WO2022106956A1 - 半導体装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022106956A1 WO2022106956A1 PCT/IB2021/060338 IB2021060338W WO2022106956A1 WO 2022106956 A1 WO2022106956 A1 WO 2022106956A1 IB 2021060338 W IB2021060338 W IB 2021060338W WO 2022106956 A1 WO2022106956 A1 WO 2022106956A1
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- Prior art keywords
- insulator
- oxide
- transistor
- conductor
- region
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Images
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- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/77—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components or integrated circuits formed in, or on, a common substrate
- H01L21/78—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components or integrated circuits formed in, or on, a common substrate with subsequent division of the substrate into plural individual devices
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Definitions
- One aspect of the present invention relates to semiconductor devices and electronic devices.
- one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the above technical fields.
- the technical field of the invention disclosed in the present specification and the like relates to a product, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- one aspect of the invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition (composition of matter). Therefore, more specific technical fields of one aspect of the present invention disclosed in the present specification include semiconductor devices, display devices, liquid crystal display devices, light emitting devices, power storage devices, image pickup devices, storage devices, signal processing devices, and processors. , Electronic devices, systems, their driving methods, their manufacturing methods, or their inspection methods.
- Non-Patent Document 1 research and development of a memory using a ferroelectric substance (ferroelectric) are being actively carried out. Further, for the next-generation ferroelectric memory, research on ferroelectric HfO 2 -based materials (Non-Patent Document 2), research on ferroelectricity of hafnium oxide thin films (Non-Patent Document 3), HfO 2 Hafnium oxide-related, such as research on ferroelectricity of thin films (Non-Patent Document 4) and demonstration of integration of FeRAM and CMOS using ferroelectric Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 (Non-Patent Document 5). Is also being actively researched.
- ferroelectric memory data writing and reading operations are performed by utilizing the reversal of the polarization of a ferroelectric substance (a material having a ferroelectric property). Further, in order to accurately retain the written data, it is required to increase the residual polarization of the ferroelectric substance.
- a ferroelectric substance a material having a ferroelectric property
- a ferroelectric memory provided with a capacitive element using a ferroelectric substance (also referred to as "ferroelectric capacitance”)
- ferroelectric capacitance also referred to as "ferroelectric capacitance”
- the larger the capacitance value of the capacitive element the higher the reliability of data retention.
- the increase in capacitance value can be realized by thinning the dielectric and / or increasing the area of the capacitive element.
- it was difficult to realize the former method because the residual polarization is reduced.
- the latter method has a trade-off relationship with the reduction of the occupied area due to the densification of the storage element (“memory cell”).
- One aspect of the present invention is to provide a novel storage device. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a storage device having a small occupied area. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a highly reliable storage device. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a storage device with low power consumption. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a storage device having a large storage capacity. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a novel semiconductor device. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device having a small occupied area. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a highly reliable semiconductor device. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device having low power consumption. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device having a large storage capacity.
- the problems of one aspect of the present invention are not limited to the problems listed above.
- the issues listed above do not preclude the existence of other issues.
- Other issues are issues not mentioned in this item, which are described below. Issues not mentioned in this item can be derived from the description of the description, drawings, etc. by those skilled in the art, and can be appropriately extracted from these descriptions.
- one aspect of the present invention solves at least one of the above-listed problems and other problems. It should be noted that one aspect of the present invention does not need to solve all of the above-listed problems and other problems.
- One aspect of the present invention includes first and second transistors and first and second capacitive elements, and the first transistor is electrically connected to the first capacitive element and is a second transistor. Is electrically connected to the second capacitive element, the first and second capacitive elements are provided above the first and second transistors, and the first and second capacitive elements each have a strong dielectric.
- the first and second capacitive elements are semiconductor devices having regions that overlap each other.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes first and second transistors, first and second capacitive elements, and first to third wiring, and the gate of the first transistor is the first. Electrically connected to the wiring, the gate of the second transistor is electrically connected to the second wiring, one of the source or drain of the first transistor is electrically connected to the first capacitive element, the second transistor. One of the source or drain of the source or drain is electrically connected to the second capacitive element, and the other of the source or drain of each of the first and second transistors is electrically connected to the third wiring, and the first and second capacitances are connected.
- the elements are semiconductor devices, each of which has a strong dielectric, and the first and second capacitive elements have regions that overlap each other.
- the first and second transistors may be provided on the same layer.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes first to fourth transistors and first to fourth capacitive elements, the first transistor being electrically connected to the first capacitive element, and the first.
- the two transistors are electrically connected to the second capacitance element, the third transistor is electrically connected to the third capacitance element, the fourth transistor is electrically connected to the fourth capacitance element, and the first to second transistors are connected.
- the fourth capacitance element is provided above the first to fourth transistors, the first to fourth capacitance elements each have a strong dielectric, and the third capacitance element and the fourth capacitance element are on the same layer.
- the first to third capacitive elements provided are semiconductor devices having regions that overlap each other.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes first to fourth transistors, first to fourth capacitive elements, and first to fourth wiring, and gates of the first and third transistors, respectively. Is electrically connected to the first wiring, the gates of the second and fourth transistors are electrically connected to the second wiring, and one of the source or drain of the first transistor is electrically connected to the first capacitive element. One of the source or drain of the second transistor is electrically connected to the second capacitive element, and one of the source or drain of the third transistor is electrically connected to the third capacitive element.
- One of the source or drain of the four transistors is electrically connected to the fourth capacitive element, the other of the source or drain of each of the first and second transistors is electrically connected to the third wiring, and the third and third transistors are connected.
- the other of the source or drain of each of the four transistors is electrically connected to the second wiring, the third capacitance element and the fourth capacitance element are provided on the same layer, and the first to third capacitance elements are regions where they overlap each other. It is a semiconductor device having.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes first to fourth transistors and first to fourth capacitive elements, the first transistor being electrically connected to the first capacitive element, and the first.
- the two transistors are electrically connected to the second capacitance element, the third transistor is electrically connected to the third capacitance element, the fourth transistor is electrically connected to the fourth capacitance element, and the first to second transistors are connected.
- the fourth capacitive element is provided above the first to fourth transistors, the first to fourth capacitive elements each have a strong dielectric, and the first to fourth capacitive elements have regions that overlap each other. It is a semiconductor device.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes first to fourth transistors, first to fourth capacitive elements, and first to fourth wiring, and gates of the first and third transistors, respectively. Is electrically connected to the first wiring, the gates of the second and fourth transistors are electrically connected to the second wiring, and one of the source or drain of the first transistor is electrically connected to the first capacitive element. One of the source or drain of the second transistor is electrically connected to the second capacitive element, and one of the source or drain of the third transistor is electrically connected to the third capacitive element.
- One of the source or drain of the four transistors is electrically connected to the fourth capacitive element, the other of the source or drain of each of the first and second transistors is electrically connected to the third wiring, and the third and third transistors are connected.
- the other of the source or drain of each of the four transistors is electrically connected to the second wiring, the first to fourth capacitive elements each have a strong dielectric, and the first to fourth capacitive elements overlap each other. It is a semiconductor device having.
- the first to fourth transistors may be provided on the same layer.
- the first to fourth transistors include an oxide semiconductor in the semiconductor layer on which the channel is formed.
- the oxide semiconductor preferably contains at least one of indium and zinc.
- the ferroelectric substance a material containing at least one of hafnium or zirconium may be used, or a material containing at least one element selected from the group III-V elements may be used.
- a novel storage device can be provided. Alternatively, according to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to provide a storage device having a small occupied area. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention can provide a highly reliable storage device. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention can provide a storage device with low power consumption. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention can provide a storage device having a large storage capacity. Alternatively, a novel semiconductor device can be provided by one aspect of the present invention. Alternatively, according to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to provide a semiconductor device having a small occupied area. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention can provide a highly reliable semiconductor device. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention can provide a semiconductor device with low power consumption. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention can provide a semiconductor device having a large storage capacity.
- the effect of one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the effects listed above.
- the effects listed above do not preclude the existence of other effects.
- the other effects are the effects not mentioned in this item, which are described below. Effects not mentioned in this item can be derived from the description in the specification, drawings, etc. by those skilled in the art, and can be appropriately extracted from these descriptions.
- one aspect of the present invention has at least one of the above-listed effects and other effects. Therefore, one aspect of the present invention may not have the effects listed above in some cases.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are diagrams showing a configuration example of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 2A is a diagram showing a circuit configuration example of two adjacent memory cells.
- FIG. 2B is a perspective view showing a configuration example of two adjacent memory cells.
- FIG. 2C is a top view of two adjacent memory cells.
- FIG. 2D is a front view of two adjacent memory cells.
- 3A to 3C are top views for explaining one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 4A is a perspective view showing a configuration example of two adjacent memory cells.
- FIG. 4B is a front view of two adjacent memory cells.
- FIG. 4C is a diagram showing a circuit configuration example of two adjacent memory cells.
- 5A to 5E are top views for explaining one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 5A to 5E are top views for explaining one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 6A is a perspective view showing a configuration example of two adjacent memory cells.
- FIG. 6B is a front view of two adjacent memory cells.
- FIG. 6C is a diagram showing a circuit configuration example of two adjacent memory cells.
- 7A to 7F are top views for explaining one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of hysteresis characteristics.
- FIG. 9A is a top view showing a configuration example of the transistor.
- 9B to 9D are cross-sectional views showing a configuration example of a transistor.
- 10A and 10B are cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating the classification of crystal structures.
- FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating the classification of crystal structures.
- FIG. 11B is a diagram illustrating an XRD spectrum of a CAAC-IGZO film.
- FIG. 11C is a diagram illustrating a micro electron beam diffraction pattern of the CAAC-IGZO film.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 15A is a perspective view showing an example of a semiconductor wafer
- FIG. 15B is a perspective view showing an example of a chip
- FIGS. 15C and 15D are perspective views showing an example of an electronic component.
- 16A to 16J are perspective views or schematic views illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 17A to 17E are perspective views or schematic views illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 18A to 18C are diagrams illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- the semiconductor device is a device utilizing semiconductor characteristics, and refers to a circuit including a semiconductor element (transistor, diode, photodiode, etc.), a device having the same circuit, and the like. It also refers to all devices that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- a semiconductor element transistor, diode, photodiode, etc.
- the storage device, the display device, the light emitting device, the lighting device, the electronic device, and the like are themselves semiconductor devices, and may have a semiconductor device.
- an element for example, a switch, a transistor, a capacitive element, an inductor, a resistance element, a diode, a display
- an element for example, a switch, a transistor, a capacitive element, an inductor, a resistance element, a diode, a display
- One or more devices, light emitting devices, loads, etc. can be connected between X and Y.
- a circuit that enables functional connection between X and Y for example, a logic circuit (inverter, NAND circuit, NOR circuit, etc.), signal conversion) Circuits (digital-analog conversion circuit, analog-to-digital conversion circuit, gamma correction circuit, etc.), potential level conversion circuit (power supply circuit (boost circuit, step-down circuit, etc.), level shifter circuit that changes the signal potential level, etc.), voltage source, current source , Switching circuit, amplifier circuit (circuit that can increase signal amplitude or current amount, operational amplifier, differential amplifier circuit, source follower circuit, buffer circuit, etc.), signal generation circuit, storage circuit, control circuit, etc.), X and Y It is possible to connect one or more to and from. As an example, even if another circuit is sandwiched between X and Y, if the signal output from X is transmitted to Y, it is assumed that X and Y are functionally connected. do.
- X and Y are electrically connected, it means that X and Y are electrically connected (that is, another element between X and Y). Or when they are connected with another circuit in between) and when X and Y are directly connected (that is, they are connected without sandwiching another element or another circuit between X and Y). If there is) and.
- X and Y, the source (or the first terminal, etc.) and the drain (or the second terminal, etc.) of the transistor are electrically connected to each other, and the X, the source (or the second terminal, etc.) of the transistor are connected to each other. (1 terminal, etc.), the drain of the transistor (or the 2nd terminal, etc.), and Y are electrically connected in this order.
- the source of the transistor (or the first terminal, etc.) is electrically connected to X
- the drain of the transistor (or the second terminal, etc.) is electrically connected to Y
- the X, the source of the transistor (such as the second terminal).
- first terminal, etc.), the drain of the transistor (or the second terminal, etc.), and Y are electrically connected in this order.
- X is electrically connected to Y via the source (or first terminal, etc.) and drain (or second terminal, etc.) of the transistor, and X, the source (or first terminal, etc.) of the transistor.
- the terminals, etc.), the drain of the transistor (or the second terminal, etc.), and Y are provided in this connection order.
- the source (or first terminal, etc.) and drain (or second terminal, etc.) of the transistor can be separated. Separately, the technical scope can be determined. It should be noted that these expression methods are examples, and are not limited to these expression methods.
- X and Y are objects (for example, devices, elements, circuits, wirings, electrodes, terminals, conductive films, layers, etc.).
- the circuit diagram shows that the independent components are electrically connected to each other, the case where one component has the functions of a plurality of components together.
- one component has the functions of a plurality of components together.
- one conductive film has both the function of the wiring and the function of the components of the function of the electrode. Therefore, the electrical connection in the present specification also includes the case where one conductive film has the functions of a plurality of components in combination.
- the “resistance element” for example, a circuit element having a resistance value higher than 0 ⁇ , wiring and the like can be used. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, the “resistance element” includes wiring having a resistance value, a transistor in which a current flows between a source and a drain, a diode, a coil, and the like. Therefore, the term “resistance element” can be paraphrased into terms such as “resistance”, “load”, and “region having resistance value”, and conversely, the terms “resistance”, “load”, and “region having resistance value” are used. , Can be paraphrased into terms such as “resistance element”.
- the resistance value can be, for example, preferably 1 m ⁇ or more and 10 ⁇ or less, more preferably 5 m ⁇ or more and 5 ⁇ or less, and further preferably 10 m ⁇ or more and 1 ⁇ or less. Further, for example, it may be 1 ⁇ or more and 1 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ or less.
- the resistance value may be determined by the length of the wiring.
- a conductor having a resistivity different from that of the conductor used as wiring may be used as the resistance element.
- the resistance value may be determined by doping the semiconductor with impurities.
- the “capacitance element” means, for example, a circuit element having a capacitance value higher than 0F, a wiring region having a capacitance value higher than 0F, a parasitic capacitance, and a transistor. It can be the gate capacitance of. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, the “capacitive element” is not only a circuit element containing a pair of electrodes and a dielectric contained between the electrodes, but also a parasitic element generated between the wirings. It shall include the capacitance, the gate capacitance generated between the gate and one of the source or drain of the transistor, and the like.
- capacitor element means “capacitive element”, “parasitic capacitance”, and “capacity”. It can be paraphrased into terms such as “gate capacitance”.
- the term “pair of electrodes” of “capacity” can be paraphrased as "a pair of conductors", “a pair of conductive regions", “a pair of regions” and the like.
- the value of the capacitance can be, for example, 0.05 fF or more and 10 pF or less. Further, for example, it may be 1 pF or more and 10 ⁇ F or less.
- the transistor has three terminals called a gate, a source, and a drain.
- the gate is a control terminal that controls the conduction state of the transistor.
- the two terminals that act as sources or drains are the input and output terminals of the transistor.
- One of the two input / output terminals becomes a source and the other becomes a drain depending on the high and low potentials given to the conductive type (n-channel type, p-channel type) of the transistor and the three terminals of the transistor. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, the terms source and drain can be paraphrased.
- the transistor when explaining the connection relationship of transistors, "one of the source or drain” (or the first electrode or the first terminal), “the other of the source or drain” (or the second electrode, or the second electrode, or The notation (second terminal) is used.
- it may have a back gate in addition to the above-mentioned three terminals.
- one of the gate or the back gate of the transistor may be referred to as a first gate
- the other of the gate or the back gate of the transistor may be referred to as a second gate.
- the terms “gate” and “backgate” may be interchangeable.
- the respective gates When the transistor has three or more gates, the respective gates may be referred to as a first gate, a second gate, a third gate, and the like in the present specification and the like.
- the "node” can be paraphrased as a terminal, a wiring, an electrode, a conductive layer, a conductor, an impurity region, etc., depending on the circuit configuration, device structure, and the like.
- terminals, wiring, etc. can be paraphrased as "nodes”.
- ground potential ground potential
- the potentials are relative, and when the reference potential changes, the potential given to the wiring, the potential applied to the circuit, the potential output from the circuit, and the like also change.
- high level potential also referred to as” high level potential ",” H potential “, or” H
- low level potential low level potential
- L low level potential
- the "current” is a charge transfer phenomenon (electrical conduction).
- the description “electrical conduction of a positively charged body is occurring” means “electrical conduction of a negatively charged body in the opposite direction”. Is happening. " Therefore, in the present specification and the like, “current” refers to a charge transfer phenomenon (electrical conduction) associated with carrier transfer, unless otherwise specified.
- the carrier here include electrons, holes, anions, cations, complex ions, and the like, and the carriers differ depending on the system in which the current flows (for example, semiconductor, metal, electrolytic solution, vacuum, etc.).
- the "current direction” in the wiring or the like is the direction in which the positive carrier moves, and is described as a positive current amount.
- the direction in which the negative carrier moves is opposite to the direction of the current, and is expressed by the amount of negative current. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, if there is no disclaimer regarding the positive or negative current (or the direction of the current), the description such as “current flows from element A to element B” means “current flows from element B to element A” or the like. Can be rephrased as. Further, the description such as “a current is input to the element A” can be rephrased as "a current is output from the element A” or the like.
- the ordinal numbers “first”, “second”, and “third” are added to avoid confusion of the components. Therefore, the number of components is not limited. Moreover, the order of the components is not limited. For example, the component referred to in “first” in one of the embodiments of the present specification and the like is assumed to be the component referred to in “second” in another embodiment or in the scope of claims. It is possible. Further, for example, the component referred to in “first” in one of the embodiments of the present specification and the like may be omitted in other embodiments, claims, and the like.
- the terms indicating the arrangement such as “above”, “below”, “above”, or “below” explain the positional relationship between the components with reference to the drawings. In order to do so, it may be used for convenience. Further, the positional relationship between the constituent elements changes appropriately depending on the direction in which each configuration is depicted. Therefore, it is not limited to the words and phrases explained in the specification and the like, and can be appropriately paraphrased according to the situation. For example, in the expression of "insulator located on the upper surface of the conductor”, it can be paraphrased as "insulator located on the lower surface of the conductor” by rotating the direction of the drawing shown by 180 degrees.
- the terms “upper” and “lower” do not limit the positional relationship of the components to be directly above or directly below and to be in direct contact with each other.
- the electrode B does not have to be formed in direct contact with the insulating layer A, and another configuration is formed between the insulating layer A and the electrode B. Do not exclude those that contain elements.
- membrane and layer can be interchanged with each other depending on the situation.
- the terms “insulating layer” and “insulating film” may be changed to the term "insulator”.
- Electrode may be used as part of a “wiring” and vice versa.
- the term “electrode” or “wiring” also includes the case where a plurality of “electrodes” or “wiring” are integrally formed.
- a “terminal” may be used as part of a “wiring” or “electrode” and vice versa.
- the term “terminal” includes a case where a plurality of "electrodes", “wiring”, “terminals” and the like are integrally formed.
- the "electrode” can be part of the “wiring” or “terminal”, and for example, the “terminal” can be part of the “wiring” or “electrode”.
- terms such as “electrode”, “wiring”, and “terminal” may be replaced with terms such as "area” in some cases.
- terms such as “wiring”, “signal line”, and “power line” can be interchanged with each other in some cases or depending on the situation.
- the reverse is also true, and it may be possible to change terms such as “signal line” and “power line” to the term “wiring”.
- a term such as “power line” may be changed to a term such as "signal line”.
- a term such as “signal line” may be changed to a term such as “power line”.
- the term “potential” applied to the wiring may be changed to a term such as “signal” in some cases or depending on the situation.
- the reverse is also true, and terms such as “signal” may be changed to the term “potential”.
- the semiconductor impurities refer to, for example, other than the main components constituting the semiconductor layer.
- an element having a concentration of less than 0.1 atomic% is an impurity.
- the inclusion of impurities may result in, for example, an increase in the defect level density of the semiconductor, a decrease in carrier mobility, a decrease in crystallinity, and the like.
- the impurities that change the characteristics of the semiconductor include, for example, group 1 element, group 2 element, group 13 element, group 14 element, group 15 element, and other than the main component.
- transitional metals and the like and in particular, hydrogen (also contained in water), lithium, sodium, silicon, boron, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen and the like.
- the impurities that change the characteristics of the semiconductor include, for example, Group 1 elements excluding oxygen and hydrogen, Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 15 elements, and the like. There is.
- the switch means a switch that is in a conductive state (on state) or a non-conducting state (off state) and has a function of controlling whether or not a current flows.
- the switch means a switch having a function of selecting and switching a path through which a current flows.
- an electric switch, a mechanical switch, or the like can be used. That is, the switch is not limited to a specific switch as long as it can control the current.
- Examples of electrical switches include transistors (for example, bipolar transistors, MOS transistors, etc.), diodes (for example, PN diodes, PIN diodes, shotkey diodes, MIM (Metal Insulator Metal) diodes, and MIS (Metal Insulator Semiconductor) diodes. , Diode-connected transistors, etc.), or logic circuits that combine these.
- transistors for example, bipolar transistors, MOS transistors, etc.
- diodes for example, PN diodes, PIN diodes, shotkey diodes, MIM (Metal Insulator Metal) diodes, and MIS (Metal Insulator Semiconductor) diodes. , Diode-connected transistors, etc.
- the "conduction state" of the transistor means a state in which the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor can be regarded as being electrically short-circuited.
- non-conducting state means a state in which the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor can be
- a mechanical switch there is a switch using MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology.
