WO2022264554A1 - 複合活物質、電極材料、電池、および複合活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
複合活物質、電極材料、電池、および複合活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022264554A1 WO2022264554A1 PCT/JP2022/010446 JP2022010446W WO2022264554A1 WO 2022264554 A1 WO2022264554 A1 WO 2022264554A1 JP 2022010446 W JP2022010446 W JP 2022010446W WO 2022264554 A1 WO2022264554 A1 WO 2022264554A1
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- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021561 transition metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001889 triflyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten(VI) oxide Inorganic materials O=[W](=O)=O ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PCMOZDDGXKIOLL-UHFFFAOYSA-K yttrium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Y+3] PCMOZDDGXKIOLL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/30—Compounds containing rare earth metals and at least one element other than a rare earth metal, oxygen or hydrogen, e.g. La4S3Br6
- C01F17/36—Compounds containing rare earth metals and at least one element other than a rare earth metal, oxygen or hydrogen, e.g. La4S3Br6 halogen being the only anion, e.g. NaYF4
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/008—Halides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to composite active materials, electrode materials, batteries, and methods of manufacturing composite active materials.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a battery that includes a negative electrode active material layer containing lithium titanium oxide as a negative electrode active material, and in which the volume of pores in the negative electrode active material layer is adjusted.
- the composite active material in one aspect of the present disclosure is an active material comprising Li, Ti, and O; a first solid electrolyte; including the active material is a porous material having a plurality of pores, the first solid electrolyte contains Li, M, and X; M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements and metalloid elements belonging to the 5th or 6th period, X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; At least part of the first solid electrolyte exists inside the plurality of pores.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a composite active material according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a method for manufacturing a composite active material according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of an electrode material according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery according to Embodiment 3.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pressure molding die used for evaluating the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a lithium secondary battery that includes a negative electrode active material layer containing lithium titanium oxide as a negative electrode active material, and in which the volume of pores in the negative electrode active material layer is adjusted from 10% by volume to 50% by volume.
- lithium secondary batteries using an electrolytic solution conventionally use porous lithium titanium oxide in order to improve output characteristics.
- a solid electrolyte is used as the electrolyte, it is difficult to form an interface between the active material and the solid electrolyte, resulting in an increase in interfacial resistance. Therefore, even if porous lithium titanium oxide is used as the negative electrode active material, the output characteristics of the battery cannot be sufficiently improved.
- the inventors have diligently researched technologies for improving the output characteristics of batteries. As a result, the inventors have arrived at the technique of the present disclosure.
- the composite active material according to the first aspect of the present disclosure is an active material comprising Li, Ti, and O; a first solid electrolyte; including the active material is a porous material having a plurality of pores, the first solid electrolyte contains Li, M, and X; M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements and metalloid elements belonging to the 5th or 6th period, X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; At least part of the first solid electrolyte exists inside the plurality of pores.
- the interfacial resistance decreases. This can improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the first solid electrolyte may be represented by the following compositional formula (1).
- ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are independently values greater than 0. According to the above configuration, it is possible to further improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- M in the composite active material according to the first or second aspect, in the first solid electrolyte, M may contain yttrium. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte can be further improved.
- the first solid electrolyte consists of Li 3 YBr 3 Cl 3 and Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 At least one selected from the group may be included. According to the above configuration, it is possible to further improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the BET specific surface area of the active material is defined as S AM
- the BET specific surface area of the composite active material is defined as S AM-SE
- the following formula (2) may be satisfied.
- the composite active material according to the fifth aspect may satisfy the following formula (3).
- SAM-SE / SAM ⁇ 0.5 Expression (3) According to the above configuration, the first solid electrolyte is more likely to exist inside the pores of the active material. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the active material may contain lithium titanium oxide. According to the above configuration, it is possible to improve the safety of the battery while improving the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery.
- the lithium titanium oxide may contain Li4Ti5O12 . According to the above configuration, it is possible to improve the safety of the battery while improving the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery.
- the active material may have an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m or more. According to the above configuration, it is possible to further improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the first solid electrolyte may not contain sulfur. According to the above configuration, it is possible to improve the safety of the battery.
- the electrode material according to the eleventh aspect of the present disclosure is a composite active material according to any one of the first to tenth aspects; a second solid electrolyte; including.
- the battery according to the twelfth aspect of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode and the negative electrode includes the electrode material according to the eleventh aspect.
- a method for producing a composite active material according to a thirteenth aspect of the present disclosure includes: impregnating the active material with a mixed solution containing at least one selected from the group consisting of the first solid electrolyte and its raw materials and a solvent; removing the solvent contained in the mixture from the active material; including the active material is a porous material containing Li, Ti, and O and having a plurality of pores;
- the first solid electrolyte and the raw material contain Li, M, and X, M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements and metalloid elements belonging to the 5th or 6th period, X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I;
- the first solid electrolyte can be put inside the pores of the porous active material.
- the interface formed between the active material and the first solid electrolyte increases, thereby reducing the interface resistance. Therefore, the output characteristics of the battery can be improved by using the composite active material obtained by the above manufacturing method.
- the method for producing a composite active material according to the thirteenth aspect may further include heating the active material.
- the first solid electrolyte can be deposited.
- the solvent may contain a nitrile solvent.
- the first solid electrolyte and its raw material can be appropriately dissolved and dispersed.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a composite active material according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a composite active material according to Embodiment 1.
- Composite active material 103 in Embodiment 1 includes active material 101 and first solid electrolyte 102 .
- Active material 101 contains Li, Ti, and O.
- Active material 101 is a porous material having a plurality of pores.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 contains Li, M, and X.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements and metalloid elements belonging to the 5th or 6th period.
- X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; At least part of first solid electrolyte 102 exists inside the plurality of pores of active material 101 .
- the interface formed between the active material 101 and the first solid electrolyte 102 increases, so the interfacial resistance decreases. Therefore, by using the composite active material 103, the output characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may exist in the form of particles or in the form of a layer. Particles of the first solid electrolyte 102 are present inside the pores. The pores may be filled with particles of the first solid electrolyte 102 . A plurality of particles of first solid electrolyte 102 may be present in composite active material 103 . A layer of the first solid electrolyte 102 may cover the inner surfaces of the pores.
- At least part means, for example, 1% or more, 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, or 50% of the total mass of the first solid electrolyte 102 contained in the composite active material 103. or more.
- the upper limit of “at least part” is not particularly limited.
- At least part means, for example, 95% or less, 90% or less, 80% or less, 50% or less, 30% or less, or 20% of the total mass of the first solid electrolyte 102 contained in the composite active material 103. It may be below.
- Present inside the pores means, for example, that part or all of the first solid electrolyte 102 penetrates into the pores of the active material 101 .
- the active material 101 is secondary particles formed by aggregation of a plurality of primary particles.
