured for supplying operands to the ALU and storing results of operations, and a memory, such as an L1 and L2 cache memory.
• ALU arithmetic logic unit
• FPU floating-point unit
• registers specifically registers configured for supplying operands to the ALU and storing results of operations
• a memory such as an L1 and L2 cache memory.
• the processor may be a multicore processor.
• the processor may be or may comprise a Central Processing Unit (“CPU").
• the processor may be a (“GPU”) graphics processing unit, (“TPU”) tensor processing unit, (“CISC”) Complex Instruction Set Computing microprocessor, Reduced Instruction Set Computing (“RISC”) microprocessor, Very Long Instruction Word (“VLIW”) microprocessor, or a processor implementing other instruction sets or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets.
• the processing means may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (“ASIC”), a Field Programmable Gate Array (“FPGA”), a Complex Programmable Logic Device (“CPLD”), a Digital Signal Processor (“DSP”), a network processor, or the like.
• ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
• FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
• CPLD Complex Programmable Logic Device
• DSP Digital Signal Processor
• processor may also refer to one or more processing devices, such as a distributed system of processing devices located across multiple computer systems (e.g., cloud computing), and is not limited to a single device unless otherwise specified.
• the memory 104 may refer to a physical system memory, which may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination thereof.
• the memory may include non-volatile mass storage such as physical storage media.
• the memory may be a computer-readable storage media such as RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM, or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, non-magnetic disk storage such as solid-state disk or any other physical and tangible storage medium which can be used to store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by the computing system.
• the memory may be a computer-readable media that carries computer- executable instructions (also called transmission media).
• program code means in the form of computerexecutable instructions or data structures can be transferred automatically from transmission media to storage media (or vice versa).
• computer-executable instructions or data structures received over a network or data link can be buffered in RAM within a network interface module (e.g., a “NIC”), and then eventually transferred to computing system RAM and/or to less volatile storage media at a computing system.
• a network interface module e.g., a “NIC”
• storage media can be included in computing components that also (or even primarily) utilize transmission media.
• the computing nodes 101 , 101.1 ... 101. n may include multiple structures 106 often referred to as an “executable component, executable instructions, computer-executable instructions or instructions”.
• memory 104 of the computing nodes 101, 101.1... 101.n may be illustrated as including executable component 106.
• executable component or any equivalent thereof may be the name for a structure that is well understood to one of ordinary skill in the art in the field of computing as being a structure that can be software, hardware, or a combination thereof or which can be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination.
• an executable component when implemented in software, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the structure of an executable component includes software objects, routines, methods, and so forth, that is executed on the computing nodes 101 , 101.1... 101. n, whether such an executable component exists in the heap of a computing node 101, 101.1... 101. n, or whether the executable component exists on computer-readable storage media.
• the structure of the executable component exists on a computer-readable medium such that, when interpreted by one or more processors of a computing node 101, 101.1... 101. n (e.g., by a processor thread), the computing node 101, 101.1 ... 101 n is caused to perform a function.
• Such a structure may be computer-readable directly by the processors (as is the case if the executable component were binary).
• the structure may be structured to be interpretable and/or compiled (whether in a single stage or in multiple stages) so as to generate such binary that is directly interpretable by the processors.
• interpretable and/or compiled whether in a single stage or in multiple stages
• Such an understanding of example structures of an executable component is well within the understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art of computing when using the term “executable component”.
• Examples of executable components implemented in hardware include hardcoded or hard-wired logic gates, that are implemented exclusively or near- exclusively in hardware, such as within a field- programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or any other specialized circuit.
• FPGA field- programmable gate array
• ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
• each computing node 101, 101.1... 101. n may direct the operation of each computing node 101, 101.1... 101. n in response to having executed computer- executable instructions that constitute an executable component.
• computer-executable instructions may be embodied on one or more computer-readable media that form a computer program product.
• the computer-executable instructions may be stored in the memory 104 of each computing node 101 , 101.1... 101. n.
• Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions and data which, when executed at a processor 101 , cause a general purpose computing node 101 , 101.1... 101. n, special purpose computing node 101 , 101.1 ... 101. n, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions.
• the computer-executable instructions may configure the computing node 101, 101.1... 101. n to perform a certain function or group of functions.
• the computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries or even instructions that undergo some translation (such as compilation) before direct execution by the processors, such as intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, or even source code.
• Each computing node 101 , 101.1... 101. n may contain communication channels 108 that allow each computing node 101.1... 101. n to communicate with the central computing node 101, for example, a network (depicted as solid line between peripheral computing nodes and the central computing node in Figure 1a).
• a “network” may be defined as one or more data links that enable the transport of electronic data between computing nodes 101, 101.1... 101. n and/or modules and/or other electronic devices.
• Transmission media can include a network and/or data links which can be used to carry desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computing nodes 101 , 101.1 ... 101. n. Combinations of the above may also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
• the computing node(s) 101 , 101.1 to 101 .n may further comprise a user interface system 110 for use in interfacing with a user.
• the user interface system 110 may include output mechanisms 110A as well as input mechanisms 110B.
• output mechanisms 110A might include, for instance, displays, speakers, displays, tactile output, holograms and so forth.
• Examples of input mechanisms 110B might include, for instance, microphones, touchscreens, holograms, cameras, keyboards, mouse or other pointer input, sensors of any type, and so forth.
• Figure 1b illustrates an example embodiment of a decentralized computing environment 100’ with several computing nodes 101.1’ to 101.
• n’ denoted as filled circles.
• the computing nodes 101.1’ to 101. n’ of the decentralized computing environment are not connected to a central computing node 101 and are thus not under control of a central computing node. Instead, resources, both hardware and software, may be allocated to each individual computing node 101.T... 101.n’ (local or remote computing system) and data may be distributed among various computing nodes 101. T... 101. n’ to perform the tasks.
• program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
• One computing node 10T has been expanded to provide an overview of the components present in the computing node 10T. In this example, the computing node 10T comprises the same components as described in relation to Figure 1a.
• FIG. 1c illustrates an example embodiment of a distributed computing environment 103.
• distributed computing may refer to any computing that utilizes multiple computing resources. Such use may be realized through virtualization of physical computing resources.
• cloud computing may refer a model for enabling on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services).
• cloud computing environments may be distributed internationally within an organization and/or across multiple organizations.
• the distributed cloud computing environment 103 may contain the following computing resources: mobile device(s) 114, applications 116, databases 118, data storage 120 and server(s) 122.
• the cloud computing environment 103 may be deployed as public cloud 124, private cloud 126 or hybrid cloud 128.
• a private cloud 124 may be owned by an organization and only the members of the organization with proper access can use the private cloud 126, rendering the data in the private cloud at least confidential.
• data stored in a public cloud 126 may be open to anyone over the internet.