- the switch has an electrode that can be moved mechanically, and by moving the electrode, conduction and non-conduction are controlled and operated.
- parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of ⁇ 10 ° or more and 10 ° or less. Therefore, the case of ⁇ 5 ° or more and 5 ° or less is also included.
- substantially parallel or approximately parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of -30 ° or more and 30 ° or less.
- vertical means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 80 ° or more and 100 ° or less. Therefore, the case of 85 ° or more and 95 ° or less is also included.
- substantially vertical or “approximately vertical” means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 60 ° or more and 120 ° or less.
- a metal oxide is a metal oxide in a broad sense. Metal oxides are classified into oxide insulators, oxide conductors (including transparent oxide conductors), oxide semiconductors (also referred to as Oxide Semiconductor or simply OS) and the like. For example, when a metal oxide is used for the semiconductor layer of a transistor, the metal oxide may be referred to as an oxide semiconductor. That is, when a metal oxide can form a channel forming region of a transistor having at least one of an amplification action, a rectifying action, and a switching action, the metal oxide is referred to as a metal oxide semiconductor. be able to. Further, when the term "OS transistor" is used, it can be rephrased as a transistor having a metal oxide or an oxide semiconductor.
- a metal oxide having nitrogen may also be collectively referred to as a metal oxide. Further, the metal oxide having nitrogen may be referred to as a metal oxynitride.
- the configuration shown in each embodiment can be appropriately combined with the configuration shown in other embodiments to form one aspect of the present invention. Further, when a plurality of configuration examples are shown in one embodiment, the configuration examples can be appropriately combined with each other.
- the size, layer thickness, or area may be exaggerated for clarity. Therefore, it is not necessarily limited to its size or aspect ratio.
- the drawings schematically show ideal examples, and are not limited to the shapes or values shown in the drawings. For example, it is possible to include variations in the signal, voltage, or current due to noise, or variations in the signal, voltage, or current due to timing deviation.
- FIG. 1A shows a block diagram showing a configuration example of the semiconductor device 100, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the semiconductor device 100 shown in FIG. 1A includes a drive circuit 21 and a memory array 20.
- the memory array 20 has a plurality of memory cells 10.
- FIG. 1A shows an example in which the memory array 20 has a plurality of memory cells 10 arranged in a matrix of m rows and n columns (m and n are integers of 2 or more).
- the rows and columns extend in the directions orthogonal to each other.
- the X direction (direction along the X axis) is defined as a "row” and the Y direction (direction along the Y axis) is defined as a "column”, but the X direction is defined as a “column” and the Y direction is defined as “column”. It may be "line”.
- the memory cell 10 in the first row and the first column is shown as the memory cell 10 [1,1] and the memory cell 10 in the mth row and the nth column is shown as the memory cell 10 [m, n].
- the memory cell 10 in the i-row and j-th column is indicated as the memory cell 10 [i, j].
- the memory array 20 includes m wiring WL extending in the row direction, m wiring PL extending in the row direction, and n wiring BL extending in the column direction.
- the wiring WL provided on the first line (first line) is referred to as wiring WL [1]
- the wiring WL provided on the mth line (mth line) is referred to as wiring WL [m]. ..
- the wiring PL provided on the first line (first line) is referred to as wiring PL [1]
- the wiring PL provided on the mth line (mth line) is referred to as wiring PL [m].
- the wiring BL provided in the first line (first row) is referred to as wiring BL [1]
- the wiring BL provided in the nth line (nth row) is referred to as wiring BL [n].
- the plurality of memory cells 10 provided in the i-th row are electrically connected to the wiring WL (wiring WL [i]) in the i-th row and the wiring PL (wiring PL [i]) in the i-th row.
- the plurality of memory cells 10 provided in the j-th column are electrically connected to the wiring BL (wiring BL [j]) in the j-th column.
- the drive circuit 21 has a PSW22 (power switch), a PSW23, and a peripheral circuit 31.
- the peripheral circuit 31 includes a peripheral circuit 41, a control circuit 32 (Control Circuit), and a voltage generation circuit 33.
- each circuit, each signal, and each voltage can be appropriately discarded as needed. Alternatively, other circuits or other signals may be added.
- the signal BW, signal CE, signal GW, signal CLK, signal WAKE, signal ADDR, signal WDA, signal PON1, and signal PON2 are input signals from the outside, and signal RDA is an output signal to the outside.
- the signal CLK is a clock signal.
- the signal BW, the signal CE, and the signal GW are control signals.
- the signal CE is a chip enable signal
- the signal GW is a global write enable signal
- the signal BW is a byte write enable signal.
- the signal ADDR is an address signal.
- the signal WDA is write data and the signal RDA is read data.
- the signal PON1 and the signal PON2 are power gating control signals.
- the signal PON1 and the signal PON2 may be generated by the control circuit 32.
- the control circuit 32 is a logic circuit having a function of controlling the overall operation of the semiconductor device 100. For example, the control circuit logically performs a signal CE, a signal GW, and a signal BW to determine an operation mode (for example, a write operation and a read operation) of the semiconductor device 100. Alternatively, the control circuit 32 generates a control signal of the peripheral circuit 41 so that this operation mode is executed.
- the voltage generation circuit 33 has a function of generating a negative voltage.
- the signal WAKE has a function of controlling the input of the signal CLK to the voltage generation circuit 33. For example, when an H level signal is given to the signal WAKE, the signal CLK is input to the voltage generation circuit 33, and the voltage generation circuit 33 generates a negative voltage.
- the peripheral circuit 41 is a circuit for writing and reading data to and from the memory cell 10.
- the peripheral circuit 41 includes a row decoder 42 (Low Decoder), a column decoder 44 (Column Decoder), a row driver 43 (Low Driver), a column driver 45 (Column Driver), an input circuit 47 (Input Cir.), And an output circuit 48 (output circuit 48). It has an Output Cir.) And a sense amplifier 46 (Sense Amplifier).
- the row decoder 42 and the column decoder 44 have a function of decoding the signal ADDR.
- the row decoder 42 is a circuit for designating the row to be accessed
- the column decoder 44 is a circuit for designating the column to be accessed.
- the row driver 43 has a function of selecting the wiring WL specified by the row decoder 42.
- the column driver 45 has a function of writing data to the memory cell 10, a function of reading data from the memory cell 10, a function of holding the read data, and the like.
- the input circuit 47 has a function of holding the signal WDA.
- the data held by the input circuit 47 is output to the column driver 45.
- the output data of the input circuit 47 is the data (Din) to be written to the memory cell 10.
- the data (Dout) read from the memory cell 10 by the column driver 45 is output to the output circuit 48.
- the output circuit 48 has a function of holding Dout. Further, the output circuit 48 has a function of outputting the Dout to the outside of the semiconductor device 100.
- the data output from the output circuit 48 is the signal RDA.
- the PSW 22 has a function of controlling the supply of VDD to the peripheral circuit 31.
- the PSW 23 has a function of controlling the supply of VHM to the row driver 43.
- the high power supply voltage of the semiconductor device 100 is VDD
- the low power supply voltage is GND (ground potential).
- VHM is a high power supply voltage used to raise the word line to a high level, which is higher than VDD.
- the signal PON1 controls the on / off of the PSW22
- the signal PON2 controls the on / off of the PSW23.
- the number of power supply domains to which VDD is supplied in the peripheral circuit 31 is set to 1, but it can be set to a plurality. In this case, a power switch may be provided for each power supply domain.
- the drive circuit 21 and the memory array 20 may be provided on the same plane. Further, as shown in FIG. 1B, the drive circuit 21 and the memory array 20 may be provided in an overlapping manner. By providing the drive circuit 21 and the memory array 20 in an overlapping manner, the signal propagation distance can be shortened. In addition, the semiconductor device 100 can be miniaturized.
- FIG. 2 shows a configuration example of two adjacent memory cells 10 (memory cell 10a and memory cell 10b).
- FIG. 2A is a diagram showing a circuit configuration example of two adjacent memory cells 10.
- the memory cell 10a includes a transistor 120a and a capacitive element 130a.
- the memory cell 10b includes a transistor 120b and a capacitive element 130b.
- One of the source or drain of the transistor 120a is electrically connected to the wiring BL1 and the other is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitive element 130a.
- the gate of the transistor 120a is electrically connected to the wiring WL1 and the other electrode of the capacitive element 130a is electrically connected to the wiring PL1.
- One of the source or drain of the transistor 120b is electrically connected to the wiring BL1 and the other is electrically connected to one of the electrodes of the capacitive element 130b.
- the gate of the transistor 120b is electrically connected to the wiring WL2, and the other electrode of the capacitive element 130b is electrically connected to the wiring PL2.
- the memory cell 10a is the memory cell 10 [i, j]
- the memory cell 10b can be represented as the memory cell 10 [i + 1, j].
- the wiring WL1 is the wiring WL [i]
- the wiring WL2 can be expressed as the wiring WL [i + 1].
- the wiring BL1 can be expressed as the wiring BL [j].
- the wiring PL1 is the wiring PL [i]
- the wiring PL2 can be expressed as the wiring PL [i + 1]. It is preferable that a fixed potential is supplied to the wiring PL. Further, in the present embodiment and the like, it is assumed that the wiring PL extends along the X axis, but the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the wiring PL may extend along the Y axis. Wiring PL1 and wiring PL2 may be electrically connected.
- a material capable of having ferroelectricity is used for the dielectric constituting the capacitive element 130 (capacitive element 130a, capacitive element 130b, etc.).
- the capacitive element 130 functions as a ferroelectric capacitor.
- hafnium oxide is preferable.
- a metal oxide such as zirconium oxide or HfZrO X (X is a real number larger than 0; hereinafter, simply referred to as HfZrOx) can be used.
- hafnium oxide is added to the element J1 (the element J1 here is zirconium (Zr), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y)).
- hafnium oxide is added to the element J1 (the element J1 here is zirconium (Zr), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y)).
- lanthanum (La), strontium (Sr), etc.) can be added.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of the hafnium atom to the element J1 can be appropriately set, and for example, the number of atoms of the hafnium atom and the element J1 may be 1: 1 or close to it.
- element J2 is added to zirconium oxide (the element J2 here is hafnium (Hf), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y)).
- the element J2 here is hafnium (Hf), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y)
- lanthanum (La), strontium (Sr), etc.) and the like can be used.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of the zirconium atom to the element J2 can be appropriately set, and for example, the number of atoms of the zirconium atom to the element J2 may be 1: 1 or close to it.
- materials capable of having a piezoelectricity lead titanate (PbTiO X ), barium titanate strontium (BST), strontium titanate, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium bismuthate tantanate (SBT), Piezoelectric ceramics having a perovskite structure such as bismuth ferrite (BFO) and barium titanate may be used.
- Al nitride scandium Al 1-a Sc a N b (a is a real number larger than 0 and smaller than 0.5, and b is a value of 1 or its vicinity).
- AlScN Al-Ga-Sc nitride
- Ga-Sc nitride and the like can be used.
- a metal nitride having an element M1, an element M2, and nitrogen can be used as a material capable of having ferroelectricity.
- the element M1 is one or a plurality selected from aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In) and the like.
- the element M2 is boron (B), scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanoid (lantern (La), cerium (Ce), placeodim (Pr), neodym (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Pm).
- the metal oxide having the element M1 and nitrogen may have ferroelectricity even if the element M2 is not contained.
- a material capable of having ferroelectricity a material in which the element M3 is added to the metal nitride can be used.
- the element M3 is one or a plurality selected from magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and the like.
- Mg magnesium
- Ca calcium
- Zn zinc
- Cd cadmium
- the ratio of the number of atoms of the element M1, the number of atoms of the element M2, and the number of atoms of the element M3 can be appropriately set.
- the metal nitride contains at least a Group 13 element and nitrogen which is a Group 15 element, the metal nitride is a strong dielectric of Group III-V and a strength of Group III nitride. It may be called a dielectric or the like.
- perovskite-type oxynitrides such as SrTaO 2 N and BaTaO 2 N, GaFeO 3 having a ⁇ -alumina type structure, and the like can be used.
- the material capable of having ferroelectricity can be, for example, a mixture or a compound composed of a plurality of materials selected from the materials listed above.
- the material capable of having ferroelectricity may be a laminated structure composed of a plurality of materials selected from the materials listed above.
- the materials exhibiting ferroelectricity are referred to in the present specification and the like. Not only is it called a body, but it is also called a material that can have ferroelectricity or a material that gives it ferroelectricity.
- hafnium oxide As a material capable of having ferroelectricity, hafnium oxide, or a material having hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide (typically HfZrOx) can have ferroelectricity even when processed into a thin film of several nm. Therefore, it is suitable.
- AlScN aluminum nitride scandium
- AlScN aluminum nitride scandium
- the film thickness of the material having a ferroelectricity can be 100 nm or less, preferably 50 nm or less, more preferably 20 nm or less, still more preferably 10 nm or less (typically 2 nm or more and 9 nm or less). ..
- the film thickness is preferably 8 nm or more and 12 nm or less.
- the strong dielectric layer By forming a strong dielectric layer that can be thinned, the strong dielectric layer can be sandwiched between a pair of electrodes of a capacitive element, and the capacitive element can be combined with a semiconductor element such as a miniaturized transistor. Can form a semiconductor device. That is, it becomes easy to realize a semiconductor device having a reduced occupied area.
- a layered material capable of having ferroelectricity may be referred to as a ferroelectric layer, a metal oxide film, or a metal nitride film.
- such a device having a ferroelectric layer, a metal oxide film, or a metal nitride film may be referred to as a ferroelectric device in the present specification and the like.
- HfZrOX When used as a material capable of having ferroelectricity, it is preferable to form a film by using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, particularly a thermal ALD method. Further, when a material capable of having ferroelectricity is formed by using the thermal ALD method, it is preferable to use a material containing no hydrocarbon (also referred to as Hydro Carbon, HC) as a precursor. When one or both of hydrogen and carbon are contained in the material which may have a ferroelectricity, the crystallization of the material which may have a ferroelectricity may be hindered.
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- HC Hydro Carbon
- a precursor containing no hydrocarbon a chlorine-based material can be mentioned.
- HfZrO x hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide
- HfCl 4 and / or ZrCl 4 may be used as the precursor.
- a dopant typically silicon, carbon, etc.
- a forming method using a material containing a hydrocarbon in the precursor may be used.
- high-purity intrinsicity is achieved by thoroughly eliminating at least one of impurities, here hydrogen, hydrocarbon, and carbon in the film. It is possible to form a film having a strong ferroelectricity. It should be noted that the film having high-purity intrinsic ferroelectricity and the high-purity intrinsic oxide semiconductor shown in the embodiment described later have very high consistency in the manufacturing process. Therefore, it is possible to provide a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device having high productivity.
- the impurity concentration of the material having ferroelectricity is low.
- the hydrogen concentration of the material capable of having ferroelectricity is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the carbon concentration of the material capable of having ferroelectricity is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- HfZrOX is used as a material capable of having ferroelectricity
- the oxidizing agent of the thermal ALD method is not limited to this.
- the oxidizing agent in the thermal ALD method may contain one or more selected from O 2 , O 3 , N 2 O, NO 2 , H 2 O, and H 2 O 2 .
- the crystal structure of the material capable of having ferroelectricity is not particularly limited.
- the crystal structure of the material that may have strong dielectric property may be one or more selected from cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and monoclinic.
- a material capable of having ferroelectricity it is preferable to have an orthorhombic crystal structure because ferroelectricity is exhibited.
- a layer that enhances crystallinity may be formed before forming a material that may have ferroelectricity.
- a metal oxide such as hafnium oxide or zirconium oxide, or hafnium or zirconium can be used as the layer for enhancing crystallinity.
- AlScN When AlScN is used as a material having a ferroelectricity, it is preferable to use aluminum nitride, a metal nitride such as scandium nitride, or aluminum or scandium as the layer for enhancing crystallinity.
- the layer for enhancing crystallinity may be formed after forming a material capable of having ferroelectricity.
- a composite structure having an amorphous structure and a crystal structure may be used as a material capable of having ferroelectricity.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of hysteresis characteristics.
- the hysteresis characteristic can be measured by a capacitive element (ferroelectric capacitor) using a ferroelectric layer as the dielectric layer.
- the horizontal axis indicates the voltage (electric field) applied to the ferroelectric layer.
- the voltage is the potential difference between one electrode and the other electrode of the capacitive element using the ferroelectric layer as the dielectric layer.
- the electric field strength can be obtained by dividing the potential difference by the thickness of the ferroelectric layer.
- the vertical axis shows the polarization of the ferroelectric layer.
- the polarization is positive, it indicates that the positive charge in the ferroelectric layer is biased toward one electrode side of the capacitive element and the negative charge is biased toward the other electrode side of the capacitive element.
- the polarization is negative, it indicates that the negative charge in the ferroelectric layer is biased to one electrode side of the capacitive element and the positive charge is biased to the other electrode side of the capacitive element.
- the polarization shown on the vertical axis of the graph of FIG. 8 is positive when the negative charge is biased to one electrode side of the capacitive element and the positive charge is biased to the other electrode side of the capacitive element, and the positive charge is capacitive. It may be negative when it is biased toward one electrode side of the element and the negative charge is biased toward the other electrode side of the capacitive element.
- the hysteresis characteristic of the ferroelectric layer can be represented by the curve 51 and the curve 52.
- the voltage at the intersection of the curve 51 and the curve 52 is referred to as a saturated polarization voltage VSP and a saturated polarization voltage ⁇ VSP. It can be said that VSP and -VSP have different polarities.
- the polarization of the ferroelectric layer increases according to the curve 51.
- the voltage applied to the ferroelectric layer is lowered after applying a voltage equal to or higher than VSP to the ferroelectric layer, the polarization of the ferroelectric layer decreases according to the curve 52.
- the VSP may be referred to as a "positive saturated polarization voltage” or a "first saturated polarization voltage”
- the -VSP may be referred to as a "negative saturation polarization voltage” or a "second saturation polarization voltage”.
- the absolute value of the first saturated polarization voltage and the absolute value of the second saturation polarization voltage may be the same or different.
- the voltage at which the polarization becomes 0 when the polarization of the ferroelectric layer changes according to the curve 51 is called a coercive voltage Vc.
- the voltage at which the polarization becomes 0 when the polarization of the ferroelectric layer changes according to the curve 52 is called a coercive voltage ⁇ Vc.
- the value of Vc and the value of -Vc are values between -VSP and VSP.
- Vc may be referred to as "positive coercive voltage” or "first coercive voltage”
- -Vc may be referred to as "negative coercive voltage” or "second coercive voltage”.
- the absolute value of the first coercive voltage and the absolute value of the second coercive voltage may be the same or different.
- the maximum value of polarization is called “residual polarization Pr”, and the minimum value is called “residual polarization-Pr”.
- the absolute value of the difference between the residual polarization Pr and the residual polarization-Pr is called “residual polarization 2Pr”.
- the larger the residual polarization 2Pr the larger the fluctuation range of the capacitance value of the ferroelectric capacitor due to the inversion of the polarization.
- the larger the residual polarization 2Pr the more preferable.
- the memory cell 10 includes a capacitive element 130 which is a ferroelectric capacitor and a transistor 120, and has a function of storing information by using a change in the capacitive value due to the reversal of the polarization of the capacitive element 130.
- the memory cell 10 functions as a ferroelectric memory.
- a memory cell composed of one transistor and one ferroelectric capacitor is also referred to as a 1T1F type memory cell.
- a single crystal semiconductor, a polycrystalline semiconductor, a microcrystalline semiconductor, an amorphous semiconductor, or the like can be used alone or in combination. ..
- the semiconductor material for example, silicon, germanium or the like can be used. Further, compound semiconductors such as silicon germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, oxide semiconductors, and nitride semiconductors may be used.
- the transistor uses an oxide semiconductor, which is a kind of metal oxide, in the semiconductor layer on which the channel of the transistor 120 is formed (also referred to as “OS transistor”). Since the bandgap of the oxide semiconductor is 2 eV or more, the off-current is remarkably small. Therefore, the power consumption of the memory cell 10 can be reduced. Therefore, the power consumption of the semiconductor device 100 including the memory cell 10 can be reduced.
- oxide semiconductor which is a kind of metal oxide
- a memory cell including an OS transistor can be called an "OS memory”.
- the semiconductor device 100 including the memory cell can also be called an "OS memory”.
- the OS transistor has stable operation even in a high temperature environment and has little characteristic fluctuation.
- the off-current hardly increases even in a high temperature environment.
- the off-current hardly increases even at an environmental temperature of room temperature or higher and 200 ° C. or lower.
- the on-current does not easily decrease even in a high temperature environment. Therefore, the operation of the OS memory is stable even in a high temperature environment, and high reliability can be obtained.
- the OS transistor has a high dielectric strength between the source and the drain.
- the voltage required for the inversion of the polarization can be supplied to the capacitive element 130 even if the channel length of the transistor 120 is reduced. Therefore, the occupied area of the memory cell 10 can be reduced. Therefore, the storage capacity and / or the storage density of the semiconductor device can be increased.
- FIG. 2B is a perspective view showing a configuration example of two adjacent memory cells 10.
- arrows indicating the X direction (direction along the X axis), the Y direction (direction along the Y axis), and the Z direction (direction along the Z axis) may be added.
- the "X direction” is a direction along the X axis, and there is a case where the forward direction and the reverse direction are not distinguished. The same applies to the "Y direction” and the "Z direction”.
- the X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction are directions in which they intersect with each other. More specifically, the X, Y, and Z directions are directions orthogonal to each other.
- one of the X direction, the Y direction, or the Z direction may be referred to as a "first direction” or a "first direction”. Further, the other one may be referred to as a "second direction” or a “second direction”. Further, the remaining one may be referred to as a "third direction” or a “third direction”.
