WO2022036616A1 - 一种基于低标注资源生成可推理问题的方法和装置 - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of artificial intelligence, and more particularly, to a method and device for generating reasonable questions based on low-label resources.
- Machine reading comprehension is a research hotspot in the field of artificial intelligence and natural language processing. It measures the machine's ability to understand the semantics of a given text in a question-and-answer format.
- Question Generation is dedicated to generating questions and corresponding answers based on text, and can provide training data to support the construction of question answering models, generate test questions or exercises for teaching, and use the method of questions to get dialogue feedback and more.
- Existing question generation methods are mainly aimed at simple questions, that is, learning the alignment and mapping relationship between words in a single sentence and question words, and generating questions through this relationship.
- the answer is related to the problem of moving objects such as cars, trucks, and airplanes; the Chinese invention patent application (publication number: CN109726274A, publication date: May 07, 2019) first identifies the structure of the text, and selects the corresponding text according to the structure type.
- the question generation model is used to generate targeted questions for texts with different structures.
- the above schemes lack fine-grained modeling of entities and relationships in text, which makes it difficult to effectively generate problems that require entity-relational association reasoning.
- the invention learns a priori problem text expression pattern from non-labeled problems, and is used to standardize the generation of the problem, improving the smoothness and readability of the generated results. , to provide a method and device for generating reasonable questions based on low-label resources.
- the technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
- a method for generating reasonable questions based on low-label resources including the following steps:
- step S4 Use the encoder to represent the combination of the entity words in the answer and the evidence chain, the reasoning type, the sentences related to the evidence chain and the reasoning chain in the form of vectors through encoding processing, and then process it through the attention mechanism. After the correlation information between, obtain the fusion vector as the input of step S5;
- step S5. Use the canonical learning unit to characterize the word segment of the question and its context through latent variables, and use the non-labeled data set to estimate the parameters used to control the expression pattern of the question, and use the decoder to obtain the fusion of step S4. vector, based on the question generation function of the step S1 and the parameters used to control the expression pattern of the question, using probability distribution to calculate, and generate a question that can infer the answer in the text;
- the evaluation unit evaluates and calculates the problem obtained in step S5, and obtains the loss function index. If the preset loss function calculation iteration times or the loss function index is no longer reduced, the preset loss function index is obtained. If the number of iterations of function calculation is at least 2, then the encoder, attention mechanism and decoder are obtained as the generator model, and the calculation is ended; otherwise, according to the loss function index, the encoder and attention mechanism in step S4 and the decoder in step S5 are analyzed. Perform training adjustment on the parameters of , and return to step S4.
- the labeling data set is Among them, B is the document paragraph, A is the answer, Y is the question, and n is the number of labeled data; the non-labeled data set is Among them, Q j is the non-labeled problem, and the labeled data problem With similar expression patterns, the number of unlabeled data ⁇ >n;
- the problem generating function is the following formula:
- B represents text
- text B (s 1 , L, s I )
- A represents the answer obtained according to the text content
- answer A (a 1 , L, a L )
- Y represents the generated question
- question Y (y 1 ,L,y T )
- s I represents the lth sentence in text B
- I represents the total number of sentences in text B
- y T represents the lth word in the question
- T represents the total number of words in the question
- a L represents the lth word in the answer th words
- L represents the total number of words in the answer
- y t represents the word in question Y, obtained by sampling from the probability distribution p( ), and Y ⁇ t represents the word 1 to t-1 in question Y.
- the step S2 adopts the natural language recognition toolbox CoreNLP to recognize entity words and analyze and record the attributes of the entity words.
- the entity words are compared and marked with a relationship label, as follows:
- the first threshold is 2/3
- the second threshold is 2/3
- the inference types in step S3 include linear inference types, intersection inference types and comparison inference types.
- the specific process of analyzing the relationship between the entity words and obtaining the subgraph is to traverse the entity graph and record the qualified relationship labels, and the qualified relationship labels According to the connection of the corresponding entity words, the subgraph and the evidence chain presented by the subgraph are obtained, as follows:
- S3101 Select the initial entity word, and retrieve a continuous path connecting multiple entity words from the entity graph by recursively accessing adjacent entity words;
- S3103 Determine whether the path meets the given conditions, if it meets all the given conditions, output the path, otherwise do not operate, wherein the given conditions include: the co-occurring relationship label on the path is greater than 1; the mutual reference on the path The relationship label of is greater than 1; the high-frequency words are not included in the path, and the high-frequency words are the words in the top 5% of the frequency ranking of the labeled training set;
- S3104 Repeat steps S3101 to S3103 until all the entity words in the entity graph are traversed, and the output path is used as a subgraph.