- the secondary particles have a porous structure due to the formation of pores between adjacent primary particles.
- the interface formed between the active material 101 and the first solid electrolyte 102 increases due to the presence of the first solid electrolyte 102 inside the pores. resistance decreases.
- the BET specific surface area of the active material 101 is defined as SAM
- the BET specific surface area of the composite active material 103 is defined as SAM-SE .
- the composite active material 103 may satisfy the following formula (2).
- the particles of the first solid electrolyte 102 are likely to exist inside the pores of the active material 101 . Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the BET specific surface area S AM of the active material 101 and the BET specific surface area S AM-SE of the composite active material 103 can be determined by the BET method using, for example, a specific surface area measuring device using nitrogen gas adsorption method. Specifically, molecules with known adsorption occupied areas are adsorbed on the surfaces of particles of each substance at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. The specific surface area of the particles of each substance can be obtained from the amount of adsorption.
- the active material 101 contained in the composite active material 103 can be taken out, for example, by the following method. Only the first solid electrolyte 102 contained in the composite active material 103 is dissolved using a solvent. Thereby, the first solid electrolyte 102 can be removed from the composite active material 103, and only the active material 101 can be taken out.
- the composite active material 103 When the composite active material 103 is contained in the electrode layer or electrolyte layer, the composite active material 103 can be taken out, for example, by the following method. An electrode layer or an electrolyte layer containing composite active material 103 is dispersed in a solvent in which first solid electrolyte 102 is not dissolved. By centrifuging the obtained dispersion medium, only the composite active material 103 can be extracted from the difference in particle density.
- the composite active material 103 may satisfy the following formula (3).
- the first solid electrolyte 102 is more likely to exist inside the pores of the active material 101 .
- the lower limit of the ratio S AM-SE /S AM is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 0.1.
- the active material 101 may contain lithium titanium oxide. Batteries using lithium titanium oxide are known to exhibit high charge-discharge efficiency. In addition, lithium titanium oxide is less likely to cause deposition of lithium metal. Therefore, when lithium titanium oxide is used for the negative electrode, it is possible to prevent an internal short circuit caused by deposited metal penetrating the electrolyte layer and coming into contact with the positive electrode. Further, lithium titanium oxide is characterized by small expansion and contraction associated with insertion and extraction of lithium ions. Therefore, according to the above configuration, it is possible to improve the safety of the battery while improving the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery.
- the active material 101 may contain lithium titanium oxide as a main component.
- main component means a component contained at a mass ratio of 50% or more.
- the active material 101 may contain 70% or more of lithium titanium oxide in mass ratio with respect to the entire active material 101 .
- the active material 101 may be lithium titanium oxide.
- Lithium titanium oxides include , for example , Li4Ti5O12 , Li7Ti5O12 , and LiTi2O4 .
- the lithium titanium oxide may contain at least one selected from these materials.
- the lithium titanium oxide may contain Li4Ti5O12 . According to the above configuration, it is possible to improve the safety of the battery while improving the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery.
- the lithium titanium oxide may be Li4Ti5O12 .
- the first solid electrolyte 102 contains Li, M, and X.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements and metalloid elements belonging to the 5th or 6th period.
- X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be improved. This can improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- metal elements are B, Si, Ge, As, Sb and Te.
- Metallic element means all elements contained in Groups 1 to 12 of the periodic table except hydrogen, and B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, C, N, P, O, S, and All elements contained in groups 13 to 16 of the periodic table except Se. That is, the term “semimetallic element” or “metallic element” refers to a group of elements that can become cations when an inorganic compound is formed with a halogen element.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may consist essentially of Li, M, and X. “Consisting substantially of Li, M, and X” means that in the first solid electrolyte 102, the sum of the amounts of Li, M, and X with respect to the sum of the amounts of all elements constituting the first solid electrolyte 102 is 90% or more. As an example, the molar ratio may be 95% or greater.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may consist of Li, M, and X only. "Consisting only of Li, M, and X" means that in the first solid electrolyte 102, moles of the total amount of substances of Li, M, and X with respect to the total amount of substances of all elements constituting the first solid electrolyte 102 It means that the ratio is 100%.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may be represented by the following compositional formula (1).
- composition formula (1) ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are each independently a value greater than 0. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- M is a metal element belonging to the 5th period or the 6th period, and is a Group 1 element, a Group 2 element, a Group 3 element, At least one selected from the group consisting of Group 4 elements and lanthanoid elements may be included. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- Group 1 elements contained in M include, for example, Rb and Cs.
- Group 2 elements contained in M include, for example, Sr and Ba.
- Examples of Group 3 elements contained in M include Y.
- Examples of Group 4 elements contained in M include Zr and Hf.
- Lanthanide elements include, for example, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu.
- M is a metal element belonging to the 5th period or the 6th period, and It may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of: According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- Group 5 elements contained in M include, for example, Nb and Ta.
- Examples of Group 13 elements contained in M include In.
- Examples of Group 14 elements contained in M include Sn.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 contains Li, M, and X
- M is Sr, Ba, Y, Hf, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm , Yb, and Lu. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- M may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of Sr, Y, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Hf. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 contains Li, M, and X
- X may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of Br, Cl, and I. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 contains Li, M, and X
- X may contain Br, Cl, and I. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 contains Li, M, and X
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may be represented by the following compositional formula (2).
- X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may be represented by the following compositional formula (3).
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may be represented by the following compositional formula (4).
- composition formula (4) 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 6 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 6 are satisfied.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Li3YBr2Cl4 and Li3YBr3Cl3 . According to the above configuration, it is possible to further improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may contain Li3YBr3Cl3 . According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be further improved. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may contain Li 3 YBr 3 Cl 3 at a mass ratio of 70% or more with respect to the entire first solid electrolyte 102 .
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may be Li3YBr3Cl3 .
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may not contain sulfur. According to the above configuration, generation of hydrogen sulfide gas can be suppressed. Thereby, the safety of the battery can be improved.
- the shape of the active material 101 is not limited.
- the shape of the active material 101 may be, for example, acicular, spherical, or oval.
- the shape of the active material 101 may be, for example, particulate.
- Active material 101 may be formed to be secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated.
- the average particle size of the active material 101 may be 5 ⁇ m or more. According to the above configuration, the particles of the first solid electrolyte 102 tend to exist inside the pores of the active material 101 . Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the upper limit of the average particle size of the active material 101 is not particularly limited.
- the average particle size of the active material 101 is, for example, 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the shape of the first solid electrolyte 102 is not limited.
- the shape of the first solid electrolyte 102 may be, for example, acicular, spherical, oval, fibrous, or the like.
- the shape of the first solid electrolyte 102 may be, for example, particulate.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 may be formed to have a pellet shape or plate shape.