- the direction in which the wiring WL extends is the X direction
- the direction in which the wiring BL extends is the Y direction.
- FIG. 2C is a top view of the configuration example shown in FIG. 2B.
- FIG. 2D is a view (front view) of the configuration example shown in FIG. 2B as viewed in the X direction.
- the two memory cells 10 are provided in the transistor layer 151, the first capacitance layer 152, and the second capacitance layer 153.
- the first capacitive layer 152 is provided on the transistor layer 151, and the second capacitive layer 153 is provided on the first capacitive layer 152.
- the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b are provided in the transistor layer 151.
- the capacitive element 130b is provided on the first capacitive layer 152.
- the capacitive element 130a is provided on the second capacitive layer 153.
- FIG. 3A is a top view of the transistor layer 151 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 3B is a top view of the first capacitance layer 152 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 3C is a top view of the second capacitance layer 153 when viewed in the Z direction.
- the region where the semiconductor Semi1 and the wiring WL1 overlap functions as a channel forming region of the transistor 120a. Further, the region where the semiconductor Semi1 and the wiring WL2 overlap functions as a channel forming region of the transistor 120b.
- the region of the semiconductor Semi1 that does not overlap with either the wiring WL1 or the wiring WL2 functions as a source or a drain. Therefore, the wiring WL1 functions as a gate of the transistor 120a.
- the wiring WL2 functions as a gate for the transistor 120b.
- One of the source and drain of each of the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b is electrically connected to the wiring BL1 via the conductor 141.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 120a is electrically connected to the capacitive element 130a via the conductor 142a.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 120b is electrically connected to the capacitive element 130b via the conductor 142b.
- the capacitive element 130a is electrically connected to the wiring PL1 via the conductor 143a.
- the capacitive element 130b is electrically connected to the wiring PL2 via the conductor 143b.
- the capacitive element 130a and the capacitive element 130b are provided on different layers. That is, when viewed from the Z direction, the capacitive element 130a and the capacitive element 130b have regions that overlap each other. By superimposing the capacitive element 130a and the capacitive element 130b on the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b, the area of the capacitive element 130 can be increased without increasing the occupied area of the memory cell 10.
- the capacitance element 130a and the capacitance element 130b can be extended in the Y direction. Therefore, the reliability of the memory cell 10 can be improved without reducing the degree of integration of the memory cell 10. Therefore, the reliability of the storage device including the memory cell 10 can be improved.
- the residual polarization of the capacitive element 130a and the residual polarization of the capacitive element 130b are equal.
- the capacitance value of the capacitance element 130a and the capacitance value of the capacitance element 130b are equal to each other.
- the configuration example 1 of the memory cell a configuration in which two layers of the capacitive elements 130 are stacked is shown, but one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this.
- 4 and 5 show a configuration example in which three layers of capacitive elements 130 of four adjacent memory cells 10 are stacked.
- FIG. 4 shows a configuration example of four adjacent memory cells 10 (memory cell 10a, memory cell 10b, memory cell 10c, and memory cell 10d).
- FIG. 4A is a perspective view showing a configuration example of four adjacent memory cells 10.
- FIG. 4B is a view (front view) of the configuration example shown in FIG. 4A as viewed in the X direction.
- FIG. 4C is a diagram showing a circuit configuration example of four adjacent memory cells 10.
- the memory cell 10c includes a transistor 120c and a capacitive element 130c.
- the memory cell 10d includes a transistor 120d and a capacitive element 130d.
- One of the source or drain of the transistor 120c is electrically connected to the wiring BL2, and the other is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitive element 130c.
- the gate of the transistor 120c is electrically connected to the wiring WL1 and the other electrode of the capacitive element 130c is electrically connected to the wiring PL3.
- One of the source or drain of the transistor 120d is electrically connected to the wiring BL2, and the other is electrically connected to one of the electrodes of the capacitive element 130d.
- the gate of the transistor 120d is electrically connected to the wiring WL2, and the other electrode of the capacitive element 130d is electrically connected to the wiring PL4.
- the memory cell 10a is the memory cell 10 [i, j]
- the memory cell 10b can be represented as the memory cell 10 [i + 1, j].
- the memory cell 10c can be represented as the memory cell 10 [i, j + 1].
- the memory cell 10d can be represented as the memory cell 10 [i + 1, j + 1].
- the wiring WL1 is the wiring WL [i]
- the wiring WL2 can be expressed as the wiring WL [i + 1].
- the wiring BL1 is the wiring BL [j]
- the wiring BL2 can be expressed as the wiring BL [j + 1].
- the wiring PL1, the wiring PL2, the wiring PL3, and the wiring PL4 may be electrically connected.
- the transistor 120 included in the four memory cells 10 is provided in the transistor layer 151, and the capacitive element 130 is the first capacitive layer 152, the second capacitive layer 153, or the third capacitive layer. It is provided in any of the capacitive layers 154.
- the first capacitance layer 152 is provided on the transistor layer 151
- the second capacitance layer 153 is provided on the first capacitance layer 152
- the third capacitance layer 154 is provided on the second capacitance layer 153.
- the transistor 120a, the transistor 120b, the transistor 120c, and the transistor 120d are provided in the transistor layer 151. Further, the capacitive element 130b is provided in the first capacitive layer 152. The capacitive element 130a is provided on the second capacitive layer 153. The capacitive element 130c and the capacitive element 130d are provided in the third capacitive layer 154.
- the capacitive element 130a to the capacitive element 130d are provided on an insulator (insulating layer). Further, the capacitive element 130c and the capacitive element 130d are provided on the same insulating layer, and the capacitive element 130a and the capacitive element 130b are provided on different insulating layers.
- FIG. 5A is a top view of the transistor layer 151 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 5B is a top view of the first capacitance layer 152 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 5C is a top view of the second capacitance layer 153 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 5D is a top view of the third capacitance layer 154 when viewed in the Z direction.
- the region where the semiconductor Semi1 and the wiring WL1 overlap functions as a channel forming region of the transistor 120a. Further, the region where the semiconductor Semi1 and the wiring WL2 overlap functions as a channel forming region of the transistor 120b.
- the region of the semiconductor Semi1 that does not overlap with either the wiring WL1 or the wiring WL2 functions as a source or a drain. Therefore, the wiring WL1 functions as a gate of the transistor 120a.
- the wiring WL2 functions as a gate for the transistor 120b.
- the region where the semiconductor Semi2 and the wiring WL1 overlap functions as a channel forming region of the transistor 120c. Further, the region where the semiconductor Semi2 and the wiring WL2 overlap functions as a channel forming region of the transistor 120d.
- the region of the semiconductor Semi2 that does not overlap with either the wiring WL1 or the wiring WL2 functions as a source or a drain. Therefore, the wiring WL1 functions as a gate of the transistor 120c.
- the wiring WL2 functions as a gate for the transistor 120d.
- One of the source and drain of each of the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b is electrically connected to the wiring BL1 via the conductor 141a.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 120a is electrically connected to the capacitive element 130a via the conductor 142a.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 120b is electrically connected to the capacitive element 130b via the conductor 142b.
- the capacitive element 130a is electrically connected to the wiring PL1 via the conductor 143a.
- the capacitive element 130b is electrically connected to the wiring PL2 via the conductor 143b.
- One of the source and drain of each of the transistor 120c and the transistor 120d is electrically connected to the wiring BL2 via the conductor 141b.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 120a is electrically connected to the capacitive element 130c via the conductor 142c.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 120d is electrically connected to the capacitive element 130d via the conductor 142d.
- the capacitive element 130c is electrically connected to the wiring PL3 via the conductor 143c.
- the capacitive element 130d is electrically connected to the wiring PL4 via the conductor 143d.
- the area of the capacitance element can be increased by stacking the capacitance elements of the memory cell 10a, the memory cell 10b, the memory cell 10c, and the memory cell 10d.
- the capacitance element 130 can be expanded in the Y direction, but in the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 2, it can be expanded not only in the Y direction but also in the X direction. Therefore, in the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 2, the area of the capacitance element 130 can be further increased as compared with the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 1.
- capacitance elements 130 are provided in the first to third capacitance layers. Therefore, of the four capacitive elements 130, two capacitive elements 130 (capacitive element 130c and capacitive element 130d) are provided in the same capacitive layer.
- FIG. 5E shows a view of the four capacitive elements 130 as viewed in the Z direction from the third capacitive layer 154 side.
- a part of each of the capacitive element 130a, the capacitive element 130b, and the capacitive element 130c overlaps.
- a part of each of the capacitive element 130a, the capacitive element 130b, and the capacitive element 130d overlaps.
- the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 2 can increase the area of the capacitance element 130 as compared with the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 1. Therefore, the reliability of the storage device can be further improved.
- ⁇ Memory cell configuration example 3> 6 and 7 show a configuration example in which four layers of capacitive elements 130 of four adjacent memory cells 10 are stacked. In order to avoid repeating the explanation, the points different from the above-mentioned configuration example will be mainly described.
- FIG. 6 shows a configuration example of four adjacent memory cells 10 (memory cell 10a, memory cell 10b, memory cell 10c, and memory cell 10d).
- FIG. 6A is a perspective view showing a configuration example of four adjacent memory cells 10.
- FIG. 6B is a view (front view) of the configuration example shown in FIG. 6A as viewed in the X direction.
- FIG. 6C is a diagram showing a circuit configuration example of four adjacent memory cells 10.
- the circuit configuration example shown in FIG. 6C is substantially the same as the circuit configuration example shown in FIG. 4C, but the other electrode of the capacitive element 130c is electrically connected to the wiring PL1 and the other electrode of the capacitive element 130d is wired. The difference is that it is electrically connected to PL2.
- the transistor 120 included in the four memory cells 10 is provided in the transistor layer 151, and the capacitance element 130 is the first capacitance layer 152, the second capacitance layer 153, and the third capacitance. It is provided on either the layer 154 or the fourth capacitance layer 155.
- the first capacitance layer 152 is provided on the transistor layer 151
- the second capacitance layer 153 is provided on the first capacitance layer 152
- the third capacitance layer 154 is provided on the second capacitance layer 153
- the fourth capacitance layer 152 is provided.
- the layer 155 is provided on the third capacitance layer 154.
- the transistor 120a, the transistor 120b, the transistor 120c, and the transistor 120d are provided in the transistor layer 151.
- the capacitive element 130b is provided on the first capacitive layer 152.
- the capacitive element 130a is provided on the second capacitive layer 153.
- the capacitive element 130d is provided in the third capacitive layer 154.
- the capacitive element 130c is provided on the fourth capacitive layer 155.
- the capacitive element 130a to the capacitive element 130d are provided on different insulators (insulating layers).
- FIG. 7A is a top view of the transistor layer 151 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 7B is a top view of the first capacitance layer 152 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 7C is a top view of the second capacitance layer 153 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 7D is a top view of the third capacitance layer 154 when viewed in the Z direction.
- FIG. 7E is a top view of the fourth capacitance layer 155 when viewed in the Z direction.
- connection configuration of the transistor 120, the capacitive element 130, the conductor 142, and the conductor 143 is substantially the same as that shown in the configuration example 2, but there is no wiring PL3 and wiring PL4, and the conductivity when viewed from the Z direction. The points that the arrangement of the body 143a and the conductor 143b are different, and the like are different. Further, since there is no wiring PL3 and wiring PL4, the capacitive element 130c is electrically connected to the wiring PL1 via the conductor 143c. The capacitive element 130d is electrically connected to the wiring PL2 via the conductor 143d. The wiring PL1 and the wiring PL2 are provided above the capacitance element 130c.
- the area of the capacitance element can be increased by stacking the capacitance elements of the memory cell 10a, the memory cell 10b, the memory cell 10c, and the memory cell 10d.
- the number of wirings can be reduced as compared with the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 2.
- the capacitance element 130 can be further expanded in the Y direction as compared with the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 2. Therefore, in the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 3, the area of the capacitance element 130 can be increased as compared with the configuration disclosed in the memory cell configuration example 2.
- each of the four capacitive elements 130 when viewed from the Z direction, has a region where each of the four capacitive elements 130 overlaps with each other.
- FIG. 7F shows a view of the four capacitance elements 130 viewed from the fourth capacitance layer 155 side in the Z direction. In the region 911, a part of each of the capacitive element 130a, the capacitive element 130b, the capacitive element 130c, and the capacitive element 130d overlaps.
- the area of the capacitance element 130 can be increased. Therefore, the reliability of the storage device can be further improved.
- FIG. 9A is a top view of the transistor 200 that can be used for the transistor 120a, the transistor 120b, and the like.
- 9B to 9D are cross-sectional views of the transistor.
- FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of the portion shown by the alternate long and short dash line of A1-A2 in FIG. 9A, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel length direction.
- FIG. 9C is a cross-sectional view of the portion shown by the alternate long and short dash line of A3-A4 in FIG. 9A, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel width direction.
- FIG. 9D is a cross-sectional view of a portion shown by a dotted chain line of A5-A6 in FIG. 9A. In the top view of FIG. 9A, some elements are omitted for the purpose of clarifying the figure.
- the transistor 200 includes an insulator 212 on a substrate (not shown), an insulator 214 on the insulator 212, a transistor 200 on the insulator 214, and an insulator 280 on the insulator 275 provided on the transistor 200. And an insulator 282 on the insulator 280, an insulator 283 on the insulator 282, an insulator 274 on the insulator 283, and an insulator 285 on the insulator 283 and on the insulator 274. .
- the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 216, the insulator 275, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, the insulator 285, and the insulator 274 function as an interlayer film. Further, the insulator 283 is in contact with the side surface of the insulator 214, the side surface of the insulator 216, the side surface of the insulator 222, the side surface of the insulator 275, the side surface of the insulator 280, and the side surface and the upper surface of the insulator 282.
- the transistor 200 is on the insulator 216 on the insulator 214, the insulator 205 (conductor 205a and the conductor 205b) arranged so as to be embedded in the insulator 214 and / or the insulator 216, and the insulator 216.
- the insulator 252 includes an upper surface of the insulator 222, a side surface of the insulator 224, a side surface of the oxide 230a, a side surface and an upper surface of the oxide 230b, and a side surface of the conductor 242. It is in contact with the side surface of the insulator 271, the side surface of the insulator 275, the side surface of the insulator 280, and the lower surface of the insulator 250.
- the upper surface of the conductor 260 is arranged so as to substantially coincide in height with the uppermost portion of the insulator 254, the uppermost portion of the insulator 250, the uppermost portion of the insulator 252, and the upper surface of the insulator 280. Further, the insulator 282 is in contact with at least a part of the upper surface of each of the conductor 260, the insulator 252, the insulator 250, the insulator 254, and the insulator 280.
- the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b may be collectively referred to as an oxide 230.
- the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b may be collectively referred to as a conductor 242.
- the insulator 271a and the insulator 271b may be collectively referred to as an insulator 271.
- the insulator 280 and the insulator 275 are provided with an opening reaching the oxide 230b.
- Insulator 252, insulator 250, insulator 254, and conductor 260 are arranged in the opening. Further, in the channel length direction of the transistor 200, the conductor 260, the insulator 252, the insulator 250, and the insulator 254 are placed between the insulator 271a and the conductor 242a and the insulator 271b and the conductor 242b. It is provided.
- the insulator 254 has a region in contact with the side surface of the conductor 260 and a region in contact with the bottom surface of the conductor 260.
- the oxide 230 preferably has an oxide 230a disposed on the insulator 224 and an oxide 230b disposed on the oxide 230a.
- the oxide 230a By having the oxide 230a under the oxide 230b, it is possible to suppress the diffusion of impurities from the structure formed below the oxide 230a to the oxide 230b.
- the transistor 200 shows a configuration in which the oxide 230 is laminated with two layers of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- a single layer of the oxide 230b or a laminated structure of three or more layers may be provided, or each of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b may have a laminated structure.
- the conductor 260 functions as a first gate (also referred to as a top gate) electrode, and the conductor 205 functions as a second gate (also referred to as a back gate) electrode.
- the insulator 252, the insulator 250 and the insulator 254 function as the first gate insulator, and the insulator 222 and the insulator 224 function as the second gate insulator.
- the gate insulator may be referred to as a gate insulating layer or a gate insulating film.
- the conductor 242a functions as one of the source or the drain, and the conductor 242b functions as the other of the source or the drain. Further, at least a part of the region overlapping with the conductor 260 of the oxide 230 functions as a channel forming region.
- FIG. 10A an enlarged view of the vicinity of the channel formation region in FIG. 9B is shown in FIG. 10A.
- the oxide 230b is provided so as to sandwich the region 230bc that functions as a channel forming region of the transistor 200, and the region 230ba and the region 230bb that function as a source region or a drain region. , Have.
- At least a part of the region 230bc overlaps with the conductor 260.
- the region 230bc is provided in the region between the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b.
- the region 230ba is provided so as to be superimposed on the conductor 242a
- the region 230bb is provided so as to be superimposed on the conductor 242b.
- the region 230bc that functions as a channel forming region is a high resistance region having a low carrier concentration because it has less oxygen deficiency or a lower impurity concentration than the regions 230ba and 230bb. Therefore, it can be said that the region 230bc is i-type (intrinsic) or substantially i-type.
- the region 230bc can be easily formed by performing microwave treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen, for example.
- the microwave processing refers to processing using, for example, a device having a power source for generating high-density plasma using microwaves. Further, in the present specification and the like, microwave refers to an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of 300 MHz or more and 300 GHz or less.
- the region 230ba and the region 230bb that function as the source region or the drain region are regions where the carrier concentration is increased and the resistance is lowered due to a large oxygen deficiency or a high concentration of impurities such as hydrogen, nitrogen and metal elements. be. That is, the region 230ba and the region 230bb are n-type regions having a high carrier concentration and low resistance as compared with the region 230bc.
- the carrier concentration of the region 230 bc that functions as the channel forming region is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm -3 or less, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm -3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm. It is more preferably less than -3 , still more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm -3 , and even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm -3 .
- the lower limit of the carrier concentration in the region 230 bc that functions as the channel forming region is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 -9 cm -3 .
- the carrier concentration is equal to or lower than the carrier concentration of the region 230 ba and the region 230 bb, and equal to or higher than the carrier concentration of the region 230 bc.
- Regions may be formed. That is, the region functions as a junction region between the region 230 bc and the region 230 ba or the region 230 bb.
- the hydrogen concentration may be equal to or lower than the hydrogen concentration of the region 230ba and the region 230bb, and may be equal to or higher than the hydrogen concentration of the region 230bc.
- the junction region may have an oxygen deficiency equal to or less than that of the region 230ba and the region 230bb, and may be equal to or greater than the oxygen deficiency of the region 230bc.
- FIG. 10A shows an example in which the region 230ba, the region 230bb, and the region 230bc are formed on the oxide 230b, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- each of the above regions may be formed not only with the oxide 230b but also with the oxide 230a.
- the concentrations of the metal elements detected in each region and the impurity elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen are not limited to the stepwise changes in each region, but may be continuously changed in each region. That is, the closer the region is to the channel formation region, the lower the concentration of the metal element and the impurity elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen is sufficient.
- a metal oxide hereinafter, also referred to as an oxide semiconductor that functions as a semiconductor for the oxide 230 (oxide 230a and oxide 230b) containing a channel forming region.
- the metal oxide functioning as a semiconductor it is preferable to use a metal oxide having a band gap of 2 eV or more, preferably 2.5 eV or more. As described above, by using a metal oxide having a large bandgap, the off-current of the transistor can be reduced.
- an In-M-Zn oxide having indium, element M and zinc (element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium).
- Zinc, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, etc. (one or more) and the like may be used.
- an In-Ga oxide, an In-Zn oxide, or an indium oxide may be used as the oxide 230.
- the atomic number ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b is larger than the atomic number ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230a.
- the oxide 230a under the oxide 230b By arranging the oxide 230a under the oxide 230b in this way, it is possible to suppress the diffusion of impurities and oxygen from the structure formed below the oxide 230a to the oxide 230b. ..
- the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b have a common element (main component) other than oxygen, the defect level density at the interface between the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b can be lowered. Since the defect level density at the interface between the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b can be lowered, the influence of the interfacial scattering on the carrier conduction is small, and a high on-current can be obtained.
- the oxide 230b preferably has crystallinity.
- CAAC-OS c-axis aligned crystalline semiconductor semiconductor
- CAAC-OS is a metal oxide having a highly crystalline and dense structure and having few impurities and defects (for example, oxygen deficiency (VO, etc.)).
- the CAAC-OS is heat-treated at a temperature at which the metal oxide does not polycrystallize (for example, 400 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower), whereby CAAC-OS has a more crystalline and dense structure. Can be.
- a temperature at which the metal oxide does not polycrystallize for example, 400 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower
- the metal oxide having CAAC-OS has stable physical properties. Therefore, the metal oxide having CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability.
- a transistor using an oxide semiconductor if impurities and oxygen deficiencies are present in the region where a channel is formed in the oxide semiconductor, the electrical characteristics are liable to fluctuate and the reliability may be deteriorated. Further, hydrogen in the vicinity of the oxygen deficiency may form a defect in which hydrogen is contained in the oxygen deficiency (hereinafter, may be referred to as VOH) to generate an electron as a carrier. Therefore, if oxygen deficiency is contained in the region where the channel is formed in the oxide semiconductor, the transistor has normal-on characteristics (the channel exists even if no voltage is applied to the gate electrode, and the current is applied to the transistor. Flowing characteristics).
- the region in which the channel is formed in the oxide semiconductor is preferably i-type (intrinsic) or substantially i-type with a reduced carrier concentration.
- the oxide semiconductor is removed from the insulator.
- Oxygen can be supplied to reduce oxygen deficiency and VOH.
- the on-current of the transistor 200 may decrease or the field effect mobility may decrease.