- the specific process of analyzing the relationship between the entity words and obtaining the subgraph is as follows:
- S3201 Select an entity word containing at least two relationship labels as the initial entity word, and retrieve a continuous path connecting multiple entity words from the entity graph by recursively accessing adjacent entity words;
- S3203 Determine whether the path meets the given conditions, if it meets all the given conditions, output the path, otherwise do not operate, wherein the given conditions include: the co-occurring relationship label on the path is greater than 1; the mutual reference on the path The relationship label of is greater than 1; the high-frequency words are not included in the path, and the high-frequency words are the words in the top 5% of the frequency ranking of the labeled training set;
- S3204 Repeat steps S3201 to S3203 until all the entity words in the entity graph are traversed, and the output path is used as a subgraph.
- the specific process of analyzing the relationship between the entity words and obtaining the subgraph is as follows:
- step S3302 Select a single relationship label, compare the attributes of the entity words at both ends of the single relationship label with the attributes of the entity words at both ends of the relationship label obtained in step S3301 one by one, if the comparison results are consistent, compare The single relationship label and the compared relationship label are recorded as a relationship pair;
- step S3303 Repeat step S3302 until all the relationship labels are traversed, and the relationship pairs with the same relationship label are connected into subgraphs through the relationship label.
- the encoder specifically performs the following operations:
- the calculation process of the normative learning unit in the step S5 is as follows:
- step S502 after obtaining the word of the problem by the joint distribution of the step S501, based on the bidirectional gated cyclic neural network, set up the function of the word of the problem being represented as a vector;
- the specific process of calculating the probability distribution by the decoder is as follows:
- the specific process of calculating the loss function index by the evaluation unit in step S6 includes the following steps:
- S602. Use reinforcement learning to supplement each word in the question one by one. After each supplement, evaluate and score the currently obtained word as a partial sequence, and obtain the second loss function by accumulating the loss function of the partial sequence;
- the evaluation score is divided into the analysis benchmark output problem and the generator output problem, and the specific process is as follows:
- the grammatical fluency index, question solvability index, and semantic relevance index of the partial sequence are calculated respectively, and the grammatical fluency index, question solvability index, and the semantic relevance index are weighted and fused to obtain the scoring function of the benchmark output problem and the scoring function of the generator output problem, and subtract the scoring function of the benchmark output problem and the scoring function of the generator output problem to obtain the loss of the generator output problem function.
- the method further includes a step S7 executed after the end of the step S6, the step S7 includes a process of evaluating the performance, using the BLEU-4 index, the METEOR index and the ROUGE-L index to evaluate the quality of the generated questions.
- An apparatus for generating reasonable questions based on low-label resources comprising: an input module, a preprocessing module, a generator module and an output module;
- the generator module includes an encoder, a normative learning unit, a decoder, and an evaluation unit;
- the input module is configured to receive text input by the user
- the preprocessing module is used to obtain evidence point entity words and construct subgraphs
- the encoder module encodes text, answers, evidence point entity words, subgraphs and inference types and outputs them as vectors;
- the canonical learning unit module characterizes the word fragments of the question and its context, and generates parameters for controlling the expression pattern of the question;
- the decoder generates a question capable of inferring an answer in the text based on the question generation function and parameters for controlling the expression pattern of the question;
- the evaluation unit module calculates a loss function for the problem, trains and adjusts the parameters of the generator module according to the loss function, and the generator module regenerates the problem until the loss function reaches a preset number of iterations of the loss function calculation or no longer. reduce, where the number of iterations for the calculation of the preset loss function is at least 2;
- the output module outputs to the user the question finally obtained by the generator module.
- the invention first extracts and establishes an association graph of entities from the text, identifies the inference chain by analyzing the relationship between the entity words, and uses the inference chain to guide the generation of the result;
- the present invention learns prior knowledge such as the expression pattern of questions from the unlabeled question data, and uses the prior knowledge to standardize the generation results of the model, thereby improving the performance, so that the unlabeled question data contains rich
- the characteristics of the question expression pattern and structure of can be used to help improve the readability of the generated questions.
- the invention makes full use of non-labeled data to assist in improving the training process for small-scale labeled data, and helps to solve the problem of shortage of labeled training data that generally exists in the industry.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic flowchart of a method for generating inference questions based on low-label resources according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an encoder, a decoder and an evaluation unit of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus for generating reasonable questions based on low-label resources according to the present invention.