- the average particle size of the first solid electrolyte 102 may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less. According to the above configuration, the particles of the first solid electrolyte 102 tend to exist inside the pores of the active material 101 .
- the average particle size of the active material 101 and the average particle size of the first solid electrolyte 102 can be obtained as median sizes.
- “median size” means the particle size when the cumulative volume in a volume-based particle size distribution is equal to 50%.
- the volume-based particle size distribution is measured by, for example, a laser diffraction measurement device or an image analysis device.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 can be taken out from the composite active material 103 by, for example, the following method.
- the composite active material 103 is dispersed in a solvent in which the first solid electrolyte 102 does not dissolve. By centrifuging the obtained dispersion medium, only the first solid electrolyte 102 can be extracted from the difference in particle density.
- the average particle size of active material 101 may be larger than the average particle size of first solid electrolyte 102 . According to the above configuration, the particles of the first solid electrolyte 102 tend to exist inside the pores of the active material 101 .
- the ratio of the mass of the first solid electrolyte 102 to the mass of the active material 101 may be 5% or more and 20% or less. That is, the ratio of the total mass of the particles of the first solid electrolyte 102 to the mass of the active material 101 may be 5% or more and 20% or less. According to the above configuration, the effect of improving the ion conductivity by the first solid electrolyte 102 can be sufficiently obtained. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the ratio of the mass of the first solid electrolyte 102 to the mass of the active material 101 may be 5% or more and 15% or less. That is, the ratio of the total mass of the particles of the first solid electrolyte 102 to the mass of the active material 101 may be 5% or more and 15% or less.
- the active material 101 may be coated with a coating material.
- each of the primary particles of active material 101 may be coated with a coating material.
- a material with low electronic conductivity can be used as the coating material.
- oxide materials, oxide solid electrolytes, and the like can be used as the coating material.
- oxide materials examples include SiO2 , Al2O3 , TiO2 , B2O3 , Nb2O5 , WO3 , and ZrO2 .
- oxide solid electrolytes that can be used as coating materials include Li—Nb—O compounds such as LiNbO 3 , Li—B—O compounds such as LiBO 2 and Li 3 BO 3 , and Li—Al—O compounds such as LiAlO 2 .
- Li--Si--O compounds such as Li 4 SiO 4
- Li--Ti--O compounds such as Li 2 SO 4 and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- Li--Zr--O compounds such as Li 2 ZrO 3
- Li 2 Examples include Li--Mo--O compounds such as MoO 3 , Li--VO compounds such as LiV 2 O 5 and Li--WO compounds such as Li 2 WO 4 .
- the coating material may be an oxide solid electrolyte.
- Oxide solid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity. Oxide solid electrolytes have excellent high potential stability. Therefore, by using the oxide solid electrolyte as the coating material, the charge/discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the coating material may evenly coat the active material 101 .
- the coating material may uniformly coat each of the primary particles of active material 101 .
- Other solid electrolytes are, for example, the second solid electrolyte 104 described in the second embodiment.
- the coating material may cover part of the active material 101 .
- the coating material may partially coat each primary particle of active material 101 .
- the electronic conductivity between the primary particles of the active material 101 is improved by direct contact between the primary particles of the plurality of active materials 101 via the portions not having the coating material. Therefore, it is possible to operate the battery at a high output.
- FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a method for manufacturing composite active material 103 according to the first embodiment.
- a porous material containing Li, Ti, and O and having a plurality of pores is prepared as the active material 101 .
- Active material 101 is, for example, porous Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 .
- the active material 101 may be secondary particles.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the first solid electrolyte 102 and its raw material is prepared.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 contains Li, M, and X.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements and metalloid elements belonging to the 5th or 6th period.
- X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; Examples of the first solid electrolyte 102 include Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 and Li 3 YBr 3 Cl 3 .
- the raw material of the first solid electrolyte 102 is raw material powder containing Li, M, and X.
- the raw material powder containing Li, M, and X may include, for example, a raw material powder containing Li and X and a raw material powder containing M and X.
- Raw material powders containing Li and X include, for example, LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, and Li 3 MX 6 .
- Raw material powders containing M and X include, for example, MF 3 , MCl 3 , MBr 3 , MI 3 and Li 3 MX 6 .
- a mixed solution containing at least one selected from the group consisting of the first solid electrolyte 102 and its raw materials, and a solvent is prepared.
- the ratio of the mass of the first solid electrolyte 102 or the mass of the raw material of the first solid electrolyte 102 to the mass of the active material 101 is weighed to be 5% or more and 20% or less.
- both the first solid electrolyte 102 and its raw material are used, they are weighed so that the ratio of the total mass of the first solid electrolyte 102 and its raw material to the mass of the active material 101 is 5% or more and 20% or less.
- the first solid electrolyte 102 when using the first solid electrolyte 102, the first solid electrolyte 102 is stirred together with a solvent to obtain a mixed solution. At this time, part or all of the first solid electrolyte 102 is dissolved in the mixed liquid. When part of the first solid electrolyte 102 is dissolved in the mixed liquid, the rest of the first solid electrolyte 102 is dispersed in the mixed liquid.
- the raw material powders are weighed in a stoichiometric ratio and mixed, and the obtained mixed powder is stirred with a solvent to obtain a mixed solution. At this time, part or all of the mixed powder is dissolved in the mixed liquid. When part of the mixed powder is dissolved in the mixed liquid, the rest of the mixed powder is dispersed in the mixed liquid.
- the mixed liquid thus obtained is impregnated into the active material 101 (step S1).
- the solvent may contain a nitrile solvent.
- nitrile solvents include acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, caprylonitrile, heptanenitrile, cyclopentanecarbonitrile, cyclohexanecarbonitrile, 2-fluorobenzonitrile, 4-fluorobenzonitrile, and difluorobenzonitrile. , trifluorobenzonitrile, phenylacetonitrile, 2-fluorophenylacetonitrile, and 4-fluorophenylacetonitrile.
- the nitrile solvent may be an acetonitrile solvent.
- the amount of the first solid electrolyte 102 or its raw material to be added may be 1% or more and 20% or 5% or more and 15% or less by weight relative to the solvent.
- the solvent contained in the mixed liquid is removed from the active material 101 (step S2).
- the solvent can be removed by stirring the active material 101 at a temperature of 80° C. or more and 120° C. or less.
- a composite active material 103 is obtained in which at least part of the first solid electrolyte 102 exists inside the plurality of pores.
- the active material 101 may be heated to remove the solvent from the active material 101 .
- the obtained active material 101 may be heated after removing the solvent.
- the active material 101 may be heated while the solvent is removed from the active material 101 by heating so that the raw materials react with each other to form the first solid electrolyte 102 in the pores of the active material 101 .