- the amount of oxygen supplied to the source region or the drain region varies in the surface of the substrate, so that the characteristics of the semiconductor device having the transistor vary.
- the region 230bac that functions as a channel forming region preferably has a reduced carrier concentration and is i-type or substantially i-type, but the region 230ba that functions as a source region or a drain region and The region 230bb has a high carrier concentration and is preferably n-type. That is, it is preferable to reduce oxygen deficiency and VOH in the region 230bc of the oxide semiconductor so that an excessive amount of oxygen is not supplied to the region 230ba and the region 230bb.
- microwave treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen with the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b provided on the oxide 230b to reduce oxygen deficiency and VOH in the region 230bc .
- oxygen gas By performing microwave treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen, oxygen gas can be turned into plasma by using a high frequency such as microwave or RF, and the oxygen plasma can be allowed to act.
- the region 230bc can be irradiated with a high frequency such as microwaves or RF.
- the VO H of the region 230 bc can be divided, the hydrogen H can be removed from the region 230 bc, and the oxygen -deficient VO can be supplemented with oxygen. That is, in the region 230bc , the reaction “VOH ⁇ H + VO” occurs, and the hydrogen concentration in the region 230bc can be reduced. Therefore, oxygen deficiency and VOH in the region 230bc can be reduced, and the carrier concentration can be lowered.
- the action of microwaves, high frequencies such as RF, oxygen plasma, etc. is shielded by the conductors 242a and 242b and does not reach the regions 230ba and 230bb. ..
- the action of the oxygen plasma can be reduced by the insulator 271 and the insulator 280 provided overlying the oxide 230b and the conductor 242.
- the reduction of VOH and the supply of an excessive amount of oxygen do not occur in the region 230ba and the region 230bb , so that the reduction of the carrier concentration can be prevented.
- microwave treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen after forming the insulating film to be the insulator 252 or after forming the insulating film to be the insulator 250.
- microwave treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen through the insulator 252 or the insulator 250 in this way, oxygen can be efficiently injected into the region 230 bc.
- the insulator 252 so as to be in contact with the side surface of the conductor 242 and the surface of the region 230 bc, the injection of more oxygen than necessary into the region 230 bc is suppressed, and the oxidation of the side surface of the conductor 242 is suppressed. be able to.
- oxidation of the side surface of the conductor 242 can be suppressed when the insulating film to be the insulator 250 is formed.
- oxygen injected into the region 230bc has various forms such as oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, and oxygen radicals (also referred to as O radicals, atoms or molecules having unpaired electrons, or ions).
- the oxygen injected into the region 230bc may be any one or more of the above-mentioned forms, and it is particularly preferable that it is an oxygen radical.
- the film quality of the insulator 252 and the insulator 250 can be improved, the reliability of the transistor 200 is improved.
- oxygen deficiency and VOH can be selectively removed in the region 230 bc of the oxide semiconductor to make the region 230 bc i-type or substantially i-type. Further, it is possible to suppress the supply of excess oxygen to the region 230ba and the region 230bb that function as the source region or the drain region, and maintain the n-type. As a result, it is possible to suppress fluctuations in the electrical characteristics of the transistor 200 and suppress variations in the electrical characteristics of the transistor 200 within the substrate surface.
- a curved surface may be provided between the side surface of the oxide 230b and the upper surface of the oxide 230b in a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel width direction. That is, the end portion of the side surface and the end portion of the upper surface may be curved (hereinafter, also referred to as a round shape).
- the radius of curvature on the curved surface is preferably larger than 0 nm, smaller than the film thickness of the oxide 230b in the region overlapping the conductor 242, or smaller than half the length of the region having no curved surface.
- the radius of curvature on the curved surface is larger than 0 nm and 20 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or more and 15 nm or less, and more preferably 2 nm or more and 10 nm or less.
- the oxide 230 preferably has a laminated structure of a plurality of oxide layers having different chemical compositions.
- the atomic number ratio of the element M to the metal element as the main component is the ratio of the element M to the metal element as the main component in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b. It is preferably larger than the atomic number ratio.
- the atomic number ratio of the element M to In is preferably larger than the atomic number ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b.
- the atomic number ratio of In to the element M is preferably larger than the atomic number ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230a.
- the oxide 230b is preferably an oxide having crystallinity such as CAAC-OS.
- Crystalline oxides such as CAAC-OS have a dense structure with high crystallinity with few impurities and defects (oxygen deficiency, etc.). Therefore, it is possible to suppress the extraction of oxygen from the oxide 230b by the source electrode or the drain electrode. As a result, oxygen can be reduced from being extracted from the oxide 230b even if heat treatment is performed, so that the transistor 200 is stable against a high temperature (so-called thermal budget) in the manufacturing process.
- the lower end of the conduction band changes gently.
- the lower end of the conduction band at the junction between the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b is continuously changed or continuously bonded. In order to do so, it is preferable to reduce the defect level density of the mixed layer formed at the interface between the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b.
- the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b have a common element other than oxygen as a main component, a mixed layer having a low defect level density can be formed.
- the oxide 230b is an In-M-Zn oxide
- the oxide 230a is an In-M-Zn oxide, an M-Zn oxide, an element M oxide, an In-Zn oxide, or an indium oxide. Etc. may be used.
- the composition in the vicinity includes a range of ⁇ 30% of the desired atomic number ratio. Further, it is preferable to use gallium as the element M.
- the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b are preferably formed by a sputtering method.
- Oxygen or a mixed gas of oxygen and a rare gas is used as the sputtering gas.
- the film forming method of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b is not limited to the sputtering method, and a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like may be appropriately used.
- the above-mentioned atomic number ratio is not limited to the atomic number ratio of the formed metal oxide, but is the atomic number ratio of the sputtering target used for forming the metal oxide. May be.
- the interface between the oxide 230 and the insulator 252 and its vicinity thereof can be provided.
- Indium contained in the oxide 230 may be unevenly distributed.
- the vicinity of the surface of the oxide 230 has an atomic number ratio close to that of indium oxide or an atomic number ratio close to that of In—Zn oxide.
- the defect level density at the interface between the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b can be lowered. Therefore, the influence of interfacial scattering on carrier conduction is reduced, and the transistor 200 can obtain a large on-current and high frequency characteristics.
- At least one of the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285 has impurities such as water and hydrogen from the substrate side or the transistor 200. It is preferable to function as a barrier insulating film that suppresses diffusion from above to the transistor 200. Therefore, at least one of the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285 is a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, a nitrogen atom, a nitrogen molecule, and the like.
- an insulating material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as nitrogen oxide molecules ( N2O, NO, NO2, etc.) and copper atoms (the above impurities are difficult to permeate).
- impurities such as nitrogen oxide molecules ( N2O, NO, NO2, etc.) and copper atoms
- an insulating material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen for example, at least one such as an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule
- the barrier insulating film refers to an insulating film having a barrier property.
- the barrier property is a function of suppressing the diffusion of the corresponding substance (also referred to as low permeability).
- the corresponding substance has a function of capturing and fixing (also referred to as gettering).
- the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285 are insulators having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen, and oxygen.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen, and oxygen.
- silicon nitride or the like it is preferable to use silicon nitride or the like having a higher hydrogen barrier property.
- the insulator 214 it is preferable to use aluminum oxide or magnesium oxide having a high function of capturing hydrogen and fixing hydrogen. This makes it possible to prevent impurities such as water and hydrogen from diffusing from the substrate side to the transistor 200 side via the insulator 212 and the insulator 214. Alternatively, it is possible to prevent impurities such as water and hydrogen from diffusing to the transistor 200 side from the interlayer insulating film or the like arranged outside the insulator 285. Alternatively, it is possible to prevent oxygen contained in the insulator 224 or the like from diffusing toward the substrate side via the insulator 212 and the insulator 214.
- the transistor 200 has an insulator 212, an insulator 214, an insulator 271, an insulator 275, an insulator 282, an insulator 283, and an insulator 212 having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen, and oxygen. It is preferable to have a structure surrounded by an insulator 285.
- the “nitride oxide” refers to a material having a higher oxygen content than nitrogen as a main component.
- silicon oxide refers to a material containing silicon, nitrogen, and oxygen, which has a higher oxygen content than nitrogen.
- the “nitride oxide” refers to a material having a higher nitrogen content than oxygen as a main component.
- aluminum nitride oxide refers to a material containing aluminum, nitrogen, and oxygen, which has a higher nitrogen content than oxygen.
- an oxide having an amorphous structure as the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285.
- a metal oxide such as AlO x (x is an arbitrary number larger than 0) or MgO y (y is an arbitrary number larger than 0).
- an oxygen atom has a dangling bond, and the dangling bond may have a property of capturing or fixing hydrogen.
- a metal oxide having such an amorphous structure as a component of the transistor 200 or providing it around the transistor 200, hydrogen contained in the transistor 200 or hydrogen existing around the transistor 200 is captured or fixed. be able to. In particular, it is preferable to capture or fix hydrogen contained in the channel forming region of the transistor 200.
- a metal oxide having an amorphous structure as a component of the transistor 200 or providing it around the transistor 200, it is possible to manufacture the transistor 200 having good characteristics and high reliability, and a semiconductor device.
- the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285 preferably have an amorphous structure, but a region of a polycrystal structure is partially formed. It may be formed. Further, the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285 are multi-layered in which a layer having an amorphous structure and a layer having a polycrystalline structure are laminated. It may be a structure. For example, a laminated structure in which a layer having a polycrystalline structure is formed on a layer having an amorphous structure may be used.
- the film formation of the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285 may be performed by using, for example, a sputtering method. Since the sputtering method does not require the use of molecules containing hydrogen in the film forming gas, the hydrogen concentrations of the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285. Can be reduced.
- the film forming method is not limited to the sputtering method, and includes chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, and the like. It may be used as appropriate.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- MBE molecular beam epitaxy
- PLD pulsed laser deposition
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- the resistivity of the insulator 212, the insulator 275, and the insulator 283 is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 10 ⁇ cm or more and 1 ⁇ 10 15 ⁇ cm or less.
- the insulator 216, the insulator 274, the insulator 280, and the insulator 285 have a lower dielectric constant than the insulator 214.
- a material having a low dielectric constant as an interlayer film, it is possible to reduce the parasitic capacitance generated between the wirings.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxide, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, Silicon oxide having pores or the like may be appropriately used.
- the conductor 205 is arranged so as to overlap the oxide 230 and the conductor 260.
- the conductor 205 is embedded in the opening formed in the insulator 216. Further, a part of the conductor 205 may be embedded in the insulator 214.
- the conductor 205 has a conductor 205a and a conductor 205b.
- the conductor 205a is provided in contact with the bottom surface and the side wall of the opening.
- the conductor 205b is provided so as to be embedded in the recess formed in the conductor 205a.
- the height of the upper surface of the conductor 205b is substantially the same as the height of the upper surface of the conductor 205a and the height of the upper surface of the insulator 216.
- the conductor 205a has a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atom, hydrogen molecule, water molecule, nitrogen atom, nitrogen molecule, nitrogen oxide molecule ( N2O, NO, NO2 , etc.) and copper atom. It is preferable to use a conductive material having. Alternatively, it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen (for example, at least one such as an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule).
- the conductor 205a By using a conductive material having a function of reducing the diffusion of hydrogen in the conductor 205a, impurities such as hydrogen contained in the conductor 205b are prevented from diffusing into the oxide 230 via the insulator 224 and the like. Can be prevented. Further, by using a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen for the conductor 205a, it is possible to prevent the conductor 205b from being oxidized and the conductivity from being lowered. As the conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen, for example, titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide and the like are preferably used. Therefore, as the conductor 205a, the above-mentioned conductive material may be a single layer or a laminated material. For example, titanium nitride may be used for the conductor 205a.
- the conductor 205b it is preferable to use a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component.
- tungsten may be used for the conductor 205b.
- the conductor 205 may function as a second gate electrode.
- the threshold voltage (Vth) of the transistor 200 can be controlled by changing the potential applied to the conductor 205 independently of the potential applied to the conductor 260 without interlocking with the potential applied to the conductor 260.
- Vth threshold voltage
- by applying a negative potential to the conductor 205 it is possible to increase the Vth of the transistor 200 and reduce the off-current. Therefore, when a negative potential is applied to the conductor 205, the drain current when the potential applied to the conductor 260 is 0 V can be made smaller than when it is not applied.
- the electrical resistivity of the conductor 205 is designed in consideration of the potential applied to the conductor 205, and the film thickness of the conductor 205 is set according to the electrical resistivity.
- the film thickness of the insulator 216 is substantially the same as that of the conductor 205.
- the absolute amount of impurities such as hydrogen contained in the insulator 216 can be reduced, so that the impurities can be reduced from diffusing into the oxide 230. ..
- the conductor 205 may be provided larger than the size of the region that does not overlap with the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b of the oxide 230.
- the conductor 205 is also stretched in a region outside the ends of the oxides 230a and 230b in the channel width direction. That is, it is preferable that the conductor 205 and the conductor 260 are superimposed via an insulator on the outside of the side surface of the oxide 230 in the channel width direction.
- the channel forming region of the oxide 230 is electrically surrounded by the electric field of the conductor 260 that functions as the first gate electrode and the electric field of the conductor 205 that functions as the second gate electrode. Can be done.
- the structure of the transistor that electrically surrounds the channel forming region by the electric fields of the first gate and the second gate is called a curved channel (S-channel) structure.
- the transistor having an S-channel structure represents the structure of a transistor that electrically surrounds the channel forming region by the electric fields of one and the other of the pair of gate electrodes.
- the S-channel structure disclosed in the present specification and the like is different from the Fin type structure and the planar type structure.
- the conductor 205 is stretched to function as wiring.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and a conductor that functions as wiring may be provided under the conductor 205. Further, it is not always necessary to provide one conductor 205 for each transistor. For example, the conductor 205 may be shared by a plurality of transistors.
- the conductor 205 shows a configuration in which the conductor 205a and the conductor 205b are laminated, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 205 may be provided as a single layer or a laminated structure having three or more layers.
- the insulator 222 and the insulator 224 function as a gate insulator.
- the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing the diffusion of hydrogen (for example, at least one hydrogen atom, hydrogen molecule, etc.). Further, it is preferable that the insulator 222 has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen (for example, at least one oxygen atom, oxygen molecule, etc.). For example, the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing the diffusion of one or both of hydrogen and oxygen more than the insulator 224.
- the insulator 222 it is preferable to use an insulator containing oxides of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, which are insulating materials.
- the insulator it is preferable to use aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate) and the like.
- an oxide containing hafnium and zirconium for example, hafnium zirconium oxide.
- the insulator 222 impurities such as hydrogen can be suppressed from diffusing into the inside of the transistor 200, and the generation of oxygen deficiency in the oxide 230 can be suppressed. Further, it is possible to suppress the conductor 205 from reacting with the oxygen contained in the insulator 224 and the oxide 230.
- aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, and zirconium oxide may be added to the insulator.
- these insulators may be nitrided.
- the insulator 222 may be used by laminating silicon oxide, silicon oxide or silicon nitride on these insulators.
- an insulator containing a so-called high-k material such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium zirconium oxide may be used in a single layer or in a laminated state.
- a high-k material such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium zirconium oxide.
- a substance having a high dielectric constant such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), (Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (BST) may be used.
- silicon oxide, silicon nitride nitride, or the like may be appropriately used.
- the heat treatment may be performed, for example, at 100 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower, more preferably 350 ° C. or higher and 550 ° C. or lower.
- the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas, or an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more of an oxidizing gas, 1% or more, or 10% or more.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere.
- oxygen can be supplied to the oxide 230 to reduce oxygen deficiency (VO).
- the heat treatment may be performed in a reduced pressure state.
- the heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas in order to supplement the desorbed oxygen after the heat treatment in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas. good.
- the heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more of an oxidizing gas, 1% or more, or 10% or more, and then continuously heat-treated in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas.
- the oxygen deficiency in the oxide 230 can be repaired by the supplied oxygen, in other words, the reaction of "VO + O ⁇ null" can be promoted. .. Further, the oxygen supplied to the hydrogen remaining in the oxide 230 reacts, so that the hydrogen can be removed (dehydrated) as H2O . As a result, it is possible to suppress the hydrogen remaining in the oxide 230 from being recombined with the oxygen deficiency to form VOH.
- the insulator 222 and the insulator 224 may have a laminated structure of two or more layers.
- the laminated structure is not limited to the same material, and may be a laminated structure made of different materials.
- the insulator 224 may be formed in an island shape by superimposing on the oxide 230a. In this case, the insulator 275 is in contact with the side surface of the insulator 224 and the upper surface of the insulator 222.
- the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b are provided in contact with the upper surface of the oxide 230b.
- the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b function as a source electrode or a drain electrode of the transistor 200, respectively.
- Examples of the conductor 242 include a nitride containing tantalum, a nitride containing titanium, a nitride containing molybdenum, a nitride containing tungsten, and a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum. It is preferable to use a nitride containing titanium and aluminum. In one aspect of the invention, a nitride containing tantalum is particularly preferred. Further, for example, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, and the like may be used. These materials are preferable because they are conductive materials that are difficult to oxidize or materials that maintain conductivity even when oxygen is absorbed.
- Hydrogen contained in the oxide 230b or the like may diffuse into the conductor 242a or the conductor 242b.
- hydrogen contained in the oxide 230b or the like is likely to diffuse into the conductor 242a or the conductor 242b, and the diffused hydrogen is the conductor. It may bind to the nitrogen contained in the 242a or the conductor 242b. That is, hydrogen contained in the oxide 230b or the like may be absorbed by the conductor 242a or the conductor 242b.
- the conductor 242 it is preferable that no curved surface is formed between the side surface of the conductor 242 and the upper surface of the conductor 242.
- the cross-sectional area of the conductor 242 in the cross section in the channel width direction as shown in FIG. 9D can be increased.
- the conductivity of the conductor 242 can be increased and the on-current of the transistor 200 can be increased.
- the insulator 271a is provided in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 242a, and the insulator 271b is provided in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 242b.
- the insulator 271 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film against at least oxygen. Therefore, it is preferable that the insulator 271 has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen.
- the insulator 271 preferably has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen more than the insulator 280.
- an insulator such as aluminum oxide or magnesium oxide may be used.
- the insulator 275 is provided so as to cover the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductor 242, and the insulator 271. It is preferable that the insulator 275 has a function of capturing hydrogen and fixing hydrogen. In that case, it is preferable that the insulator 275 includes an insulator such as silicon nitride or a metal oxide having an amorphous structure, for example, aluminum oxide or magnesium oxide. Further, for example, as the insulator 275, a laminated film of aluminum oxide and silicon nitride on the aluminum oxide may be used.
- the conductor 242 can be wrapped with the insulator having a barrier property against oxygen. That is, it is possible to prevent oxygen contained in the insulator 224 and the insulator 280 from diffusing into the conductor 242. As a result, the conductor 242 is directly oxidized by the oxygen contained in the insulator 224 and the insulator 280 to increase the resistivity and suppress the decrease in the on-current.
- the insulator 252 functions as part of the gate insulator. As the insulator 252, it is preferable to use a barrier insulating film against oxygen. As the insulator 252, an insulator that can be used for the above-mentioned insulator 282 may be used. As the insulator 252, an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium may be used. As the insulator, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), an oxide containing hafnium and silicon (hafnium silicate) and the like can be used. In this embodiment, aluminum oxide is used as the insulator 252. In this case, the insulator 252 is an insulator having at least oxygen and aluminum.
- the insulator 252 is provided in contact with the upper surface and the side surface of the oxide 230b, the side surface of the oxide 230a, the side surface of the insulator 224, and the upper surface of the insulator 222. That is, the region overlapping the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the conductor 260 of the insulator 224 is covered with the insulator 252 in the cross section in the channel width direction. Thereby, when the heat treatment or the like is performed, the desorption of oxygen by the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b can be blocked by the insulator 252 having a barrier property against oxygen.
- the insulator 280 and the insulator 250 contain an excessive amount of oxygen, it is possible to suppress the excessive supply of the oxygen to the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the region 230ba and the region 230bb from being excessively oxidized through the region 230bc to cause a decrease in the on-current of the transistor 200 or a decrease in the field effect mobility.
- the insulator 252 is provided in contact with the side surfaces of the conductor 242, the insulator 271, the insulator 275, and the insulator 280. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the oxidation of the side surface of the conductor 242 and the formation of an oxide film on the side surface. As a result, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the on-current of the transistor 200 or a decrease in the field effect mobility.
- the insulator 252 needs to be provided in the opening formed in the insulator 280 or the like together with the insulator 254, the insulator 250, and the conductor 260. In order to miniaturize the transistor 200, it is preferable that the film thickness of the insulator 252 is thin.
- the film thickness of the insulator 252 is 0.1 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, preferably 0.5 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less, and more preferably 1.0 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less.
- the insulator 252 may have a region having the above-mentioned film thickness at least in a part thereof.
- the film thickness of the insulator 252 is preferably thinner than the film thickness of the insulator 250. In this case, the insulator 252 may have a region having a film thickness thinner than that of the insulator 250, at least in part.
- the insulator 252 In order to form the insulator 252 with a thin film thickness as described above, it is preferable to form the insulator by using the ALD method.
- the ALD method include a thermal ALD (Thermal ALD) method in which the reaction of the precursor and the reactor is performed only by thermal energy, and a PEALD (Plasma Enhanced ALD) method using a plasma-excited reactor.
- a thermal ALD Thermal ALD
- PEALD Laser ALD
- the ALD method utilizes the characteristics of atoms, which are self-regulating properties, and can deposit atoms layer by layer, so ultra-thin film formation is possible, film formation into structures with a high aspect ratio is possible, pinholes, etc. It has the effects of being able to form a film with few defects, being able to form a film with excellent coverage, and being able to form a film at a low temperature. Therefore, the insulator 252 can be formed on the side surface of the opening formed in the insulator 280 or the like with good coverage and with a thin film thickness as described above.