- a method for generating reasonable questions based on low-label resources includes the following steps:
- step S4 Use the encoder to represent the combination of the entity words in the answer and the evidence chain, the reasoning type, the sentences related to the evidence chain and the reasoning chain in the form of vectors through encoding processing, and then process it through the attention mechanism. After the correlation information between, obtain the fusion vector as the input of step S5;
- step S5. Use the canonical learning unit to characterize the word segment of the question and its context through latent variables, and use the non-labeled data set to estimate the parameters used to control the expression pattern of the question, and use the decoder to obtain the fusion of step S4. vector, based on the question generation function of the step S1 and the parameters used to control the expression pattern of the question, using probability distribution to calculate, and generate a question that can infer the answer in the text;
- the evaluation unit is used to evaluate and calculate the problem obtained in step S5, and the loss function index is obtained. If the preset loss function calculation iteration times or the loss function index is no longer reduced, the preset loss function index is obtained. If the number of iterations of the function calculation is at least 2, the encoder, the attention mechanism and the decoder are obtained as the generator model, and the calculation is ended; otherwise, according to the loss function index, the encoder and attention mechanism in step S4 and the decoder in step S5 are analyzed. The parameters are adjusted for training, and return to step S4.
- the labeling data set is Among them, B is the document paragraph, A is the answer, Y is the question, and n is the number of labeled data; the non-labeled data set is Among them, Q j is the non-labeled problem, and the labeled data problem With similar expression patterns, the number of unlabeled data ⁇ >n;
- the problem generating function is the following formula (1):
- B represents text
- text B (s 1 , L, s I )
- A represents the answer obtained according to the text content
- answer A (a 1 , L, a L )
- Y represents the generated question
- question Y (y 1 ,L,y T )
- s I represents the lth sentence in text B
- I represents the total number of sentences in text B
- y T represents the lth word in the question
- T represents the total number of words in the question
- a L represents the lth word in the answer th words
- L represents the total number of words in the answer
- y t represents the word in question Y, obtained by sampling from the probability distribution p( ), and Y ⁇ t represents the word 1 to t-1 in question Y.
- the step S2 adopts the natural language recognition toolbox CoreNLP to recognize entity words and analyze and record the attributes of the entity words.
- the entity words are compared and marked with relation labels, as follows:
- the first threshold is 2/3
- the second threshold is 2/3
- the reasoning type in the step S3 includes a linear reasoning type, an intersection reasoning type and a comparison reasoning type.
- the specific process of analyzing the relationship between the entity words and obtaining the subgraph is to traverse the entity graph and record the relationship labels that meet the conditions, and the qualified relationship labels are recorded.
- the entity word corresponding to the relation label of obtains the subgraph and the evidence chain presented by the subgraph according to the connection, as follows:
- S3101 Select the initial entity word, and retrieve a continuous path connecting multiple entity words from the entity graph by recursively accessing adjacent entity words;
- S3103 Determine whether the path meets the given conditions, if it meets all the given conditions, output the path, otherwise do not operate, wherein the given conditions include: the co-occurring relationship label on the path is greater than 1; the mutual reference on the path The relationship label of is greater than 1; the high-frequency words are not included in the path, and the high-frequency words are the words in the top 5% of the frequency ranking of the labeled training set;
- S3104 Repeat steps S3101 to S3103 until all the entity words in the entity graph are traversed, and the output path is used as a subgraph.
- step S3 for the intersection reasoning type, the specific process of analyzing the relationship between the entity words and obtaining the subgraph is as follows:
- S3201 Select an entity word containing at least two relationship labels as the initial entity word, and retrieve a continuous path connecting multiple entity words from the entity graph by recursively accessing adjacent entity words;
- S3203 Determine whether the path meets the given conditions, if it meets all the given conditions, output the path, otherwise do not operate, wherein the given conditions include: the co-occurring relationship label on the path is greater than 1; the mutual reference on the path The relationship label of is greater than 1; the high-frequency words are not included in the path, and the high-frequency words are the words in the top 5% of the frequency ranking of the labeled training set;
- S3204 Repeat steps S3201 to S3203 until all the entity words in the entity graph are traversed, and the output path is used as a subgraph.