- the heat treatment may be performed at a temperature of 200° C. or higher and 500° C. or lower in an inert gas atmosphere or under vacuum. By performing heat treatment, the first solid electrolyte 102 can be deposited.
- Embodiment 2 (Embodiment 2) Embodiment 2 will be described below. Descriptions overlapping those of the first embodiment are omitted as appropriate.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of the electrode material 1000 according to the second embodiment.
- Electrode material 1000 includes composite active material 103 in Embodiment 1 and second solid electrolyte 104 .
- the composite active material 103 At least part of the first solid electrolyte 102 exists inside the plurality of pores of the active material 101 . Therefore, the interface formed between the active material 101 and the first solid electrolyte 102 increases, and the interface resistance decreases. Therefore, according to the above configuration, it is possible to improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the materials exemplified as the first solid electrolyte 102 in Embodiment 1 can be used as the second solid electrolyte 104 . That is, the electrode material 1000 may contain a solid electrolyte having the same composition as the first solid electrolyte 102 as the second solid electrolyte 104 . According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the second solid electrolyte 104 can be further improved. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the second solid electrolyte 104 may contain a solid electrolyte having a composition different from that of the first solid electrolyte 102 .
- the second solid electrolyte 104 may contain two or more solid electrolytes selected from the materials listed as the first solid electrolyte 102 .
- the second solid electrolyte 104 may contain only one solid electrolyte selected from the materials listed as the first solid electrolyte 102 .
- the second solid electrolyte 104 may contain Li3YBr2Cl4 . According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the second solid electrolyte 104 can be further improved. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the second solid electrolyte 104 may contain Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 at a mass ratio of 70% or more with respect to the entire second solid electrolyte 104 .
- the second solid electrolyte 104 may be Li3YBr2Cl4 .
- the shape of the second solid electrolyte 104 is not limited.
- the shape of the second solid electrolyte 104 may be, for example, acicular, spherical, oval, fibrous, or the like.
- the shape of the second solid electrolyte 104 may be, for example, particulate.
- the second solid electrolyte 104 may be formed to have a pellet shape or plate shape.
- the median diameter of the second solid electrolyte 104 may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. According to the above configuration, composite active material 103 and second solid electrolyte 104 can form a good dispersion state in the electrode. This improves the charge/discharge characteristics of the battery.
- the median diameter of the second solid electrolyte 104 may be 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. According to the above configuration, composite active material 103 and second solid electrolyte 104 can form a better dispersed state in the electrode.
- the shape of the composite active material 103 is not limited.
- the shape of the composite active material 103 may be, for example, acicular, spherical, ellipsoidal, or the like.
- the shape of the composite active material 103 may be, for example, particulate.
- Composite active material 103 may have the same shape as active material 101 .
- Composite active material 103 may have the same median diameter as active material 101 .
- the composite active material 103 and the second solid electrolyte 104 may be in contact with each other.
- the electrode material 1000 may contain multiple particles of the composite active material 103 and multiple particles of the second solid electrolyte 104 .
- the content of the composite active material 103 and the content of the second solid electrolyte 104 may be the same or different.
- Electrode material 1000 can be manufactured, for example, by the following method.
- the electrode material 1000 is obtained.
- the method of mixing composite active material 103 and second solid electrolyte 104 is not particularly limited.
- composite active material 103 and second solid electrolyte 104 may be mixed using an instrument such as a mortar, or composite active material 103 and second solid electrolyte 104 may be mixed using a mixing device such as a ball mill. .
- the mixing ratio of composite active material 103 and second solid electrolyte 104 is not particularly limited.
- the second solid electrolyte 104 can be produced, for example, by the following method.
- Raw material powder is prepared so as to have a compounding ratio of the desired composition.
- the raw material powder may be, for example, a halide.
- LiBr, LiCl, and YCl3 are prepared in a molar ratio of 2.0:1.0:1.0.
- the raw material powders may be mixed in a pre-adjusted molar ratio so as to compensate for composition changes that may occur during the synthesis process.
- the kind of raw material powder is not limited to the above.
- a combination of LiCl and YBr3 , and mixed anion compounds such as LiBr0.5Cl0.5 may be used.
- Mixtures of oxygen-containing raw powders (eg, oxides, hydroxides, sulfates, or nitrates) and halides (eg, ammonium halides) may be used.
- the raw material powder is well mixed using a mortar and pestle, ball mill, or mixer to obtain a mixed powder.
- the mixed powder is pulverized using the method of mechanochemical milling. By doing so, the raw material powder reacts to obtain the second solid electrolyte 104 .
- the second solid electrolyte 104 may be obtained by sintering the mixed powder in an inert gas atmosphere or under vacuum after thoroughly mixing the raw material powders.
- Firing may be performed, for example, within the range of 100°C or higher and 650°C or lower for 1 hour or longer. As a result, the above-described second solid electrolyte 104 containing a crystalline phase is obtained.
- the configuration of the crystal phase in the second solid electrolyte 104 (that is, the crystal structure) includes the elements (for example, M and X) constituting the second solid electrolyte 104, the ratio of the constituent elements of the second solid electrolyte 104, the raw material powder It can be determined by the method of reaction between them and the selection of reaction conditions.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery 2000 according to Embodiment 3.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery 2000 according to Embodiment 3.
- a battery 2000 in Embodiment 3 includes a positive electrode 201 , an electrolyte layer 202 and a negative electrode 203 .
- the electrolyte layer 202 is arranged between the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 .
- At least one selected from the group consisting of positive electrode 201 and negative electrode 203 includes electrode material 1000 in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the case where the negative electrode 203 includes the electrode material 1000 .
- the output characteristics of the battery 2000 can be improved.
- Both the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 may contain the electrode material 1000 .
- Either one of the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 may contain the electrode material 1000 .
- the negative electrode 203 may contain the electrode material 1000 . That is, the negative electrode 203 may contain the composite active material 103 as a negative electrode active material and the second solid electrolyte 104 as a solid electrolyte.
- the volume ratio “v1:100 ⁇ v1” of the active material 101 to the first solid electrolyte 102 and the second solid electrolyte 104 contained in the positive electrode 201 is 30 ⁇ v1 ⁇ 95.
- v1 represents the volume ratio of the active material 101 when the total volume of the active material 101, the first solid electrolyte 102, and the second solid electrolyte 104 contained in the positive electrode 201 is 100.
- a sufficient energy density of the battery 2000 can be ensured when 30 ⁇ v1 is satisfied.
- the battery 2000 can operate at high output.
- the volume ratio “v2:100 ⁇ v2” of the active material 101 to the first solid electrolyte 102 and the second solid electrolyte 104 contained in the negative electrode 203 is 30 ⁇ v2 ⁇ 95.
- v2 represents the volume ratio of the active material 101 when the total volume of the active material 101, the first solid electrolyte 102, and the second solid electrolyte 104 contained in the negative electrode 203 is 100.