- the film provided by the ALD method may contain a large amount of impurities such as carbon as compared with the film provided by other film forming methods.
- the quantification of impurities can be performed by using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), or Auger electron spectroscopy (AES).
- the insulator 250 functions as part of the gate insulator.
- the insulator 250 is preferably arranged in contact with the upper surface of the insulator 252.
- the insulator 250 includes silicon oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, silicon oxide having holes, and the like. Can be used. In particular, silicon oxide and silicon nitride nitride are preferable because they are heat-stable. In this case, the insulator 250 is an insulator having at least oxygen and silicon.
- the insulator 250 preferably has a reduced concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the insulator 250.
- the film thickness of the insulator 250 is preferably 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less, and more preferably 0.5 nm or more and 15.0 nm or less. In this case, the insulator 250 may have, at least in part, a region having the above-mentioned film thickness.
- FIGS. 9A to 9D show a configuration in which the insulator 250 is a single layer
- the present invention is not limited to this, and a laminated structure of two or more layers may be used.
- the insulator 250 may have a two-layer laminated structure of the insulator 250a and the insulator 250b on the insulator 250a.
- the lower insulator 250a is formed by using an insulator that easily permeates oxygen
- the upper insulator 250b is a diffusion of oxygen. It is preferable to use an insulator having a function of suppressing the above. With such a configuration, oxygen contained in the insulator 250a can be suppressed from diffusing into the conductor 260. That is, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the amount of oxygen supplied to the oxide 230. Further, it is possible to suppress the oxidation of the conductor 260 by the oxygen contained in the insulator 250a.
- the insulator 250a may be provided by using a material that can be used for the above-mentioned insulator 250, and the insulator 250b may be an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium.
- the insulator aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), an oxide containing hafnium and silicon (hafnium silicate) and the like can be used.
- hafnium oxide is used as the insulator 250b.
- the insulator 250b is an insulator having at least oxygen and hafnium.
- the film thickness of the insulator 250b is 0.5 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, preferably 1.0 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, and more preferably 1.0 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less.
- the insulator 250b may have, at least in part, a region having the above-mentioned film thickness.
- an insulating material which is a high-k material having a high relative permittivity may be used for the insulator 250b.
- the gate insulator By forming the gate insulator into a laminated structure of the insulator 250a and the insulator 250b, it is possible to obtain a laminated structure that is stable against heat and has a high relative permittivity. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the gate potential applied during transistor operation while maintaining the physical film thickness of the gate insulator. Further, it is possible to reduce the equivalent oxide film thickness (EOT) of the insulator that functions as a gate insulator. Therefore, the withstand voltage of the insulator 250 can be increased.
- EOT equivalent oxide film thickness
- the insulator 254 functions as part of the gate insulator.
- silicon nitride formed by the PEALD method may be used as the insulator 254.
- the insulator 254 is an insulator having at least nitrogen and silicon.
- the insulator 254 may further have a barrier property against oxygen. As a result, oxygen contained in the insulator 250 can be suppressed from diffusing into the conductor 260.
- the insulator 254 needs to be provided in the opening formed in the insulator 280 or the like together with the insulator 252, the insulator 250, and the conductor 260. In order to miniaturize the transistor 200, it is preferable that the film thickness of the insulator 254 is thin.
- the film thickness of the insulator 254 is 0.1 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, preferably 0.5 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less, and more preferably 1.0 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less.
- the insulator 254 may have, at least in part, a region having the above-mentioned film thickness.
- the film thickness of the insulator 254 is preferably thinner than the film thickness of the insulator 250. In this case, the insulator 254 may have a region having a film thickness thinner than that of the insulator 250, at least in part.
- the conductor 260 functions as a first gate electrode of the transistor 200.
- the conductor 260 preferably has a conductor 260a and a conductor 260b arranged on the conductor 260a.
- the conductor 260a is preferably arranged so as to wrap the bottom surface and the side surface of the conductor 260b.
- the upper surface of the conductor 260 substantially coincides with the upper surface of the insulator 250.
- the conductor 260 is shown as a two-layer structure of the conductor 260a and the conductor 260b in FIGS. 9B and 9C, it may be a single-layer structure or a laminated structure of three or more layers.
- the conductor 260a it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atom, hydrogen molecule, water molecule, nitrogen atom, nitrogen molecule, nitrogen oxide molecule and copper atom.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen for example, at least one such as an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule.
- the conductor 260a has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen, it is possible to prevent the conductor 260b from being oxidized by the oxygen contained in the insulator 250 and the conductivity from being lowered.
- the conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen for example, titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide and the like are preferably used.
- the conductor 260 also functions as wiring, it is preferable to use a conductor having high conductivity.
- a conductor having high conductivity for example, as the conductor 260b, a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component can be used.
- the conductor 260b may have a laminated structure, for example, titanium or a laminated structure of titanium nitride and the conductive material.
- the conductor 260 is self-aligned so as to fill the opening formed in the insulator 280 or the like.
- the conductor 260 can be reliably arranged in the region between the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b without aligning the conductor 260.
- the height is preferably lower than the height of the bottom surface of the oxide 230b.
- the conductor 260 which functions as a gate electrode, covers the side surface and the upper surface of the channel forming region of the oxide 230b via an insulator 250 or the like, so that the electric field of the conductor 260 can be applied to the channel forming region of the oxide 230b. It becomes easier to act on the whole. Therefore, the on-current of the transistor 200 can be increased and the frequency characteristics can be improved.
- the difference is 0 nm or more and 100 nm or less, preferably 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less, and more preferably 5 nm or more and 20 nm or less.
- the insulator 280 is provided on the insulator 275, and an opening is formed in a region where the insulator 250 and the conductor 260 are provided. Further, the upper surface of the insulator 280 may be flattened.
- the insulator 280 that functions as an interlayer film preferably has a low dielectric constant.
- a material having a low dielectric constant As an interlayer film, it is possible to reduce the parasitic capacitance generated between the wirings.
- the insulator 280 is provided by using the same material as the insulator 216, for example.
- silicon oxide and silicon nitride nitride are preferable because they are thermally stable.
- materials such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride nitride, and silicon oxide having pores are preferable because they can easily form a region containing oxygen desorbed by heating.
- the insulator 280 preferably has an excess oxygen region or excess oxygen. Further, it is preferable that the concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the insulator 280 is reduced.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxide, or the like may be appropriately used for the insulator 280.
- the insulator 280 By providing an insulator having excess oxygen in contact with the oxide 230, oxygen deficiency in the oxide 230 can be reduced and the reliability of the transistor 200 can be improved.
- the insulator 280 By forming the insulator 280 in an atmosphere containing oxygen by a sputtering method, the insulator 280 containing excess oxygen can be formed. Further, by using a sputtering method that does not require hydrogen to be used as the film forming gas, the hydrogen concentration in the insulator 280 can be reduced.
- the insulator 282 in contact with the upper surface of the insulator 280 may be formed into a film by a sputtering method in an atmosphere containing oxygen, and oxygen may be added to the insulator 280.
- the film forming method of the insulator 280 is not limited to the sputtering method, and the CVD method, MBE method, PLD method, ALD method and the like are appropriately used. You may.
- the insulator 280 may have a laminated structure of silicon oxide formed by a sputtering method and silicon oxide formed on the insulator by a CVD method. Further, silicon nitride may be further laminated on the silicon nitride.
- the insulator 282 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses the diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen into the insulator 280 from above, and preferably has a function of capturing impurities such as hydrogen. Further, the insulator 282 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses the permeation of oxygen.
- a metal oxide having an amorphous structure for example, an insulator such as aluminum oxide may be used. In this case, the insulator 282 is an insulator having at least oxygen and aluminum.
- the insulator 282 which has a function of capturing impurities such as hydrogen in contact with the insulator 280 in the region sandwiched between the insulator 212 and the insulator 283, hydrogen contained in the insulator 280 and the like can be obtained. Impurities can be captured and the amount of hydrogen in the region can be kept constant. In particular, it is preferable to use aluminum oxide having an amorphous structure as the insulator 282 because hydrogen may be captured or fixed more effectively. This makes it possible to manufacture a transistor 200 having good characteristics and high reliability, and a semiconductor device.
- the insulator 282 is preferably formed by using a sputtering method. Oxygen can be added to the insulator 280 by forming the insulator 282 by the sputtering method.
- the film forming method of the insulator 282 is not limited to the sputtering method, and a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like may be appropriately used.
- the insulator 283 functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses impurities such as water and hydrogen from diffusing into the insulator 280 from above.
- the insulator 283 is placed on top of the insulator 282.
- a nitride containing silicon such as silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide.
- silicon nitride formed by a sputtering method may be used as the insulator 283.
- a silicon nitride film having a high density can be formed.
- silicon nitride formed by the PEALD method or the CVD method may be further laminated on the silicon nitride formed by the sputtering method.
- the conductor 240 (conductor 240a and conductor 240b) connected to the transistor 200 is shown.
- the conductor 240 is provided so as to embed the openings formed in the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285.
- the lower surface of the conductor 240a is in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 242a.
- the lower surface of the conductor 240b is in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 242b.
- the conductor 240 it is preferable to use a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component.
- the conductor 240 may have a laminated structure of a first conductor having a thin film thickness provided along the side surface and the bottom surface of the opening and the second conductor on the first conductor.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen is used for the first conductor arranged in the vicinity of the insulator 285 and the insulator 280.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen is used for the first conductor arranged in the vicinity of the insulator 285 and the insulator 280.
- tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide and the like are preferably used.
- the conductive material having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen may be used in a single layer or in a laminated manner.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the layer above the insulator 283 can be suppressed from being mixed into the oxide 230 through the conductor 240.
- the above-mentioned conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component may be used.
- the conductor 240 shown in FIG. 9B shows a configuration in which the first conductor and the second conductor are laminated, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 240 may be provided as a single layer or a laminated structure having three or more layers.
- an insulator 241a that functions as a barrier insulating film is provided between the conductor 240a and the insulator 280. It is preferable that an insulator 241b functioning as a barrier insulating film is provided between the conductor 240b and the insulator 280.
- the insulator 241 (insulator 241a and insulator 241b) is arranged in contact with the side surfaces of the openings formed in the insulator 271, the insulator 275, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, and the insulator 285. Is preferable.
- an insulator substrate for example, an insulator substrate, a semiconductor substrate, or a conductor substrate may be used.
- the insulator substrate include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, a stabilized zirconia substrate (yttria stabilized zirconia substrate, etc.), a resin substrate, and the like.
- the semiconductor substrate include a semiconductor substrate made of silicon and germanium, and a compound semiconductor substrate made of silicon carbide, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, zinc oxide, and gallium oxide.
- the conductor substrate includes a graphite substrate, a metal substrate, an alloy substrate, a conductive resin substrate and the like.
- the conductor substrate includes a graphite substrate, a metal substrate, an alloy substrate, a conductive resin substrate and the like.
- a substrate having a metal nitride a substrate having a metal oxide, and the like.
- a substrate in which a conductor or a semiconductor is provided in an insulator substrate a substrate in which a conductor or an insulator is provided in a semiconductor substrate, a substrate in which a semiconductor or an insulator is provided in a conductor substrate, and the like.
- those boards provided with elements may be used.
- Elements provided on the substrate include a capacitance element, a resistance element, a switch element, a light emitting element, a storage element, and the like.
- Insulator examples include oxides having insulating properties, nitrides, nitride oxides, nitride oxides, metal oxides, metal oxide nitrides, metal nitride oxides and the like.
- Examples of the insulator having a high specific dielectric constant include gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, oxides having aluminum and hafnium, nitrides having aluminum and hafnium, oxides having silicon and hafnium, silicon and hafnium. There are nitrides having oxides, or nitrides having silicon and hafnium.
- Examples of the insulator having a low specific dielectric constant include silicon oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, and empty. There are silicon oxide with pores, resin, and the like.
- the transistor using the metal oxide can stabilize the electrical characteristics of the transistor by surrounding the transistor with an insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen.
- the insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, and zirconium. Insulations containing, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum may be used in single layers or in layers.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen
- Metal oxides such as tantalum oxide and metal nitrides such as aluminum nitride, silicon nitride and silicon nitride can be used.
- the insulator that functions as a gate insulator is preferably an insulator having a region containing oxygen that is desorbed by heating.
- the oxygen deficiency of the oxide 230 can be compensated by having the structure in which silicon oxide or silicon oxide having a region containing oxygen desorbed by heating is in contact with the oxide 230.
- Conductors include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, berylium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, and lanthanum. It is preferable to use a metal element selected from the above, an alloy containing the above-mentioned metal element as a component, an alloy in which the above-mentioned metal element is combined, or the like.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, a nitride containing titanium and aluminum, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, and the like are used. Is preferable.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, nitrides containing titanium and aluminum, nitrides containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxides containing strontium and ruthenium, and oxides containing lanthanum and nickel are difficult to oxidize.
- a plurality of conductive layers formed of the above materials may be laminated and used.
- a laminated structure may be formed in which the above-mentioned material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined.
- a laminated structure may be formed in which the above-mentioned material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing nitrogen are combined.
- a laminated structure may be formed in which the above-mentioned material containing a metal element, a conductive material containing oxygen, and a conductive material containing nitrogen are combined.
- a laminated structure in which the above-mentioned material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined is used for the conductor functioning as a gate electrode.
- a conductive material containing oxygen may be provided on the channel forming region side.
- the conductor that functions as the gate electrode it is preferable to use a conductive material containing a metal element and oxygen contained in the metal oxide in which the channel is formed.
- the above-mentioned conductive material containing a metal element and nitrogen may be used.
- a conductive material containing nitrogen such as titanium nitride and tantalum nitride may be used.
- indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, and silicon were added.
- Indium zinc oxide may be used.
- indium gallium zinc oxide containing nitrogen may be used.
- Metal Oxide As the oxide 230, it is preferable to use a metal oxide (oxide semiconductor) that functions as a semiconductor.
- a metal oxide oxide semiconductor
- the metal oxide applicable to the oxide 230 according to the present invention will be described.
- the metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, it preferably contains indium and zinc. In addition to them, it is preferable that aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin and the like are contained. Further, one or more kinds selected from boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, cobalt and the like may be contained.
- the metal oxide is an In—M—Zn oxide having indium, the element M, and zinc.
- the element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin.
- Other elements applicable to the element M include boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, cobalt and the like.
- the element M a plurality of the above-mentioned elements may be combined in some cases.
- a metal oxide having nitrogen may also be generically referred to as a metal oxide. Further, the metal oxide having nitrogen may be referred to as a metal oxynitride.
- FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating the classification of the crystal structure of an oxide semiconductor, typically IGZO (a metal oxide containing In, Ga, and Zn).
- IGZO a metal oxide containing In, Ga, and Zn
- oxide semiconductors are roughly classified into “Amorphous”, “Crystalline”, and “Crystal”.
- Amorphous includes completely amorphous.
- the “Crystalline” includes CAAC (c-axis-aligned crystalline), nc (nanocrystalline), and CAC (cloud-aligned composite).
- single crystal, poly crystal, and single crystal atomous are excluded from the classification of "Crystalline”.
- “Crystal” includes single crystal and poly crystal.
- the structure in the thick frame shown in FIG. 11A is an intermediate state between "Amorphous” and “Crystal", and belongs to a new boundary region (New crystalline phase). .. That is, the structure can be rephrased as a structure completely different from the energetically unstable "Amorphous” and "Crystal".
- the crystal structure of the film or substrate can be evaluated using an X-ray diffraction (XRD: X-Ray Diffraction) spectrum.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the GIXD method is also referred to as a thin film method or a Seemann-Bohlin method.
- the XRD spectrum obtained by the GIXD measurement shown in FIG. 11B may be simply referred to as an XRD spectrum in the present specification.
- the thickness of the CAAC-IGZO film shown in FIG. 11B is 500 nm.
- the horizontal axis is 2 ⁇ [deg. ], And the vertical axis is intensity [a. u. ].
- a peak showing clear crystallinity is detected in the XRD spectrum of the CAAC-IGZO film.
- the crystal structure of the film or the substrate can be evaluated by a diffraction pattern (also referred to as a microelectron diffraction pattern) observed by a micro electron diffraction method (NBED: Nano Beam Electron Diffraction).
- the diffraction pattern of the CAAC-IGZO film is shown in FIG. 11C.
- FIG. 11C is a diffraction pattern observed by the NBED in which the electron beam is incident parallel to the substrate.
- electron beam diffraction is performed with the probe diameter set to 1 nm.
- oxide semiconductors may be classified differently from FIG. 11A.
- oxide semiconductors are divided into single crystal oxide semiconductors and other non-single crystal oxide semiconductors.
- the non-single crystal oxide semiconductor include the above-mentioned CAAC-OS and nc-OS.
- the non-single crystal oxide semiconductor includes a polycrystal oxide semiconductor, a pseudo-amorphous oxide semiconductor (a-like OS: atomous-like oxide semiconductor), an amorphous oxide semiconductor, and the like.
- CAAC-OS CAAC-OS
- nc-OS nc-OS
- a-like OS the details of the above-mentioned CAAC-OS, nc-OS, and a-like OS will be described.
- CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor having a plurality of crystal regions, the plurality of crystal regions having the c-axis oriented in a specific direction.
- the specific direction is the thickness direction of the CAAC-OS film, the normal direction of the surface to be formed of the CAAC-OS film, or the normal direction of the surface of the CAAC-OS film.
- the crystal region is a region having periodicity in the atomic arrangement. When the atomic arrangement is regarded as a lattice arrangement, the crystal region is also a region in which the lattice arrangement is aligned. Further, the CAAC-OS has a region in which a plurality of crystal regions are connected in the ab plane direction, and the region may have distortion.
- the strain refers to a region in which a plurality of crystal regions are connected in which the orientation of the lattice arrangement changes between a region in which the lattice arrangement is aligned and a region in which another grid arrangement is aligned. That is, CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor that is c-axis oriented and not clearly oriented in the ab plane direction.
- Each of the plurality of crystal regions is composed of one or a plurality of minute crystals (crystals having a maximum diameter of less than 10 nm).
- the maximum diameter of the crystal region is less than 10 nm.
- the size of the crystal region may be about several tens of nm.
- CAAC-OS has indium (In) and oxygen. It tends to have a layered crystal structure (also referred to as a layered structure) in which a layer (hereinafter, In layer) and a layer having elements M, zinc (Zn), and oxygen (hereinafter, (M, Zn) layer) are laminated. There is. Indium and element M can be replaced with each other. Therefore, the (M, Zn) layer may contain indium. In addition, the In layer may contain the element M. The In layer may contain Zn.
- the layered structure is observed as a grid image, for example, in a high-resolution TEM image.
- the position of the peak indicating the c-axis orientation may vary depending on the type and composition of the metal elements constituting CAAC-OS.
- a plurality of bright spots are observed in the electron diffraction pattern of the CAAC-OS film. Note that a certain spot and another spot are observed at point-symmetrical positions with the spot of the incident electron beam transmitted through the sample (also referred to as a direct spot) as the center of symmetry.
- the lattice arrangement in the crystal region is based on a hexagonal lattice, but the unit lattice is not limited to a regular hexagon and may be a non-regular hexagon. Further, in the above strain, it may have a lattice arrangement such as a pentagon or a heptagon.
- a clear grain boundary cannot be confirmed even in the vicinity of strain. That is, it can be seen that the formation of grain boundaries is suppressed by the distortion of the lattice arrangement. This is because CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion due to the fact that the arrangement of oxygen atoms is not dense in the ab plane direction and the bond distance between the atoms changes due to the replacement of metal atoms. it is conceivable that.
- CAAC-OS for which no clear crystal grain boundary is confirmed, is one of the crystalline oxides having a crystal structure suitable for the semiconductor layer of the transistor.
- a configuration having Zn is preferable.
- In-Zn oxide and In-Ga-Zn oxide are more suitable than In oxide because they can suppress the generation of grain boundaries.
- CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor having high crystallinity and no clear grain boundary is confirmed. Therefore, it can be said that CAAC-OS is unlikely to cause a decrease in electron mobility due to grain boundaries. Further, since the crystallinity of the oxide semiconductor may be deteriorated due to the mixing of impurities, the generation of defects, etc., CAAC-OS can be said to be an oxide semiconductor having few impurities and defects (oxygen deficiency, etc.). Therefore, the oxide semiconductor having CAAC-OS has stable physical properties. Therefore, the oxide semiconductor having CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability. CAAC-OS is also stable against high temperatures (so-called thermal budgets) in the manufacturing process. Therefore, if CAAC-OS is used for the OS transistor, the degree of freedom in the manufacturing process can be expanded.
- nc-OS has periodicity in the atomic arrangement in a minute region (for example, a region of 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, particularly a region of 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less).
- nc-OS has tiny crystals. Since the size of the minute crystal is, for example, 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, particularly 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, the minute crystal is also referred to as a nanocrystal.
- nc-OS has no regularity in crystal orientation between different nanocrystals. Therefore, no orientation is observed in the entire film.
- nc-OS may be indistinguishable from a-like OS or amorphous oxide semiconductor depending on the analysis method.
- a peak indicating crystallinity is not detected in the Out-of-plane XRD measurement using a ⁇ / 2 ⁇ scan.
- electron beam diffraction also referred to as limited field electron diffraction
- a diffraction pattern such as a halo pattern is performed. Is observed.
- electron diffraction also referred to as nanobeam electron diffraction
- an electron beam having a probe diameter for example, 1 nm or more and 30 nm or less
- An electron diffraction pattern in which a plurality of spots are observed in a ring-shaped region centered on a direct spot may be acquired.