- step S3 for the comparison reasoning type, the specific process of analyzing the relationship between the entity words and obtaining the subgraph is as follows:
- step S3302 Select a single relationship label, compare the attributes of the entity words at both ends of the single relationship label with the attributes of the entity words at both ends of the relationship label obtained in step S3301 one by one, if the comparison results are consistent, compare The single relationship label and the compared relationship label are recorded as a relationship pair;
- step S3303 Repeat step S3302 until all the relationship labels are traversed, and the relationship pairs with the same relationship label are connected into subgraphs through the relationship label.
- the encoder specifically performs the following operations:
- the BERT distributed vector thesaurus is used, and the language features used to represent the semantic and contextual relationship of the text are obtained through the natural language recognition toolbox CoreNLP, including: character case, part-of-speech tags, named entities Labels and cross-references refer to labels; but the present invention is not limited to this, and other language features can be introduced as needed;
- the language feature tag is converted into a corresponding distributed vector through a neural network-based word distributed representation method.
- the converted vector The dimensions are 3, 12, 8 and 3 respectively; by splicing the vectors of answer words, evidence point entity words and various language features, an enhanced text distribution vector can be obtained;
- GRU gated recurrent neural network
- a bidirectional GRU is used to capture the contextual semantics of the text.
- the GRU encoder is derived from the article ("K.Cho,BVMerrienboer,C.Gulcehre,D.Bahdanau,F.Bougares,H.Schwenk,and Y.Bengio.2014.Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation. In Proceedings of EMNLP").
- two types of representations can be generated after processing by GRU, including: (a) word vector with context information, for the jth word in the sentence, it can be represented as a vector in and represent the hidden state vector corresponding to the jth word in the forward and backward GRU, respectively, Represents the distributed vector of the word, the symbol [ ⁇ ; ⁇ ] represents the concatenation operation of two vectors; (b) the overall encoding, the overall representation of the sentence is obtained by concatenating the start and end states where J represents the total number of words in the sentence.
- an N-layer graph transformer is used to represent the inference chain as a distributed vector.
- This transformer is derived from the article ("Petar Veli ⁇ ckovi'c, Guillem Cucurull, Arantxa Casanova, Adriana Romero, Pietro Li ⁇ o, and Yoshua Bengio. 2018. Graph Attention Networks. In ICLR.”), suitable for capturing the association relationship. Assuming that there are nodes in the inference chain, each node v is represented by its corresponding entity word distributed vector, namely in is the distributed vector corresponding to the first word of the entity word, is the distributed vector corresponding to the last word, and k represents the number of words of the entity word.
- the context between nodes is obtained by performing attention-weighted fusion of adjacent nodes, that is, Where
- a n ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) is the nth attention function, and the function is shown in the following formula (6):
- each function can learn the corresponding weight independently, W k , We ⁇ ⁇ d ⁇ d .
- the obtained dot product results are usually normalized by all edges.
- the present invention uses to normalize.
- W h , W d are trainable matrices
- ⁇ is the set of all nodes in the inference chain.
- the present invention uses its own attention mechanism to further optimize the distributed representation of the sentence, that is, The mechanism is derived from the article (“Wenhui Wang, Nan Yang, Furu Wei, Baobao Chang, and Ming Zhou. 2017. Gated self-matching networks for reading comprehension and question answering. In Proceedings of the 55th ACL”). Specifically, given the representation H of the sentence, the mechanism uses the control variable to measure the association between the words in the sentence by formula (8), as follows:
- ⁇ j represents the jth word Relevance scores with other words in sentence H
- u j represents the contextual relevance vector of the jth word
- It is updated to f j according to u j
- the updated part is determined by the control variable g j .
- the answer-aware interaction encoding is the representation of the jth word in the given sentence s and representation of answers and evidence points Their interrelationships are captured from multiple dimensions by the function fm ( ⁇ ); the present invention employs three dimensions, including the overall association, i.e., computing Correlation with answers and evidence points as a whole cumulative association, i.e.
- an answer information-aware vector m j [m 1 ; m 2 ; m 3 ] can be obtained, and the vector is input into another bidirectional gated recurrent neural network (GRU) to obtain a vector of context information Finally, a new vector with answer information awareness for the jth word of the sentence is obtained by splicing
- a vector c t can be obtained, where ⁇ tj is the normalized attention weight, at k is the alignment score between text words, s t Indicates the latent variable corresponding to the generated t th word, v, b, W s , and W b are trainable parameters.