• the hybrid cloud 128 may be a combination of both private and public clouds 124, 126 and may allow to keep some of the data confidential while other data may be publicly available.
• Figure 2 shows an example of ID-based owner data, ID-based chemical product passport data and a decentralized identity manager.
• the ID may be a decentralized ID (DID).
• the ID-based chemical product passport data may be a DID document associated with the DID.
• the ID-based owner data may include an ID associated with a subject such as product data or chemical product data and may include authentication mechanisms.
• the ID-based owner data may include owner data that is electronically owned and controlled by the DID owner. In this context electronically owned may refer to data that is stored in an owner repository or wallet. Such data may be securely stored and/or managed on an organizational server or client device.
• the ID-based owner data may include a DID, a private key and a public key.
• the ID-based owner may own and control the DID that represents an identity associated with the DID subject, a private key and public key pair that are associated with the DID.
• DID may be understood as an identifier and authentication information associated with or uniquely linked to the identifier.
• the DID subject may be a raw material, a basic substance, a chemical product, an intermediate product, a component, a component assembly or an end product.
• the DID subject may be a machine, a system, or a device used for producing the raw material, the basic substance, the chemical product, the intermediate product, the component, the component assembly or the end product, or a collection of such machine(s), device(s) and/or system(s).
• the DID owner may be a supply chain participant or a manufacturer such as a chemical manufacturer producing chemicals.
• the DID owner may be an upstream participant in the supply chain of the chemical manufacturer such as a supplier that supplies raw chemical products or precursors to produce chemicals.
• the DID owner may be a downstream participant in the supply chain of the chemical manufacturer such as a customer that consumes chemicals to produce the intermediate product, the component, the component assembly or the end product.
• the DID owner may be any participant of the supply chain including raw chemical product supplier, intermediate chemical products manufacturer, intermediate part manufacturer, component manufacturer, component assembly manufacturer or end product manufacturer.
• the DID may be any identifier that is associated with the DID subject and/or the DID owner.
• the identifier is unique to the DID subject and/or DID owner.
• the identifier may be unique at least within the scope in which the DID is anticipated to be in use.
• the identifier may be a locally or globally unique identifier for the raw material, the precursor, the basic substance, the chemical product, the intermediate product, the component, the component assembly, the end product or a collection thereof; the machine, the system, or the device used for producing the raw material, the basic substance, the chemical product, the intermediate product, the component, the component assembly or the end product, or the collection of such machine(s), device(s) and/or system(s); the chemical manufacturer producing chemicals, the upstream participant in the supply chain of the chemical manufacturer, the downstream participant in the supply chain of the chemical manufacturer or a collection thereof; any participant of the supply chain including raw chemical product supplier, intermediate chemical products manufacturer, intermediate part manufacturer, component manufacturer, component assembly manufacturer or end product manufacturer or a collection thereof.
• the DID may be a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) such as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
• the DID may be an Internationalized Resource Identifier ( I Rl).
• the DID may be a random string of numbers and letters for increased security. In one embodiment, the DID may be a string of 128 letters and numbers e.g. according to the scheme did:method name: method specific-did such as did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21.
• the DID may be decentralized independent of a centralized, third party management system and under the control of the DID owner.
• the chemical product passport as DID document may be associated with the DID. Accordingly, the chemical product passport may include a reference to the DID, which is associated with the DID subject that is described by the DID document.
• the DID document may also an authentication information such as the public key.
• the public key may be used by third-party entities that are given permission by the DID owner/subject to access information and data owned by the DID owner/subject. The public key may also be used for verifying that the DID owner, in fact, owns or controls the DID.
• the DID document may include authentication information, authorization information e.g. to authorize third party entities to read the DID document or some part of the DID document e.g. without giving the third party the right to prove ownership of the DID.
• the chemical product passport may include one or more representations that digitally link to the product data or chemical product data, e.g. by way of service endpoints.
• a service endpoint may include a network address at which a service operates on behalf of the DID owner.
• the service endpoints may refer to services of the DID owner that give access to product data or chemical product data.
• Such services may include services to read or analyze product data or chemical product data.
• Chemical product data may include chemical product declaration data, chemical product safety data, certificate of analysis data, emission data, product carbon footprint data, product environmental footprint data, chemical product specification data, product information, technical application data, production data or combinations thereof.
• the chemical product passport may include various other information such metadata specifying when the chemical product passport was created, when it was last modified and/or when it expires.
• the DID and chemical product passport may be associated with a data registry node such as a centralized data service system or a decentralized data service system, e.g. a distributed ledger or blockchain.
• a distributed ledger or blockchain Possible blockchain systems include Quorum, Hyperledger Fabric.
• the distributed ledger or blockchain may be used to store a representation of the DID that points to the chemical product passport .
• a representation of the DID may be stored on distributed computing nodes of the distributed ledger or blockchain.
• DID hash may be stored on multiple computing nodes of the distributed ledger and point to the location of the chemical product passport .
• the chemical product passport may be stored on the distributed ledger.
• the DID document may be stored in a data storage (not illustrated) that is associated with the distributed ledger or blockchain.
• the distributed ledger or blockchain may be any decentralized, distributed network that includes various computing nodes that are in communication with each other.
• the distributed ledger may include a first distributed computing node , a second distributed computing node, a third distributed computing node, and any number of additional distributed computing node.
• the distributed ledger or blockchain may operate according to any known standards or methods for distributed ledgers. Examples of conventional distributed ledgers that correspond to the distributed ledger or blockchain include, but are not limited to, Bitcoin [BTC], Ethereum, and Litecoin.
• Figure 3 show an example of ID-based certificate data, ID-based passport data and an identity manager.
• ID-based certificate data may include authentication data of the certificate owner and the certificate issuer. For example, a cryptographic signature from the issuer may bind the public key of the data owner to the ID.
• the ID may be a unique ID (such as UID) as described in relation to the DID of Figure 2.
• the certificate may be a X.509 certificate such as X509v3.
• the ID-based passport data may be associated with the data source of the data owner.
• the ID-based passport data may include an ID, authentication data and endpoints associated with product data or chemical product data. Such endpoints may include any digital representation connecting to the data source.
• the data source may provide product data and/or chemical product data.
• the ID-based passport data includes one or more certificate(s) associated with the data owner.
• the certificates may be associated with an identity manager including e.g. a certificate issuing service and/or a dynamic provisioning service providing dynamic attribute tokens (e.g. OAuth Access Tokens).
• the information required to verify the certificates are provided via an authentication registry associated with the certificate issuing service and/or a dynamic provisioning service.
• a connector associated with the data owner a Certification Authority (CA), a Dynamic Attribute Provisioning Service (DAPS) and a connector associated with the data consumer service are used to verify the identity prior to performing a data exchange (not shown).
• CA Certification Authority
• DAPS Dynamic Attribute Provisioning Service
• a connector associated with the data consumer service are used to verify the identity prior to performing a data exchange (not shown).