- the a-like OS is an oxide semiconductor having a structure between nc-OS and an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- the a-like OS has a void or low density region. That is, a-like OS has lower crystallinity than nc-OS and CAAC-OS. In addition, a-like OS has a higher hydrogen concentration in the membrane than nc-OS and CAAC-OS.
- CAC-OS relates to the material composition.
- CAC-OS is, for example, a composition of a material in which the elements constituting the metal oxide are unevenly distributed in a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, or in the vicinity thereof.
- the metal oxide one or more metal elements are unevenly distributed, and the region having the metal element has a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, or a size close thereto.
- the mixed state is also called a mosaic shape or a patch shape.
- the CAC-OS has a structure in which the material is separated into a first region and a second region to form a mosaic, and the first region is distributed in the film (hereinafter, also referred to as a cloud shape). It is said.). That is, the CAC-OS is a composite metal oxide having a structure in which the first region and the second region are mixed.
- the atomic number ratios of In, Ga, and Zn to the metal elements constituting CAC-OS in the In-Ga-Zn oxide are expressed as [In], [Ga], and [Zn], respectively.
- the first region is a region where [In] is larger than [In] in the composition of the CAC-OS film.
- the second region is a region in which [Ga] is larger than [Ga] in the composition of the CAC-OS film.
- the first region is a region in which [In] is larger than [In] in the second region and [Ga] is smaller than [Ga] in the second region.
- the second region is a region in which [Ga] is larger than [Ga] in the first region and [In] is smaller than [In] in the first region.
- the first region is a region containing indium oxide, indium zinc oxide, or the like as a main component.
- the second region is a region containing gallium oxide, gallium zinc oxide, or the like as a main component. That is, the first region can be rephrased as a region containing In as a main component. Further, the second region can be rephrased as a region containing Ga as a main component.
- a region containing In as a main component (No. 1) by EDX mapping acquired by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX: Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). It can be confirmed that the region (1 region) and the region containing Ga as a main component (second region) are unevenly distributed and have a mixed structure.
- the conductivity caused by the first region and the insulating property caused by the second region act in a complementary manner to switch the switching function (On / Off function).
- the CAC-OS has a conductive function in a part of the material and an insulating function in a part of the material, and has a function as a semiconductor in the whole material. By separating the conductive function and the insulating function, both functions can be maximized. Therefore, by using CAC-OS for the transistor, high on -current (Ion), high field effect mobility ( ⁇ ), and good switching operation can be realized.
- Oxide semiconductors have various structures, and each has different characteristics.
- the oxide semiconductor of one aspect of the present invention has two or more of amorphous oxide semiconductor, polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, a-like OS, CAC-OS, nc-OS, and CAAC-OS. You may.
- the oxide semiconductor as a transistor, a transistor having high field effect mobility can be realized. In addition, a highly reliable transistor can be realized.
- the carrier concentration in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor is 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm -3 or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm -3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm -3 or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ . It is 10 11 cm -3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 10 cm -3 or less, and 1 ⁇ 10 -9 cm -3 or more.
- the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor film may be lowered to lower the defect level density.
- a low impurity concentration and a low defect level density is referred to as high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic.
- An oxide semiconductor having a low carrier concentration may be referred to as a high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic oxide semiconductor.
- the trap level density may also be low.
- the charge captured at the trap level of the oxide semiconductor takes a long time to disappear, and may behave as if it were a fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor in which a channel forming region is formed in an oxide semiconductor having a high trap level density may have unstable electrical characteristics.
- impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, iron, nickel, silicon and the like.
- the concentration of silicon and carbon in the channel forming region of the oxide semiconductor and the concentration of silicon or carbon in the vicinity of the interface with the channel forming region of the oxide semiconductor is 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the oxide semiconductor contains an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal
- defect levels may be formed and carriers may be generated. Therefore, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor containing an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal tends to have a normally-on characteristic. Therefore, the concentration of the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less. ..
- the nitrogen concentration in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms. / Cm 3 or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- hydrogen contained in an oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to become water, which may form an oxygen deficiency.
- oxygen deficiency When hydrogen enters the oxygen deficiency, electrons that are carriers may be generated.
- a part of hydrogen may be combined with oxygen that is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron as a carrier. Therefore, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor containing hydrogen tends to have a normally-on characteristic. Therefore, it is preferable that hydrogen in the channel forming region of the oxide semiconductor is reduced as much as possible.
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by SIMS is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , more preferably 1 ⁇ 10. It should be less than 19 atoms / cm 3 , more preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 , and even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- the semiconductor material that can be used for the oxide 230 is not limited to the above-mentioned metal oxide.
- a semiconductor material having a bandgap (a semiconductor material that is not a zero-gap semiconductor) may be used.
- a semiconductor of a single element such as silicon, a compound semiconductor such as gallium arsenide, a layered substance (also referred to as an atomic layer substance, a two-dimensional material, or the like) that functions as a semiconductor as a semiconductor material.
- a layered substance also referred to as an atomic layer substance, a two-dimensional material, or the like
- the layered substance is a general term for a group of materials having a layered crystal structure.
- a layered crystal structure is a structure in which layers formed by covalent or ionic bonds are laminated via bonds that are weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, such as van der Waals forces.
- the layered material has high electrical conductivity in the unit layer, that is, high two-dimensional electrical conductivity.
- Layered substances include graphene, silicene, chalcogenides and the like.
- Chalcogenides are compounds containing chalcogens. Chalcogen is a general term for elements belonging to Group 16, and includes oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, and livermorium. Examples of chalcogenides include transition metal chalcogenides and group 13 chalcogenides.
- transition metal chalcogenide that functions as a semiconductor.
- Specific transition metal chalcogenides applicable as oxide 230 include molybdenum sulfide (typically MoS 2 ), molybdenum selenate (typically MoSe 2 ), and molybdenum tellurium (typically MoTe 2 ).
- Tungsten sulfide typically WS 2
- tungsten selenate typically WSe 2
- tellurium tungsten typically WTe 2
- hafnium sulfide typically HfS 2
- hafnium selenate typically HfS 2
- Typical examples include HfSe 2 ), zirconium sulfide (typically ZrS 2 ), and zirconium selenium (typically ZrSe 2 ).
- FIG. 12 shows a cross-sectional configuration example of the semiconductor device (storage device) according to one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing a part of the semiconductor device 100 using the memory cell configuration example 1 in the memory array 20.
- a transistor 120a and a transistor 120b are provided above the transistor 300 provided in the drive circuit 21. Further, a capacitive element 130a and a capacitive element 130b are provided above the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b.
- the transistor 120a the transistor 200 described in the previous embodiment can be used.
- the transistor 120a shown in FIG. 12 has a configuration in which the insulator 241b and the insulator 241b are removed from the transistor 200 shown in FIG.
- the transistor 120b the transistor 200 described in the previous embodiment can be used.
- the transistor 120b shown in FIG. 12 has a configuration in which the insulator 241a and the insulator 241a are removed from the transistor 200 shown in FIG.
- a transistor 120a and a transistor 120b are provided in one oxide 230.
- the conductor 240b electrically connected to the transistor 120a is omitted.
- the conductor 240a electrically connected to the transistor 120b is omitted.
- the insulator 228 that functions as a dielectric of the capacitive element 130a and the insulator 234 that functions as a dielectric of the capacitive element 130b are polarized internally by applying an electric field from the outside, and even if the electric field is set to zero, the polarization is generated.
- a material having a residual property and capable of having a ferroelectricity is used. This makes it possible to form a non-volatile storage element using the capacitive element. That is, a 1-transistor 1-capacitor type ferroelectric memory can be formed by using a capacitive element that functions as a ferroelectric capacitor and a transistor.
- the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b are OS transistors.
- the OS transistor has a characteristic of having a high withstand voltage. Therefore, even if the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b are miniaturized, a high voltage can be applied to the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b. By miniaturizing the transistor 120a and the transistor 120b, the area occupied by the semiconductor device can be reduced.
- the transistor 300 is provided on the substrate 311 and has a conductor 316 that functions as a gate, an insulator 315 that functions as a gate insulator, a semiconductor region 313 that is a part of the substrate 311 and a low that functions as a source region or a drain region. It has a resistance region 314a and a low resistance region 314b.
- the transistor 300 may be either a p-channel type or an n-channel type.
- the semiconductor region 313 (a part of the substrate 311) on which the channel is formed has a convex shape. Further, the side surface and the upper surface of the semiconductor region 313 are provided so as to be covered by the conductor 316 via the insulator 315.
- the conductor 316 may be made of a material that adjusts the work function. Since such a transistor 300 utilizes a convex portion of a semiconductor substrate, it is also called a FIN type transistor. In addition, it may have an insulator that is in contact with the upper part of the convex portion and functions as a mask for forming the convex portion. Further, although the case where a part of the semiconductor substrate is processed to form a convex portion is shown here, the SOI substrate may be processed to form a semiconductor film having a convex shape.
- the transistor 300 shown in FIG. 12 is an example, and the transistor 300 is not limited to the structure thereof, and an appropriate transistor may be used depending on the circuit configuration or the driving method.
- a wiring layer provided with an interlayer film, wiring, a plug, and the like may be provided between the structures. Further, a plurality of wiring layers can be provided according to the design.
- the conductor having a function as a plug or wiring may collectively give a plurality of structures the same reference numeral. Further, in the present specification and the like, the wiring and the plug electrically connected to the wiring may be integrated. That is, a part of the conductor may function as a wiring, and a part of the conductor may function as a plug.
- an insulator 320, an insulator 322, an insulator 324, and an insulator 326 are laminated on the transistor 300 in this order as an interlayer film. Further, the insulator 320, the insulator 322, the insulator 324, and the insulator 326 are embedded with the transistor 120a, the conductor 328 electrically connected to the transistor 120b, the conductor 330, and the like. The conductor 328 and the conductor 330 function as a contact plug or wiring.
- the insulator that functions as an interlayer film may function as a flattening film that covers the uneven shape below the insulator.
- the upper surface of the insulator 322 may be flattened by a flattening treatment using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or the like in order to improve the flatness.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- a wiring layer may be provided on the insulator 326 and the conductor 330.
- the insulator 350, the insulator 352, and the insulator 354 are laminated in this order on the insulator 326 and the conductor 330.
- a conductor 356 is formed on the insulator 350, the insulator 352, and the insulator 354. The conductor 356 functions as a contact plug or wiring.
- the insulator 357 is provided on the insulator 354 and the conductor 356, and the conductor 359 is provided on the insulator 357.
- the conductor 359 corresponds to the wiring BL shown in the above embodiment.
- a conductor 358 is embedded in the insulator 357.
- the conductor 358 functions as a contact plug or wiring.
- the conductor 359 and the conductor 356 are electrically connected via the conductor 358.
- An insulator 361 is provided on the conductor 359, and a transistor 120a and a transistor 120b are provided above the insulator 361.
- the conductor 260 corresponds to the wiring WL shown in the above embodiment.
- the conductor 359 is electrically connected to the oxide 230 via the conductor 141.
- the conductor 141 has a function as a contact plug or wiring.
- An insulator 241 is provided in contact with the side surface of the conductor 141 that functions as a contact plug, similarly to the conductor 240 shown in the above embodiment.
- the conductor 233 is provided on the insulator 285 and the conductor 240b.
- the conductor 233 is electrically connected to the transistor 120b via the conductor 240b.
- An insulator 234 is provided on the conductor 233, and a conductor 235 is provided on the insulator 234. The region where the conductor 233 and the conductor 235 overlap with each other via the insulator 234 functions as the capacitive element 130b.
- the insulator 234 it is preferable to use a material that can have ferroelectricity.
- the capacitive element 130b can function as a ferroelectric capacitor.
- an insulator 236, an insulator 237, an insulator 238, and an insulator 239 are provided so as to cover the conductor 235.
- the conductor 225 is provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 234, the insulator 236, the insulator 237, the insulator 238, and the insulator 239.
- the conductor 225 has a function as a contact plug or wiring.
- the conductor 225 is electrically connected to the conductor 240a.
- the conductor 226 is provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 236, the insulator 237, the insulator 238, and the insulator 239.
- the conductor 226 has a function as a contact plug or wiring.
- the conductor 226 is electrically connected to the conductor 235.
- the conductor 227 is provided on the insulator 239 and the conductor 225.
- the conductor 227 is electrically connected to the transistor 120a via the conductor 225 and the conductor 240a.
- An insulator 228 is provided on the conductor 227, and a conductor 229 is provided on the insulator 228. The region where the conductor 229 and the conductor 227 overlap each other via the insulator 228 functions as the capacitive element 130a.
- the insulator 2208 it is preferable to use a material that can have ferroelectricity.
- the capacitive element 130b can function as a ferroelectric capacitor.
- an insulator 243, an insulator 244, and an insulator 247 are provided so as to cover the conductor 229.
- a conductor 249 is provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 247, the insulator 244, the insulator 243, and the insulator 228.
- the conductor 249 has a function as a contact plug or wiring.
- the conductor 249 is electrically connected to the conductor 235 via the conductor 226.
- the conductor 248 is provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 247, the insulator 244, and the insulator 243.
- the conductor 248 functions as a contact plug or wiring.
- the conductor 248 is electrically connected to the conductor 229.
- the conductor 256 is provided on the conductor 248 and the insulator 247.
- the conductor 256 is electrically connected to the conductor 229 via the conductor 248.
- the conductor 257 is provided on the conductor 249 and the insulator 247.
- the conductor 257 is electrically connected to the conductor 235 via the conductor 249 and the conductor 226.
- the conductor 256 and the conductor 257 function as a wiring PL.
- the insulator 256a, the insulator 258b, and the insulator 261 may be provided so as to cover the conductor 256 and the conductor 257.
- At least one of the insulator 258a and the insulator 258b is preferably an insulating film having a barrier property against hydrogen.
- a barrier insulating film that can be used for the above-mentioned insulator 283 or the like may be used. By providing such a barrier insulating film, it is possible to reduce the diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen contained in the insulator 261 and the like to the transistor 200 via the conductor 256 and the conductor 257 and the like.
- the film of the insulator 258a may be formed by using a sputtering method.
- a sputtering method silicon nitride formed by a sputtering method can be used. Since the sputtering method does not require the use of molecules containing hydrogen in the film-forming gas, the hydrogen concentration of the insulator 258a can be reduced.
- the film of the insulator 258b is preferably formed by using the ALD method, particularly the PEALD method.
- the insulator 258b silicon nitride formed by the PEALD method can be used.
- the insulator 258b can be formed into a film with good coverage. Therefore, even if pinholes or step breaks are formed in the insulator 258a due to the unevenness of the base, hydrogen can be formed by covering them with the insulator 258b. Can be reduced from spreading to the transistor 200.
- the film forming method of the insulator 258a and the insulator 258b is not limited to the sputtering method and the ALD method, and a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method and the like can be appropriately used.
- the two-layer structure of the insulator 258a and the insulator 258b is shown above, the present invention is not limited to this, and a single-layer structure or a laminated structure of three or more layers may be used.
- Examples of the insulator that can be used as the interlayer film include oxides having insulating properties, nitrides, nitride oxides, nitride oxides, metal oxides, metal oxide nitrides, and metal nitride oxides.
- the material may be selected according to the function of the insulator.
- the insulator 361, the insulator 352, the insulator 354, and the like have an insulator having a low relative permittivity.
- the insulator preferably has silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, silicon oxide having pores, or a resin.
- the insulator may be silicon oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide with fluorine, silicon oxide with carbon, silicon oxide with carbon and nitrogen, or silicon oxide with pores.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are thermally stable, they can be combined with a resin to form a laminated structure that is thermally stable and has a low relative permittivity.
- the resin include polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (nylon, aramid, etc.), polyimide, polycarbonate, acrylic, and the like.
- the transistor using the oxide semiconductor can stabilize the electrical characteristics of the transistor by surrounding the transistor with an insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, for the insulator 214, the insulator 212, the insulator 350, and the like, an insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen may be used.
- Examples of the insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, and zirconium. Insulations containing, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium or tantalum may be used in a single layer or in layers.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide or Metal oxides such as tantalum oxide, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride and the like can be used.
- Conductors that can be used for wiring and plugs include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, berylium, and indium.
- a material containing one or more metal elements selected from ruthenium and the like can be used.
- a semiconductor having high electric conductivity such as polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, and a silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- the conductor 328, the conductor 330, the conductor 356, the conductor 141, the conductor 256, the conductor 257, and the like may be a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxidation formed of the above materials.
- Conductive materials such as physical materials can be used as a single layer or laminated. It is preferable to use a refractory material such as tungsten or molybdenum that has both heat resistance and conductivity, and it is preferable to use tungsten. Alternatively, it is preferably formed of a low resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. Wiring resistance can be reduced by using a low resistance conductive material.
- the conductor 229 and the conductor 235 are formed into a film by a method involving substrate heating such as a thermal ALD method, so that high-temperature baking is not performed after formation. Residual polarization can be increased. Therefore, since the semiconductor device can be manufactured without baking at a high temperature, a low resistance conductive material such as copper having a low melting point can be used.
- the conductor 229 functions as an upper electrode of the capacitive element 130a
- the conductor 227 functions as a lower electrode of the capacitive element 130a
- the insulator 228 functions as a dielectric of the capacitive element 130a.
- the conductor 235 functions as an upper electrode of the capacitive element 130b
- the conductor 233 functions as a lower electrode of the capacitive element 130b
- the insulator 234 functions as a dielectric of the capacitive element 130b.
- the insulator 228 and the insulator 234 the materials capable of having the ferroelectricity shown in the above-described embodiment are used.
- the insulator 228 and the insulator 234 may be a laminate of a plurality of materials that may have ferroelectricity.
- the film thickness of the insulator 228 and the insulator 234 can be 100 nm or less, preferably 50 nm or less, more preferably 20 nm or less, and further preferably 10 nm or less.
- the insulator 228 and the insulator 234 may be formed into a laminated structure of the above-mentioned material capable of having ferroelectricity and a material having a large dielectric strength.
- Materials with high insulation resistance include silicon oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide with fluorine added, silicon oxide with carbon added, silicon oxide with carbon and nitrogen added, and oxidation with pores. There are silicon or resin.
- the conductor 227 and the conductor 233 that function as the lower electrode, and the conductor 229 and the conductor 235 that function as the upper electrode may be formed by using an ALD method, a CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like.
- titanium nitride may be formed into a film by using the thermal ALD method as the lower electrode.
- the conductor functioning as the upper electrode and the conductor functioning as the lower electrode may be a stack of a plurality of conductors.
- the upper electrode titanium nitride may be formed by the ALD method and then tungsten may be formed by the sputtering method.
- heat treatment at about 400 ° C. to 500 ° C. may be performed.
- heat treatment may be performed at 500 ° C. for 60 seconds by the RTA method.
- an insulator having an excess oxygen region may be provided in the vicinity of the oxide semiconductor. In that case, it is preferable to provide an insulator having a barrier property between the insulator having the excess oxygen region and the conductor provided in the insulator having the excess oxygen region.
- an insulator 241 may be provided between the insulator 280 having excess oxygen and the conductor 240 (see the second embodiment).
- the transistor 120 can be sealed by the insulator having a barrier property.
- the excess oxygen contained in the insulator 280 is less likely to be absorbed by the conductor 240. Further, by having the insulator 241, it is possible to suppress the diffusion of hydrogen, which is an impurity, to the transistor 200 via the conductor 240.
- an insulating material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as water or hydrogen and oxygen it is preferable to use silicon nitride, silicon nitride oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide and the like.
- silicon nitride is preferable because it has a high blocking property against hydrogen.
- metal oxides such as magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, and tantalum oxide can be used.
- the transistor 120 is preferably configured to be sealed with an insulator 212, an insulator 214, an insulator 282, and an insulator 283.
- an insulator 212, an insulator 214, an insulator 282, and an insulator 283 With such a configuration, it is possible to reduce the mixing of hydrogen contained in the insulator 274, the insulator 285, and the like into the insulator 280 and the like.
- the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 282, and the insulator 283 function as a sealing film.
- the conductor 240 penetrates through the insulator 283 and the insulator 282, and the conductor 141 penetrates through the insulator 214 and the insulator 212.
- Insulators 241 are provided in contact with each other.
- hydrogen mixed in the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 282, and the insulator 283 can be reduced through the conductor 240 and the conductor 141.
- the transistor 120 can be sealed, and impurities such as hydrogen contained in the insulator 274 and the like can be reduced from being mixed into the transistor 120.
- two transistors 120 are shown in the region sealed with the insulator 212 and the insulator 283, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the sealed region is not limited to this.
- One or three or more transistors 120 can be provided.
- a dicing line (sometimes referred to as a scribe line, a division line, or a cutting line) provided when a plurality of semiconductor devices are taken out in the form of chips by dividing a large-area substrate into semiconductor elements will be described. ..
- a dividing method for example, there is a case where a groove (dicing line) for dividing a semiconductor element is first formed on a substrate, then the dicing line is cut, and the semiconductor device is divided (divided) into a plurality of semiconductor devices.
- the region where the insulator 283 and the insulator 212 are in contact overlap with the dicing line it is preferable to design so that the region where the insulator 283 and the insulator 212 are in contact overlap with the dicing line. That is, in the vicinity of the region serving as the dicing line provided on the outer edge of the memory cell having the plurality of transistors 200, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, the insulator 275, the insulator 224, the insulator 222, the insulator 216, and the insulator.
- An opening is provided in 214.
- the insulator 283 and the insulator 212 come into contact with each other at the openings provided in the insulator 282, the insulator 280, the insulator 275, the insulator 224, the insulator 222, the insulator 216, and the insulator 214.