- Formula (9) is as follows:
- the calculation process of the normative learning unit in the step S5 is as follows:
- e i , e j , e k ⁇ d are distributed representations corresponding to segment states i,j,k, and b i,j ,b i,k are scalar bias parameters; in a specific implementation, b i,j are set to negative infinity to avoid iterative transitions on their own, since question fragments of adjacent states usually play different syntactic or semantic roles in expressing patterns;
- z t ,l t ) is the generation distribution of the words of the question, which is defined as the product of the generation probabilities of all the word items of the question, namely
- W q and b q are parameters obtained through training
- ⁇ t (i) represents the state parameter back-propagation weight in the t th word segment, Represents the length parameter back-propagation weight in the t th word segment;
- h t represents the distributed vector corresponding to the t th question Y, and the initial state is
- the present invention uses the Chinese processing tool CoreNLP to identify the part of speech of the question text, and the present invention allows the model to try not to destroy words such as verb phrases (VP) when segmenting question fragments. and noun phrase (NP) and other syntactic components; finally, the parameters of the encoder and decoder are learned from the unlabeled data DU by maximizing the log-likelihood estimation loss function through the back-propagation algorithm;
- the present invention unbiasedly samples a state sequence from the sequence pool
- the segment length parameter l t corresponding to each state can be calculated by the above p(l t
- z t ) probability; finally, the present invention calculates by formula (4) to integrate all segments The state information and context information of ; where, The variable m satisfies the constraint i(m-1) ⁇ t ⁇ i(m), k ti(m-1); The effective information of the question expression pattern is captured, which can be used as a parameter corresponding to the prior knowledge to normalize the generation of the question, where y t-1 represents the (t-1) th generated question word.
- step S5 the specific process of the decoder performing probability distribution calculation in step S5 is as follows:
- the distributed representation c g of the reasoning chain can guide the generator to consider the logical association of evidence points for reasoning, while the norm variable Can facilitate the model to generate grammar and syntactically express correct questions.
- ⁇ is a 1-dimensional vector to represent the inference type
- W o and b o represent trainable parameters
- p voc (y t ) represents the probability distribution of generating question words.
- the present invention adopts a replication mechanism, which is derived from the article ("Jiatao Gu, Zhengdong Lu, Hang Li, and Victor OKLi.
- the specific process of calculating the loss function index by the evaluation unit in step S6 includes the following steps:
- the present invention first uses a supervised method to pre-train the model of the first loss function formula (11) by minimizing the negative cross entropy based on the training data DL , as follows:
- the present invention obtains the canonical variables of the expression by running the Viterbi algorithm on the question Yi instead of sampling T i represents the number of words corresponding to question Yi ;
- S602. Use reinforcement learning to supplement each word in the question one by one. After each supplement, evaluate and score the currently obtained word as a partial sequence, and obtain the second loss function by accumulating the loss function of the partial sequence;
- the present invention relies on Reinforcement learning is used to fine-tune the model to make it easier for the model to obtain the optimal solution; reinforcement learning is a training method widely used in the industry and is good at optimizing the goal of non-continuous functions; the present invention uses the second loss function Find the best word generation strategy ⁇ ⁇ to minimize the corresponding question Y s generated; where ⁇ is the parameter set of the model, and the score function r(Y) measures the question text Y s and the output of the model by specifying indicators. Mark the difference between questions Y * ;
- the present invention adopts a loss function of mixed objectives to improve readability, as shown in the following formula (13) Show:
- the weight ⁇ of reinforcement learning is set to 0.3.
- the evaluation and scoring in the step S602 is divided into the analysis of the benchmark output problem and the generator output problem, and the specific process is as follows:
- the grammatical fluency index, question solvability index, and semantic relevance index of the partial sequence are calculated respectively, and the grammatical fluency index, question solvability index, and the semantic relevance index are weighted and fused to obtain the scoring function of the benchmark output problem and the scoring function of the generator output problem, and subtract the scoring function of the benchmark output problem and the scoring function of the generator output problem to obtain the loss of the generator output problem function;
- Fluency the present invention adopts the method of calculating the negative perplexity based on the language model to measure the fluency of the generated question text, and the calculation method is From the article ("X.Zhang and M.Lapata.2017.Sentence Simplification with Deep Reinforcement Learning.In Proceedings of EMNLP"), it can effectively measure the quality of generated text in practical applications;
- the present invention uses a self-critical policy gradient training algorithm to train the model, which is derived from ("SJRennie, E. Marcheret, Y. Mroueh, J. Ross, and V. Goel 2017. Self-Critical Sequence Training for Image Captioning. In Proceedings of the CVPR").
- the algorithm defines the loss function of the generator output problem, as shown in the following formula (12):
- Y b represents the output sequence result of the benchmark method.