• such connectors include one or more certificate(s) such as X.509 certificate(s). This way the connector possesses a unique identifier embedded in a X.509 certificate that
• Figure 4 shows an example method for generation of the chemical product passport.
• a request to provide a decentral identifier associated with a data owner and chemical product data may be provided.
• a computing node that acts as a DID owner’s management module, user agent, ID hub and/or certification issuer
• the indication may include providing at least one authentication mechanism or selecting at least one of multiple authentication mechanisms.
• the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data may be generated.
• An authentication mechanism may be selected or provided.
• the decentral identifier and data related to the authentication mechanism may be generated or provided.
• the digital representation connected to the chemical product data may be provided. Based on the decentral identifier, data related to the authentication mechanism and the digital representation connected to the chemical product data, the chemical product passport may be generated.
• the chemical product passport may be provided for access by a data consuming service controlled by a data providing service associated with a data owner.
• the chemical product passport may include at least (1 ) data related to the decentral identifier and (2) data related to the select at least one authentication mechanism. Next, at least a portion of data contained in the chemical product passport may be propagated to a authentication data registry such as a distributed ledger.
• the chemical product passport may further include data related to the chemical product data.
• Figure 5 shows an example method for using the chemical product passport to further process the chemical product associated with the chemical product passport.
• an indication to access the chemical product data associated with a decentral identifier of the chemical product passport may be received.
• the chemical product passport may be structured as lined out in Figures. 2 and 3.
• the chemical product passport may be generated as lined out in Figure 5.
• the request may be authenticated.
• the data consuming service requesting to access the chemical process data and/or the data provider service providing access to the chemical process data may be authenticating.
• Such authentication may be based on the decentral identity and the data related to the authentication mechanism. The authentication may be performed through different communication patterns, which will be lined out in more detail in Figures 6 and 10.
• authorization may be based on the decentral identity and the data related to the authorization rules. The authorization may be performed through different communication patterns, which will be lined out in more detail in Figures 7 and 11.
• access to the chemical product data may be denied or access may be adapted.
• the authorization as requested may be adapted to be in line with the applicable authorization rules. If the authorization is valid, access to the chemical product data may be granted according to the authorization rules as requested.
• Such access to chemical product data associated with the decentral identifier may be provided using the representation embodied in the chemical product passport.
• Figure 6 shows an example method for authentication to access of chemical product data.
• Figure 6a illustrates one example communication pattern that may occur between a data providing service and a data consuming service.
• the data providing service may act as verifying entity and no separate service may be used for authentication.
• the data consuming service may request a service from the data providing service.
• the request may include the data consuming service decentral identifier such as a DID.
• the data providing service may access a registry such as a central or decentral authentication registry to retrieve data related to the authentication mechanism(s) associated with the ID.
• the central authentication registry may provide data related to authentication mechanism via an authentication service issuing access token.
• the decentral authentication registry may provide data related to authentication mechanism by generating a request token.
• Data related to authentication mechanism may include a public key of the data consuming service.
• the data providing service may generate an authentication request (corresponding for example to authentication request tokens or dynamic attribute tokens).
• the authentication request may be generated based on a public key of the data consuming service and/or the private key of the data provider service.
• the generated authentication request may be sent to the data consuming service.
• the data consuming service may generate authentication data for responding to the authentication request.
• the generated authentication data may be sent back to the data providing service.
• the data providing service may then validate the authentication data. In response to the validation, the data providing service may grant or deny the service request of the data consuming service.
• Figure6b illustrates yet another communication pattern that occurs amongst data provider service, an authentication service, and data consumer service.
• the data consumer service may request a service or initiates a communication with data provider service.
• the request may include the decentral identifier such as a DID of the data consumer service.
• the data provider service may access a distributed ledger retrieve one or more authentication mechanism(s) associated with the ID. Based on the retrieved authentication mechanisms(s), the service provider may generate an authentication request.
• the at least one of the retrieved authentication mechanism(s) may be provided via the authentication service.
• the generated authentication request may be sent to the authentication service directly.
• the authentication service may generate the authentication data.
• the authentication data generated by the authentication service may be sent to the data consumer service.
• Data consuming service then, in turn, may pass on the authentication data to the data provider service.
• the data provider service may then validate the authentication data.
• the data providing service may grant or deny the service request of the data consuming service.
• the data provider service may send the authentication requests to data consumer service. The data consumer service may pass on the authentication request to the authentication service.
• the authentication service may generate the authentication data
• the authentication service merely contacts the data consumer service to notify the receipt of the authentication request and to obtain consent.
• the data consumer service receives the notification, the data consumer service consents and sends the consent back to the authentication service.
• the authentication service then sends the authentication data directly to the data provider service.
• the authentication may be mutually performed by both parties.
• each involved party is both a subject entity and a verifying entity.
• Data consumer service and data provider service have control over their ID.
• services exchange their ID.
• each of the services accesses a distributed ledger to obtain each other's authentication mechanism(s).
• Each service then generates its own authentication request based on the other ID's authentication method(s).
• the generated authentication data is then sent to the other service.
• Receiving each other's authentication data each service validates the received authentication data. Based on the validation results, the services may then perform additional communications, e.g. one service may grant or deny the service request of the other service.
• Figures 6a and 6b only show examples of authentication protocols. Also, although the communication arrows were discussed in a certain order or illustrated in a sequence of communications, no particular ordering is required unless specifically state, or required because a communication is dependent on another communication being completed prior to the communication being transmitted.
• Figures 7a and 7b illustrate the principle of cryptographic signature as it may be used for example in authentication mechanisms based on a private and public key pair. Such processes include cryptographic mechanisms using the key pair and/or hashing functions.
• Figure 7a illustrates one example of an encryption process.
• the subject data such as a JWT request token may be provided.
• Such data may include the public key of the receiver. Further the private key of the sender may be provided.
• the data or parts of the data may be transformed through a hash function.
• Hash functions may map multiple inputs to exactly one output.
• Known hash functions are for instance SHA256, MD5, Bcyrpt or RIPEMD.
• the hashed data or the hash may be encrypted with the private key of the sender.
• Such encryption of the data or hashed data ensures that the data is provided by the sender as the legitimate owner and not a non-legitimate third-party.
• This process of encryption with the private key of the sender may also be referred to as signature.
• signature The additional use of a hashing function allows to reduce the data package size to be transmitted over the network.
• the data and encrypted hash are encrypted with the public key of the receiver.
• the encrypted data package including the data and the signature are provided for transmission to the sender.
• Figure 7b illustrates one example of a decryption process for an encrypted data package of Figure 7a.
• the encrypted data package may be provided.
• the public key of the sender and the private key of the receiver may be provided.
• the data package may be decrypted with the private key of the receiver. This way confidentiality of the data transmission can be ensured.