- the insulator 212 and the insulator 283 may be formed by using the same material and the same method. By providing the insulator 212 and the insulator 283 with the same material and the same method, the adhesion can be enhanced. For example, silicon nitride may be used.
- openings may be provided in the insulator 282, the insulator 280, the insulator 275, the insulator 224, the insulator 222, and the insulator 216.
- the insulator 283 and the insulator 214 are in contact with each other at the openings provided in the insulator 282, the insulator 280, the insulator 275, the insulator 224, the insulator 222, and the insulator 216.
- the transistor 120 can be wrapped by the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 282, and the insulator 283. At least one of the insulator 214, the insulator 282, and the insulator 283 has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen, hydrogen, and water.
- the insulator 214, the insulator 282, and the insulator 283 has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen, hydrogen, and water.
- the structure can prevent the excess oxygen of the insulator 280 and the insulator 224 from diffusing to the outside. Therefore, the excess oxygen of the insulator 280 and the insulator 224 is efficiently supplied to the oxide in which the channel of the transistor 120 is formed.
- the oxygen can reduce the oxygen deficiency of the oxide in which the channel is formed in the transistor 120.
- the oxide in which the channel is formed in the transistor 120 can be made into an oxide semiconductor having a low defect level density and stable characteristics. That is, it is possible to suppress fluctuations in the electrical characteristics of the transistor 120 and improve reliability.
- FIG. 12 A modification of the storage device shown in FIG. 12 is shown in FIG.
- the conductor 141 is provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 224, the insulator 222, the insulator 216, the insulator 214, the insulator 212, and the insulator 361, but the insulator 285, the insulator 283, It may be provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 282, the insulator 280, the insulator 271, and the insulator 275.
- the conductor 292 is provided on the conductor 141 and the insulator 285, and the insulator 293 and the insulator 294 are provided on the conductor 292 and the insulator 285. Further, the conductor 295 and the conductor 296 are provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 293 and the insulator 294.
- the conductor 233 and the insulator 234 are provided above the insulator 294.
- the conductor 225 and the conductor 240a are electrically connected via the conductor 295.
- the conductor 233 is electrically connected to the conductor 240b via the conductor 296.
- the conductor 292 is electrically connected to the conductor 359.
- the conductor 359 is provided below the transistor 120 in FIG. 13, it may be provided above the transistor 120.
- the superposition of the capacitive elements 130 is not limited to two. Three or more capacitive elements 130 may be provided in an overlapping manner.
- FIG. 14 shows a configuration example in which not only the capacitive element 130a and the capacitive element 130b but also the capacitive element 130m and the capacitive element 130n are provided in an overlapping manner.
- the semiconductor wafer 4800 shown in FIG. 15A has a wafer 4801 and a plurality of circuit units 4802 provided on the upper surface of the wafer 4801.
- the portion without the circuit portion 4802 is the spacing 4803, which is a dicing region.
- the semiconductor wafer 4800 can be manufactured by forming a plurality of circuit portions 4802 on the surface of the wafer 4801 by the previous step. Further, after that, the surface on the opposite side on which the plurality of circuit portions 4802 of the wafer 4801 are formed may be ground to reduce the thickness of the wafer 4801. By this step, the warp of the wafer 4801 can be reduced and the size of the wafer can be reduced.
- a dicing step is performed. Dicing is performed along the scribe line SCL1 and the scribe line SCL2 (sometimes referred to as a dicing line or a cutting line) indicated by a alternate long and short dash line.
- the spacing 4803 is provided so that the plurality of scribe lines SCL1 are parallel to each other and the plurality of scribe lines SCL2 are parallel to each other in order to facilitate the dicing process. It is preferable to provide it so that it is vertical.
- the chip 4800a as shown in FIG. 15B can be cut out from the semiconductor wafer 4800.
- the chip 4800a has a wafer 4801a, a circuit unit 4802, and a spacing 4803a.
- the spacing 4803a is preferably made as small as possible. In this case, the width of the spacing 4803 between the adjacent circuit portions 4802 may be substantially the same as the cutting margin of the scribe line SCL1 or the cutting margin of the scribe line SCL2.
- the shape of the element substrate of one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the shape of the semiconductor wafer 4800 shown in FIG. 15A.
- the shape of the element substrate can be appropriately changed depending on the process of manufacturing the element and the device for manufacturing the element.
- FIG. 15C shows a perspective view of a board (mounting board 4704) on which the electronic component 4700 and the electronic component 4700 are mounted.
- the electronic component 4700 shown in FIG. 15C has a chip 4800a in the mold 4711.
- As the chip 4800a a semiconductor device or the like according to one aspect of the present invention can be used.
- the electronic component 4700 has a land 4712 on the outside of the mold 4711.
- the land 4712 is electrically connected to the electrode pad 4713, and the electrode pad 4713 is electrically connected to the chip 4800a by a wire 4714.
- the electronic component 4700 is mounted on, for example, a printed circuit board 4702. A plurality of such electronic components are combined and electrically connected to each other on the printed circuit board 4702 to complete the mounting board 4704.
- FIG. 15D shows a perspective view of the electronic component 4730.
- the electronic component 4730 is an example of SiP (System in package) or MCM (Multi Chip Module).
- the electronic component 4730 is provided with an interposer 4731 on a package substrate 4732 (printed circuit board), and a semiconductor device 4735 and a plurality of semiconductor devices 4710 are provided on the interposer 4731.
- the semiconductor device 4710 may be, for example, a chip 4800a, the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment, a wideband memory (HBM: High Bandwidth Memory), or the like. Further, as the semiconductor device 4735, an integrated circuit (semiconductor device) such as a CPU, GPU, FPGA, or storage device can be used.
- a semiconductor device such as a CPU, GPU, FPGA, or storage device.
- the package substrate 4732 a ceramic substrate, a plastic substrate, a glass epoxy substrate, or the like can be used.
- the interposer 4731 a silicon interposer, a resin interposer, or the like can be used.
- the interposer 4731 has a plurality of wirings and has a function of electrically connecting a plurality of integrated circuits having different terminal pitches. Multiple wirings are provided in a single layer or multiple layers. Further, the interposer 4731 has a function of electrically connecting the integrated circuit provided on the interposer 4731 to the electrode provided on the package substrate 4732. For these reasons, the interposer may be referred to as a "rewiring board" or an "intermediate board”. Further, a through electrode may be provided on the interposer 4731, and the integrated circuit and the package substrate 4732 may be electrically connected using the through electrode. Further, in the silicon interposer, a TSV (Through Silicon Via) can be used as a through electrode.
- TSV Three Silicon Via
- interposer 4731 It is preferable to use a silicon interposer as the interposer 4731. Since it is not necessary to provide an active element in the silicon interposer, it can be manufactured at a lower cost than an integrated circuit. On the other hand, since the wiring of the silicon interposer can be formed by a semiconductor process, it is easy to form fine wiring, which is difficult with a resin interposer.
- the interposer on which the HBM is mounted is required to form fine and high-density wiring. Therefore, it is preferable to use a silicon interposer as the interposer for mounting the HBM.
- the reliability is unlikely to be lowered due to the difference in the expansion coefficient between the integrated circuit and the interposer. Further, since the surface of the silicon interposer is high, poor connection between the integrated circuit provided on the silicon interposer and the silicon interposer is unlikely to occur. In particular, in a 2.5D package (2.5-dimensional mounting) in which a plurality of integrated circuits are arranged side by side on an interposer, it is preferable to use a silicon interposer.
- a heat sink may be provided so as to be overlapped with the electronic component 4730.
- the heat sink it is preferable that the heights of the integrated circuits provided on the interposer 4731 are the same.
- the heights of the semiconductor device 4710 and the semiconductor device 4735 are the same.
- an electrode 4733 may be provided on the bottom of the package substrate 4732.
- FIG. 15D shows an example in which the electrode 4733 is formed of a solder ball.
- BGA Ball Grid Array
- the electrode 4733 may be formed of a conductive pin.
- PGA Peripheral Component Interconnect
- the electronic component 4730 can be mounted on another substrate by using various mounting methods, not limited to BGA and PGA.
- BGA Base-Chip
- PGA Stepgered Pin Grid Array
- LGA Land Grid Array
- QFP Quad Flat Package
- QFJ Quad Flat J-leaded package
- QFN QuadFN
- the semiconductor device is applied to, for example, various electronic devices (for example, information terminals, computers, smartphones, electronic book terminals, digital still cameras, video cameras, recording / playback devices, navigation systems, game machines, etc.). can. It can also be used for image sensors, IoT (Internet of Things), healthcare-related devices, and the like.
- the computer includes a tablet computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, and a large computer such as a server system.
- an electronic device having a large storage capacity per unit area can be realized.
- the semiconductor device according to one aspect of the present invention it is possible to realize miniaturization of electronic devices.
- 16A to 16J and 17A to 17E show how each electronic device includes an electronic component 4700 having the semiconductor device.
- the information terminal 5500 shown in FIG. 16A is a mobile phone (smartphone) which is a kind of information terminal.
- the information terminal 5500 has a housing 5510 and a display unit 5511, and as an input interface, a touch panel is provided in the display unit 5511 and a button is provided in the housing 5510.
- the information terminal 5500 can hold a temporary file (for example, a cache when using a web browser) generated when an application is executed.
- a temporary file for example, a cache when using a web browser
- FIG. 16B shows an information terminal 5900, which is an example of a wearable terminal.
- the information terminal 5900 has a housing 5901, a display unit 5902, an operation switch 5903, an operation switch 5904, a band 5905, and the like.
- the wearable terminal can hold a temporary file generated when the application is executed by applying the semiconductor device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 16C shows a desktop type information terminal 5300.
- the desktop type information terminal 5300 has a main body 5301 of the information terminal, a display unit 5302, and a keyboard 5303.
- the desktop information terminal 5300 can hold a temporary file generated when the application is executed by applying the semiconductor device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- smartphones, wearable terminals, and desktop information terminals are taken as examples as electronic devices and are shown in FIGS. 16A to 16C, respectively, but information terminals other than smartphones, wearable terminals, and desktop information terminals can be applied. can. Examples of information terminals other than smartphones, wearable terminals, and desktop information terminals include PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), notebook information terminals, workstations, and the like.
- PDAs Personal Digital Assistants
- FIG. 16D shows an electric freezer / refrigerator 5800 as an example of an electric appliance.
- the electric freezer / refrigerator 5800 has a housing 5801, a refrigerator door 5802, a freezer door 5803, and the like.
- the electric freezer / refrigerator 5800 is an electric freezer / refrigerator compatible with IoT (Internet of Things).
- the semiconductor device can be applied to the electric freezer / refrigerator 5800.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 can send and receive information such as foodstuffs stored in the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 and the expiration date of the foodstuffs to an information terminal or the like via the Internet or the like.
- the electric refrigerator / freezer 5800 can hold a temporary file generated when transmitting the information in the semiconductor device.
- an electric refrigerator / freezer has been described as an electric appliance, but other electric appliances include, for example, a vacuum cleaner, a microwave oven, an electric oven, a rice cooker, a water heater, an IH cooker, a water server, and an air conditioner. Examples include appliances, washing machines, dryers, audiovisual equipment, etc.
- FIG. 16E illustrates a portable game machine 5200, which is an example of a game machine.
- the portable game machine 5200 has a housing 5201, a display unit 5202, a button 5203, and the like.
- FIG. 16F shows a stationary game machine 7500, which is an example of a game machine.
- the stationary game machine 7500 has a main body 7520 and a controller 7522.
- the controller 7522 can be connected to the main body 7520 wirelessly or by wire.
- the controller 7522 can include a display unit for displaying a game image, a touch panel, a stick, a rotary knob, a slide-type knob, and the like, which are input interfaces other than buttons. ..
- the controller 7522 is not limited to the shape shown in FIG. 16F, and the shape of the controller 7522 may be variously changed according to the genre of the game.
- a controller having a shape imitating a gun can be used by using a trigger as a button.
- a controller having a shape imitating a musical instrument, a music device, or the like can be used.
- the stationary game machine may be provided with a camera, a depth sensor, a microphone, or the like instead of using a controller, and may be operated by a game player's gesture and / or voice.
- the video of the game machine described above can be output by a display device such as a television device, a personal computer display, a game display, or a head-mounted display.
- a display device such as a television device, a personal computer display, a game display, or a head-mounted display.
- the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment By applying the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment to the portable game machine 5200 or the stationary game machine 7500, it is possible to realize the portable game machine 5200 or the stationary game machine 7500 having a large storage capacity without increasing the occupied area. Further, it is possible to realize a portable game machine 5200 having low power consumption or a stationary game machine 7500 having low power consumption. Further, since the heat generation from the circuit can be reduced due to the low power consumption, the influence of the heat generation on the circuit itself, the peripheral circuit, and the module can be reduced.
- FIG. 16E shows a portable game machine.
- FIG. 16F shows a stationary game machine for home use.
- the electronic device of one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this. Examples of the electronic device of one aspect of the present invention include an arcade game machine installed in an entertainment facility (game center, amusement park, etc.), a pitching machine for batting practice installed in a sports facility, and the like.
- the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment can be applied to an automobile which is a moving body and around the driver's seat of the automobile.
- FIG. 16G shows an automobile 5700, which is an example of a moving body.
- an instrument panel that provides various information by displaying a speedometer, a tachometer, a mileage, a fuel gauge, a gear status, an air conditioner setting, and the like is provided. Further, a display device showing such information may be provided around the driver's seat.
- the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment can temporarily hold information, for example, the semiconductor device is necessary in a system for automatically driving an automobile 5700, road guidance, danger prediction, and the like. It can be used to temporarily retain information.
- the display device may be configured to display temporary information such as road guidance and danger prediction. Further, the image of the driving recorder installed in the automobile 5700 may be retained.
- moving objects include trains, monorails, ships, flying objects (helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), airplanes, rockets) and the like.
- FIG. 16H shows a digital camera 6240, which is an example of an image pickup apparatus.
- the digital camera 6240 has a housing 6241, a display unit 6242, an operation switch 6243, a shutter button 6244, and the like, and a removable lens 6246 is attached to the digital camera 6240.
- the digital camera 6240 is configured so that the lens 6246 can be removed from the housing 6241 and replaced here, the lens 6246 and the housing 6241 may be integrated. Further, the digital camera 6240 may be configured so that a strobe device, a viewfinder, or the like can be separately attached.
- a low power consumption digital camera 6240 can be realized. Further, since the heat generation from the circuit can be reduced due to the low power consumption, the influence of the heat generation on the circuit itself, the peripheral circuit, and the module can be reduced.
- Video camera The semiconductor device described in the above embodiment can be applied to a video camera.
- FIG. 16I illustrates a video camera 6300, which is an example of an image pickup apparatus.
- the video camera 6300 has a first housing 6301, a second housing 6302, a display unit 6303, an operation switch 6304, a lens 6305, a connection unit 6306, and the like.
- the operation switch 6304 and the lens 6305 are provided in the first housing 6301, and the display unit 6303 is provided in the second housing 6302.
- the first housing 6301 and the second housing 6302 are connected by the connecting portion 6306, and the angle between the first housing 6301 and the second housing 6302 can be changed by the connecting portion 6306. be.
- the image on the display unit 6303 may be switched according to the angle between the first housing 6301 and the second housing 6302 on the connection unit 6306.
- the video camera 6300 When recording the video captured by the video camera 6300, it is necessary to encode the data according to the recording format. By utilizing the above-mentioned semiconductor device, the video camera 6300 can hold a temporary file generated during encoding.
- ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
- FIG. 16J is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of an ICD.
- the ICD body 5400 has at least a battery 5401, an electronic component 4700, a regulator, a control circuit, an antenna 5404, a wire 5402 to the right atrium, and a wire 5403 to the right ventricle.
- the ICD body 5400 is surgically placed in the body, with two wires passing through the human subclavian vein 5405 and superior vena cava 5406, with one wire tip in the right ventricle and the other wire tip in the right atrium. To be done.
- the ICD main body 5400 has a function as a pacemaker and paces the heart when the heart rate deviates from a specified range. Also, if pacing does not improve heart rate (fast ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, etc.), treatment with electric shock is given.
- the ICD body 5400 needs to constantly monitor the heart rate in order to properly perform pacing and electric shock. Therefore, the ICD main body 5400 has a sensor for detecting the heart rate. Further, the ICD main body 5400 can store the heart rate data acquired by the sensor or the like, the number of times of treatment by pacing, the time, etc. in the electronic component 4700.
- the ICD main body 5400 has a plurality of batteries, so that the safety can be enhanced. Specifically, even if a part of the battery of the ICD main body 5400 becomes unusable, the remaining battery can function, so that it also functions as an auxiliary power source.
- the antenna 5404 that can receive power it may have an antenna that can transmit physiological signals.
- physiological signals such as pulse, respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature can be confirmed by an external monitoring device.
- a system for monitoring various cardiac activities may be configured.
- the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment can be applied to a computer such as a PC (Personal Computer) and an expansion device for an information terminal.
- a computer such as a PC (Personal Computer) and an expansion device for an information terminal.
- FIG. 17A shows, as an example of the expansion device, an expansion device 6100 externally attached to a PC, which is equipped with a portable chip capable of storing information.
- the expansion device 6100 can store information by the chip by connecting to a PC by, for example, USB (Universal Serial Bus) or the like.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- FIG. 17A illustrates a portable expansion device 6100, but the expansion device according to one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this, and is relatively equipped with, for example, a cooling fan. It may be a large form of expansion device.
- the expansion device 6100 has a housing 6101, a cap 6102, a USB connector 6103, and a substrate 6104.
- the substrate 6104 is housed in the housing 6101.
- the substrate 6104 is provided with a circuit for driving the semiconductor device or the like described in the above embodiment.
- an electronic component 4700 and a controller chip 6106 are attached to the substrate 6104.
- the USB connector 6103 functions as an interface for connecting to an external device.
- SD card The semiconductor device described in the above embodiment can be applied to an SD card that can be attached to an electronic device such as an information terminal or a digital camera.
- FIG. 17B is a schematic diagram of the appearance of the SD card
- FIG. 17C is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the SD card.
- the SD card 5110 has a housing 5111, a connector 5112, and a substrate 5113.
- the connector 5112 functions as an interface for connecting to an external device.
- the substrate 5113 is housed in the housing 5111.
- the substrate 5113 is provided with a semiconductor device and a circuit for driving the semiconductor device.
- an electronic component 4700 and a controller chip 5115 are attached to the substrate 5113.
- the circuit configurations of the electronic component 4700 and the controller chip 5115 are not limited to the above description, and the circuit configurations may be appropriately changed depending on the situation.
- the write circuit, low driver, read circuit, etc. provided in the electronic component may be configured to be incorporated in the controller chip 5115 instead of the electronic component 4700.
- the capacity of the SD card 5110 can be increased.
- a wireless chip having a wireless communication function may be provided on the substrate 5113. As a result, wireless communication can be performed between the external device and the SD card 5110, and the data of the electronic component 4700 can be read and written.
- SSD Solid State Drive
- electronic device such as an information terminal.
- FIG. 17D is a schematic diagram of the appearance of the SSD
- FIG. 17E is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the SSD.
- the SSD 5150 has a housing 5151, a connector 5152 and a substrate 5153.
- the connector 5152 functions as an interface for connecting to an external device.
- the board 5153 is housed in the housing 5151.
- the substrate 5153 is provided with a storage device and a circuit for driving the storage device.
- an electronic component 4700, a memory chip 5155, and a controller chip 5156 are attached to the substrate 5153.
- a work memory is built in the memory chip 5155.
- a DRAM chip may be used for the memory chip 5155.
- a processor, an ECC circuit, and the like are incorporated in the controller chip 5156.
- the circuit configurations of the electronic component 4700, the memory chip 5155, and the controller chip 5156 are not limited to the above description, and the circuit configurations may be appropriately changed depending on the situation.
- the controller chip 5156 may also be provided with a memory that functions as a work memory.
- the computer 5600 shown in FIG. 18A is an example of a large-scale computer.
- a plurality of rack-mounted computers 5620 are stored in the rack 5610.
- the computer 5620 may have, for example, the configuration of the perspective view shown in FIG. 18B.
- the computer 5620 has a motherboard 5630, which has a plurality of slots 5631 and a plurality of connection terminals.
- a PC card 5621 is inserted in the slot 5631.
- the PC card 5621 has a connection terminal 5623, a connection terminal 5624, and a connection terminal 5625, each of which is connected to the motherboard 5630.
- the PC card 5621 shown in FIG. 18C is an example of a processing board including a CPU, GPU, storage device, and the like.
- the PC card 5621 has a board 5622.
- the board 5622 has a connection terminal 5623, a connection terminal 5624, a connection terminal 5625, a semiconductor device 5626, a semiconductor device 5627, a semiconductor device 5628, and a connection terminal 5629.
- FIG. 18C illustrates semiconductor devices other than the semiconductor device 5626, the semiconductor device 5627, and the semiconductor device 5628. Regarding these semiconductor devices, the semiconductor device 5626, the semiconductor device 5627, and the semiconductor device 5627 described below are shown. The description of the semiconductor device 5628 may be taken into consideration.
- connection terminal 5629 has a shape that can be inserted into the slot 5631 of the motherboard 5630, and the connection terminal 5629 functions as an interface for connecting the PC card 5621 and the motherboard 5630.
- Examples of the standard of the connection terminal 5629 include PCIe and the like.
- connection terminal 5623, the connection terminal 5624, and the connection terminal 5625 can be, for example, an interface for supplying power to the PC card 5621, inputting a signal, and the like. Further, for example, it can be an interface for outputting a signal calculated by the PC card 5621.