- the benchmark method generates training in a locally optimal way, that is, using the greedy algorithm to generate the word with the highest probability each time;
- Y s is the sequence result output by the generator.
- the method further includes a step S7 executed after the end of the step S6, and the step S7 includes a process of evaluating the performance, using the BLEU-4 index, the METEOR index and the ROUGE-L index to evaluate the generated problems. quality;
- the present invention uses the inference data set HotpotQA to conduct experiments, which is derived from the article ("Z. Yang, P. Qi, S. Zhang, Y. Bengio, WW Cohen, R. Salakhutdinov, and CDManning. 2018. HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering. In Proceedings of the 56th ACL").
- the dataset is split into training and test sets with 90,000 and 7,000 annotated samples, respectively.
- the present invention uses 10% of the training data as the development set to tune the model. Each sample consists of a question, an answer, and several paragraphs.
- the present invention also collects two non-labeled question data sets for training the prior knowledge of question expression patterns, including ComplexWebQuestions and DROP, these two data sets are inferable questions constructed by manual annotation, but not labeled Associate the corresponding document and answer.
- the scales of these two datasets are 35,000 and 97,000, respectively.
- the ComplexWebQuestions dataset is derived from the paper ("Alon Talmor and Jonathan Berant. 2018. The web as a knowledge-base for answering complex questions. In Proceedings of the 2018 NAACL”); the DROP dataset comes from the paper (“Dheeru Dua, Yizhong Wang, Pradeep Dasigi, Gabriel Stanovsky, Sameer Singh, and Matt Gardner. 2019.
- DROP A reading comprehension benchmark requiring discrete reasoning over paragraphs. In Proceedings of the 2019 NAACL ”).
- the present invention uses three traditional metrics methods to measure the quality of the generated questions, including BLEU-4, METEOR and ROUGE-L.
- the indicator BLEU-4 comes from the paper (“Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th ACL”); METEOR comes from Paper ("Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th ACL”); ROUGE-L is derived from the paper ("Chin- Yew Lin.2004.ROUGE:A package for automatic evaluation of summaries.In Text Summarization Branches Out”).
- a device for generating reasonable questions based on low-label resources includes: an input module, a preprocessing module, a generator module, and an output module;
- the generator module includes an encoder, a normative learning unit, a decoder, and an evaluation unit;
- the input module is configured to receive text input by the user
- the preprocessing module is used to obtain evidence point entity words and construct subgraphs
- the encoder module encodes text, answers, evidence point entity words, subgraphs and inference types and outputs them as vectors;