- a sufficient energy density of the battery 2000 can be ensured when 30 ⁇ v2 is satisfied.
- the battery 2000 can operate at high output.
- the thickness of the positive electrode 201 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the positive electrode 201 is 10 ⁇ m or more, a sufficient energy density of the battery 2000 can be secured. When the thickness of positive electrode 201 is 500 ⁇ m or less, battery 2000 can operate at high output.
- the thickness of the negative electrode 203 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the negative electrode 203 is 10 ⁇ m or more, a sufficient energy density of the battery 2000 can be secured. When the thickness of the negative electrode 203 is 500 ⁇ m or less, the battery 2000 can operate at high output.
- the electrolyte layer 202 is a layer containing an electrolyte.
- the electrolyte is, for example, a solid electrolyte. That is, electrolyte layer 202 may be a solid electrolyte layer.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 202 is called a third solid electrolyte.
- a halide solid electrolyte, a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, or a complex hydride solid electrolyte may be used.
- the materials exemplified as the first solid electrolyte 102 in Embodiment 1 may be used. That is, electrolyte layer 202 may contain a solid electrolyte having the same composition as that of first solid electrolyte 102 . According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the third solid electrolyte can be further improved. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the third solid electrolyte may contain a solid electrolyte having a composition different from that of the first solid electrolyte 102 .
- the third solid electrolyte may contain two or more solid electrolytes selected from the materials listed as the first solid electrolyte 102 .
- the third solid electrolyte may contain only one solid electrolyte selected from the materials listed as the first solid electrolyte 102 .
- the third solid electrolyte may contain Li3YBr2Cl4 . According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the third solid electrolyte can be further improved. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved.
- the third solid electrolyte may contain Li3YBr2Cl4 as a main component.
- the third solid electrolyte may contain Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 at a mass ratio of 70% or more with respect to the entire third solid electrolyte.
- the third solid electrolyte may be Li3YBr2Cl4 .
- Sulfide solid electrolytes include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 , Li 2 S—B 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 , Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 or the like may be used.
- LiX , Li2O , MOq , LipMOq , etc. may be added to these.
- X includes at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
- M includes at least one selected from the group consisting of P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, In, Fe, and Zn.
- p and q are natural numbers respectively.
- One or more sulfide solid electrolytes selected from the above materials may be used.
- oxide solid electrolytes examples include NASICON solid electrolytes typified by LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and element-substituted products thereof, (LaLi)TiO 3 -based perovskite solid electrolytes, Li 14 ZnGe 4 O 16 , Li LISICON solid electrolytes typified by 4 SiO 4 , LiGeO 4 and elemental substitutions thereof, garnet type solid electrolytes typified by Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 and their elemental substitutions, Li 3 N and its H substitutions , Li 3 PO 4 and its N-substituted products, LiBO 2 , Li 3 BO 3 and other Li--B--O compounds as a base to which Li 2 SO 4 and Li 2 CO 3 are added, glass, glass ceramics, etc. can be used.
- NASICON solid electrolytes typified by LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and element-substituted products thereof
- a compound of a polymer compound and a lithium salt can be used.
- the polymer compound may have an ethylene oxide structure.
- a polymer compound having an ethylene oxide structure can contain a large amount of lithium salt. Therefore, the ionic conductivity can be further increased.
- Lithium salts include LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiSbF6 , LiAsF6 , LiSO3CF3, LiN(SO2CF3)2 , LiN ( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ) ( SO2C4F9 ), LiC ( SO2CF3 ) 3 , etc. may be used.
- One or more lithium salts selected from the above lithium salts may be used.
- LiBH 4 --LiI LiBH 4 --P 2 S 5 or the like
- LiBH 4 --LiI LiBH 4 --P 2 S 5 or the like
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the third solid electrolyte as a main component.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the third solid electrolyte at a mass ratio of 70% or more with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 202 .
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain only the third solid electrolyte.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain two or more of the materials listed as the third solid electrolyte.
- the shape of the third solid electrolyte is not limited.
- the shape of the third solid electrolyte may be, for example, acicular, spherical, oval, fibrous, or the like.
- the shape of the third solid electrolyte may be, for example, particulate.
- the third solid electrolyte may be formed to have a pellet shape or plate shape.
- the median diameter of the third solid electrolyte may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the third solid electrolyte can be improved. Also, the third solid electrolyte and other materials can form a good dispersion state in the electrolyte layer 202 . Thereby, the charge/discharge characteristics of the battery 2000 are improved.
- the median diameter of the third solid electrolyte may be 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the third solid electrolyte can be further improved.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 may be 1 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 is 1 ⁇ m or more, the short circuit between the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 is less likely to occur. When the thickness of electrolyte layer 202 is 300 ⁇ m or less, battery 2000 can operate at high output.
- the positive electrode 201 may further contain an active material other than the composite active material 103.
- the positive electrode 201 may contain a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode 201 may contain only a positive electrode active material as an active material.
- the positive electrode active material includes, for example, a material that has the property of absorbing and releasing metal ions such as lithium ions.
- positive electrode active materials are lithium-containing transition metal oxides, transition metal fluorides, polyanion materials, fluorinated polyanion materials, transition metal sulfides, transition metal oxysulfides, and transition metal oxynitrides.
- lithium-containing transition metal oxides are Li(Ni,Co,Al) O2 , Li(Ni,Co,Mn) O2 , and LiCoO2 .
- the positive electrode active material may include lithium nickel cobalt manganate.
- the positive electrode active material may be, for example, Li(Ni,Co,Mn) O2 .
- the notation "(A, B, C)" in the chemical formula means "at least one selected from the group consisting of A, B, and C".
- “(Ni, Co, Al)” is synonymous with “at least one selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, and Al”.
- the positive electrode 201 may further contain a solid electrolyte. According to the above configuration, ion conductivity can be improved in the positive electrode 201 . Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery 2000 can be improved.
- a halide solid electrolyte As the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode 201, a halide solid electrolyte, a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, or a complex hydride solid electrolyte may be used.
- Materials exemplified as the third solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 202 can be used as the halide solid electrolyte, sulfide solid electrolyte, oxide solid electrolyte, polymer solid electrolyte, or complex hydride solid electrolyte.
- the negative electrode 203 may further contain an active material other than the composite active material 103.
- the negative electrode 203 may contain a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode 203 may contain only a negative electrode active material as an active material.
- the negative electrode active material includes, for example, a material that has a property of intercalating and deintercalating metal ions such as lithium ions.
- Examples of negative electrode active materials are metal materials, carbon materials, oxides, nitrides, tin compounds, and silicon compounds.
- the metal material may be a single metal.
- the metal material may be an alloy.
- Examples of metal materials include lithium metal and lithium alloys.