• the hash of the decrypted data package may be decrypted with the public key of the sender. This way the signature of the sender can be resolved to ensure legitimate sender.
• the decrypted data from the decrypted data may be hashed.
• the hashes from the decrypted hash and the decrypted data may be matched. If the hashes match the data was sent under confidentiality and is not corrupted. If the hashes do not match the data is corrupted.
• FIGS 7a and 7b only illustrate the principle of authentication mechanisms based on cryptographic signatures. Multiple different authentication mechanisms exist and multiple variations can be implemented. Further examples of authentication mechanisms include: Biometric authentication like Touch ID or Face ID, FIDO Security keys, push authentication, biometrics and device binding mechanisms, magic links, any combinations thereof or any other password-less authentication mechanism known to the person skilled in the art.
• Figure 8 shows an example method for authorizing access to chemical product data.
• a first decentral identifier and a set of authorization rules for the chemical product data associated with the first decentral identifier are provided.
• the set of authorization rules may include usage instructions defining usage policies for entities accessing the chemical product data associated with the decentral identifier.
• the set of rules may include one or more local rules that are specific to a particular location. The one or more local rules may be based on a location of where the decentral identifier was generated, where the data providing service was implemented, where the data consuming service was implemented or a combination thereof.
• the one or more sets of local rules may be based on a location provided by the data providing service or the data providing service.
• the location may refer to a jurisdiction and the local rules may be associated with legal requirements related to the supply of chemicals or chemical materials.
• access to chemicals data may be provided via an authorization rule that may include jurisdictional or local rules.
• Chemicals data may include certificate of analysis data associated with laboratory measurement data acquired from a sample of the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, or the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• the certificate of analysis data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture the component.
• the certificate of analysis data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture multiple components to assemble component assembly or end product
• chemicals data include chemical product safety data associated with hazards of substances or mixtures of the physical entity of the product such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, or the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• the chemical product safety data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture the component.
• the chemical product safety data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture multiple components to assemble component assembly or end product.
• Chemicals data may include chemical product declaration data associated with physical entity of a product, such as the raw material, the chemical product, the component, the component assembly, or the end product and/or combinations thereof.
• the chemical product declaration data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture the component.
• the chemical product declaration data may by associated with more than one raw material or chemical product such as those used to manufacture multiple components to assemble component
• a second decentral identifier or data related to the second decentral identifier of the accessing entity is provided. Based on the second decentral identifier or data related to the second decentral identifier of the accessing entity, the authorization rule for the chemical product data associated with the first decentral identifier is selected.
• the authorization rule may include computer-executable instructions to allow, deny or modify chemical product data.
• the authorization rule may relate to each data point of the chemical product data or sets or classes of chemical product data.
• the selected authorization rule may be stored for application to the chemical product data. Such authorization rule may be applied before or on data transaction.
• the selected authorization rule may be bound to the chemical product data, individual data points or classes of chemical product data for application to the chemical product data.
• the product data may include data related to different classes of product data, such as chemical product data.
• the data chemical product data may itself include different classes of chemical product data.
• at least one class of chemical product data includes chemicals data e.g. data required by regulation or regulatory data for chemicals.
• the selected authorization rule may be applied to the chemical product data associated with the first decentral identifier.
• the selected authorization rule may be applied prior to access of the chemical product data.
• the selected authorization rule may be applied during run-time on access of the chemical product data.
• the chemical product data associated with the first decentral identifier is provided according to the selected authorization rule.
• the authorization rule may for instance may include local rules that are specific to a particular location, wherein the location is associated with a jurisdiction and the local rule for the location is associated with legal requirements related to the supply of chemicals.
• the set of authorization rules may include at least one regulatory instruction configured to provide access to chemicals data relating to regulatory requirements for the supply of chemicals.
• the provided set of authorization rules may be related to decentral identifiers of accessing entities, the authorization rule may include computer-executable instructions to allow access to chemical product data associated with the first decentral identifier, deny access to chemical product data associated with the first decentral identifier, to modify access to chemical product data associated with the first decentral identifier or to modify chemical product data associated with the first decentral identifier.
• the authorization rule may relate to each data point of the chemical product data or classes of chemical product data, wherein the selected authorization rule is bound to the chemical product data, classes of chemical product data, individual data points or combinations thereof.
• the set of authorization rules may include one or more of prescribed rules relating to obligations of the data consuming service associated with the second decentral identifier.
• the set of authorization rules includes one or more of prescribed rules relating to emission data, production data, recyclate content data, bio-based content data, provenance data, labour conditions data or combinations thereof.
• the set of authorization rules may include one or more processing rules relating to the processing of emission data, production data, recyclate con-tent data, bio-based content data, provenance data, labour conditions data or combinations thereof by a data consuming service associated with decentral identifiers of accessing entities.
• the set of authorization rules includes one or more aggregation rules relating to bill of material data provided by a data providing service of a supplier or raw material data provided by a data providing service of a supplier.
• Figure 9 shows a schematic illustration of providing a chemical product passport from a data providing service via the IDS architecture.
• the data providing service may provide chemical product data to a data consuming service.
• the following IDS components may be executable components in the “IDS infrastructure” shown in Figure 8: Data Connector, App Store, Identity Provider, Vocabulary Provider, Broker, Clearing House.
• Data may be exchanged between an interface of a data owner and an interface of a data user via a data providing service and a data consuming service.
• the data providing service and the data consuming service are each connected to the data connector to allow a secure and trusted data exchange.
• the data provided by the interface of the data owner may be associated with authorization mechanisms such as usage policies specifying authorization rules such as data usage rules. Exchange or sharing of data may be conducted according to predefined authorization mechanisms as described in relation to Figure 7.
• the data provided by the interface of the data owner via the data providing service may be accessed by the interface of the data user according to the usage policies attached to the data provided by the interface of the data owner.
• a participant acting as Data Owner may assume the role of the Data Provider. However, there may be cases in which the Data Provider may not coincide with the Data Owner (e.g., if the data is technically managed by a different entity than the Data Owner, such as in the case of a company using an external service to provide data, or if data management activities are handed over to a data trustee). In cases in which the Data Owner does not act as the Data Provider at the same time, the only activity of the Data Owner is to authorize a Data Provider to make its data available to be used by the interface of the Data Consumer.
• the Data Provider interface makes data available for being shared or exchanged between a Data Owner and a Data Consumer.
• the Data Provider interface may provide metadata, such as a description of datasets e.g. the syntax, serialization and/or semantics of data sources, a description of the provider or a description of consumers, to a Broker Service Provider (see below).
• a Broker Service Provider is not necessarily required for a Data Consumer interface and a Data Provider interface to establish a connection. Exchanging or sharing data with a Data Consumer interface needs not necessarily be the only activity of the Data Provider.