- the canonical learning unit module characterizes the word fragments of the question and its context, and generates parameters for controlling the expression pattern of the question;
- the decoder generates a question capable of inferring an answer in the text based on the question generation function and parameters for controlling the expression pattern of the question;
- the evaluation unit module calculates a loss function for the problem, trains and adjusts the parameters of the generator module according to the loss function, and the generator module regenerates the problem until the loss function reaches a preset number of iterations of the loss function calculation or no longer. reduce, where the number of iterations for the calculation of the preset loss function is at least 2;
- the output module outputs to the user the question finally obtained by the generator module.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
- 一种基于低标注资源生成可推理问题的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:S1.获取标注数据集和非标注数据集,建立问题生成函数,其中,所述标注数据集的数据少于第二非标注数据集的数据,所述问题生成函数通过判断问题中的词与文本、答案和问题中所有的词相对应的概率,确定问题是否能够在文本中推理出答案;S2.从所述文本中识别出实体词,以实体词为节点构建实体图;S3.获取推理类型,针对推理类型分析所述实体图的实体词之间的关系,所述实体词之间的关系能够构成与推理类型对应的证据链,通过实体词之间的关系连接实体词,得到子图;S4.使用编码器通过编码处理将答案和证据链中的实体词的组合、推理类型、证据链相关的句子以及推理链以向量形式表示,然后通过注意力机制进行处理,在获取答案和句子之间的关联信息后,得到作为步骤S5的输入的融合向量;S5.使用所述规范学习单元通过隐含变量表征问题的单词片段及其上下文,并利用所述非标注数据集来预估用于控制问题的表达模式的参数,使用解码器获取所述步骤S4的融合向量,基于所述步骤S1的问题生成函数和用于控制问题的表达模式的参数,采用概率分布进行计算,生成能够在文本中推理出答案的问题;S6.通过评估单元对步骤S5得到的问题进行评估计算,得到损失函数指标,如果达到预设损失函数计算迭代次数或者损失函数指标不再减少,其中预设损失函数计算迭代次数至少为2,则得到编码器、注意力机制和解码器作为生成器模型,结束计算;否则根据损失函数指标,对步骤S4的编码器和注意力机制、以及步骤S5的解码器的参数进行训练调整,返回步骤S4。
- 根据权利要求1所述的基于低标注资源生成可推理问题的方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤S1中,标注数据集为 其中,B为文档段落,A为答案,Y为问题,n为标注数据数量;非标注数据集为 其中,Q j为非标注问题,与标注数据问题 具有相似的表达模式,非标注数据数量□>n;所述问题生成函数为以下公式:其中,s I表示文本B中第l th个句子,I代表文本B中的句子的总数,y T表示问题中第l th个词,T代表问题中词的总数,a L表示答案中第l th个词,L表示答案中词的总数;其中,y t代表问题Y中的词,通过从概率分布p(·)中采样而获得,Y <t代表问题Y中第1个到第t-1个的词。
- 根据权利要求1所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S2采用自然语言识别工具箱CoreNLP识别实体词并分析和记录实体词的属性。
- 根据权利要求1所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤S2中构建实体图的步骤中,对实体词进行比对并标记上关系标签,具体如下:S201.如果两个实体词共同出现在同一句子中,将所述两个实体词连接并标记上共同出现的关系标签;S202.如果两个实体词共同出现在同一段落的不同句子中,而且两个实体词通过词语级精确匹配计算得到的相似度值大于第一阈值,则将两个实体词连接并标记上句子级匹配的关系标签;S203.如果两个实体词共同出现在不同段落的不同句子中,而且两个实体词通过词语级精确匹配计算得到相似度值的大于第二阈值,则将两个实体词连接并标记上段落级匹配的关系标签;S204.如果两个实体词通过指代解析工具计算出具有相互引用指代的关系,则将两个实体词连接并标记上相互引用的关系标签。
- 根据权利要求4所述自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,第一阈值为2/3,第二阈值为2/3。
- 根据权利要求1所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S3中的推理类型包括线性推理类型、交集推理类型和比较推理类型。
- 根据权利要求4和6所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于, 在所述步骤S3中,针对线性推理类型,分析实体词之间的关系以及得到子图的具体过程是,遍历实体图并记录符合条件的关系标签,将所述符合条件的关系标签对应的实体词根据连接,得到子图以及由子图呈现的证据链,具体如下:S3101:选择起始的实体词,通过递归地访问相邻的实体词,从实体图中检索出连接多个实体词的连续的路径;S3102:统计路径上的关系标签,得到路径上的关系标签的总数;S3103:判断路径是否符合给定条件,如果符合全部的给定条件,则输出路径,否则不进行操作,其中,给定条件包括:路径上的共同出现的关系标签大于1;路径上的相互引用的关系标签大于1;路径中不包括高频词,其中高频词为标注训练集统计出的频次排列前5%的词;S3104:重复所述步骤S3101至步骤S3103直至遍历实体图中全部的实体词,将输出的路径作为子图。