- Carbon materials include, for example, natural graphite, coke, ungraphitized carbon, carbon fiber, spherical carbon, artificial graphite, and amorphous carbon.
- the negative electrode 203 may further contain a solid electrolyte. According to the above configuration, the ionic conductivity of the negative electrode 203 can be improved. Thereby, the output characteristics of the battery 2000 can be improved.
- a halide solid electrolyte As the solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode 203, a halide solid electrolyte, a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, or a complex hydride solid electrolyte may be used.
- Materials exemplified as the third solid electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer 202 can be used as the halide solid electrolyte, sulfide solid electrolyte, oxide solid electrolyte, polymer solid electrolyte, or complex hydride solid electrolyte.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 is not limited.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte may be, for example, acicular, spherical, oval, fibrous, and the like.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte may be, for example, particulate.
- the solid electrolyte may be formed to have a pellet shape or plate shape.
- the median diameter of the solid electrolyte may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. According to the above configuration, the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can form a good dispersed state in the positive electrode 201 . Also, the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can form a good dispersion state in the negative electrode 203 . Thereby, the charge/discharge characteristics of the battery 2000 are improved.
- the median diameter of the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 may be 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. According to the above configuration, the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can form a better dispersed state in the positive electrode 201 . Also, the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can form a better dispersed state in the negative electrode 203 .
- the shapes of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are not limited.
- the shape of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material may be, for example, acicular, spherical, oval, or the like.
- the shape of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material may be, for example, particulate.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can form a good dispersed state in the positive electrode 201 .
- the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can form a better dispersed state in the negative electrode 203 . Thereby, the charge/discharge characteristics of the battery 2000 are improved.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material is 100 ⁇ m or less, the diffusion rate of lithium increases in the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 . This allows the battery to operate at high output.
- the median diameters of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material may be larger than the median diameter of the solid electrolyte. According to the above configuration, the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can form a good dispersed state in the positive electrode 201 . Also, the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can form a better dispersed state in the negative electrode 203 .
- the volume ratio "v3:100-v3" between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode 201 may satisfy 30 ⁇ v3 ⁇ 95.
- v3 represents the volume ratio of the positive electrode active material when the total volume of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode 201 is 100.
- a sufficient energy density of the battery 2000 can be ensured when 30 ⁇ v3 is satisfied.
- v3 ⁇ 95 the battery 2000 can operate at high output.
- the volume ratio "v4:100-v4" between the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode 203 may satisfy 30 ⁇ v4 ⁇ 95.
- v4 represents the volume ratio of the negative electrode active material when the total volume of the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode 203 is taken as 100.
- 30 ⁇ v4 is satisfied, a sufficient energy density of the battery 2000 can be secured.
- v4 ⁇ 95 the battery 2000 can operate at high output.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 may contain a binder for the purpose of improving adhesion between particles.
- a binder is used to improve the binding properties of the material that constitutes the electrode.
- Binders include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid methyl ester, polyacrylic acid ethyl ester, poly Acrylate hexyl ester, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid methyl ester, polymethacrylic acid ethyl ester, polymethacrylic acid hexyl ester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyethersulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, Carboxymethyl cellulose etc.
- tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, and hexadiene.
- Copolymers of two or more materials can also be used as binders. A mixture of two or more selected from the above materials may also be used as the binder.
- At least one of the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 may contain a conductive aid for the purpose of increasing electronic conductivity.
- conductive aids include graphites such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black and Ketjen black, conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber, carbon fluoride, and metal powder such as aluminum.
- conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide, and conductive polymeric compounds such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. Cost reduction can be achieved when a carbon conductive aid is used as the conductive aid.
- the shape of the battery 2000 includes, for example, coin type, cylindrical type, square type, sheet type, button type, flat type, and laminated type.
- Battery 2000 can be manufactured, for example, by the following method.
- a method for manufacturing battery 2000 will be described below, taking as an example a case where negative electrode 203 contains electrode material 1000 in Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 1 A method for manufacturing battery 2000 will be described below, taking as an example a case where negative electrode 203 contains electrode material 1000 in Embodiment 2.
- a material for forming the positive electrode 201, a material for forming the electrolyte layer 202, and an electrode material 1000 as a material for forming the negative electrode 203 are prepared respectively.
- a laminate in which the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 are arranged in this order is produced by a known method. Thus, battery 2000 is obtained.
- the solid electrolyte contained in positive electrode 201 and the third solid electrolyte contained in electrolyte layer 202 are produced by a method similar to the method for producing second solid electrolyte 104 described in the method for producing electrode material 1000 in Embodiment 2. can be manufactured.
- Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 was used as an active material.
- Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 was secondary particles obtained by aggregating primary particles and was a porous material having a plurality of pores.
- raw materials for the first solid electrolyte raw material powders of LiBr and YCl 3 were weighed and mixed in a molar ratio of 3:1. The resulting mixed powder was stirred with an acetonitrile solvent to obtain a mixed liquid. Next, the obtained mixture was impregnated into the active material. At this time, weighing was carried out so that the ratio of the mass of the first solid electrolyte to the mass of the active material was 90:10.
- the active material impregnated with the mixture was stirred at a temperature of 80° C. to remove the solvent. After removing the solvent, the obtained active material was subjected to heat treatment. The heat treatment was performed in an argon atmosphere at 400° C. for 1 hour. Thus, a composite active material of Example 1 was obtained.
- VCF-H Vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF-H, manufactured by Showa Denko KK) was used as a conductive aid.
- the composite active material of Example 1 the second solid electrolyte, and the conductive aid were weighed out in a mass ratio of 66.7:28.3:5. These ingredients were mixed in a mortar.
- VGCF is a registered trademark of Showa Denko K.K.
- the obtained electrode material was used as a material for forming a negative electrode.
- the material for forming the electrolyte layer (third solid electrolyte)
- the same Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 as the second solid electrolyte of Example 1 was used.
- 20.8 mg of electrode material and 80 mg of Li3YBr2Cl4 were weighed respectively .
- the electrode material and Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 were laminated in this order in an electrically insulating outer cylinder and pressure-molded at 360 MPa. Thus, a laminate composed of the negative electrode and the electrolyte layer was produced.
- metal In with a thickness of 200 ⁇ m, metal Li with a thickness of 300 ⁇ m, and metal In with a thickness of 200 ⁇ m were arranged in this order on the electrolyte layer of the laminate.
- a three-layer laminate consisting of a negative electrode, an electrolyte layer, and an In--Li--In layer was produced.
- stainless steel current collectors were placed on both sides of the three-layer laminate, and current collector leads were attached to each current collector.
- the battery of Example 1 was produced by using an electrically insulating ferrule to shield and seal the inside of the electrically insulating outer cylinder from the outside atmosphere.
- Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 was used as the active material instead of the composite active material.
- Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 was secondary particles obtained by aggregating primary particles and was a porous material having a plurality of pores. That is, in the electrode material of Comparative Example 1, the first solid electrolyte did not exist inside the pores of the active material.
- the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 of Example 1, the second solid electrolyte, and the conductive aid were weighed out in a mass ratio of 60:35:5.
- An electrode material and a battery of Comparative Example 1 were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for these.
- the BET specific surface area S AM of the active material and the BET specific surface area S AM-SE of the composite active material were measured using a specific surface area measuring device (BELSORP MINI X, manufactured by MICROTRAC) using a nitrogen gas adsorption method. ) was obtained by the BET method. Specifically, 500 mg of each sample was weighed, sealed in a measurement cell, vacuum-dried at 150° C. for 4 hours, and then measured while cooling with liquid nitrogen.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pressure molding die used for evaluating the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte.
- the pressure forming die 300 had a punch upper part 301 , a frame mold 302 and a punch lower part 303 . Both the punch upper portion 301 and the punch lower portion 303 were made of electronically conductive stainless steel.
- the frame mold 302 was made of insulating polycarbonate.
- a powder of Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 (ie solid electrolyte powder 304 in FIG. 5) was filled inside a pressure forming die 300 in a dry argon atmosphere with a dew point of ⁇ 30° C. or less. Inside the pressing die 300 , a pressure of 300 MPa was applied to the Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 using punch top 301 and punch bottom 303 .
- the upper punch 301 and lower punch 303 were connected to a potentiostat (VersaSTAT4, Princeton Applied Research) 305 equipped with a frequency response analyzer.
- the punch upper part 301 was connected to the working electrode and the terminal for potential measurement.
- the punch bottom 303 was connected to the counter and reference electrodes.
- the impedance of Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 was measured by electrochemical impedance measurement at room temperature.
- the ionic conductivity of Li 3 YBr 2 Cl 4 as the second solid electrolyte and the third solid electrolyte of Example 1 measured at 22° C. was 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm.
- the battery was placed in a constant temperature bath at 25°C.
- the battery was charged with constant current at a current value of 100 ⁇ A. Charging was terminated when the potential vs. Li reached 0.38V.
- constant current discharge was performed at a current value of 100 ⁇ A, and the discharge was terminated when the potential against Li reached 1.9V. Based on the above charge/discharge results, the charge capacity at 100 ⁇ A charge and the discharge capacity at 100 ⁇ A discharge were obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 Since at least a part of the first solid electrolyte exists inside the plurality of pores of the active material, the charge/discharge capacity of the battery is increased.
- the first solid electrolyte is particularly active. It is believed that they were more likely to exist inside the pores of the material.
- the battery of the present disclosure can be used, for example, as an all-solid lithium secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
Li、Ti、およびOを含む活物質と、
第1固体電解質と、
を含み、
前記活物質は、複数の細孔を有する多孔質材料であり、
前記第1固体電解質は、Li、M、およびXを含み、
Mは、第5周期または第6周期に属する金属元素および半金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
Xは、F、Cl、BrおよびIからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
前記第1固体電解質の少なくとも一部は、前記複数の細孔の内部に存在している。
特許文献1には、負極活物質としてリチウムチタン酸化物を含む負極活物質層を備え、負極活物質層における気孔の体積を10体積%から50体積%に調整したリチウム二次電池が開示されている。このように、従来、電解液を用いたリチウム二次電池では、出力特性を向上させるために、多孔質なリチウムチタン酸化物が用いられている。しかし、電解質として固体電解質を用いた場合、活物質と固体電解質との間に界面が形成されにくく、界面抵抗が増加する。そのため、負極活物質として多孔質なリチウムチタン酸化物を用いても、電池の出力特性を十分に向上させることができない。
本開示の第1態様に係る複合活物質は、
Li、Ti、およびOを含む活物質と、
第1固体電解質と、
を含み、
前記活物質は、複数の細孔を有する多孔質材料であり、
前記第1固体電解質は、Li、M、およびXを含み、
Mは、第5周期または第6周期に属する金属元素および半金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
Xは、F、Cl、BrおよびIからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
前記第1固体電解質の少なくとも一部は、前記複数の細孔の内部に存在している。
LiαMβXγ ・・・式(1)
ここで、α、β、およびγは、それぞれ独立して0より大きい値である。以上の構成によれば、電池の出力特性をより向上させることができる。
SAM-SE/SAM<1 ・・・式(2)
以上の構成によれば、第1固体電解質が活物質の細孔の内部に存在しやすい。これにより、電池の出力特性をより向上させることができる。
SAM-SE/SAM<0.5 ・・・式(3)
以上の構成によれば、第1固体電解質が活物質の細孔の内部により存在しやすい。これにより、電池の出力特性をより向上させることができる。
第1から第10態様のいずれか1つに係る複合活物質と、
第2固体電解質と、
を含む。
正極、負極、および前記正極と前記負極との間に配置された電解質層を備え、