• the Data Provider interface may log the details of the successful (or unsuccessful) completion of transactions at a Clearing House (see below).
• the data provider interface may facilitate billing or resolve a conflicts.
• the Data Provider interface may use Data Apps to check, enrich or transform the data.
• the Data Consumer interface may receive data from a Data Provider interface.
• the Data Consumer interface may the mirror entity of the Data Provider interface.
• the executable components of the Data provider interface may be mirrored by the Data Consumer interface.
• the Data Consumer Before the connection to a Data Provider interface can be established, the Data Consumer may search for existing datasets by making an inquiry at a Broker Service Provider.
• the Broker Service Provider may provide the required metadata for the Data Consumer interface to connect to a Data Provider.
• meta data may include the ID and/or authentication mechanism of the data provider interface.
• the Data Consumer interface may establish a connection to a Data Provider interface (i.e., with or without involving a Broker Service Provider).
• the Data Consumer interface may request the data (and the corresponding metadata) directly from the Data Provider interface.
• the Data Consumer interface may log the details of a successful (or unsuccessful) data exchange transaction at a Clearing House, use Data Apps to check, enrich, transform, etc. the data received, or use a Service Provider interface to connect to International Data Spaces (if it does not deploy the technical infrastructure for participation itself).
• the Data User is the legal entity that has the legal right to use the data of a Data Owner as specified by the usage policy. In most cases, the Data User is identical with the Data Consumer. However, there may be scenarios in which these roles are assumed by different participants.
• the identity provider may act as an agent. It may include a Certification Authority (managing digital certificates for the participants of the International Data Spaces), a Dynamic Attribute Provisioning Service (DAPS, managing the dynamic attributes of the participants), and a service named Dynamic Trust Monitoring (DTM, for continuous monitoring of the security and behavior of the network). It may be responsible for issuing technical identities to parties that have been approved to become Participants in the International Data Spaces.
• the Identity Provider may be instructed to issue identities based on approved roles (see above).
• the Identity Provider may also manage the PKI rollout. There are two separate PKI hierarchies: one for software signatures (Software Signing Root CA) and one for the IDS Connectors (Service Root CA). An entity is assigned with either an end certificate or a sub/root-CA certificate.
• the Identity Provider may act as an authentication and/or authorization service by incorporating the DAPS.
• Each IDS Connector may run different services and communicate with other IDS Connectors.
• an IDS Connector protects the persistent storage of its services and the communication with other IDS Connectors.
• the IDS Connector stores the trusted root certificates (Service Root CA and Software Signing Root CA) in a way their integrity is preserved.
• App stores may provide data apps which can be run inside isolated containers of the IDS connectors. These are applications that can be deployed in IDS Connectors to execute tasks like transformation, aggregation or analytics on the data. App stores can be provided by IDS members and must be separately certified under IDS standards.
• An App Store has a service sub CA.
• the International Data Spaces Association signs a certificate signing request (CSR) in order to approve Apps or App Stores.
• CSR certificate signing request
• the CSR identifies the App Store and makes it possible to sign the service CSRs from the IDS Connectors requesting apps.
• the IDS Connector creates a key pair for every App it downloads. The private key protects the App’s persistent data.
• the IDS Connector creates a CSR using the public key.
• the App Store signs the CSR and issues a certificate. The IDS Connector uses this certificate to make sure that the App it is running and is valid.
• Vocabulary providers may manage and offer “vocabularies” (including ontologies, reference data models, metadata elements) which can be used to annotate and describe datasets. Vocabulary providers provide these (domain-specific) vocabularies and their references to the IDS Information Model, which is the basis for the description of data sources.
• the Broker may be used as an intermediary that stores and manages information about the data sources available in the International Data Spaces. As the role of the Broker is central but non-exclusive, multiple Brokers may be around at the same time (e.g., for different application domains). An organization offering broker services in the International Data Spaces may assume other intermediary roles at the same time (e.g., Clearing House or Identity Provider, see below).
• the activities of the Broker may include receiving and providing metadata.
• the Broker must provide an interface for Data Provider interfaces to send their metadata.
• the metadata may be stored in an internal repository for being queried by Data Consumers in a structured manner. While the core of the metadata model may be specified by the International Data Spaces, a Broker may extend the metadata model to manage additional metadata elements. After the Broker has provided the Data Consumer interface with the metadata about a certain Data Provider interface, its job is done (i.e., it is not involved in the subsequent data exchange process).
• the Clearing House may be an intermediary that provides clearing and settlement services for financial and data sharing or exchange transactions.
• clearing activities are separated from broker services, since these activities are technically different from maintaining a metadata repository.
• the clearing house and the broker may include a distributed ledger to record metadata from data services.
• the Clearing House logs activities performed in the course of a data exchange. After a data exchange, or parts of it, are completed, both the Data Provider interface and the Data Consumer interface confirm the data transfer by logging the details of the transaction at the Clearing House.
• the transaction may be checked or billed.
• the logging information can also be used to resolve conflicts (e.g., to clarify whether a data package has been received by the Data Consumer or not).
• the Clearing House may provide reports on the performed (logged) transactions for billing, conflict resolution, etc.
• Figure 9 shows a schematic illustration of the authentication process between the IDS connector 1 present in an IDS data provider domain and an IDS connector 2 present in an IDS data consumer domain.
• Connector 2 is associated with a third party that wants to access to chemical product data associated with connector 1 of a chemical product data owner.
• Connector 2 is associated with a third party that wants to access to chemical product data associated with connector 1 of a chemical product data owner.
• Connectors are associated with a certificate issued by the Device-CA. This certificate may serve as the root of identity.
• the connector may include multiple authentication mechanisms or identity tokens, e.g. a device certificate (X.509v3), a TLS connection certificate (X.509v3) and a ‘Dynamic Attribute Token’ (OAuth Access Token).
• IDS connector 2 When data within the data service of IDS connector 1 may be accessed by IDS connector 2, an access token may be presented by IDS connector 2.
• IDS connector 2 may present its X.509 Device Certificate to the DAPS (Dynamic attribute provisioning service) located in the IDS infrastructure to receive a Dynamic Attribute Token (DAT).
• DAPS Dynamic attribute provisioning service
• the ‘Dynamic Attribute Token’ may include an OAuth Access Token, signed by the Dynamic Attribute Provisioning Service (DAPS).
• DAT may be implemented as JSON Web Tokens (JWT) including the cryptographic signature of the DAPS and/or an indication of verified or non-verified identity attributes of connector 2.
• Dynamic in this context refers to a short-lived token that contains attributes that the IDS connector 2 possesses. Such short-lived token may only be valid for a limited number of transactions, e.g. one transaction.
• the DAPS may verify the Device Certificate with the Device Sub-CA prior to issuing the DAT.
• a TLS tunnel may be established by requesting a TLS connection certificate using the same X.509 Device Certificate.