- 根据权利要求4和6所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤S3中,针对交集推理类型,分析实体词之间的关系以及得到子图的具体过程如下:S3201:选择包含至少2个关系标签的实体词作为起始的实体词,通过递归地访问相邻的实体词,从实体图中检索出连接多个实体词的连续的路径;S3202:统计路径上的关系标签,得到路径上的关系标签的总数;S3203:判断路径是否符合给定条件,如果符合全部的给定条件,则输出路径,否则不进行操作,其中,给定条件包括:路径上的共同出现的关系标签大于1;路径上的相互引用的关系标签大于1;路径中不包括高频词,其中高频词为标注训练集统计出的频次排列前5%的词;S3204:重复所述步骤S3201至步骤S3203直至遍历实体图中全部的实体词,将输出的路径作为子图。
- 根据权利要求3、4和6所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤S3中,针对比较推理类型,分析实体词之间的关系以及得到子图的具体过程如下:S3301:记录实体图中的全部的关系标签;S3302:选择单个关系标签,将所述单个关系标签的两端实体词的属性与其余在步骤S3301得到的关系标签的两端实体词的属性逐一比对,如果比对的结果 是一致时,将所述单个关系标签和比对的关系标签记录为关系对;S3303:重复步骤S3302直至遍历全部的关系标签,将具有相同的关系标签的关系对通过关系标签连接成子图。
- 根据权利要求1所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S4中,编码器具体进行以下操作:S401.从所述步骤S3获得的子图的实体词筛选出答案词和证据点实体词,对文本中证据点实体词所在的全部的句子屏蔽部分答案词,其中,部分答案词为不属于比较推理类型的答案词;S402.对所述步骤S401中获得的答案词、证据点实体词以及推理链相关的句子,通过分布式向量词库,将答案词、证据点实体词和推理链相关的句子分别表示成答案向量、证据点实体向量和句子向量;S403.使用门控循环神经网络对所述步骤S402的答案向量、证据点实体向量和句子向量进行处理,通过句子向量生成第一具有上下文信息的词向量,将答案向量和证据点实体向量共同处理成实体向量,并且使用N层的图变换器将推理链处理成分布式向量;S404.基于注意力机制对句子向量进行处理;S405.基于答案感知的交互编码,对第一具有上下文信息的词向量和实体向量进行处理,计算并拼接答案向量和证据点实体向量整体的关联、答案向量和证据点实体向量的每个词累计向量的关联、以及答案向量和证据点实体向量的每个词最大向量的关联,得到第一答案信息感知的向量,将所述答案信息感知的向量输入到另一门控循环神经网络获得第二具有上下文信息的向量,将第一具有上下文信息的词向量和第二具有上下文信息的向量进行拼接,得到第二答案信息感知的向量;S406.对步骤S402至步骤S405得到的向量进行处理,得到基于可训练的参数的融合向量。
- 根据权利要求1所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S5中规范学习单元的计算过程具体如下:S501.基于马尔可夫神经网络模型,建立用于多次取样生成问题的单词的联合分布;S502.通过所述步骤S501的联合分布得到问题的单词后,基于双向门控循 环神经网络,建立将问题的单词表示成向量的函数;S503.通过反向传播算法获得问题的边际分布,最大化对数似然估计损失函数,从非标注数据学习编码器和解码器的参数;S504.通过维特比算法预测问题的状态序列并构成序列池,从序列池提取状态序列作为问题的表达模式,计算规范变量,其中包括问题的单词片段的状态信息和上下文信息。
- 根据权利要求10和11所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S5中解码器进行概率分布计算的具体过程如下:S505.基于复制机制生成问题的词,然后通过所述步骤S504得到的规范变量将所述问题的词进行组合,得到能够在文本中推理出答案的、句法表达适当的问题。
- 根据权利要求1所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S6的评估单元计算损失函数指标的具体过程包括以下步骤:S601.基于有监督方法和训练数据,通过最小化负交叉熵得到第一损失函数;S602.采用强化学习,将问题中的每个词依序逐个补充,在每次补充后,将当前得到的词作为部分序列进行评估打分,通过累计部分序列的损失函数,得到第二损失函数;S603.采用混合目标训练,将所述第一损失函数和基于强化学习的损失函数进行加权融合,得到输出的损失函数。
- 根据权利要求13所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S602中评估打分为分析基准输出问题和生成器输出问题,具体过程如下:对于基准输出问题和生成器输出问题,分别计算所述部分序列的语法流畅度指标、问题的可解答性指标、以及语义关联度指标,将所述语法流畅度指标、问题的可解答性指标、以及语义关联度指标进行加权融合,得到基准输出问题的打分函数和生成器输出问题的打分函数,将基准输出问题的打分函数和生成器输出问题的打分函数相减,得到生成器输出问题的损失函数。
- 根据权利要求1所述的自动生成可推理问答的方法,其特征在于,所述方法还包括在步骤S6结束后执行的步骤S7,所述步骤S7包括评价性能的过程,采用BLEU-4指标、METEOR指标和ROUGE-L指标评估所生成的问题的质量。
- 一种基于低标注资源生成可推理问题的装置,其特征在于,包括:输入 模块、预处理模块、生成器模块和输出模块;所述生成器模块包括编码器、规范学习单元、解码器和评估单元;所述输入模块用于接收用户输入的文本;所述预处理模块用于得到证据点实体词并构建子图;所述编码器模块将文本、答案、证据点实体词、子图和推理类型进行编码并输出为向量;所述规范学习单元模块表征问题的单词片段及其上下文,生成用于控制问题的表达模式的参数;所述解码器基于问题生成函数和用于控制问题的表达模式的参数,生成能够在文本中推理出答案的问题;所述评估单元模块对所述问题计算损失函数,根据损失函数对所述生成器模块的参数进行训练和调整,生成器模块重新生成问题,直到损失函数达到预设损失函数计算迭代次数或者不再减少,其中预设损失函数计算迭代次数至少为2;所述输出模块向用户输出生成器模块最后得到的问题。
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