前記正極および前記負極からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つは、第11態様に係る電極材料を含む。
第1固体電解質およびその原料からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つと溶媒とを含む混合液を活物質に含浸させることと、
前記活物質から前記混合液に含まれる前記溶媒を除去することと、
を含み、
前記活物質は、Li、Ti、およびOを含み、かつ、複数の細孔を有する多孔質材料であり、
前記第1固体電解質および前記原料は、Li、M、およびXを含み、
Mは、第5周期または第6周期に属する金属元素および半金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
Xは、F、Cl、BrおよびIからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つである。
図1は、実施の形態1における複合活物質の概略構成を示す図である。
次に、上述した複合活物質103の製造方法について説明する。複合活物質103は、例えば、下記の方法により製造されうる。図2は、実施の形態1における複合活物質103の製造方法を示すフローチャートである。
以下、実施の形態2が説明される。実施の形態1と重複する説明は、適宜、省略される。
電極材料1000は、例えば、下記の方法により製造されうる。
以下、実施の形態3が説明される。実施の形態1および2と重複する説明は、適宜、省略される。
電池2000は、例えば、下記の方法によって製造されうる。以下では、負極203が実施の形態2における電極材料1000を含む場合を例として、電池2000の製造方法を説明している。
[複合活物質の作製]
活物質としてLi4Ti5O12を用いた。Li4Ti5O12は、1次粒子を凝集した2次粒子であり、複数の細孔を有する多孔質材料であった。第1固体電解質の原料として、原料粉であるLiBrおよびYCl3をモル比で3:1となるように秤量し、混合した。得られた混合粉をアセトニトリル溶媒とともに攪拌して混合液を得た。次に、得られた混合液を活物質に含浸させた。このとき、活物質の質量に対する第1固体電解質の質量の比率が90:10となるように秤量した。混合液を含浸させた活物質を80℃の温度で攪拌し、溶媒を除去した。溶媒を除去した後、得られた活物質に加熱処理を施した。加熱処理は、アルゴン雰囲気下、400℃、1時間の条件で行った。これにより、実施例1の複合活物質を得た。
露点-60℃以下のアルゴン雰囲気(以下、「乾燥アルゴン雰囲気」と称する)下で、原料粉であるLiBr、YCl3、LiCl、およびYCl3をモル比でLi:Y:Br:Cl=3:1:2:4となるように秤量した。原料粉を乳鉢で粉砕および混合して混合物を得た。その後、遊星型ボールミル(フリッチュ社製,P-7型)を用い、25時間、600rpmの条件で混合物をミリング処理した。これにより、実施例1の第2固体電解質としてLi3YBr2Cl4の粉末を得た。
導電助剤として気相法炭素繊維(昭和電工社製,VGCF-H)を用いた。乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下で、実施例1の複合活物質、第2固体電解質、および導電助剤を質量比率で66.7:28.3:5となるように秤量した。これらの材料を乳鉢で混合した。これにより、実施例1の電極材料を得た。なお、「VGCF」は、昭和電工株式会社の登録商標である。
負極の形成用の材料として、得られた電極材料を用いた。電解質層の形成用の材料(第3固体電解質)として、実施例1の第2固体電解質と同じLi3YBr2Cl4を用いた。20.8mgの電極材料と、80mgのLi3YBr2Cl4とをそれぞれ秤量した。電気的絶縁性の外筒の中に電極材料およびLi3YBr2Cl4をこの順に積層し、360MPaで加圧成形した。これにより、負極と電解質層からなる積層体を作製した。次に、積層体の電解質層の上に、厚み200μmの金属In、厚み300μmの金属Li、および厚み200μmの金属Inをこの順に配置した。これを80MPaの圧力で加圧成形することで、負極、電解質層、およびIn-Li-In層からなる3層積層体を作製した。次に、3層積層体の両面にステンレス鋼製の集電体を配置し、各集電体に集電リードを付設した。最後に、電気的絶縁性のフェルールを用いて、電気的絶縁性の外筒の内部を外気雰囲気から遮断および密閉することで、実施例1の電池を作製した。
電極材料の作製において、複合活物質に代えて活物質としてLi4Ti5O12を用いた。Li4Ti5O12は、1次粒子を凝集した2次粒子であり、複数の細孔を有する多孔質材料であった。すなわち、比較例1の電極材料において、活物質の細孔の内部に第1固体電解質は存在していなかった。乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下で、実施例1のLi4Ti5O12、第2固体電解質、および導電助剤を質量比率で60:35:5となるように秤量した。これら以外は実施例1と同様の方法により、比較例1の電極材料および電池を作製した。
実施例1の複合活物質について、活物質のBET比表面積SAM、および複合活物質のBET比表面積SAM-SEを窒素ガス吸着法を用いた比表面積測定装置(MICROTRAC社製,BELSORP MINI X)を用いて、BET法により求めた。具体的には、各試料を500mg秤量して測定セルに封入し、150℃で4時間真空乾燥させた後、液体窒素で冷却しながら測定を実施した。
図5は、固体電解質のイオン伝導度を評価するために用いられる加圧成形ダイスの模式図である。
実施例1の第2固体電解質および第3固体電解質であるLi3YBr2Cl4について、ICP(Inductively coupled Plasma)発光分光分析法を用いて組成の評価を行った。Li/Yの仕込み組成からのずれは3%以内であった。この結果から、遊星型ボールミルによる仕込み組成と、得られた固体電解質の組成とはほとんど同じであったといえる。
次に、実施例1および比較例1の電池を用いて、以下の条件で、充放電試験を実施した。
表1に示されるように、電極材料において活物質の細孔の内部に第1固体電解質が存在している実施例1の電池では、電極材料において活物質の細孔の内部に第1固体電解質が存在していない比較例1の電池に比べて、充放電容量は増加していた。
101 活物質
102 第1固体電解質
103 複合活物質
104 第2固体電解質
2000 電池
201 正極
202 電解質層
203 負極
300 加圧成形ダイス
301 パンチ上部
302 枠型
303 パンチ下部
304 固体電解質の粉末
305 ポテンショスタット
Claims (15)
- Li、Ti、およびOを含む活物質と、
第1固体電解質と、
を含み、
前記活物質は、複数の細孔を有する多孔質材料であり、
前記第1固体電解質は、Li、M、およびXを含み、
Mは、第5周期または第6周期に属する金属元素および半金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
Xは、F、Cl、BrおよびIからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
前記第1固体電解質の少なくとも一部は、前記複数の細孔の内部に存在している、
複合活物質。 - 前記第1固体電解質は、下記の組成式(1)により表され、
LiαMβXγ ・・・式(1)
ここで、α、β、およびγは、それぞれ独立して0より大きい値である、
請求項1に記載の複合活物質。 - 前記第1固体電解質において、Mは、イットリウムを含む、
請求項1または2に記載の複合活物質。 - 前記第1固体電解質は、Li3YBr3Cl3およびLi3YBr2Cl4からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つを含む、
請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の複合活物質。 - 前記活物質のBET比表面積をSAMと定義し、前記複合活物質のBET比表面積をSAM-SEと定義したとき、
下記の式(2)を満たす、
SAM-SE/SAM<1 ・・・式(2)
請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の複合活物質。 - 下記の式(3)を満たす、
SAM-SE/SAM<0.5 ・・・式(3)
請求項5に記載の複合活物質。 - 前記活物質は、リチウムチタン酸化物を含む、
請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の複合活物質。 - 前記リチウムチタン酸化物は、Li4Ti5O12を含む、
請求項7に記載の複合活物質。 - 前記活物質の平均粒子径は、5μm以上である、
請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の複合活物質。 - 前記第1固体電解質は、硫黄を含まない、
請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の複合活物質。 - 請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の複合活物質と、
第2固体電解質と、
を含む、
電極材料。 - 正極、負極、および前記正極と前記負極との間に配置された電解質層を備え、
前記正極および前記負極からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つは、請求項11に記載の電極材料を含む、
電池。 - 第1固体電解質およびその原料からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つと溶媒とを含む混合液を活物質に含浸させることと、
前記活物質から前記混合液に含まれる前記溶媒を除去することと、
を含み、
前記活物質は、Li、Ti、およびOを含み、かつ、複数の細孔を有する多孔質材料であり、
前記第1固体電解質および前記原料は、Li、M、およびXを含み、
Mは、第5周期または第6周期に属する金属元素および半金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
Xは、F、Cl、BrおよびIからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つである、
複合活物質の製造方法。 - 前記活物質を加熱することをさらに含む、
請求項13に記載の複合活物質の製造方法。 - 前記溶媒はニトリル系溶媒を含む、
請求項13または14に記載の複合活物質の製造方法。
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