• This certificate may be automatically requested by the IDS connector 2 by interacting with a ACME server that may be integrated into the TLS Sub-CA present in the IDS infrastructure (not shown).
• an Identity Token may be requested by Connector 2 using the authorization service of Connector 1 . This step may be optional.
• the Identity Token may be requested, for example, if several Access Tokens (Ats) are used.
• Connector 2 hands in the DAT at the authorization service of Connector 1 and requests an Identity Token.
• the authorization service in IDS connector 1 uses a database or rule engine to decide whether the Identity Token is to be provided to Connector 2.
• Connector 1 may provide the Identity Token to Connector 2.
• Connector 2 hands in the Identity token and optionally DAT to request access to the data within the data service of IDS connector 1 via IDSCP (IDS communication protocol). If no Identity Token needs to be requested, Connector 2 hands in the DAT to Connector 1 to request access to the data within data service of Connector 1 via IDSCP (IDS communication protocol).
• Connector 1 may verify the DAT and provide access to the data.
• Figure 10 shows an example implementation of an authorization mechanism using usage- controlled data flow.
• Such example may be implemented in the international data space (IDS) framework described in Figure 8.
• IDS international data space
• FIG. 10 After access to the IDS connector associated with the data providing service has been granted according to the procedure described in relation to Figure 9, authorization based on authorization rule(s) may follow.
• the decentral identifier or data related to the decentral identifier of the accessing entity is available to connector IDS connector.
• Usage controlled data flows are one way to enforce authorization rule(s) or usage policies on data exchange or sharing. Usage control may be achieved by binding usage policies to data being exchanged and by continuously controlling the way how data is processed, aggregated or forwarded to other endpoints.
• data flows may be monitored and potentially intercepted by control points.
• the intercepted data flows may be passed to a decision engine for requesting permission, denial or modification of the data flow.
• the decision-making may be based on the evaluation of the usage policy by the decision engine.
• Data usage transactions may trigger interception and evaluation.
• usage policies may be provided by a policy manager to the decision engine.
• the usage policies may be stored independently from the data.
• the policy manager may be present within the IDS connectors and/or within the clearing house to administer usage policies.
• the authorization rule for chemical product data associated with a decentral identifier may be selected for enforcement.
• Enforcement mechanisms may work differently (e.g., work on different system actions) on different systems or technologies.
• Abstract policies can have different instantiations.
• Usage policies may be instantiated on the target system.
• usage policies may be adhered to the data (also called sticky policy). Sticky policies are one way to cope with the distribution of the usage restrictions. In this approach, machine-readable usage policies may stick to data when it is exchanged. There exist different realization possibilities. For instance, data may be encrypted and can only be decrypted when the adherence to the usage restrictions are guaranteed.
• Usage policies may include additional information provided e.g. by a policy information registry.
• Additional information may include information about contextual information such as previous data usages or the geographical location of an entity, pre- or post-conditions that have to hold before (e.g. integrity checks) and after (e.g. data item is deleted after usage) the decisionmaking and on-conditions that have to hold during usage (e.g. only during business hours).
• the decision engine or the control point may request additional information from the policy information registry.
• the policy information registry information may provide the requested additional information.
• the policy information registry may be used to get contextual information for or about the intercepted system action (e.g., data flow information, geolocation of the requesting device). For example, the policy information registry may be used to resolve the ID of a supplier to a postal address and the postal address to GPS coordinates.
• the policy executor may be used to perform additional actions based on policy rules, such as sending a notification e.g. via email when data is used or writing to a system log.
• the action may be triggered by sending the instruction related to the desired additional action from the control point to the policy executor e.g. after the control point receives the additional information from the policy information system.
• the policy executor may perform the instructed action and may confirm that the action succeeded to the decision engine.
• the decision engine may forward its decision to the requesting control point.
• the decision can comprise allowing the data flow, denying the data flow or modifying the data flow.
• the decision may be implemented by the control point.
• the selected authorization rule may be applied to the chemical product data associated with a decentral identifier.
• the chemical product data associated with the decentral identifier according to the selected authorization rule may be provided.
• the usage control enforcement can be implemented in the IDS connectors. At runtime, the usage control enforcement prevents IDS connectors from treating data in an undesired way, for example by forwarding personal data to public endpoints.
• Application of the usage policy associated with the usage enforcement control at the data provider connector or at the data consumer connector may depends on the usage policy.
• usage policies may specify how often data can be accessed, at what times (e.g., only within business hours), or that data must be filtered or masked (e.g., anonymized) before leaving the company.
• the usage policies at the data provider connector may include obligations for the data consumer.
• the technical enforcement may be handled by the control point or the policy executor depending on the usage restriction. For example, limiting data flowing to a specific target system to ensure the correct usage purpose may be handled by the control point while the deletion of data in storage infrastructure outside the connector may be handled by the policy executor.
• the usage control enforcement may be implemented at the storage infrastructure.
• Storage infrastructure may be any kind of storage to persist data such as a file system or a database.
• the storage infrastructure may be used without modification but every usage of the data may be handled by the IDS connector. In certain instances, this could lead to a bottleneck.
• Usage control may be implemented by encrypting the data within the IDS connector connected to the storage infrastructure before transferring the data to the storage infrastructure. Using the data is only possible by using the IDS connector to decrypt the data. Hence, every usage is controlled by the IDS connector. In such cases, usage restrictions such as data lifetime or time constraints can be enforced by deleting the cryptographic key material.
• the storage infrastructure may include a usage control enforcement component that monitors and/or controls the usage of the data.
• Usage control enforcement may also be implemented in applications such that the data flow within the applications can be controlled and adhered to the usage policies. Similar to the storage infrastructure, a control point can be integrated into the application that controls the data flows.
• Anonymization by aggregation Personal data must only be used as aggregates by untrusted parties. A sufficient number of distinct records must be aggregated in order to prevent deanonymization of individual records, Anonymization by replacement: Data which allows a personal identification (e.g. faces in camera images) must be replaced by an adequate substitute (e.g. blurred) in order to guarantee that individuals cannot be deanonymized from the data, Separation of duty: Two data sets from competitive entities (e.g. two chemical industries) must never be aggregated or processed by the same service,
• Data may only serve as input for data pipes within the connector but must never leave the connector to an external endpoint.
• Figures 12-14 show different example configurations for product passports anchored by digital identifiers.
• the configurations include different parent, child, grandchild and so on relationships for product passports generated in the chemical value chain up to an end product.
• Figure 12 illustrates an individual configuration for different product passports generated in the chemical value chain.
• individual product passports may be generated.
• the product passport generation may include the providing of a decentral identifier and an authentication mechanism for each of the multiple product stages.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be based on crypto signatures. For instance, the product passports for the multiple product stages may be concatenated through hash values based on different data sets.