- Examples of the standards of the connection terminal 5623, the connection terminal 5624, and the connection terminal 5625 include USB (Universal Serial Bus), SATA (Serial ATA), SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), and the like.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- SATA Serial ATA
- SCSI Serial Computer System Interface
- the respective standards include HDMI (registered trademark) and the like.
- the semiconductor device 5626 has a terminal (not shown) for inputting / outputting signals, and the semiconductor device 5626 and the board 5622 can be inserted by inserting the terminal into a socket (not shown) included in the board 5622. Can be electrically connected.
- the semiconductor device 5627 has a plurality of terminals, and the semiconductor device 5627 and the board 5622 are electrically connected by, for example, reflow soldering to the wiring provided with the terminals 5622. be able to.
- Examples of the semiconductor device 5627 include FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), GPU, CPU, and the like.
- an electronic component 4730 can be used as the semiconductor device 5627.
- the semiconductor device 5628 has a plurality of terminals, and the semiconductor device 5628 and the board 5622 are electrically connected by, for example, reflow soldering to the wiring provided with the terminals 5622. be able to.
- Examples of the semiconductor device 5628 include a storage device and the like.
- an electronic component 4700 can be used as the semiconductor device 5628.
- the computer 5600 can also function as a parallel computer.
- the computer 5600 By using the computer 5600 as a parallel computer, for example, it is possible to perform large-scale calculations necessary for learning artificial intelligence and inference.
- the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention By using the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention for the above-mentioned various electronic devices, it is possible to reduce the size and / or reduce the power consumption of the electronic devices. Further, since the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention has low power consumption, it is possible to reduce heat generation from the circuit. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the adverse effect of the heat generation on the circuit itself, the peripheral circuit, and the module. Further, by using the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to realize an electronic device whose operation is stable even in a high temperature environment. Therefore, the reliability of the electronic device can be improved.
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Abstract
Description
図2Aは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの回路構成例を示す図である。図2Bは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの構成例を示す斜視図である。図2Cは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの上面図である。図2Dは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの正面図である。
図3A乃至図3Cは、本発明の一態様を説明するための上面図である。
図4Aは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの構成例を示す斜視図である。図4Bは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの正面図である。図4Cは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの回路構成例を示す図である。
図5A乃至図5Eは、本発明の一態様を説明するための上面図である。
図6Aは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの構成例を示す斜視図である。図6Bは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの正面図である。図6Cは、隣接する二つのメモリセルの回路構成例を示す図である。
図7A乃至図7Fは、本発明の一態様を説明するための上面図である。
図8は、ヒステリシス特性の一例を示す図である。
図9Aは、トランジスタの構成例を示す上面図である。図9B乃至図9Dは、トランジスタの構成例を示す断面図である。
図10Aおよび図10Bは、本発明の一態様である半導体装置の断面図である。
図11Aは結晶構造の分類を説明する図である。図11BはCAAC−IGZO膜のXRDスペクトルを説明する図である。図11CはCAAC−IGZO膜の極微電子線回折パターンを説明する図である。
図12は、半導体装置の構成例を説明するための断面図である。
図13は、半導体装置の構成例を説明するための断面図である。
図14は、半導体装置の構成例を説明するための断面図である。
図15Aは半導体ウェハの一例を示す斜視図であり、図15Bはチップの一例を示す斜視図であり、図15Cおよび図15Dは電子部品の一例を示す斜視図である。
図16A乃至図16Jは、電子機器の一例を説明する斜視図、または、模式図である。
図17A乃至図17Eは、電子機器の一例を説明する斜視図、または、模式図である。
図18A乃至図18Cは、電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
はじめに、メモリセル10(「記憶素子」ともいう。)を含む半導体装置100の構成例について説明する。
続いて、メモリセル10の構成例について説明する。図2では、隣接する二つのメモリセル10(メモリセル10aおよびメモリセル10b)の構成例を示している。図2Aは、隣接する二つのメモリセル10の回路構成例を示す図である。
メモリセルの構成例1では、容量素子130を2層積層する構成を示したが、本発明の一態様はこれに限定されない。図4および図5に、隣接する四つのメモリセル10の容量素子130を3層積層する構成例を示す。
図6および図7に、隣接する四つのメモリセル10の容量素子130を4層積層する構成例を示す。説明の繰り返しをさけるため、主に前述した構成例と異なる点について説明する。
本実施の形態では、半導体装置の一例として、トランジスタの構成例について説明する。
図9Aは、トランジスタ120aおよびトランジスタ120bなどに用いることができるトランジスタ200の上面図である。また、図9B乃至図9Dは、当該トランジスタの断面図である。ここで、図9Bは、図9AにA1−A2の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図であり、トランジスタ200のチャネル長方向の断面図でもある。また、図9Cは、図9AにA3−A4の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図であり、トランジスタ200のチャネル幅方向の断面図でもある。また、図9Dは、図9AにA5−A6の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図9Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
以下では、半導体装置に用いることができる構成材料について説明する。
トランジスタ200を形成する基板としては、例えば、絶縁体基板、半導体基板、または導電体基板を用いればよい。絶縁体基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、石英基板、サファイア基板、安定化ジルコニア基板(イットリア安定化ジルコニア基板など)、樹脂基板などがある。また、半導体基板としては、例えば、シリコン、ゲルマニウムを材料とした半導体基板、または炭化シリコン、シリコンゲルマニウム、ヒ化ガリウム、リン化インジウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ガリウムからなる化合物半導体基板などがある。さらには、前述の半導体基板内部に絶縁体領域を有する半導体基板、例えば、SOI(Silicon On Insulator)基板などがある。導電体基板としては、黒鉛基板、金属基板、合金基板、導電性樹脂基板などがある。または、金属の窒化物を有する基板、金属の酸化物を有する基板などがある。さらには、絶縁体基板に導電体または半導体が設けられた基板、半導体基板に導電体または絶縁体が設けられた基板、導電体基板に半導体または絶縁体が設けられた基板などがある。または、これらの基板に素子が設けられたものを用いてもよい。基板に設けられる素子としては、容量素子、抵抗素子、スイッチ素子、発光素子、記憶素子などがある。
絶縁体としては、絶縁性を有する酸化物、窒化物、酸化窒化物、窒化酸化物、金属酸化物、金属酸化窒化物、金属窒化酸化物などがある。
導電体としては、アルミニウム、クロム、銅、銀、金、白金、タンタル、ニッケル、チタン、モリブデン、タングステン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、マンガン、マグネシウム、ジルコニウム、ベリリウム、インジウム、ルテニウム、イリジウム、ストロンチウム、ランタンなどから選ばれた金属元素、または上述した金属元素を成分とする合金か、上述した金属元素を組み合わせた合金等を用いることが好ましい。例えば、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、タングステン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物などを用いることが好ましい。また、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物は、酸化しにくい導電性材料、または、酸素を吸収しても導電性を維持する材料であるため、好ましい。また、リン等の不純物元素を含有させた多結晶シリコンに代表される、電気伝導度が高い半導体、ニッケルシリサイドなどのシリサイドを用いてもよい。
酸化物230として、半導体として機能する金属酸化物(酸化物半導体)を用いることが好ましい。以下では、本発明に係る酸化物230に適用可能な金属酸化物について説明する。
まず、酸化物半導体における、結晶構造の分類について、図11Aを用いて説明を行う。図11Aは、酸化物半導体、代表的にはIGZO(Inと、Gaと、Znと、を含む金属酸化物)の結晶構造の分類を説明する図である。
なお、酸化物半導体は、結晶構造に着目した場合、図11Aとは異なる分類となる場合がある。例えば、酸化物半導体は、単結晶酸化物半導体と、それ以外の非単結晶酸化物半導体と、に分けられる。非単結晶酸化物半導体としては、例えば、上述のCAAC−OS、及びnc−OSがある。また、非単結晶酸化物半導体には、多結晶酸化物半導体、擬似非晶質酸化物半導体(a−like OS:amorphous−like oxide semiconductor)、非晶質酸化物半導体、などが含まれる。
CAAC−OSは、複数の結晶領域を有し、当該複数の結晶領域はc軸が特定の方向に配向している酸化物半導体である。なお、特定の方向とは、CAAC−OS膜の厚さ方向、CAAC−OS膜の被形成面の法線方向、またはCAAC−OS膜の表面の法線方向である。また、結晶領域とは、原子配列に周期性を有する領域である。なお、原子配列を格子配列とみなすと、結晶領域とは、格子配列の揃った領域でもある。さらに、CAAC−OSは、a−b面方向において複数の結晶領域が連結する領域を有し、当該領域は歪みを有する場合がある。なお、歪みとは、複数の結晶領域が連結する領域において、格子配列の揃った領域と、別の格子配列の揃った領域と、の間で格子配列の向きが変化している箇所を指す。つまり、CAAC−OSは、c軸配向し、a−b面方向には明らかな配向をしていない酸化物半導体である。
nc−OSは、微小な領域(例えば、1nm以上10nm以下の領域、特に1nm以上3nm以下の領域)において原子配列に周期性を有する。別言すると、nc−OSは、微小な結晶を有する。なお、当該微小な結晶の大きさは、例えば、1nm以上10nm以下、特に1nm以上3nm以下であることから、当該微小な結晶をナノ結晶ともいう。また、nc−OSは、異なるナノ結晶間で結晶方位に規則性が見られない。そのため、膜全体で配向性が見られない。したがって、nc−OSは、分析方法によっては、a−like OSまたは非晶質酸化物半導体と区別が付かない場合がある。例えば、nc−OS膜に対し、XRD装置を用いて構造解析を行うと、θ/2θスキャンを用いたOut−of−plane XRD測定では、結晶性を示すピークが検出されない。また、nc−OS膜に対し、ナノ結晶よりも大きいプローブ径(例えば50nm以上)の電子線を用いる電子線回折(制限視野電子線回折ともいう。)を行うと、ハローパターンのような回折パターンが観測される。一方、nc−OS膜に対し、ナノ結晶の大きさと近いかナノ結晶より小さいプローブ径(例えば1nm以上30nm以下)の電子線を用いる電子線回折(ナノビーム電子線回折ともいう。)を行うと、ダイレクトスポットを中心とするリング状の領域内に複数のスポットが観測される電子線回折パターンが取得される場合がある。
a−like OSは、nc−OSと非晶質酸化物半導体との間の構造を有する酸化物半導体である。a−like OSは、鬆又は低密度領域を有する。即ち、a−like OSは、nc−OS及びCAAC−OSと比べて、結晶性が低い。また、a−like OSは、nc−OS及びCAAC−OSと比べて、膜中の水素濃度が高い。
次に、上述のCAC−OSの詳細について、説明を行う。なお、CAC−OSは材料構成に関する。
CAC−OSとは、例えば、金属酸化物を構成する元素が、0.5nm以上10nm以下、好ましくは、1nm以上3nm以下、またはその近傍のサイズで偏在した材料の一構成である。なお、以下では、金属酸化物において、一つまたは複数の金属元素が偏在し、該金属元素を有する領域が、0.5nm以上10nm以下、好ましくは、1nm以上3nm以下、またはその近傍のサイズで混合した状態をモザイク状、またはパッチ状ともいう。
続いて、上記酸化物半導体をトランジスタに用いる場合について説明する。
ここで、酸化物半導体中における各不純物の影響について説明する。
酸化物230に用いることができる半導体材料は、上述の金属酸化物に限られない。酸化物230として、バンドギャップを有する半導体材料(ゼロギャップ半導体ではない半導体材料)を用いてもよい。例えば、シリコンなどの単体元素の半導体、ヒ化ガリウムなどの化合物半導体、半導体として機能する層状物質(原子層物質、2次元材料などともいう。)などを半導体材料に用いることが好ましい。特に、半導体として機能する層状物質を半導体材料に用いると好適である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の一例を、図12を用いて説明する。
本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置(記憶装置)の断面構成例を図12に示す。図12は、メモリアレイ20に、メモリセルの構成例1を用いた半導体装置100の一部を示す断面図である。
トランジスタ300は、基板311上に設けられ、ゲートとして機能する導電体316、ゲート絶縁体として機能する絶縁体315、基板311の一部からなる半導体領域313、およびソース領域またはドレイン領域として機能する低抵抗領域314a、および低抵抗領域314bを有する。トランジスタ300は、pチャネル型、あるいはnチャネル型のいずれでもよい。
各構造体の間には、層間膜、配線、およびプラグ等が設けられた配線層が設けられていてもよい。また、配線層は、設計に応じて複数層設けることができる。ここで、プラグまたは配線としての機能を有する導電体は、複数の構造をまとめて同一の符号を付与する場合がある。また、本明細書等において、配線と、配線と電気的に接続するプラグとが一体物であってもよい。すなわち、導電体の一部が配線として機能する場合、および導電体の一部がプラグとして機能する場合もある。
導電体229は容量素子130aの上部電極として機能し、導電体227は容量素子130aの下部電極として機能し、絶縁体228は容量素子130aの誘電体として機能する。導電体235は容量素子130bの上部電極として機能し、導電体233は容量素子130bの下部電極として機能し、絶縁体234は容量素子130bの誘電体として機能する。
トランジスタ120に、酸化物半導体を用いる場合、酸化物半導体の近傍に過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体を設けることがある。その場合、該過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体と、該過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体に設ける導電体との間に、バリア性を有する絶縁体を設けることが好ましい。
以下では、大面積基板を半導体素子ごとに分断することによって、複数の半導体装置をチップ状で取り出す場合に設けられるダイシングライン(スクライブライン、分断ライン、または切断ラインと呼ぶ場合がある)について説明する。分断方法としては、例えば、まず、基板に半導体素子を分断するための溝(ダイシングライン)を形成した後、ダイシングラインにおいて切断し、複数の半導体装置に分断(分割)する場合がある。
図12に示した記憶装置の変形例を図13に示す。図12では、導電体141を絶縁体224、絶縁体222、絶縁体216、絶縁体214、絶縁体212、および絶縁体361に埋め込まれるように設けていたが、絶縁体285、絶縁体283、絶縁体282、絶縁体280、絶縁体271、および絶縁体275に埋め込まれるように設けてもよい。
上記実施の形態で示した通り、容量素子130の重ね合わせは2つに限らない。3つ以上の容量素子130を重ねて設けてもよい。図14では、容量素子130aおよび容量素子130bだけでなく、容量素子130mおよび容量素子130nまで重ねて設ける構成例を示している。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置などが形成された半導体ウェハ、および当該半導体装置が組み込まれた電子部品の一例を示す。
初めに、半導体装置などが形成された半導体ウェハの一例を、図15Aを用いて説明する。
図15Cに電子部品4700および電子部品4700が実装された基板(実装基板4704)の斜視図を示す。図15Cに示す電子部品4700は、モールド4711内にチップ4800aを有している。チップ4800aとして、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置などを用いることができる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の応用例について説明する。
図16Aに示す情報端末5500は、情報端末の一種である携帯電話(スマートフォン)である。情報端末5500は、筐体5510と、表示部5511と、を有しており、入力用インターフェースとして、タッチパネルが表示部5511に備えられ、ボタンが筐体5510に備えられている。
また、図16Bには、ウェアラブル端末の一例である情報端末5900が図示されている。情報端末5900は、筐体5901、表示部5902、操作スイッチ5903、操作スイッチ5904、バンド5905などを有する。
また、図16Cには、デスクトップ型情報端末5300が図示されている。デスクトップ型情報端末5300は、情報端末の本体5301と、表示部5302と、キーボード5303と、を有する。
また、図16Dには、電化製品の一例として電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800が図示されている。電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800は、筐体5801、冷蔵室用扉5802、冷凍室用扉5803等を有する。例えば、電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800は、IoT(Internet of Things)に対応した電気冷凍冷蔵庫である。
また、図16Eには、ゲーム機の一例である携帯ゲーム機5200が図示されている。携帯ゲーム機5200は、筐体5201、表示部5202、ボタン5203等を有する。
上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置は、移動体である自動車、および自動車の運転席周辺に適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置は、カメラに適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置は、ビデオカメラに適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置は、植え込み型除細動器(ICD)に適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置は、PC(Personal Computer)などの計算機、情報端末用の拡張デバイスに適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置は、情報端末、デジタルカメラなどの電子機器に取り付けが可能なSDカードに適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置は、情報端末など電子機器に取り付けが可能なSSD(Solid State Drive)に適用することができる。
図18Aに示す計算機5600は、大型の計算機の例である。計算機5600には、ラック5610にラックマウント型の計算機5620が複数格納されている。
Claims (12)
- 第1および第2トランジスタと、
第1および第2容量素子と、を有し、
前記第1トランジスタは、前記第1容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第2トランジスタは、前記第2容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第1および前記第2容量素子は、前記第1および前記第2トランジスタの上方に設けられ、
前記第1および前記第2容量素子は、それぞれが強誘電体を有し、
前記第1および前記第2容量素子は、互いに重なる領域を有する半導体装置。 - 第1および第2トランジスタと、
第1および第2容量素子と、
第1乃至第3配線と、を有し、
前記第1トランジスタのゲートは、
前記第1配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第2トランジスタのゲートは、
前記第2配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第1トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第1容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第2トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第2容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第1および前記第2トランジスタそれぞれの、ソースまたはドレインの他方は
前記第3配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第1および前記第2容量素子は、それぞれが強誘電体を有し
前記第1および前記第2容量素子は、互いに重なる領域を有する半導体装置。 - 請求項1または請求項2において、
前記第1および前記第2トランジスタが同一層上に設けられている半導体装置。 - 第1乃至第4トランジスタと、
第1乃至第4容量素子と、を有し、
前記第1トランジスタは、前記第1容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第2トランジスタは、前記第2容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第3トランジスタは、前記第3容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第4トランジスタは、前記第4容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第1乃至前記第4容量素子は、前記第1乃至前記第4トランジスタの上方に設けられ、
前記第1乃至前記第4容量素子は、それぞれが強誘電体を有し、
前記第3容量素子と前記第4容量素子は同一層上に設けられ、
前記第1乃至前記第3容量素子は、互いに重なる領域を有する半導体装置。 - 第1乃至第4トランジスタと、
第1乃至第4容量素子と、
第1乃至第4配線と、を有し、
前記第1および前記第3トランジスタそれぞれのゲートは、
前記第1配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第2および前記第4トランジスタそれぞれのゲートは、
前記第2配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第1トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第1容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第2トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第2容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第3トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第3容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第4トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第4容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第1および前記第2トランジスタそれぞれの、ソースまたはドレインの他方は
前記第3配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第3および前記第4トランジスタそれぞれの、ソースまたはドレインの他方は
前記第2配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第3容量素子と前記第4容量素子は同一層上に設けられ、
前記第1乃至前記第3容量素子は、互いに重なる領域を有する半導体装置。 - 第1乃至第4トランジスタと、
第1乃至第4容量素子と、を有し、
前記第1トランジスタは、前記第1容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第2トランジスタは、前記第2容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第3トランジスタは、前記第3容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第4トランジスタは、前記第4容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第1乃至前記第4容量素子は、前記第1乃至前記第4トランジスタの上方に設けられ、
前記第1乃至前記第4容量素子は、それぞれが強誘電体を有し、
前記第1乃至前記第4容量素子は、互いに重なる領域を有する半導体装置。 - 第1乃至第4トランジスタと、
第1乃至第4容量素子と、
第1乃至第4配線と、を有し、
前記第1および前記第3トランジスタそれぞれのゲートは、
前記第1配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第2および前記第4トランジスタそれぞれのゲートは、
前記第2配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第1トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第1容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第2トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第2容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第3トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第3容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第4トランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記第4容量素子と電気的に接続され、
前記第1および前記第2トランジスタそれぞれの、ソースまたはドレインの他方は
前記第3配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第3および前記第4トランジスタそれぞれの、ソースまたはドレインの他方は
前記第2配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第1乃至前記第4容量素子は、それぞれが強誘電体を有し
前記第1乃至前記第4容量素子は、互いに重なる領域を有する半導体装置。 - 請求項4乃至請求項7のいずれか一項において、
前記第1乃至前記第4トランジスタが同一層上に設けられている半導体装置。 - 請求項4乃至請求項8のいずれか一項において、
前記第1乃至前記第4トランジスタのそれぞれは、チャネルが形成される半導体層に酸化物半導体を含む半導体装置。 - 請求項9において、
前記酸化物半導体は、インジウムまたは亜鉛の少なくとも一方を含む半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項10のいずれか一項において、
前記強誘電体は、ハフニウムまたはジルコニウムの少なくとも一方を含む半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項10のいずれか一項において、
前記強誘電体は、III−V族の元素の中から選ばれる少なくとも一の元素を含む半導体装置。
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JP2001168294A (ja) * | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-22 | Seiko Epson Corp | メモリデバイス及びその製造方法、並びに電子機器 |
JP2002197857A (ja) * | 2000-05-26 | 2002-07-12 | Sony Corp | 強誘電体型不揮発性半導体メモリ及びその駆動方法 |
JP2004362753A (ja) * | 2003-06-03 | 2004-12-24 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands Bv | 超低コストの固体メモリ |
JP2010140919A (ja) * | 2008-12-09 | 2010-06-24 | Hitachi Ltd | 酸化物半導体装置及びその製造方法並びにアクティブマトリクス基板 |
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JP2001168294A (ja) * | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-22 | Seiko Epson Corp | メモリデバイス及びその製造方法、並びに電子機器 |
JP2002197857A (ja) * | 2000-05-26 | 2002-07-12 | Sony Corp | 強誘電体型不揮発性半導体メモリ及びその駆動方法 |
JP2004362753A (ja) * | 2003-06-03 | 2004-12-24 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands Bv | 超低コストの固体メモリ |
JP2010140919A (ja) * | 2008-12-09 | 2010-06-24 | Hitachi Ltd | 酸化物半導体装置及びその製造方法並びにアクティブマトリクス基板 |
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