• hash 1 may be based on data of the raw material passport
• hash 2 may be based on data of the chemical product passport
• hash 3 may be based on data of the raw material passport plus data of the chemical product passport.
• Further concatenation may be done for other combinations of product passports up to hash n, which concatenates product passports up to the end product passport.
• Concatenation via hashes of the crypto signature is only one example concatenation.
• Other examples include permission aggregations with different scope of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregations with different crypto signatures or service endpoint aggregation with different links.
• Figure 13 illustrates an anchored configuration for different product passports generated in the chemical value chain.
• an end product passport is generated.
• individual product passports may be generated and embedded in or linked with the end product passport.
• the product passport generation may include the providing of a decentral identifier and an authentication mechanism for each of the multiple product stages.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be based on crypto signatures.
• the product passports for the multiple further product stages may be concatenated through hash values based on different data sets.
• hash 1 may be based on data of the raw material passport
• hash 2 may be based on data of the chemical product passport
• hash 3 may be based on data of the raw material passport plus data of the chemical product passport.
• Concatenation via hashes of the crypto signature is only one example concatenation.
• Other examples include permission aggregations with different scope of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregations with different crypto signatures or service endpoint aggregation with different links.
• Figure 14 illustrates a fully embedded configuration for different product passports generated in the chemical value chain.
• individual product passports may be generated.
• the product passport generation may include the providing of a decentral identifier and an authentication mechanism for each of the multiple product stages.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be based on crypto signatures.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be concatenated through hash values based on different data sets.
• hash 1 may be based on data of the raw material passport.
• Hash 2 may be based on data of the the raw material passport and the chemical product passport. Further concatenation may be done for other combinations of product passports up to hash n, which concatenates product passports up to the end product passport.
• Concatenation via hashes of the crypto signature is only one example concatenation.
• Other examples include permission aggregations with different scope of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregations with different crypto signatures or service endpoint aggregation with different links.
• Figures 12-14 show different example configurations for product passports anchored by digital identifiers.
• the configurations include different parent, child, grandchild and so on relationships for product passports generated in the chemical value chain up to an end product.
• Figure 12 illustrates an individual configuration for different product passports generated in the chemical value chain.
• individual product passports may be generated.
• the product passport generation may include the providing of a decentral identifier and an authentication mechanism for each of the multiple product stages.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be based on crypto signatures.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be concatenated through hash values based on different data sets.
• hash 1 may be based on data of the raw material passport
• hash 2 may be based on data of the chemical product passport
• hash 3 may be based on data of the raw material passport plus data of the chemical product passport.
• Concatenation via hashes of the crypto signature is only one example concatenation.
• Other examples include permission aggregations with different scope of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregations with different crypto signatures or service endpoint aggregation with different links.
• Figure 13 illustrates an anchored configuration for different product passports generated in the chemical value chain.
• an end product passport is generated.
• individual product passports may be generated and embedded in or linked with the end product passport.
• the product passport generation may include the providing of a decentral identifier and an authentication mechanism for each of the multiple product stages.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be based on crypto signatures.
• the product passports for the multiple further product stages may be concatenated through hash values based on different data sets.
• hash 1 may be based on data of the raw material passport
• hash 2 may be based on data of the chemical product passport
• hash 3 may be based on data of the raw material passport plus data of the chemical product passport.
• Concatenation via hashes of the crypto signature is only one example concatenation.
• Other examples include permission aggregations with different scope of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregations with different crypto signatures or service endpoint aggregation with different links.
• Figure 14 illustrates a fully embedded configuration for different product passports generated in the chemical value chain.
• individual product passports may be generated.
• the product passport generation may include the providing of a decentral identifier and an authentication mechanism for each of the multiple product stages.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be based on crypto signatures.
• the product passports for the multiple product stages may be concatenated through hash values based on different data sets.
• hash 1 may be based on data of the raw material passport.
• Hash 2 may be based on data of the raw material passport and the chemical product passport. Further concatenation may be done for other combinations of product passports up to hash n, which concatenates product passports up to the end product passport.
• Concatenation via hashes of the crypto signature is only one example concatenation.
• Other examples include permission aggregations with different scope of data that may be embedded in child passports, public key aggregations with different crypto signatures or service endpoint aggregation with different links.
• FIG. 12-14 relate to product passports generated in the chemical value chain up to an end product.
• product passports generated in the recycling chain from end product to recyclate(s) may be concatenated.
• the product passports generated in the chemical value chain up to an end product and in the recycling chain from end product to recyclate(s) may be concatenated. This way the circularity of products and in particular materials may be virtually represented and tracked.
• Figure 15 illustrates one example of a production facility producing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport.
• the production facility illustrated in Figure 15 may manufacture the chemical product.
• the production facility may manufacture, e.g., an organic chemical product obtained by reacting organic chemical reactants.
• the production facility may include one or more production plants.
• the production facility for manufacturing the chemical product may include at least one precursor/intermediate product production plant.
• the physical inputs to the production facility may include materials, such raw materials, intermediate materials or components to be assembled.
• Raw materials may be virgin or recycled raw materials.
• the physical inputs may be associated with the decentral identifier as described above.
• the physical input(s) may be registered with the production facility.
• the registration may include providing the decentral identifier associated with the physical inputs.
• Providing the decentral identifier may include reading the physical identifier element physically connected to the physical input as described above.
• Providing the decentral identifier may include accessing a data base with decentral identifiers and fetching the decentral identifier associated with the physical input.
• chemical product data associated with such decentral identifier may be accessed. Access may be granted through authentication and authorization based on authentication and authorization information associated with the decentral identifier.
• chemical product data such as chemical product declaration data, chemical product safety data, certificate of analysis data, emission data, product carbon footprint data, product environmental footprint data, chemical product specification data, product information, technical application data, production data, performance data, quality data, material configuration data, recyclate content data or combinations thereof may be accessed.
• Chemical product data may be accessed through a data service requesting access to the chemical product data associated with each decentral identifier and controlled by a physical input data owner. Data owner may be the producer of the physical inputs.
• the data service may include computer executable instructions operating in an at least partially decentral computing environment. Such computer executable instructions may be based on a Json Web Token (JWT) including authentication information, authorization information and/or a digital representation pointing to chemical product data or parts thereof.
• JWT Json Web Token
• the digital representation may include an endpoint for data exchange or sharing (resource endpoint) or an endpoint for service interaction (service endpoint), that may be uniquely identified via a communication protocol.
• the digital representation(s) pointing to chemical product data or parts thereof may be uniquely associated with the decentral identifier. Chemical product data may be used for the manufacturing process of the production facility.
• the production facility may produce the physical output based on one or more physical input(s).
• the physical output of the production facility may be associated with a physical identifier.
• the physical output of the production facility may be physically connected to a physical identifier element as described above.
• the physical identifier may be assigned to identifier information associated with the decentral identifier. For such assignment, the physical identifier element may be read or a data base with physical identifiers may be accessed.
• a request to provide a decentral identifier may be triggered to assign the physical identifier to the decentral identifier. This way, the decentral identifier may be assigned to the physical output.
• Providing the decentral identifier may include accessing a data base with decentral identifiers and associated information such as authentication information.
• Providing the decentral identifier may include accessing a decentral service to provide the decentral identifier and associated information such as authentication information.
• the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product data of the chemical product may be generated.
• the data related to the chemical product data may include a representation such as a pointer or a link to the chemical product data.
• the decentral identifier may be associated to data related to the chemical product data of the physical output.
• the decentral identifier may further be related or assigned or linked to the decentral identifier of the physical input.
• the chemical product passport may be provided to a decentral network for access by other participants or producers of the network. This way the chain of input to output material may be made traceable and usable in further manufacturing steps without exposing the chemical product data in an uncontrolled manner.
• the operating system includes a collector configured to collect chemical product data and/or physical identifiers as described above.
• the collector may be configured to collect chemical product data associated with the chemical product or chemical product data associated with the production of the chemical product, wherein the chemical product is connected to or comprises the physical identifier.
• the operating system may in particular include an ID reader configured to provide the physical identity of physical input(s) or output(s) as described above.
• the system may further include an assignor configured to assign the decentral identifier and associated information to the physical output as described above. Further the operating system may include an ID provider configured to provide the decentral identifier and associated information as described above.
• Figure 16 illustrates another example of a production facility producing a chemical product associated with a chemical product passport.
• the process steps described in the context of Figure 15 may be executed via an operating system of the production facility in interaction with the assignor, the collector or reader or the ID provider.
• the operating system may be communicatively connected to the production facility and the assignor, the collector, the ID reader or the ID provider.
• the operating system may be configured to provide chemical product data from the production facility.
• the operating system may include a collector configured to provide chemical product data from the production facility.
• the operating system may include the ID reader configured to read the physical identifier element physically connected to the physical input or output.
• the assignor may be configured to assign the decentral identifier and associated information to the physical identifier of the physical output as described above in the context of Figure 15.
• the ID provider may be configured to provide the decentral identifier and associated information as described above in the context of Figure 15.
• the ID reader may be configured to provide the physical identity and associated information of physical input(s) or output(s) as described above in the context of Figure 15.
• the assignor, the collector, the ID reader and/or the ID provider may be configured as decentral services or applications executed via the decentral network.
• Figures 15 and 16 only show two example embodiments and any combination of the system components shown in Figures 15 and 16 may be possible.
• the ID reader may be configured as part of the operating system, while ID provider and assignor may not be configured as part of the operating system.
• Figure 17 illustrates an example for tracking material in the production of a chemical product from raw materials to the end product.
• Figures 17 specifically illustrates an example for tracking material in the production of a chemical product.
• raw materials may be provided as physical inputs.
• the raw materials may comprise precursor materials.
• the raw materials may include virgin or recycled materials.
• the raw materials may be associated with a decentral identifier.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with a digital twin of the raw materials.
• the decentral identifier may be associated with raw materials data such as a tag for virgin or recyclate material, material properties related to their environmental impact or material properties associated with their origin.
• the production of a chemical product may comprise a two-step process: 1) production of precursor material, 2) production of the chemical product.
• the raw materials may be used as physical inputs.
• the operating system of the precursor production may access data related to the raw materials based on the decentral identifier e.g. from a raw materials provider. Such data may be used to operate the production. For instance, if the raw materials are recycled materials, production steps purifying the recyclate may be comprised. For instance, if the raw materials are virgin materials, purification steps may be omitted.
• the precursor material may be formed by co-precipitating the raw materials. Production data from precursor production may be stored and/or associated with a decentral identifier.
• the precursor material may be provided to produce the chemical product.
• the precursor material may comprise the precursor produced by the precursor production.
• the precursor material may comprise recycled precursor material or precursor material produced by a different entity.
• Such precursor material may be associated with a decentral identifier via which data related to the precursor material may be accessible.
• the produced and packaged chemical product may be assigned to a decentral identifier and associated information as lined out above.
• the packaged electrode active material may, for instance, comprise the physical identifier element, such as a QR-Code, physically attached to the package.
• Such physical identifier element may be assigned to the decentral identifier.
• the assignment of physical identifier element and decentral identifier may be executed through an ID generator/assignor running locally, in a decentral system and/or in a distributed system.
• the packaging line may comprise a detector detecting the physical identifier on each package. Based on such recognition the operating system of the chemical product production may request to provide a decentral identifier and the provided decentral identifier may be assigned to the physical identifier.
• the chemical product passport including the decentral identifier and data related to the chemical product may be generated. For such generation, data related to the chemical product as recorded prior and/or during production of the chemical product may be gathered or accessed. Such data may be provided by the operating system of the chemical product production, or a storage environment connect to the operating system of the chemical product production. This may include data collected and stored during precursor material production.
• the data related to the chemical product may include the identifier of raw materials used to produce the chemical product.
• the data related to the chemical product may include the data related to the raw material as e.g. accessible via the decentral identifier of the raw materials.
• the data related to the chemical product may include data related to the material configuration of the chemical product.
• the material configuration data may relate to the chemical composition of the chemical product.
• the material configuration data may specify at least one constituent of the chemical composition of the chemical product.
• the data related to the chemical product may include data related to properties related to environmental impact such as CO2 footprint or recyclate content.
• the data related to the chemical product may specify recyclate content for the components or raw materials. Such recyclate content may either be directly associated with the decentral identifier of the chemical product or it may be indirectly associated with the decentral identifier of the chemical product, e.g. via the decentral identifier of the raw materials or the precursor materials.
• the data related to the chemical product may include data related to the production conditions as provided by the operating system of the chemical product production.
• the data related to the chemical product may include data related to the operation conditions as provided by the operating system of the chemical product production.
• the data related to the chemical product may include data related to the producer, such as producer name, producer brand or producer identifier.
• the data related to the chemical product may include data related to the product, such as product name, product brand or product identifier.
• Figures 15 to 17 illustrate examples of providing access to data via one or more chemical product passport(s).
• FIG. 18 shows data that may be accessed based on the decentral identifier of an end product, e.g. a car.
• Material data may be provided from different material providers, that have supplied material for the production of the car.
• Environmental impact data may be provided aggregated from different material providers, that have participated in the production of the car.
• Lifetime data may be provided as collected during use of the end product.
• Figure 19 shows chemical product data as provided by the chemical product producer, precursor A data as provided by the precursor A producer/provider, precursor B data as provided by the precursor B producer/provider.
• Figure 20 shows environmental data such as total emissions data as aggregated from data provided by producers of components of the car, production emission data as provided by producers of components of the car, recyclate content data as provided by producers of components of the car.

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